Publications

pneumocystis carinii infection presenting as an intra-abdominal cystic mass in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	we describe the case of a pediatric patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) with an unusual large, fluid-filled intra-abdominal cystic lesion in which pneumocystis carinii trophozoites were identified. extrapulmonary p. carinii infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an intra-abdominal cystic mass in a child with aids.	2001	11565084
improved outcome with organs from carbon monoxide poisoned donors for intrathoracic transplantation.	the success of intrathoracic organ transplantation has lead to a growing imbalance between the demand and supply of donor organs. accordingly, there has been an expansion in the use of organs from nonconventional donors such as those who died from carbon monoxide poisoning. we describe our experience with 7 patients who were transplanted using organs after fatal carbon monoxide poisoning.	2001	11565645
killer anti-idiotypes in the control of fungal infections.	killer anti-idiotypes (ktantild) bear the internal image of a pichia anomala toxin (kt), characterized by microbicidal activity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogenic microorganisms presenting specific cell wall receptors (ktr). ktantiid produced by idiotypic vaccination with a kt-neutralizing monoclonal antibody confer active and passive immunoprotection in experimental models of systemic and vaginal candidiasis. ktantild-like human natural anti-ktr antibodies are produced in natural inf ...	2001	11566002
distribution of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis types in the lung of a child dying of pneumocystis pneumonia.	pneumocystis f. sp. hominis causes pneumonia in immunocompromised persons. in order to determine the types and distribution of p. carinii organisms within a single human lung, multiple samples were obtained from the lung of a child who died of p. carinii pneumonia. p. carinii dna was detected in all of the samples and 2 different genotypes of p. carinii were identified, with uneven distribution in the lung, demonstrating that infection of the human lung is not necessarily clonal, and that differ ...	2001	11568852
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in heart transplant recipients.	in spite of the high prevalence of pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, little is known about the epidemiological characteristics of this infection, and whether the cases of pc pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients are the result of a reactivation of a latent infection or a due to a recent infection is unknown. the aim of this study was to provide information about the epidemiological characteristics of pc pneumonia in a cohort of heart transplant (ht) recipients w ...	2001	11574228
widespread occurrence of pneumocystis carinii in commercial rat colonies detected using targeted pcr and oral swabs.	the genus pneumocystis contains a family of fungal organisms that infect a wide variety of mammalian species. although it is a cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, recent evidence suggests that these organisms colonize nonimmunosuppressed hosts. detection of cryptic colonization with pneumocystis becomes important in animal studies when infection-free animals are necessary. provocation by chronic immunosuppression, histology, and serology has been widely used to detect the presence of ...	2001	11574552
rapid identification of dimorphic and yeast-like fungal pathogens using specific dna probes.	specific oligonucleotide probes were developed to identify medically important fungi that display yeast-like morphology in vivo. universal fungal primers its1 and its4, directed to the conserved regions of ribosomal dna, were used to amplify dna from histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, penicillium marneffei, sporothrix schenckii, cryptococcus neoformans, five candida species, and pneumocystis carinii. specific oligonucleotide pro ...	2001	11574564
heterogeneity and compartmentalization of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis genotypes in autopsy lungs.	the extent and importance of genotype heterogeneity of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis within lungs have not previously been investigated. two hundred forty pcr clones obtained from respiratory specimens and lung segments from three patients with fatal p. carinii pneumonia were investigated to detect genetic diversity in the internal transcribed spacer (its) region of the nuclear rrna operon, the mitochondrial large-subunit (mtlsu) rrna gene, and the dihydropteroate synthase-encoding gene. f ...	2001	11574620
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) dose escalation versus direct rechallenge for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with previous adverse reaction to tmp-smz.	trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) is the most effective pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylactic agent, but adverse reactions are common among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients and limit its use. this randomized, double-blind controlled trial compared 2 methods of tmp-smz reintroduction, 6-day dose escalation and direct rechallenge, for pcp prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients who had experienced previous treatment-limiting reactions. the primary end point was t ...	2001	11574913
[preventing opportunistic infections in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus].	highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), which has been provided since 1995 to patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), has produced noticeable results in regard to preventing opportunistic infections in this population. nevertheless, it is still useful to administer specific prophylactic treatment against opportunistic infections in patients treated with haart and also in patients who do not respond to haart or who cannot or do not wish to take that treatment. prophylacti ...	2001	11575240
[guidelines for prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in children and adolescents with cancer].	pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (pcp) is one of the most important opportunistic infections in children and adolescents with cancer. its high frequency and a considerable mortality have led to primary chemoprophylaxis in patients with hematological malignancies and following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. although less well characterized, patients with autologous stem cell transplantation and patients with dose-intensive chemotherapy for pediatric solid tumors may have a si ...	2001	11577363
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after cessation of secondary prophylaxis in a patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy with a cd4 cell count greater than 200/mm3.		2001	11579267
influence of injection drug use behavior on reported antiretroviral therapy use among women in the hiv epidemiology research study: on-site versus referral care.	hiv-infected injection drug users consistently report poor antiretroviral therapy use and little contact with health care providers. it has been suggested that the clinical setting where patients are seen affects the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy.	2001	11579274
[a case of acute progressive pulmonary cystic disease associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a non-hiv-infected patient].	we report a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in which acute lung tissue destruction progressed within a few days to form multiple bullae in a patient with no hiv-1 infection. a 59-year-old man with mild pulmonary emphysema had been followed for two years. he had smoked 40 cigarettes per day for forty years. six months before, bronchogenic carcinoma had been diagnosed in the lower right lung. after chemotherapy and radiotherapy, he had a sudden onset of high fever with respiratory fai ...	2001	11579532
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients being registered for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in malawi.	the national tb control programme of malawi registers and treats large numbers of patients with chronic cough for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb). smear-negative ptb is diagnosed according to clinical and radiographic criteria, as mycobacterial cultures are not routinely available. in an area of high hiv seroprevalence there is a concern that other opportunistic infections apart from tb, such as pneumocystis carinii, may be missed owing to lack of diagnostic facilities. the aims of t ...	2001	11579884
induced sputum: opening a new window to the lung.	the interest in sputum assessment as a non-invasive technique to retrieve cells and soluble material from the lung has increased and gained momentum during the last decade. as a marker of inflammation in airway diseases, induced sputum (is) is a particularly promising procedure since it provides specific information on both the cellular and molecular constituents in inflammation. from 1950-1970, sputum cells had been examined on stained smears, with the procedure having been applied in both rese ...	2001	11587097
n,n'-bis[4-(n-alkylamidino)phenyl]homopiperazines as anti-pneumocystis carinii agents.	the synthesis, anti-pneumocystis carinii activity and dna binding properties of eight new n,n'-bis[4-(n-alkylamidino)phenyl]homopiperazines are reported. compounds 2 and 8 were the most potent and caused about 70% inhibition of pneumocystis carinii growth in a cell culture model at 1 microm concentrations.	2001	11591500
fiberoptic bronchoscopy in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: findings in the era of serum cytomegalovirus antigen surveillance.	pulmonary complications occur in half of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (bmt) patients. the incidence of these complications has been reduced by prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, preemptive therapy in patients at high risk for cytomegalovirus (cmv) reactivation, and, more recently, screening for serum cmv antigen. since fiberoptic bronchoscopy (fob) has historically been the primary diagnostic test to evaluate bmt patients with pulmonary disease, a review was performed ...	2001	11591544
plasminogen activator production in a rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	several studies have indicated that the serine protease urokinase-plasminogen-activator (upa) is an important factor in host defense against pulmonary pathogens. to gain a better insight into the role of upa in pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) pneumonia (pcp), we evaluated pa production in alveolar macrophages (ams) obtained from rats with steroid-induced pcp. treatment with cortisone acetate favored pcp in 91% of rats. in the bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) samples of immunosuppressed rats both w ...	2001	11592634
analysis of the antigen specific t cell repertoires in hiv infection.	in addition to hiv infection, several acquired immunodeficiencies lead to depletion of cd4 lymphocytes. these include immunosuppression resulting from high dose cancer chemotherapy or induced to control graft rejection, as well as in autoimmune diseases. the consequence of this depletion is an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections or the inability to control primary infection in the case of hiv infection. in all instances a full or partial immunoreconstitution is desirable. in ord ...	2001	11595293
severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia increases the infectious titre of hiv-1 in blood and can promote the expansion of viral chemokine co-receptor tropism.	determine the in vivo effect of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) on: (a) the titre of infectious virus circulating in blood; and (b) the chemokine co-receptor usage of these viruses.	2001	11597147
synthesis of 2,4-diamino-6-(thioarylmethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors.	six 2,4-diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines with a 6-methylthio bridge to an aryl group were synthesized and biologically evaluated as inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii (pc) and toxoplasma gondii (tg) dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). the syntheses of analogues 3-8 were achieved by nucleophilic displacement of 2,4-diamino-6-bromomethylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine 14 with various arylthiols. the alpha-naphthyl analogue 4 showed the highest selectivity ratios of 3.6 and 8.7 against pcdhfr and tgdhfr, respec ...	2001	11597474
antifungal activities and cytotoxicity studies of six new azasordarins.	gw 471552, gw 471558, gw 479821, gw 515716, gw 570009, and gw 587270 are members of a new family of sordarin derivatives called azasordarins. the in vitro activities of these compounds were evaluated against clinical isolates of yeasts, including candida albicans, candida non-albicans, and cryptococcus neoformans strains. activities against pneumocystis carinii, aspergillus spp., less common molds, and dermatophytes were also investigated. azasordarin derivatives displayed significant activities ...	2001	11600368
genetic analysis of multiple loci suggests that mutations in the pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis dihydropteroate synthase gene arose independently in multiple strains.	to determine if mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) gene of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis arose in a single strain that was subsequently widely disseminated, we examined four genomic regions of 22 p. carinii clinical isolates selected based on the absence or presence of mutations in the dhps gene. by single-strand conformation polymorphism and dna sequencing, we found varying genotypes for each of the four regions in isolates with dhps mutations, suggesting that these mutation ...	2001	11600382
in vitro and in vivo effects of quinupristin-dalfopristin against pneumocystis carinii.	quinupristin-dalfopristin (q-d), which is active against bacteria and toxoplasma gondii, was examined for its activity against pneumocystis carinii. after 72 h of incubation with rat p. carinii in an atp cytotoxicity assay, the 50% inhibitory concentration of q-d was 10.6 microg/ml, a level that can be achieved in serum with high-dose administration. q-d administered intraperitoneally at doses of 50 to 200 mg per kg of body weight per day in the treatment and 100 mg/kg/day three times per week i ...	2001	11600389
effect of case management on unmet needs and utilization of medical care and medications among hiv-infected persons.	although case management has been advocated as a method for improving the care of chronically ill persons, its effectiveness is poorly understood.	2001	11601927
mycobacterial and nonbacterial pulmonary complications in hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective, cohort study.	a prospective observational study was done to describe nonbacterial pulmonary complications in hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.	2001	11602023
current status of human parasitic infections in taiwan.	the eradication of the 2 mosquito-borne parasitic diseases, malaria and lymphatic filariasis, is one of the greatest achievements of the parasite control campaigns in taiwan. most of the soil-transmitted nematode infections, with the exception of pinworm infection, are currently well controlled and limited to some aboriginal areas. food-borne parasitic zoonosis such as infections with angiostrongylus cantonensis, clonorchis sinensis, and taenia saginata asiatica are not rare, but the former is s ...	2001	11605804
clinical significance of nested polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence for detection of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to study the clinical significance of a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method compared to immunofluorescence (if) for detection of pneumocystis carinii.	2001	11678932
characterization of the expression site of the major surface glycoprotein of human-derived pneumocystis carinii.	the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis carinii, a pathogen responsible for pulmonary infection in aids and other immunocompromised patients, is an abundant surface protein that potentially allows the organism to evade host defences by antigenic variation. msg is encoded by a multicopy gene family; in two specific forms of rat-derived p. carinii, regulation of msg expression uses a single expression site, termed the upstream conserved sequence (ucs), through two related but distinct ...	2001	11679077
anti-human immunodeficiency virus drugs are ineffective against pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in vivo.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease inhibitors (pis) recently have been reported to be active against pneumocystis carinii in cell culture. twelve anti-hiv drugs were analyzed for their effects against rat p. carinii by an atp cytotoxicity assay. indinavir and saquinavir exhibited slight anti-p. carinii activity at concentrations above those that can be clinically achieved in serum; other pis and nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors were inactive against the orga ...	2001	11679930
genetic divergence of the dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genes in pneumocystis carinii from 7 different host species.	to investigate the phylogenetic and therapeutic implications of the genetic divergence in the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) genes among different pneumocystis carinii strains, these 2 genes in p. carinii obtained from 7 different host species were sequenced. pairwise comparison of the dhps sequences demonstrated 6%-24% and 6%-30% divergence in the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences, respectively. the dhfr gene was even more divergent, with difference ...	2001	11679931
cotrimoxazole prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii infection during the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia--beware non compliance in older children and adolescents.		2001	11680836
[simultaneous bilateral pneumothorax complicating pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a homeless man with aids].	although pneumothorax is a well-known complication of aids related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, simultaneous bilateral pneumothorax has not been reported in japan. a 54-year-old homeless man was admitted with emaciation and dyspnea. chest x-ray showed diffuse ground glass opacity. computed tomography of the chest demonstrated ground glass opacity and cyst-like lesions in both upper lobes of the lung. the patient was hiv positive. grocott's stain of a bronchial lavage specimen demonstrated pne ...	2001	11681027
effect of oral washes on the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with a low parasite burden and on detection of organisms in subclinical infections.	this study was designed to assess the efficacy of using oral washes (ows) to diagnose pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with a low parasite burden and to detect cases of subclinical infection. a total of 104 paired induced sputum (is) samples and ows from 104 hiv-seropositive patients and 32 ows from immunocompetent healthy controls were studied. all of the control samples were negative. fifty-two is specimens were positive for pneumocystis carinii, and 26 of these cases were also ...	2001	11681438
pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis dna in immunocompetent health care workers in contact with patients with p. carinii pneumonia.	the possible transmission of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis from patients with p. carinii pneumonia to asymptomatic health care workers (hcw), with or without occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with p. carinii pneumonia, was examined. hcw in a specialist inpatient hiv-aids facility and a control group in the general medical-respiratory service in the same hospital provided induced sputum and/or nasal rinse samples, which were analyzed for the prese ...	2001	11682501
discontinuation of pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a meta-analysis and decision analysis.	we performed a meta-analysis and a decision analysis on the discontinuation of prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus who had adequate immune recovery while receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. in the meta-analysis (14 studies with 3584 subjects who had discontinued prophylaxis), 8 cases of pcp occurred during 3449 person-years (0.23 cases per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.46]). in the decision an ...	2001	11692302
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after thoracic duct ligation and leakage.	a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was induced through immunosuppression following thoracic duct ligation. the patient initially presented with an esophageal adenocarcinoma, which was totally resected. she is human immunodeficiency virus-negative and not undergoing immunosuppressive treatment.	2001	11692316
functional glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor signal sequences in the pneumocystis carinii prt1 protease family.	pneumocystis carinii is fungus which is a frequent cause of severe pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals. the p. carinii genome contains the prt1 subtelomeric multigene family that encodes a kexin-like serine protease which is expressed on the surface of p. carinii. analysis of the sequence of the carboxy-terminal sequence of many copies of prt1 showed that they contained motifs characteristic of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor signal sequence. the ability of the c-terminal sequ ...	2001	11694452
serial pentamidine levels in bronchial epithelial lining fluid after aerosol administration.	there is no information on serial pharmacokinetic assessment in the lungs after administration of aerosolized pentamidine.	2001	11694814
[diagnosis and therapy of abscess forming pneumonia].	aspiration of oro-pharyngeal secretions and gastric content is the most frequent cause of formation of primary lung abscess. a compromised mental status (e.g. alcoholism, sedatives, stroke) and esophageal dysfunction (e.g. herniation, vomiting) are important risk factors. aspiration pneumonia presents as a subacute disease and is usually not distinguishable from other causes of pneumonia, until typical radiological signs of cavitation and putrid sputum appear 8 to 14 days after the initial event ...	2001	11695090
[pneumonia in the immune compromised host].	the term "immunocompromised host" is generally applied to a variety of patients with different host defense defects. pulmonary disease in the immunocompromised host remains a major cause of morbidity and has a high mortality. during the initial evaluation of the patient, it is helpful to define which of the three arms of the host defense system is most likely to be affected. impaired granulocyte function, as seen after chemotherapy, predisposes to bacterial and fungal infections. deficiencies in ...	2001	11695093
[pneumonia in patients with hiv infection].	pneumonia is the leading hiv-associated infection. it may occur at an early stage of hiv-infection. the spectrum of microorganisms includes bacteria, mainly streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in addition, fungi such as pneumocystis carinii, cryptococcus neoformans and histoplasma capsulatum are common hiv-associated pathogens. the diagnostic work-up depends on the epidemiology (travel history) and the immune status (cd4-lymphoc ...	2001	11695094
characterization of pneumocystis carinii phr1, a ph-regulated gene important for cell wall integrity.	pneumocystis carinii remains an important opportunistic fungal pathogen causing life-threatening pneumonia in patients with aids and malignancy. currently, little is known about how the organism adapts to environmental stresses and maintains its cellular integrity. we recently discovered an open reading frame approximately 600 bp downstream of the region coding gsc-1, a gene mediating beta-glucan cell wall synthesis in p. carinii. the predicted amino acid sequence of this new gene, termed p. car ...	2001	11698360
underuse of primary mycobacterium avium complex and pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in the united states.	little is known about the rates of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and pneumocystis carinii (pcp) prophylaxis adherence to guidelines and how they have changed after introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy.	2001	11707670
the care of hiv-infected adults in rural areas of the united states.	this study describes the population of hiv-infected adults receiving care in rural areas of the united states and compares hiv care received in rural and urban areas.	2001	11707677
in vitro activity of amprenavir against pneumocystis carinii.		2001	11708264
action of deferoxamine against pneumocystis carinii.	we found earlier that deferoxamine (dfo), a drug used for treatment of iron overload, is active against a rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). we had assumed a mode of action by deprivation of nutritional iron; however, data here show that dfo penetrates p. carinii, causing irreversible damage, thus indicating a different mode of action. penetration was demonstrated by showing dfo uptake by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. by using calcein-am as an indicator, exposure ...	2001	11709340
reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in children with inflammatory disorders. a retrospective study of 24 patients.	the reactive haemophagocytic syndrome (rhs) is a little-known life-threatening complication of rheumatic diseases in children. it reflects the extreme vulnerability of these patients, especially those with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis (jca). this immunohaematological process may be triggered by events such as herpes virus infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. treatment has not been standardized.	2001	11709613
the use of oral washes to diagnose pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a blinded prospective study using a polymerase chain reaction-based detection system.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) can be diagnosed by direct microscopic examination of induced sputum or by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal). however, many institutions have little diagnostic success with induced sputum, and bal is invasive and expensive. this prospective, blinded study assessed oral washes as a more convenient specimen than either sputum or bal fluid and used a dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay time-resolved fluorescent hybridization polymerase chain reaction ( ...	2001	11709795
immunohematotoxicity studies with combinations of dapsone and zidovudine.	we investigated the immunohematoxicities of the antiparasitic drug dapsone (dds) and the antiretroviral drug zidovudine (zdv, azt) given alone or in combination in balb/c mice. dds is used for prophylaxis and treatment of pneumocystis carinii infection in aids patients. we examined the impact of concurrent administration of these drugs on the immune and hematopoietic systems because dds causes hematotoxicity and zdv therapy results in bone marrow toxicity. daily oral administration of dds at 25 ...	2001	11710542
new insights into transmission, diagnosis, and drug treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii has been recognized as a human pathogen for nearly 50 years. we present a case of p carinii infection that typifies clinical presentation in the era of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic. the high incidence of p carinii pneumonia in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has served to focus laboratory and clinical research efforts on better understanding the biology of the organism and on improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this d ...	2001	11712941
cd4+ t cell-independent vaccination against pneumocystis carinii in mice.	host defenses are profoundly compromised in hiv-infected hosts due to progressive depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes. moreover, deficient cd4+ t lymphocytes impair vaccination approaches to prevent opportunistic infection. therefore, we investigated a cd4+ t cell-independent vaccine approach to a prototypic aids-defining infection, pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia. here, we demonstrate that bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (dcs) expressing the murine cd40 ligand, when pulsed ex vivo by pc ant ...	2001	11714738
detection of two distinct transporter systems for 2-deoxyglucose uptake by the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii.	since the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii grows only slowly in vitro, the mechanism of glucose uptake was investigated to better understand how the organism transports nutrients. using the non-metabolizable analogue 2-deoxyglucose, two uptake systems were detected with q(10) values of 2.12 and 2.09, respectively. one had a high affinity (k(m)=67.5 microm) and the other a low affinity (k(m)=5.99 mm) for 2-deoxyglucose uptake. glucose or deoxyglucose phosphate products from transported ...	2001	11718673
the occurrence of sinusitis in hiv-infected patients with fever.	sinusitis is commonly occurring in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus i (hiv), but the occurrence and etiology have not been established. the purpose of this study was prospectively to determine the occurrence, site and type of paranasal sinus abnormalities seen on mri in hiv-infected patients with fever, to relate the abnormalities to clinical and immunological parameters, and to determine the microbiological agents found in the sinus aspirates. mri was performed in 54 hiv-infe ...	2001	11721503
rapid pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism method to differentiate and estimate relative abundance of pneumocystis carinii special forms infecting rats.	a rapid method that uses pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the intron of the nuclear 26s rrna gene was shown to differentiate the two pneumocystis carinii special forms that infect rats, p. carinii f. sp. carinii and p. carinii f. sp. ratti. the method also provides a means for estimation of the relative abundance of the two special forms in the case of a coinfected rat. the results suggest that the method described will help to further standardize the immunosuppressed rat ...	2001	11724884
pneumocystis carinii: genetic diversity and cell biology.	as an important opportunistic pulmonary pathogen, pneumocystis carinii has been the focus of extensive research over the decades. the use of laboratory animal models has permitted a detailed understanding of the host-parasite interaction but an understanding of the basic biology of p. carinii has lagged due in large part to the inability of the organism to grow well in culture and to the lack of a tractable genetic system. molecular techniques have demonstrated extensive heterogeneity among p. c ...	2001	11728153
alteration of surfactant proteins a and d in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to understand the interaction between surfactant proteins and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and the impact of corticosteriods on surfactant proteins.	2001	11729507
transgenic over-expression of mafk suppresses t cell proliferation and function in vivo.	the small maf proteins regulate gene transcription from maf recognition elements (mare). these proteins do not contain a canonical transactivation domain. depending upon the ratio of small maf proteins to their partner proteins, which either possess a transactivation domain or not, transcription can be switched on or off.	2001	11737266
aging cohort of perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in new york city. new york city pediatric surveillance of disease consortium.	new york city (nyc) pediatricians are now caring for fewer hiv-infected infants and more school age children and adolescents than earlier in the epidemic.	2001	11368109
jail inmates and hiv care: provision of antiretroviral therapy and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis.	the objective of this study was to examine prescription and acceptance of antiretroviral therapy (art) and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis in jail and at release. a retrospective cross sectional design was used, by record review, of 77 inmates receiving hiv-related care in the san francisco city and county jail and released to the community in 1997. average cd4 cell count was 335/microl. fifteen had undectable hiv rna, and average viral load was 19,826 copies/ml. fifty-eight per ...	2001	11368819
bone marrow transplantation for cd40 ligand deficiency: a single centre experience.	cd40 ligand (cd40l) deficiency is a rare x linked immunodeficiency disorder leading to recurrent bacterial infection, with cryptosporidial enteritis and subsequent hepatic cirrhosis. bone marrow transplantation offers the only cure.	2001	11369571
development and characterization of a molecular viability assay for pneumocystis carinii f sp hominis.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains the most common opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. despite this, little is known concerning the transmission dynamics of this infection. in the absence of a reliable method to isolate and culture p. carinii from environmental samples, it has not been possible to assess the importance of person-to-person transmission in the epidemiology of pcp. a molecular viability assay was developed for the human form of p. ...	2001	11372040
the importance of bacterial sepsis in intensive care unit patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: implications for future care in the age of increasing antiretroviral resistance.	to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) admitted to the intensive care unit (icu).	2001	11373418
discontinuing prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		2001	11374363
discontinuing prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		2001	11374364
phylogeny of pneumocystis carinii from 18 primate species confirms host specificity and suggests coevolution.	primates are regularly infected by fungal organisms identified as pneumocystis carinii. they constitute a valuable population for the confirmation of p. carinii host specificity. in this study, the presence of p. carinii was assessed by direct examination and nested pcr at mitochondrial large subunit (mtlsu) rrna and dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) genes in 98 lung tissue samples from captive or wild nonhuman primates. fifty-nine air samples corresponding to the environment of different primat ...	2001	11376046
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with an atypical granulomatous response in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	we have recently seen a patient who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in the course of treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll). this case showed uncommon pathological findings with extensive formation of granulomatous lesions. despite advanced cll associated with poor b-cell function, she responded well to anti-pcp treatment. in contrast to b-cell function, the t-cell functions were well preserved in vitro, and the numbers of peripheral cd4- and cd8-positive cells were norm ...	2001	11378559
synthesis, antifolate, and antitumor activities of classical and nonclassical 2-amino-4-oxo-5-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines.	classical and nonclassical isosteric c8-n9 bridged analogues of the multitargeted antifolate ly231514 were synthesized as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (ts), dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), and as antitumor and antiopportunistic infection agents. the syntheses of the analogues were accomplished by reductive amination of the appropriate anilines with 2-amino-4-oxo-5-cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (28) followed by saponification of the ethyl esters, for the classical analogue 6. the n9-methyl ...	2001	11384244
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia alters expression and distribution of lung collectins sp-a and sp-d.	surfactant proteins sp-a and sp-d, members of the collectin family, have been shown to play a significant role in lung host defense. both proteins selectively bind pneumocystis carinii (pc) organisms and modulate the interaction of this pathogen with alveolar macrophages. we hypothesized that the expression and distribution of lung collectins sp-a and sp-d is altered by pc lung infection. pc organisms (2 x 10(5)) were inoculated intratracheally into c.b-17 scid/scid mice that do not require ster ...	2001	11385364
prophylaxis strategies for solid-organ transplantation.	in addition to the net state of immunosuppression, the risk of infection after transplantation is largely determined by the transplant recipient's epidemiologic exposures. potential sources of infection in the transplant recipient include the environment and the recipient's endogenous flora. this article presents aspects of prevention of infection after solid-organ transplantation such as avoidance of epidemiologic exposures, antibacterial prophylaxis, prophylaxis for tuberculin-positive transpl ...	2001	11389519
accuracy of self-reports of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related conditions in women.	to investigate the validity of self-reported acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) among women enrolled in a prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, the authors compared the self-reported occurrence of aids-specific diagnoses with aids diagnoses documented by county aids surveillance registries. also examined was the association between participant characteristics and the validity of self-reports. among the 339 hiv-infected participants in the northern california w ...	2001	11390333
early onset pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.	pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) is one of the major opportunistic pathogens responsible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct)-related pneumonias. although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol (tmp/smx) prophylaxis has been shown to prevent almost all p. carinii infections, 1%-2% of patients may still experience this complication. p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) is usually a late complication in patients receiving tmp/smx prophylaxis, with most cases occurring later than 2 months post-transplan ...	2001	11391721
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to evaluate bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) cytology and organism burden in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and in those with other immunodeficiencies.	2001	11393061
relapse of wegener's granulomatosis. concerning a case after 20 years of remission.	immunosuppressive drugs have transformed the prognosis of systemic wegener's granulomatosis. nowadays, the main residual problem is illness relapses, for which management is largely undefined. we describe the case of a patient, aged 47 in 1977. the diagnosis of wegener's granulomatosis was made when faced with polyarthralgias, cutaneous vasculitis, rhinitis, dyspnea, hemoptysis and global decline of her physical condition. the treatment associated high-dose corticotherapy and intramuscular cyclo ...	2001	11394628
trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole as primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis does not increase serum homocysteine levels in hiv-positive subjects.	background: we recently observed that a short course of trimethoprim 300 mg b.i.d. in healthy volunteers can cause a substantial increase in fasting plasma homocysteine levels, up to concentrations reportedly associated with atherothrombotic complications. the purpose of this study was to determine whether primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis (pcp) with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (tmp-smx) adversely affects serum homocysteine levels in hiv-positive patients. methods: we studied 34 subjec ...	2001	11395300
[clinical diagnosis and treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome complicated by tuberculosis].	to explore the clinical characteristics and method of therapy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients complicated by tuberculosis.	2001	16136909
[an analysis of the course of experimental pneumocystosis in rats using some serological methods].	since serological methods used in the diagnosis of pneumocystosis may be helpful to a various extent, depending on the stage of a diagnosed infection, it was decided to evaluate the usefulness of some the methods in the course of infection. wistar rats were used in the experiments. the animals were administered hydrocortisone injections for 12 weeks to induce immunosuppression and activate naturally occurring asymptomatic infections with pneumocystis carinii. blood samples and specimes of lung t ...	2001	16886416
[nested pcr in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in aids patients].	the studies were undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of a nested pcr assay in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in aids patients. to achieve the end, 51 excretions samples from the respiratory tract were collected from hiv-infected patients with respiratory symptoms, and examined for the presence of specific dna. a portion of the mitochondrial large-subunit rrna gene of pneumocystis carinii was amplified with outer primers pair paz 102e, paz 102h and internal primers paz 10 ...	2001	16894769
[the estimation of pneumocystis carinii in hiv-infected patients occurrence based on three different methods].	the frequency of pneumocystis carinii occurrence in bal of 38 hiv-infected patients was determined with three different method. bal sediments were stained with giemsa method, silvered according to gomori-grocott method and studied with indirect immunofluorescence assay. using giemsa method staining pneumocystis carinii was diagnosed in 81.6% of patients, in gomori-grocott method--in 31.6% of patients, but results of indirect immunofluorescence assay were positive only in 23.,7%. in our study sta ...	2001	16894772
the etiology and outcome of pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children admitted to intensive care in a developing country.	in developing countries, many human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected children require intensive care unit (icu) resources for pneumonia, but there is little information on the etiology of pneumonia or the impact of icu intervention. objective: to compare the etiology and outcome of pneumonia in hiv-positive and seronegative children admitted to icu. design: prospective study. setting: two pediatric icus linked to the university of cape town, south africa. patients: consecutive children admi ...	2001	12797868
[preliminary observation on pneumocystis carinii infection in lung cancer patients].		2002	12567983
[susceptibility and immune responses to pneumocystis carinii infection in different strains of mice by contagious transmission].	to explore the susceptibility of different strains of mice to p. carinii infection and the host immune response to the organism.	2002	12568024
[one case of pneumocystis carinii infection after renal transplantation].		2002	12568025
[a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during treatment for miliary tuberculosis].	a 30-year old man of myanmar origin was admitted to our hospital because of productive cough, anorexia, weight loss and fever. sputum smear was strongly positive for m. tuberculosis (gaffky 6) and sputum culture proved m. tuberculosis. caseous necrosis with langhans giant cells was observed in the biopsied specimens of the liver and bone marrow. he was diagnosed as miliary tuberculosis. treatment with combined use of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin was started. after one month ...	2002	12607338
[aids in tunisian women. study of 92 cases].	the authors report a retrospective study about 92 cases of hiv-1 infections among adult tunisian women hospitalised or consulting in the department of infectious diseases at rabta hospital over a period of 15 years and 6 months. the middle age is 33.2 years. 64.1% of patients are married, and the conjoint is hiv-1 positive in 84.1% of cases. the route of transmission is sexual in 75%, parenteral in 22.8% and unknown in 2.2%. according to cd4 level and clinical symptoms, patients are at aids stag ...	2002	12611350
[a case in which progressive emphysematous changes were seen on chest computed tomography associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with aids].	a 60-year-old man was admitted to our hospital complaining of progressive dyspnea. on admission, he had marked hypoxemia, and his chest radiography and computed tomography (ct) showed ground glass opacities and multiple emphysematous changes in both lung fields. on examining the patient's bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf). pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was diagnosed. a serological test for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1, 2 was positive, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids ...	2002	12642913
[a htlv-i carrier initially treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	a 65-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with complaints of dyspnea on effort chest radiography and ct revealed bilateral interstitial infiltration. transbronchial lung biopsy specimens revealed organisms of pneumocystis carinii. sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim improved the patient's radiograph and ct, and although a positive reaction was obtained for anti-htlv-i antibody, the hematological findings and clinical symptoms did not suggest that she had an atl. since discharge, she has been re ...	2002	12642915
treatment of toxoplasma brain abscess with clindamycin and sulfadiazine in an aids patient with concurrent atypical pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	toxoplasmosis is the most common opportunistic infection of the central nervous system in patients with aids. the standard treatment for toxoplasmic encephalitis is pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine. there have been few reports of concurrent toxoplasma brain abscess and cavitary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in taiwan. we report the case of a 26-year-old homosexual man with coexisting infection with toxoplasma gondii and p. carinii who was successfully treated for brain abscess with clindamy ...	2002	12645193
results of first salvage therapy for patients refractory to a fludarabine regimen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	resistance to purine analogs is emerging as a major problem in the management of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll). most of these patients have already been exposed to and have become refractory to alkylating agents. to define the natural history of fludarabine (fludara) refractory patients with cll, we reviewed the response to first salvage therapy of 147 patients who were refractory to fludara or had a remission less than six months in duration after a fludara-containing regimen ...	2002	12685828
the association of serum lactate dehydrogenase level with selected opportunistic infections and hiv progression.	the purpose of this study was to determine the association of serum lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) levels with certain opportunistic infection and to determine an association between ldh levels and cd4+ lymphocyte counts.	2002	12718831
subcellular localization of oxidosqualene cyclases from arabidopsis thaliana, trypanosoma cruzi, and pneumocystis carinii expressed in yeast.	cycloartenol synthase from arabidopsis thaliana and lanosterol synthase from trypanosoma cruzi and pneumocystis carinii were expressed in yeast, and their subcellular distribution in the expressing cells was compared. determination of enzymatic (oxidosqualene cyclase, osc) activity and sds-page analysis of subcellular fractions proved that enzymes from t. cruzi and a. thaliana have high affinity for lipid particles, a subcellular compartment rich in triacylglycerols, and steryl esters, harboring ...	2002	12617471
evidence for multiple sterol methyl transferase pathways in pneumocystis carinii.	the sterol composition of pneumocystis carinii, an opportunistic pathogen responsible for life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, was determined. our purpose was to identify pathway-specific enzymes to impair using sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. prior to this study, cholesterol 15 (ca. 80% of total sterols), lanosterol 1, and several phytosterols common to plants (sitosterol 31, 24alpha-ethyl and campesterol, 24alpha-methyl 30) were demonstrated in the fungus. in this investig ...	2002	12617472
the spectrum of hiv-related disease in rural central thailand.	to determine the spectrum of hiv-related illnesses presenting to a rural primary and secondary healthcare facility in central thailand, a cross-sectional study was conducted. routinely collected data were extracted from outpatient medical notes for all adult hiv-infected new attenders of the manorom christian hospital infectious disease clinic. data concerning inpatient admissions of hiv-infected individuals were collected from ward admission books and discharge summaries. complete data were ava ...	2002	12757233
microbiological infections in hiv positive bahraini patients with low cd4+ t-lymphocyte count.	the correlation of cd4+ t-lymphocyte count and the distribution of pathogenic or opportunistic microbial infection most commonly found in hiv positive individuals differ from one area to the other. the present study reports such findings in 67 hiv positive bahraini patients in the period may 1997 to nov. 1998. cd4+ t-lymphocyte count was measured using flow cytometry. bacterial and fungal cultures were performed. serological diagnosis was performed when indicated. viral study was done serologica ...	2002	14703050
peptide receptor imaging: advances in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases.	radiolabeled cell-surface peptide receptor-binding molecules are emerging as an important class of radiopharmaceuticals. their binding to specific cell membrane receptors allows for noninvasive assessment of regional receptor proteomics in vivo. information thus obtained can be used for diagnostic purposes and for predicting and monitoring response to treatment. this paradigm also applies to pulmonary diseases. in this review, available radiopharmaceuticals of great potential or already in clini ...	2002	14720055
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with leflunomide therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.		2002	17039208
[occurrence of pneumocystis carinii dna and anti-pneumocystis antibodies in the sera of infants during a period of of physiologic decreased immune response].	the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and indirect immunofluorescent test (if) were used for examination of serum samples obtained from infants with respiratory tract infections. sixty (11.9%) out of the 503 examined infant samples were positive for anti-p. carinii igm and 354 (70.4%) contained anti-pneumocystis igg. p. carinii dna was found in 6 (6.7%) sera from 90 of infected infants. five out these 6 samples were for anti-pneumocystis antibodies positive; 4 contained both igg and igm classes an ...	2002	16888974
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with connective tissue diseases].		2002	16583738
reconstitution of immune responses to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hiv infection who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy.	we describe a reconstitution syndrome of immune responses to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in 2 hiv-infected individuals who received highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). patient 1, who had been successfully treated for pcp 3 years before the initiation of haart, developed cough and pulmonary shadows 6 weeks after the start of haart. patient 2 was introduced haart immediately after completing the responsive treatment of pcp, and then showed dyspnea and diffuse pulmonary infiltrat ...	2002	15080497