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diversity in gut microflora of helicoverpa armigera populations from different regions in relation to biological activity of bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin cry1ac.transgenic crops expressing toxin proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have been deployed on a large scale for management of helicoverpa armigera. resistance to bt toxins has been documented in several papers, and therefore, we examined the role of midgut microflora of h. armigera in its susceptibility to bt toxins. the susceptibility of h. armigera to bt toxin cry1ac was assessed using log-dose-probit analysis, and the microbial communities were identified by 16s rrna sequencing. the h. ar ...201425195523
creation of bt rice expressing a fusion protein of cry1ac and cry1i-like using a green tissue-specific promoter.the insecticidal genes from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) have long been successfully used for development of insect-resistant rice. however, commercial planting of bt rice has been delayed by the concern over food safety, although no scientific evidence is ever found to justify the concern. to address this safety concern, we developed a transgenic insect-resistant rice line using a green tissue promoter to minimize the bt protein expression in the rice seeds. the bt protein expressed in ...201425195461
dual cry2ab and vip3a resistant strains of helicoverpa armigera and helicoverpa punctigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae); testing linkage between loci and monitoring of allele frequencies.considerable attention has been given to delaying the evolution of insect resistance to toxins produced by transgenic crops. the major pests of cotton in australia are the lepidoptera helicoverpa armigera (hubner, 1805) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren), and the toxins deployed in current and imminent transgenic cotton varieties are cry1ac, cry2ab and vip3a from bacillus thuringiensis. in this study, lines that carry alleles conferring resistance to cry2ab and vip3a were isolated using f2 ...201425195454
corrosion and stability study of bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki starch industry wastewater-derived biopesticide formulation.biopesticides are usually sprayed on forests by using planes made up of aluminum alloy. bioval derived from starch industry wastewater (siw) in suspension form was developed as stable anticorrosive biopesticide formulation. in this context, various anticorrosion agents such as activated charcoal, glycerin, ethylene glycol, phytic acid, castor oil and potassium silicate were tested as anticorrosive agents. there was no corrosion found in bioval formulation where potassium silicate (0.5% w/v) was ...201425190564
toxicity of parasporin-4 and health effects of pro-parasporin-4 diet in mice.parasporin-4 (ps4) is an aerolysin-type β-pore-forming toxin produced by bacillus thuringiensis strain a1470. it exhibits specific cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines; therefore, it is expected to be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of particular types of cancer cells. we examined the acute toxicity of ps4 on icr mice. the ld50 value was 160 μg/kg by a subcutaneous route. potassium, ammonium, magnesium ion, creatinine, and urea nitrogen decreased in urine by the injection of ps4. ...201425033273
impact of corn earworm injury on yield of transgenic corn producing bt toxins in the carolinas.transgenic corn, zea mays l., hybrids expressing insecticidal cry proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and insecticide applications to suppress injury from helicoverpa zea (boddie) were evaluated in florence, sc, and in plymouth, nc, in 2012 and 2013. based on kernel area injured, insecticide applications (chlorantraniliprole) every 3-4 d from r1 until h. zea had cycled out of corn reduced injury by 80-93% in florence and 94-95% in plymouth. despite intensive applications of insecticide (13 ...201425026670
effects of bt cotton on thrips tabaci (thysanoptera: thripidae) and its predator, orius insidiosus (hemiptera: anthocoridae).laboratory studies were conducted to investigate tritrophic transfer of insecticidal cry proteins from transgenic cotton to an herbivore and its predator, and to examine effects of these proteins on the predator's development, survival, and reproduction. cry1ac and cry2ab proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) produced in bollgard-ii (bg-ii, event 15985) cotton plants were acquired by thrips tabaci lindeman (thysanoptera: thripidae), an important sucking pest of cotton, and its ...201425026649
identification of distinct bacillus thuringiensis 4a4 nematicidal factors using the model nematodes pristionchus pacificus and caenorhabditis elegans.bacillus thuringiensis has been extensively used for the biological control of insect pests. nematicidal b. thuringiensis strains have also been identified; however, virulence factors of such strains are poorly investigated. here, we describe virulence factors of the nematicidal b. thuringiensis 4a4 strain, using the model nematodes pristionchus pacificus and caenorhabditis elegans. we show that b. thuringiensis 4a4 kills both nematodes via intestinal damage. whole genome sequencing of b. thurin ...201425025708
consumption of bt rice pollen containing cry1c or cry2a protein poses a low to negligible risk to the silkworm bombyx mori (lepidoptera: bombyxidae).by consuming mulberry leaves covered with pollen from nearby genetically engineered, insect-resistant rice lines producing cry proteins derived from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), larvae of the domestic silkworm, bombyx mori (linnaeus) (lepidoptera: bombyxidae), could be exposed to insecticidal proteins. laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the potential effects of cry1c- or cry2a-producing transgenic rice (t1c-19, t2a-1) pollen on b. mori fitness. in a short-term assay, b. mori larvae ...201425014054
quantitative analysis of fitness costs associated with the development of resistance to the bt toxin cry1ac in helicoverpa armigera.transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crops play an increasing role in pest control, and resistance management is a major issue in large-scale cultivation of bt crops. the fitness cost of resistance in targeted pests is considered to be one of the main factors delaying resistance when using the refuge strategy. by comparing 10 resistant helicoverpa armigera (hubner) strains, showing various resistance levels to bt toxin (cry1ac), to a susceptible strain, we showed an increasing fitness cost cor ...201425005122
in vivo and in vitro binding of vip3aa to spodoptera frugiperda midgut and characterization of binding sites by (125)i radiolabeling.bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal proteins (vip3a) have been recently introduced in important crops as a strategy to delay the emerging resistance to the existing cry toxins. the mode of action of vip3a proteins has been studied in spodoptera frugiperda with the aim of characterizing their binding to the insect midgut. immunofluorescence histological localization of vip3aa in the midgut of intoxicated larvae showed that vip3aa bound to the brush border membrane along the entire apic ...201425002420
the effects of bt corn on rusty crayfish (orconectes rusticus) growth and survival.bt crops are one of the most commonly used genetically modified crops worldwide. bt crops contain a gene that is derived from the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis, which produces the cry1ab toxin. bt corn that contains the cry1ab toxin is used throughout the midwest united states to control crop pests such as the european corn borer (ostrinia nubilalis). headwater streams in regions known for intensive agriculture receive bt corn detritus after the fall harvest, which is then consumed by a divers ...201425001246
target triggered self-assembly of au nanoparticles for amplified detection of bacillus thuringiensis transgenic sequence using sers.the research methods for dna detection have been widely extended since the application of nanotechnology, but it remains a challenge to detect specific dna sequences or low abundance genes in the biological samples with accuracy and sensitivity. here we developed a sers biosensing platform by target dna (tdna) triggered self-assembly of au nanoparticles (au nps) probes on dna nanowires for signal amplification in dna analysis. based on the hybridization chain reactions (hcr) and surface enhanced ...201424999997
structural, spectral, thermal and biological studies on (e)-2-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)-n-(pyridin-2-yl)hydrazinecarbothioamide and its metal complexes.schiff base complexes of mn(ii), co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii), cd(ii), hg(ii) and u(vi)o2 with (e)-2-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)-n-(pyridin-2-yl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (h2phat) were synthesized and characterized by different physicochemical methods, elemental analysis, (uv-vis, ir and (1)h nmr spectra) and thermal analysis (tg and dtg) techniques. spectral data showed that h2phat behaves as a ns bidentate ligand through both thione sulphur or thiol sulphur and the nitrogen of the pyridine ring or ...201424992916
preliminary assessment of framework conditions for release of genetically modified mosquitoes in burkina faso.genetically modified mosquitoes (gmms) are emerging as a measure to control mosquito-borne diseases, but before any genetically modified organisms (gmos) are released into the environment, it is imperative to establish regulatory standards incorporating public engagement. a previous project in burkina faso introduced a type of genetically modified cotton [bacillus thuringiensis (bt)] cotton) that produces insecticide, and incorporated policies on public engagement.201424981444
proteolytic processing of bacillus thuringiensis vip3a proteins by two spodoptera species.vip3 proteins have been described to be secreted by bacillus thuringiensis during the vegetative growth phase and to display a broad insecticidal spectrum against lepidopteran larvae. vip3aa protoxin has been reported to be significantly more toxic to spodoptera frugiperda than to spodoptera exigua and differences in the midgut processing have been proposed to be responsible. in contrast, we have found that vip3ae is essentially equally toxic against these two species. proteolysis experiments we ...201424979528
aeration effects on metabolic events during sporulation of bacillus thuringiensis.the metabolism of bacillus thuringiensis during its sporulation process was investigated under different concentrations of oxygen. at the beginning of sporulation, the aeration conditions were regulated to obtain different oxygen transfer rates (otr) in four separate fermentations, representing interrupted, limited, non-limited, and saturated oxygenation, respectively. a higher otr resulted in a higher ph, up to about 9 in the case of saturated oxygenation, while the interrupted oxygenation resu ...201424972809
single-reversal charge in the β10-β11 receptor-binding loop of bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa and cry4ba toxins reflects their different toxicity against culex spp. larvae.bacillus thuringiensis cry4aa toxin was previously shown to be much more toxic to culex mosquito-larvae than its closely related toxin - cry4ba, conceivably due to their sequence differences within the β10-β11 receptor-binding loop. here, single-ala substitutions of five residues (pro(510), thr(512), tyr(513), lys(514) and thr(515)) within the cry4aa β10-β11 loop revealed that only lys(514) corresponding to the relative position of cry4ba-asp(454) is crucial for toxicity against culex quinquefas ...201424971536
evaluation of the synergistic activities of bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins against helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).with the aim of identifying cry proteins that would be useful in the management of the economically important lepidopteran pest helicoverpa armigera, the larvicidal activities of binary combinations (1:1 ratios) of six cry proteins (cry1aa, cry1ab, cry1ac, cry1ca, cry2aa and cry9aa) were evaluated against h. armigera neonate larvae using droplet feeding bioassays. determination of the ld50 values of individual cry proteins and mixtures of cry proteins enabled assessment of the nature of the inte ...201424963598
laboratory and field evaluation of two formulations of bacillus thuringiensis m-h-14 against mosquito larvae in the islamic republic of iran, 2012.due to low efficacy in the field of a local commercial product of bacillus thuringiensis m-h-14 (bioflash(®)), a study was designed to assess its efficacy in laboratory, glass standard aquarium, semi-field and field conditions at both target and higher dosages against immature stages of anopheles spp. and culex spp. in laboratory conditions, the lc50 values of wettable powder and granule formulations were 227 and 1031 ppm respectively against a susceptible strain of an. stephensi. following appl ...201424952119
cloning and characterization of a unique cytotoxic protein parasporin-5 produced by bacillus thuringiensis a1100 strain.parasporin is the cytocidal protein present in the parasporal inclusion of the non-insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis strains, which has no hemolytic activity but has cytocidal activities, preferentially killing cancer cells. in this study, we characterized a cytocidal protein that belongs to this category, which was designated parasporin-5 (ps5). ps5 was purified from b. thuringiensis serovar tohokuensis strain a1100 based on its cytocidal activity against human leukemic t cells (molt-4). the ...201424945755
microscopic analysis of a native bacillus thuringiensis strain from malaysia that produces exosporium-enclosed parasporal inclusion.the current study focused on the microscopic studies of a native bacillus thuringiensis strain isolated from malaysia, bt-s84-13a, that produced an unusual crystal type. primary detection of parasporal inclusions using a phase contrast microscope presented one to two small crystal proteins in the sporulating cells of bt-s84-13a. compound light microscopic examination of autolysed bt-s84-13a cells stained with 0.133% coomassie brilliant blue showed two types of crystal morphology: small crystals ...201424943903
characterization of a new cry2ab gene of bacillus thuringiensis with high insecticidal activity against plutella xylostella l.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) strain fjat-12 was a novel bt strain isolated by agricultural bio-resources institute, fujian academy of agricultural science. in this study, a new cry2ab gene was cloned from bt strain fjat-12 and named as cry2ab30 by bt delta-endotoxin nomenclature committee. the sequencing results showed there were two mutations in conservative sites which led to two amino acids modification. homology modeling indicated that the two changes were located in β-sheet of domain ii. a p ...201424943249
rna interference-mediated knockdown of three putative aminopeptidases n affects susceptibility of spodoptera exigua larvae to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ca.aminopeptidase n (apn) isoforms in insects have been documented to be involved in the mode of action of insecticidal crystal proteins (cry) from bacillus thuringiensis. here we cloned two novel seapns from the larval midgut of spodoptera exigua, a major pest of many crops of economic importance in china. according to a phylogenetic analysis, these two novel seapns, along with the four seapn isoforms already described, belong to six different clades. all the six seapns share similar structural fe ...201424932922
binding site concentration explains the differential susceptibility of chilo suppressalis and sesamia inferens to cry1a-producing rice.chilo suppressalis and sesamia inferens are two important lepidopteran rice pests that occur concurrently during outbreaks in paddy fields in the main rice-growing areas of china. previous and current field tests demonstrate that the transgenic rice line huahui 1 (hh1) producing a cry1ab-cry1ac hybrid toxin from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis reduces egg and larval densities of c. suppressalis but not of s. inferens. this differential susceptibility to hh1 rice correlates with the reduced ...201424928872
screening of cry-type promoters with strong activity and application in cry protein encapsulation in a sigk mutant.to optimize the expression of cry genes in a bacillus thuringiensis sigk mutant failing in crystal releasing, the transcriptional activity of the cry promoters cry1a, cry3a, cry4a, and cry8e was compared using lacz gene fusions. a beta-galactosidase assay indicated that the cry8e promoter showed the highest transcriptional activity. a novel escherichia coli-b. thuringiensis shuttle vector pht315-8e21b was constructed for cry gene expression using the cry8e promoter and the multiple cloning sites ...201424928660
faflp analysis of brazilian bacillus thuringiensis isolates.a total of 65 bacillus thuringiensis (bt) isolates were subjected to analysis of genetic relationship using faflp (fluorescent fragment length polymorphism), in order to determine the genetic diversity within a group of bt strains. 26 strains from different subspecies were identified as it follows: 9 kindly provided by the usda (united states department of agriculture), 9 kindly provided by the institute pasteur and eight from embrapa maize and sorghum bt collection, and 39 strains with no subsp ...201424926421
isolation of the bacillus thuringiensis plasmid carrying bacthuricin f4 coding genes and evidence of its conjugative transfer.conjugation is an excellent natural mode of dna transfer in vivo between bacteria, particularly when these conjugative elements carry technological traits such as bacteriocin encoding genes. in the present work, the bacteriocinogenic plasmid pibf4 from bacillus thuringiensis responsible of bacthuricin f4 synthesis was isolated and characterized.201424916871
modeling evolution of resistance of sugarcane borer (lepidoptera: crambidae) to transgenic bt corn.diatraea saccharalis (f.) (lepidoptera: crambidae) is a target pest of transgenic corn expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) protein, and the first evidence of resistance by d. saccharalis to cry1ab corn was detected in a field population in northeast louisiana in 2004. we used a model of population dynamics and genetics of d. saccharalis to 1) study the effect of interfield dispersal, the first date that larvae enter diapause for overwintering, toxin mortality, the proportion of non-bt corn in ...201424914780
transcription of the lysine-2,3-aminomutase gene in the kam locus of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd73 is controlled by both σ54 and σk factors.lysine 2,3-aminomutase (kam; ec 5.4.3.2) catalyzes the interconversion of l-lysine and l-β-lysine. the transcription and regulation of the kam locus, including lysine-2,3-aminomutase-encoding genes, in bacillus thuringiensis were analyzed in this study. reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) analysis revealed that this locus forms two operons: yodt (yodt-yods-yodr-yodq-yodp-kamr) and kama (kama-yoku-yoze). the transcriptional start sites (tsss) of the kama gene were determined using 5' rapid amplifi ...201424914178
abcc transporters mediate insect resistance to multiple bt toxins revealed by bulk segregant analysis.relatively recent evidence indicates that abcc2 transporters play a main role in the mode of action of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1a-type proteins. mapping of major cry1a resistance genes has linked resistance to the abcc2 locus in heliothis virescens, plutella xylostella, trichoplusia ni and bombyx mori, and mutations in this gene have been found in three of these bt-resistant strains.201424912445
response of last instar helicoverpa armígera larvae to bt toxin ingestion: changes in the development and in the cyp6ae14, cyp6b2 and cyp9a12 gene expression.bt crops are able to produce cry proteins, which were originally present in bacillus thuringiensis bacteria. although bt maize is very efficient against corn borers, spanish crops are also attacked by the earworm h. armigera, which is less susceptible to bt maize. many mechanisms could be involved in this low susceptibility to the toxin, including the insect's metabolic resistance to toxins due to cytochrome p450 monooxygenases. this paper examines the response of last instar h. armigera larvae ...201424910993
direct plantlet inoculation with soil or insect-associated fungi may control cabbage root fly maggots.a potential delia radicum biological control strategy involving cauliflower plantlet inoculation with various fungi was investigated in a series of laboratory and glasshouse experiments. in addition to entomopathogenic fungi, fungi with a high rhizosphere competence and fungi with the ability to survive as saprotrophs in soil were tested. the following fungal species were evaluated in the experiments: trichoderma atroviride, t. koningiopsis, t. gamsii, beauveria bassiana, metharhizium anisopliae ...201424907449
mining rare and ubiquitous toxin genes from a large collection of bacillus thuringiensis strains.there has been considerable effort made in recent years for research groups and other organizations to build up large collections of strains of bacillus thuringiensis in the search for genes encoding novel insecticidal toxins, or encoding novel metabolic pathways. whilst next generation sequencing allows the detailed genetic characterization of a bacterial strain with relative ease it is still not practicable for large strain collections. in this work we assess the practicability of mining a mix ...201425108136
dual function of a bee (apis cerana) inhibitor cysteine knot peptide that acts as an antifungal peptide and insecticidal venom toxin.inhibitor cysteine knot (ick) peptides exhibit ion channel blocking, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities, but currently, no functional roles for bee-derived ick peptides have been identified. in this study, a bee (apis cerana) ick peptide (acick) that acts as an antifungal peptide and as an insecticidal venom toxin was identified. acick contains an ick fold that is expressed in the epidermis, fat body, or venom gland and is present as a 6.6-kda peptide in bee venom. recombinant acick pept ...201425106915
transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice is safer to aquatic ecosystems than its non-transgenic counterpart.rice lines genetically modified with the crystal toxin genes from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have experienced rapid development, with biosafety certificates for two bt rice lines issued in 2009. there has still been no commercial release of these lines yet due to public concerns about human health and environmental risks. some studies confirmed that bt rice was as safe as conventional rice to non-target organisms when pesticides were not applied, however, pesticides are still required in bt ric ...201425105299
taming a tiger in the city: comparison of motorized backpack applications and source reduction against the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus.we evaluated 2 strategies to manage aedes albopictus: 1) motorized backpack applications and 2) source reduction (coupled with hand-applied applications of larvicide). backpack applications used a water-dispersible granular formulation (vectobac wdg) of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti), whereas source reduction used granular formulations of the insect growth regulator methoprene (altosid) combined with a monomolecular film surfactant (agnique). six subplots (total 8.02 ha) were sele ...201425102592
efficacy of olive mill wastewater for protecting bacillus thuringiensis formulation from uv radiations.the effectiveness of 10 low-cost uv-absorbers in protecting bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki blb1 toxins against inactivation by uv-a and uv-b irradiation was evaluated in this study. among them, two by-products, molasses and olive mill wastewater (omw) were selected for further studies. they were tested at different concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% using the para-aminobenzoic acid (paba) as a common uv protectant. interestingly, addition of paba and omw to blb1 formulations was ...201425093915
no adjuvant effect of bacillus thuringiensis-maize on allergic responses in mice.genetically modified (gm) foods are evaluated carefully for their ability to induce allergic disease. however, few studies have tested the capacity of a gm food to act as an adjuvant, i.e. influencing allergic responses to other unrelated allergens at acute onset and in individuals with pre-existing allergy. we sought to evaluate the effect of short-term feeding of gm bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-maize (mon810) on the initiation and relapse of allergic asthma in mice. balb/c mice were provided a ...201425084284
development of chrysoperla carnea (stephens) (neuroptera: chrysopidae) on pollen from bt-transgenic and conventional maize.maize (zea mays) pollen is highly nutritious and can be used by predatory arthropods to supplement or replace a carnivorous diet. we demonstrate that maize pollen can be utilized by larvae of the green lacewing, chrysoperla carnea (neuroptera: chrysopidae) under laboratory conditions. complete development on maize pollen was not possible, but 25% of neonates reached the third instar. when only one instar was fed with pollen and the other two instars with eggs of ephestia kuehniella (lepidoptera: ...201425082074
characterization, n-terminal sequencing and classification of tolworthcin 524: a bacteriocin produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi.bacteriocins synthesized by entomopathogenic bacillus thuringiensis are gaining attention owing to their inhibitory effects against a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria. in the present study, we purified and characterized tolworthcin 524, a bacteriocin synthesized by b. thuringiensis subsp. tolworthi, and compared it with other bacteriocins synthesized by b. thuringiensis. tolworthcin 524 was separated and purified from the secretome of b. thuringiensis by fast protein liquid chromatography wit ...201424880804
pirb-cry2aa hybrid protein exhibits enhanced insecticidal activity against spodoptera exigua larvae.previous study revealed that the n-terminal region of pirb toxin from photorhabdus luminescens showed 20.5% identity and 41.5% similarity to the domain i of cry2a toxin of bacillus thuringiensis. the encoding sequence of the domain i of cry2aa protein was replaced by the encoding gene of corresponding domain of pirb protein. expression of pirb-cry2aa chimeric gene in b. thuringiensis acrystalliferous strain cry(-)b leads to the formation of crystals with irregular shape. bioassay showed that pir ...201424879991
draft genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis strain lm1212, isolated from the cadaver of an oryctes gigas larva in madagascar.we report the draft genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis strain lm1212, which differentiates into crystal producers or spore formers during the stationary phase. availability of this genome sequence will facilitate the study of spore formation, crystal formation, cell differentiation, and evolution of b. thuringiensis.201424874686
exposure and preventive measure to reduce high and daily exposure to bacillus thuringiensis in potted plant production.the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is the active organism in a variety of commercially available products used worldwide as biopesticides. bt products are applied in large outdoor areas as well as in indoor environments. even though it has been sold for decades, not much is known about the occupational exposure to bt. the aim of this study was to obtain knowledge about the exposure to bt subspecies israelensis (bti) in a propagation section in a greenhouse, where bti is applied hourly by ...201424863937
purification and characterization of keratinase from feather degrading bacterium useful for mosquito control--a new report.every day, food processing industries release wastes, which are environmental menance. chicken feathers have been discarded in bulk as waste from poultry industries, globally. degrading these wastes, as unused disposals, without acquiring any additional benefits has led to an idea to develop a new technology. we have reported earlier that bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (bti) can be used for biodegradation of feather waste for biopesticide production. in the present study, purificatio ...201424862049
testing gxg interactions between coinfecting microbial parasite genotypes within hosts.host-parasite interactions represent one of the strongest selection pressures in nature. they are often governed by genotype-specific (gxg) interactions resulting in host genotypes that differ in resistance and parasite genotypes that differ in virulence depending on the antagonist's genotype. another type of gxg interactions, which is often neglected but which certainly influences host-parasite interactions, are those between coinfecting parasite genotypes. mechanistically, within-host parasite ...201424860594
keratinolytic proteinase from bacillus thuringiensis ad-12.a new isolated strain noted to produce a novel detergent-stable serine keratinolytic proteinase and identified as bacillus thuringiensis ad-12. native keratinolytic proteinase from b. thuringiensis (btker) was purified and characterized. the purified btker enzyme is a monomer with a molecular mass of 39kda. biochemical characterization assays revealed that the btker attained optimal activity at ph 7 and 30°c. residual activity after 1h incubation at 50°c was higher than 80%. the enzyme was activ ...201424857878
draft genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis nbin-866 with high nematocidal activity.bacillus thuringiensis nbin-866, a gram-positive bacterium, was isolated from soil in china. we announce here the draft genome sequence of strain b. thuringiensis nbin-866, which possesses highly nematocidal factors, such as proteins and small molecular peptides.201424855295
requirement of simultaneous assessment of crystal- and supernatant-related entomotoxic activities of bacillus thuringiensis strains for biocontrol-product development.bioinsecticides with lower concentrations of endospores/crystals and without loss of efficiency are economically advantageous for pest biocontrol. in addition to cry proteins, other bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins in culture supernatants (sn) have biocontrol potential (e.g., vip3a, cry1i, sip1), whereas others are unwanted (β-exotoxins), as they display widespread toxicity across taxa. a strain simultaneously providing distinct toxin activities in crystals and sn would be desirable for bioins ...201424854738
[expression of cry1ac gene directed by pexsypromoter of the exsy gene encoding component protein of exosporium basal layer in bacillus thuringiensis].to discover new elements for cry gene expression, pexsy, which is the promoter of the exosporium basal layer structural gene exsy, was used to express cry1ac gene in bacillus thuringiensis.201425803890
[transcriptional regulation of bkd gene cluster in bacillus thuringiensis].in order to determine the effect of bkdr deletion on cry protein production. we analyzed the transcriptional regulation of bkd gene cluster and the phenotype of bkdr mutant.201425803889
[influence of different sticky-gene composition on sporulation and protein synthesis by bacillus thuringiensis collection strains].the influence of different sticky-gene composition on sporulation and protein synthesis by b. thuringiensis collection strains has been investigated. it has been detemined that the most effective according this characteristics were b. thuringiensis collection strains 0293 and 98. it has been shown that the best on protein synthesis processes and sporulation by investigated b. thuringiensis strains influences adding to the culture medium sticky-gene compositions a and e in a concentration of from ...201425507811
uniform orientation of biotinylated nanobody as an affinity binder for detection of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ac toxin.nanobodies are the smallest natural fragments with useful properties such as high affinity, distinct paratope and high stability, which make them an ideal tool for detecting target antigens. in this study, we generated and characterized nanobodies against the cry1ac toxin and applied them in a biotin-streptavidin based double antibodies (nanobodies) sandwich-elisa (das-elisa) assay. after immunizing a camel with soluble cry1ac toxin, a phage displayed library was constructed to generate nbs agai ...201425474492
the cultivation of bt corn producing cry1ac toxins does not adversely affect non-target arthropods.transgenic corn producing cry1ac toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) provides effective control of asian corn borer, ostrinia furnacalis (guenée), and thus reduces insecticide applications. however, whether bt corn exerts undesirable effects on non-target arthropods (ntas) is still controversial. we conducted a 2-yr study in shangzhuang agricultural experiment station to assess the potential impact of bt corn on field population density, biodiversity, community composition and structure of n ...201425437213
[influence of different adhesive composition on sporulation and protein synthesis by bacillus thuringiensis collection strains].the influence of different sticky-gene composition on sporulation and protein synthesis by b. thuringiensis collection strains has been investigated. it has been detemined that the most effective according this characteristics were b. thuringiensis collection strains 0293 and 98. it has been shown that the best on protein synthesis processes and sporulation by investigated b. thuringiensis strains influences adding to the culture medium sticky-gene compositions a and e in a concentration of from ...201425434213
analysis of resistance to cry1ac in field-collected pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (lepidoptera:gelechiidae), populations.high survivorship of pink bollworrm, pectinophora gossypiella in bolls of bollgard® cotton hybrids and resistance to cry1ac protein, expressed in bollgard cotton were reported in field-populations collected from the state of gujarat (western india) in 2010. we have found cry1ac-resistance in pink bollworm populations sourced from bollgard and non-bt cotton fields in the adjoining states of maharashtra and madhya pradesh in central india. further, we observed reduced binding of labeled cry1ac pro ...201425523173
cis-mediated down-regulation of a trypsin gene associated with bt resistance in cotton bollworm.transgenic plants producing insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are useful for pest control, but their efficacy is reduced when pests evolve resistance. here we examined the mechanism of resistance to bt toxin cry1ac in the laboratory-selected lf5 strain of the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera. this strain had 110-fold resistance to cry1ac protoxin and 39-fold resistance to cry1ac activated toxin. evaluation of five trypsin genes revealed 99% reduced transcr ...201425427690
a challenge for the seed mixture refuge strategy in bt maize: impact of cross-pollination on an ear-feeding pest, corn earworm.to counter the threat of insect resistance, bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize growers in the u.s. are required to plant structured non-bt maize refuges. concerns with refuge compliance led to the introduction of seed mixtures, also called rib (refuge-in-the-bag), as an alternative approach for implementing refuge for bt maize products in the u.s. maize belt. a major concern in rib is cross-pollination of maize hybrids that can cause bt proteins to be present in refuge maize kernels and negativel ...201425409442
cry1f resistance in fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda: single gene versus pyramided bt maize.evolution of insect resistance to transgenic crops containing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) genes is a serious threat to the sustainability of this technology. however, field resistance related to the reduced efficacy of bt maize has not been documented in any lepidopteran pest in the mainland u.s. after 18 years of intensive bt maize planting. here we report compelling evidence of field resistance in the fall armyworm, spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith), to cry1f maize (tc 3507) in the southeaste ...201425401494
molecular and insecticidal characterization of a novel cry-related protein from bacillus thuringiensis toxic against myzus persicae.this study describes the insecticidal activity of a novel bacillus thuringiensis cry-related protein with a deduced 799 amino acid sequence (~89 kda) and ~19% pairwise identity to the 95-kda-aphidicidal protein (sequence number 204) from patent us 8318900 and ~40% pairwise identity to the cancer cell killing cry proteins (parasporins cry41ab1 and cry41aa1), respectively. this novel cry-related protein contained the five conserved amino acid blocks and the three conserved domains commonly found i ...201425384108
response surface methodology: optimisation of antifungal bioemulsifier from novel bacillus thuringiensis.an antifungal bioemulsifier compound was produced from a novel strain of bacillus thuringiensis pak2310. to accentuate the production and as the first step to improve the yield, a central composite design (ccd) was used to study the effect of various factors like minimal salts (1x and 3x), glycerol concentration (2% and 4%), beef extract concentration (1% and 3%), and sunflower oil concentration (2% and 4%) on the production of bioemulsifier molecule and to optimize the conditions to increase th ...201425379529
acute, sublethal, and combination effects of azadirachtin and bacillus thuringiensis on the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera.the cotton bollworm, helicoverpa armigera hübner (lepidoptera: noctuidae) is a polyphagous and cosmopolitan insect pest that causes damage to various plants. in this study, the lethal and sublethal effects of azadirachtin and bacillus thuringiensis berliner sub sp . kurstaki (bacillales: bacillaceae) were evaluated on third instar h. armigera under laboratory conditions. the lc50 values of azadirachtin and bt were 12.95 and 96.8 µg a.i./ml, respectively. a total mortality of 56.7% was caused on ...201425373177
phytochemical investigation and anti-microbial activity of clausena anisata (willd), hook.clausena anisata belongs to the family rutaceae, a shrub widely used in west africa for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections of the skin including boils, ringworm and eczema. the study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol leaf extract of c. anisata (cle).201425371583
densovirus is a mutualistic symbiont of a global crop pest (helicoverpa armigera) and protects against a baculovirus and bt biopesticide.mutualistic associations between symbiotic bacteria and their hosts are common within insect systems. however, viruses are often considered as pathogens even though some have been reported to be beneficial to their hosts. herein, we report a novel densovirus, helicoverpa armigera densovirus-1 (hadnv-1) that appears to be beneficial to its host. hadnv-1 was found to be widespread in wild populations of h. armigera adults (>67% prevalence between 2008 and 2012). in wild larval populations, there w ...201425357125
different effects of paternal trans-generational immune priming on survival and immunity in step and genetic offspring.paternal trans-generational immune priming, whereby fathers provide immune protection to offspring, has been demonstrated in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum exposed to the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis. it is currently unclear how such protection is transferred, as in contrast to mothers, fathers do not directly provide offspring with a large amount of substances. in addition to sperm, male flour beetles transfer seminal fluids in a spermatophore to females during copulation. d ...201425355479
[characterization of recombinant l-isoleucine-4-hydroxylase from bacillus thuringiensis and its application in 4hydroxyisoleucine biosynthesis].l-isoleucine-4-hydroxylase (ido) encoding gene ido from bacillus thuringiensis tccc 11826 was cloned and expressed, followed by enzyme characterization. in addition, recombinant strain was tested for its 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-hil) biotransformation.201425345020
expression of cry1ab and cry2ab by a polycistronic transgene with a self-cleavage peptide in rice.insect resistance to bacillus thuringiensis (bt) crystal protein is a major threat to the long-term use of transgenic bt crops. gene stacking is a readily deployable strategy to delay the development of insect resistance while it may also broaden insecticidal spectrum. here, we report the creation of transgenic rice expressing discrete cry1ab and cry2ab simultaneously from a single expression cassette using 2a self-cleaving peptides, which are autonomous elements from virus guiding the polycistr ...201425333312
a simple method for the separation of bacillus thuringiensis spores and crystals.a simple new method, for separating bacillus thuringiensis crystals from spores and cell debris, is described. the developed purification method uses hexane and low speed centrifugation and does not require any expensive material or reagents.201425315286
overcome of carbon catabolite repression of bioinsecticides production by sporeless bacillus thuringiensis through adequate fermentation technology.the overcoming of catabolite repression, in bioinsecticides production by sporeless bacillus thuringiensis strain s22 was investigated into fully controlled 3 l fermenter, using glucose based medium. when applying adequate oxygen profile throughout the fermentation period (75% oxygen saturation), it was possible to partially overcome the catabolite repression, normally occurring at high initial glucose concentrations (30 and 40 g/l glucose). moreover, toxin production yield by sporeless strain s ...201425309756
the social biology of quorum sensing in a naturalistic host pathogen system.many microorganisms cooperate by secreting products that are commonly available to neighboring cells. these "public goods" include autoinduced, quorum-sensing (qs) molecules and the virulence factors activated by these signals. public goods cooperation is exploitable by cheaters, cells that avoid the costs of production but gain an advantage by freeloading on the products of others. qs signals and responses can be cooperative under artificial laboratory conditions, but it remains unclear whether ...201425308072
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from bacillus thuringiensis.poly[(r)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (phb) is a microbial biopolymer that has been commercialized as biodegradable plastics. the key enzyme for the degradation is phb depolymerase (phaz). a new intracellular phaz from bacillus thuringiensis (btphaz) has been screened for potential applications in polymer biodegradation. recombinant btphaz was crystallized using 25% polyethylene glycol 3350, 0.2 m ammonium acetate, 0.1 m bis-tris ph 6.5 at 288 k. the crystals belonged to space group p1, with unit-cell par ...201425286954
bacillus thuringiensis membrane-damaging toxins acting on mammalian cells.bacillus thuringiensis is widely used as a biopesticide in forestry and agriculture, being able to produce potent species-specific insecticidal toxins and considered nonpathogenic to other animals. more recently, however, repeated observations are documenting the association of this microorganism with various infectious diseases in humans, such as food-poisoning-associated diarrheas, periodontitis, bacteremia, as well as ocular, burn, and wound infections. similar to b. cereus, b. thuringiensis ...201425283838
geographical and temporal variability in susceptibility to cry1f toxin from bacillus thuringiensis in spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae) populations in brazil.the genetically modified maize tc1507 event with the cry1f gene (cry1f maize) has been used to control spodoptera frugiperda (j.e. smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in brazil since the 2009-2010 cropping season. as part of the insect resistance management program, we conducted studies to determine the baseline susceptibility to cry1f before the widespread planting of cry1f maize. subsequently, we evaluated the geographical and temporal variability of susceptibility to this toxin in populations of ...201426470084
toxicity and cross-resistance of insecticides to cry2ab-resistant and cry2ab-susceptible helicoverpa armigera and helicoverpa punctigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae).since 2004-2005 cotton expressing cry1ac and cry2ab insecticidal proteins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis has been commercially available in australia to manage the target pests helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren). in both target species, the frequency of alleles conferring resistance to cry2ab is unexpectedly high in field populations. a significant challenge for managing these pests would occur if resistance to cry2ab toxins inadvertently selected fo ...201426309283
sr450 and superhawk xp applications of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis against culex quinquefasciatus.sprayer comparisons and larval morality assays were conducted following sr450 backpack mist blower and superhawk xp thermal fogger applications of vectobac® wdg bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) against culex quinquefasciatus. bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was applied at maximum label rate in a 232.26-m(2) field plot located in north-central florida with containers placed at 2 heights (ground level and 1.52 m above ground) on stakes positioned 3.04, 6.09, 9.14, 12.19, and 15.24 m fro ...201425843094
isolation and distribution of mosquito-larvicidal cry genes in bacillus thuringiensis strains native to saudi arabia.a total of 157 environmental samples were collected from 11 ecological regions across saudi arabia to isolate native bacillus thuringiensis (bt) strains. bt isolates (n=103) were recovered by the 50% (v/v) ethanol treatment method with bt index range of 0.01 to 0.4. most of bt isolates showed spherical crystals (54%), while, irregular, bi-pyramidal, and spore-attached crystal constituted 27, 16 and 3% respectively. pcr analysis with eight general and specific dipteran primers of cry and cyt gene ...201425776587
midgut transcriptome response to a cry toxin in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae).to investigate the response of plutella xylostella transcriptome in defending against a bt toxin, high-throughput rna-sequencing was carried out to examine cry1ac-susceptible and -resistant strains. the comparative analysis indentified over 2900 differentially expressed unigenes (deus) between these two strains. gene ontology analysis placed these unigenes primarily into cell, cell part, organelle, binding, catalytic, cellular process, metabolic process, and response to stimulus categories. base ...201424120626
importance of polarity of the α4-α5 loop residue-asn(166) in the pore-forming domain of the bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin: implications for ion permeation and pore opening.bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin is lethal to mosquito-larvae by forming ion-permeable pores in the target midgut cell membrane. previously, the polarity of asn(166) located within the α4-α5 loop composing the cry4ba pore-forming domain was shown to be crucial for larvicidal activity. here, structurally stable-mutant toxins of both larvicidal-active (n166d) and inactive (n166a and n166i) mutants were fplc-purified and characterized for their relative activities in liposomal-membrane permeatio ...201424120447
increased survival in the red flour beetle after oral priming with bacteria-conditioned media.immune priming is defined as enhanced protection upon secondary exposure to a pathogen. such enhanced resistance after prior exposure has been demonstrated for a number of insect species including the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum. in testing this phenomenon, the majority of studies have focused on introducing the pathogen into the insect's hemocoel via septic wounding through the cuticle. although such septic injury can occur in nature, many pathogens enter their hosts via the oral rout ...201424216503
toxicity and mode of action of insecticidal cry1a proteins from bacillus thuringiensis in an insect cell line, cf-1.bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins are insecticidal proteins used to control insect pests. the interaction of cry toxins with the midgut of susceptible insects is a dynamic process involving activation of the toxin, binding to midgut receptors in the apical epithelium and conformational changes in the toxin molecule, leading to pore formation and cell lysis. an understanding of the molecular events underlying toxin mode of action is essential for the continued use of cry toxins. in this work, we ...201424189038
bacillus thuringiensis subsp. sichuansis strain mc28 produces a novel crystal protein with activity against culex quinquefasciatus larvae.the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. sichuansis mc28 strain produces spherical parasporal crystals during sporulation and exhibits remarkable insecticidal activity against dipteran and lepidopteran pests. we characterized a novel cry gene (cry69aa1), which was found in the pmc95 plasmid of the mc28 strain. the cry69aa1 gene was inserted into a shuttle vector (pstk) and expressed in an acrystalliferous mutant b. thuringiensis hd73⁻. in this transformant, a large number of spherical parasporal crysta ...201424185745
biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using bacillus thuringiensis against dengue vector, aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).the present study reveals the larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles (agnps) synthesized by bacillus thuringiensis (bt) against aedes aegypti responsible for the diseases of public health importance. the bt-agnps were characterized by using uv-visible spectrophotometer followed by scanning electron microscopy (sem) and energy-dispersive x-ray (edx) spectroscopy. a surface plasmon resonance spectrum of agnps was obtained at 420 nm. the particle sizes were measured through sem imaging ranging ...201424173811
single and fused transgenic bacillus thuringiensis rice alter the species-specific responses of non-target planthoppers to elevated carbon dioxide and temperature.the approval of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice by china was momentous for biotech crops, although it has yet to be approved for commercial production. non-target pest problems in rice paddies, such as the three ecologically similar species of planthoppers nilaparvata lugens, laodelphax striatellus and sogatella furcifera, could become increasingly serious under global climate change. fused (cry1ab/cry1ac) and single (cry1ab) transgenic bt rice were evaluated for effects on species-s ...201424136625
estimating the frequency of cry1f resistance in field populations of the european corn borer (lepidoptera: crambidae).transgenic corn hybrids that express toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) have suppressed european corn borer populations and reduced the pest status of this insect throughout much of the us corn belt. a major assumption of the high-dose/refuge strategy proposed for insect resistance management and bt corn is that the frequency of resistance alleles is low so that resistant pests surviving exposure to bt corn will be rare.201424124030
selection and characterisation of an hd1-like bacillus thuringiensis isolate with a high insecticidal activity against spodoptera littoralis (lepidoptera: noctuidae).spodoptera littoralis (boisduval) larvae are known by their susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strains. in order to prevent the appearance of b. thuringiensis (bt) resistance and to develop economical bt-based biopesticides, the selection and the characterisation of a b. thuringiensis isolate toxic against s. littoralis larvae and overproducing δ-endotoxins were investigated.201424124020
detection of minimum activity fragment of a novel cry7ab3 protein specific to henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (coleopteran: coccinellidae).bacillus thuringiensis cry7ab3 toxin has insecticidal activity against larvae of henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata. cry7ab3 toxin is solubilized under alkaline condition and activated by proteases within the larval gut. in order to assess the functions of the n- and c-terminal regions, several n- and c-terminal truncated forms of cry7ab3 were constructed. it was determined that amino acid removal at the n-terminal, which disrupt the α-helico structure, resulted in the inactivation of the protei ...201424123206
transcriptional profile of tomato roots exhibiting bacillus thuringiensis-induced resistance to ralstonia solanacearum.activation of sa-dependent signaling pathway and suppression of ja-dependent signaling pathway seem to play key roles inb. thuringiensis-induced resistance tor. solanacearumin tomato plants. bacillus thuringiensis, a well-known and effective bio-insecticide, has attracted considerable attention as a potential biological control agent for the suppression of plant diseases. treatment of tomato roots with a filter-sterilized cell-free filtrate (cf) of b. thuringiensis systemically suppresses bacter ...201424121643
cadherin adcad1 in alphitobius diaperinus larvae is a receptor of cry3bb toxin from bacillus thuringiensis.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry proteins are used as components of biopesticides or expressed in transgenic crops to control diverse insect pests worldwide. these cry toxins bind to receptors on the midgut brush border membrane and kill enterocytes culminating in larval mortality. cadherin proteins have been identified as cry toxin receptors in diverse lepidopteran, coleopteran, and dipteran species. in the present work we report a 185 kda cadherin (adcad1) from larvae of the lesser mealworm (al ...201424225445
inducible expression of a fusion gene encoding two proteinase inhibitors leads to insect and pathogen resistance in transgenic rice.plant proteinase inhibitors (pis) are considered as candidates for increased insect resistance in transgenic plants. insect adaptation to pi ingestion might, however, compromise the benefits received by transgenic expression of pis. in this study, the maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi), an inhibitor of insect serine proteinases, and the potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (pci) were fused into a single open reading frame and introduced into rice plants. the two pis were linked using either the proce ...201424237606
enzymatic hydrolysis of molecules associated with bacterial quorum sensing using an acyl homoserine lactonase from a novel bacillus thuringiensis strain.n-acyl homoserine lactones are key components of quorum sensing, the bacterial communication system. this communication mechanism regulates the expression of genes, including those involved in virulence and biofilm formation. this system can be interrupted by the action of enzymes that hydrolyze the signaling molecules. in this work, we studied the enzymatic properties of a recombinant ahl-lactonase from bacillus thuringiensis strain 147-11516, using substrates with acyl chains of different leng ...201424233057
intravital imaging of bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxin binding sites in the midgut of silkworm.identification of the resistance mechanism of insects against bacillus thuringiensis cry1a toxin is becoming an increasingly challenging task. this fact highlights the need for establishing new methods to further explore the molecular interactions of cry1a toxin with insects and the receptor-binding region of cry1a toxins for their wider application as biopesticides and a gene source for gene-modified crops. in this contribution, a quantum dot-based near-infrared fluorescence imaging method has ...201424252542
identification of genes required by bacillus thuringiensis for survival in soil by transposon-directed insertion site sequencing.transposon-directed insertion site sequencing was used to identify genes required by bacillus thuringiensis to survive in non-axenic plant/soil microcosms. a total of 516 genetic loci fulfilled the criteria as conferring survival characteristics. of these, 127 (24.6 %) were associated with uptake and transport systems; 227 loci (44.0 %) coded for enzymatic properties; 49 (9.5 %) were gene regulation or sensory loci; 40 (7.8 %) were structural proteins found in the cell envelope or had enzymatic ...201424310935
the basis for rootstock resilient to capnodis species: screening for genes encoding δ-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis.conventional methods often fail to control the flatheaded borers capnodis spp., major pests of stone fruit trees; the larvae are protected from insecticides and predation because they feed deep in the roots. a potential solution is transgenic trees producing in their roots toxic compounds such as cry proteins of bacillus thuringiensis (bt).201424293325
persistence of the spores of b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki from foray bioinsecticide in gleysol soil and on leaves.the aim of this study was to determine how long the spores of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 from foray bioinsecticide persist in soil and on leaf surface after application of the bioinsecticide in an oak forest. foray 04 ul was sprayed over a 195-hectare oak forest on the krotoszyn plateau in poland. b. thuringiensis was isolated from soil samples and tree leaves taken from randomly chosen sites. b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 in the samples was identified upon clonal analys ...201424291630
proteomics study of silver nanoparticles toxicity on bacillus thuringiensis.emerging technologies in functional genomics and proteomics provide a way of achieving high-throughput analyses, understanding effects on protein populations and sub-populations and follow up environmental stresses. to accomplish these, the action of homemade spherical silver nanoparticles colloidal suspension (agnps) against bacillus thuringiensis (isolate from oryza sativa l. rhizosphere) was investigated by a proteomic approach (2-de and nanolc/ft-icr ms identification). thirty four responsiv ...201424290895
bioavailability of the anti-clostridial bacteriocin thuricin cd in gastrointestinal tract.thuricin cd is a two component narrow spectrum bacteriocin comprising two peptides with targeted activity against clostridium difficile. this study examined the bioavailability of thuricin with a view to developing it as an effective antimicrobial against intestinal infection. one of the peptides, trn-β, was found to be degraded by the gastric enzymes pepsin and α-chymotrypsin both in vitro and in vivo, whereas trn-α was resistant to digestion by these enzymes and hence was detected in the intes ...201424287693
structural, evolutionary and functional analysis of apn genes in the lepidoptera bombyx mori.aminopeptidases n (apns), the receptors of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin in the lepidopteran midgut, are involved in the bt pathogen infection mechanism. in the present work, we screened 102 apns from silkdb, butterflybase and monarchbase; 16 apns were identified from the silkworm (bombyx mori) and 24 from the monarch butterfly (danaus plexippus). syntenic and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that apn genes have developed multi-family genes before evolutionary divergence of the lepidoptera. ...201424286860
a novel cry9aa with increased toxicity for spodoptera exigua (hübner).cry9aa, produced by bacillus thuringiensis is reported to be not active against spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm). in this study we have cloned a new cry9aa5 gene encoding a protoxin with increased activity against s. exigua as compared to cry9aa1. when aligned to cry9aa1, four amino acid substitutions in domain i and one substitution in the c-terminal protein extension of cry9aa5 were identified. toxicity of cry9aa5, produced in recombinant escherichia coli was assessed and compared to the acti ...201424286660
genomic analysis of a phage and prophage from a bacillus thuringiensis strain.bacteriophages have been found to be the most abundant and also potentially most diverse biological entities on earth. in the present study, bacillus phages were isolated rapidly and shown to have a high degree of diversity. the genomes of a newly isolated phage, phicm3, and a prophage, procm3, from the bacillus thuringiensis strain ym-03 were sequenced and characterized. comparative genome analysis showed that the phicm3 genome is highly similar to the genomes of eight other bacillus phages and ...201424285088
uv light and urban pollution: bad cocktail for mosquitoes?mosquito breeding sites consist of water pools, which can either be large open areas or highly covered ponds with vegetation, thus with different light exposures combined with the presence in water of xenobiotics including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) generated by urban pollution. uv light and pahs are abiotic factors known to both affect the mosquito insecticide resistance status. nonetheless, their potential combined effects on the mosquito physiology have never been investigated. t ...201424275062
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