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effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on the mrna levels of hsp70 and hsc70 in the liver, brain, kidney and gill of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).although the chaperone role of heat shock proteins (hsps) has been demonstrated in invertebrates, the function of hsps in vertebrates, especially in fish, remains unclear. in this study, relative changes in the mrna abundance of the hsp70 gene were examined by real-time pcr in the muscle, spleen, head kidney, heart, liver, brain, kidney and gill of common carp. results indicated that the highest and lowest levels of hsp70 expression were found in the heart and muscle, respectively, and the highe ...201322801242
novel mutations in the sarcomeric protein myopalladin in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.recently, missense mutations in titin-associated proteins have been linked to the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm). the objective of this study was to search for novel disease-associated mutations in the two human titin-binding proteins myopalladin and its amino-terminal-interacting partner cardiac ankyrin-repeat protein (carp). in a cohort of 255 cases with familial and sporadic dcm, we analyzed the coding regions and all corresponding intron flanks located in the mypn and carp-enco ...201322892539
polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolism in field collected fish from the gila river, arizona, usa--levels, possible sources, and patterns.polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) were determined in fish collected from the gila river, arizona, a tributary of the colorado river in the lower part of the colorado river basin. fish samples were collected at sites on the gila river downstream from hayden, phoenix, and arlington, arizona in late summer 2003. the gila river is ephemeral upstream of the phoenix urban area due to dams and irrigation projects and has limited perennial flow downstream of phoenix due to wastewater and irrigation ...201322939514
microcystin-lr induces cytotoxicity and affects carp immune cells by impairment of their phagocytosis and the organization of the cytoskeleton.microcystin-lr (mc-lr) is the main isoform of hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, which occur worldwide in the aquatic environment. the present study investigated the in vitro toxic mc-lr effects on immune cells isolated from the blood of carp. cells were exposed to different mc-lr concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 µg ml(-1) for 2, 6 and 24 h. in addition, the effect of the toxin on the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and on actin and tubulin re-organization in phagocytic cells was stud ...201323012226
the description and host-parasite relationships of a new quadrigyrid species (acanthocephala) from the persian tooth-carp, aphanius farsicus (actinoptreygii: cyprinodontidae) in iran.acanthogyrus (acanthosentis) barmeshoori n. sp. (quadrigyridae) is described from the persian tooth-carp, aphanius farsicus teimori, esmaeili, and reichenbacher, 2011 (cyprinodontidae) in the maharlu lake basin, southern iran. aphanius farsicus is an endemic freshwater fish found in streams and springs that drain into maharlu lake, shiraz, iran. the new species is the smallest of all the 44 known species of the subgenus acanthosentis verma and datta, 1929, measuring between 0.26 and 1.68 mm in l ...201322994245
pesticide pressure and fish farming in barrage pond in northeastern france. part ii: residues of 13 pesticides in water, sediments, edible fish and their relationships.residues of pesticides in fish farming productions from barrage ponds are seldom studied in spite of increasing health questionings and environmental concerns. the purpose of this study is to establish the pesticide contamination profiles of sediments and edible fish from five ponds in northeastern france. multi-residues method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to quantify 13 pesticides (azoxystrobin, carbendazim, clomazone, diflufenican, dimethachlor, fluroxy ...201322961490
the complete mitochondrial genome of the oujiang color carp, cyprinus carpio var. color (cypriniformes, cyprinidae).the complete mitochondrial genome of oujiang color carp was determined to be 16,581 bp in length accurately using the next generation sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools. the complete mitochondrial genome of oujiang color carp shows typical circular molecule structure of vertebrate's mitochondrial genome, which consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 trna genes, 2 rrna genes, and 1 control region. the whole genome base composition was estimated to be 31.89% a, 27.53% c, 15.76% g, and ...201322920435
steps toward optimizing motion artifact removal in functional connectivity mri; a reply to carp. 201322440651
physiological, haematological and histopathological responses in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) fingerlings fed with differently detoxified jatropha curcas kernel meal.protein rich jatropha curcas kernel meal is toxic. it was detoxified using heat treatment and solvent extraction. two duration of detoxification process were investigated: shorter (30 min) and longer (60 min) and the detoxified meals so obtained were designated as j(a) and j(b) respectively. common carp fingerlings (252 fish; 3.2+/-0.07 g) were fed with the following diets: control containing fishmeal (fm); s(50,) j(a50) and j(b50): 50% of fm protein replaced by soybean meal (sbm), detoxified ja ...201320457206
effects of short- and long-term ultraviolet b irradiation on the immune system of the common carp (cyprinus carpio).carp (cyprinus carpio) were repeatedly exposed to 0, 60, 120 and 240 mj/cm2 ultraviolet b (uvb) radiation three times in 1 week (short-term exposure) or 12 times in 4 weeks (long-term exposure). the effect of uvb on the functioning of the carp immune system was studied on day 2 after the final irradiation. after short-term uvb exposure, the whole-blood respiratory burst and cytotoxic activity were markedly enhanced, with parallel responses in both the number of circulating granulocytes and in th ...201315745420
bioturbation-induced phosphorous release from an insoluble phosphate source.the influence of bioturbation caused by common carp fry in 5 l jars (5 l each) in the laboratory and in 150 l outdoor vats in increasing the fertilizer value of phosphate rock was evaluated. soluble reactive phosphate (srp) was determined to quantify the effects of bioturbation, fish excrements and soil. the level of srp was always lowest in the control series. introduction of common carp fry resulted in a net increase of 0.09-0.10 mg l(-1) of srp attributable to the effect of fish excrement. bi ...201317113220
functional n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors are expressed in cone-driven horizontal cells in carp retina.glutamate works as a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina. whole-cell recordings made from isolated carp cone horizontal cells (h1 cells) showed that n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda), co-applied with glycine, induced inward currents that were blocked by the nmda receptor competitive antagonist d-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (d-ap5) and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (dcka), a selective nmda receptor antagonist acting at the glycine site on the nmda receptor complex. moreover, calci ...201317047395
[poisoning by lead nitrate in the carp (cyprinus carpio l.). localization of the pollutant in the organism]. 20134410423
[seasonal changes in the content of catecholamines and dopa in tissues of the carp cyrpinus carpio]. 20134647994
effect of colchicine and prednisolone upon the peptidergic neurosecretory product in cyprinus carpio l.after a treatment with physiological doses of colchicine and prednisolone, the rapid transport of the neurosecretory granules in the preoptico-neurohypophyseal tract of cyprinus carpio l. is blocked. this fact is manifested by the accumulation of neurosecretory granules and of hering's bodies at the level of fibres of preoptico-neurohypophyseal tract, and on the contrary, by the significant reduction of neurosecretory product in the nerve fibres of the neurohypophysis. the neurotubules which par ...2013134270
[effects of different toxic compounds (pb, cu, formol, nh4) on the carp: histologic changes in excretory and hematopoietic organs].here is a comparative study of the impairments observed on the histological structure of the excretory and hematopoietic organs of carps after acute intoxication (by formol and ammonia) and chronic intoxication (by copper sulfate and lead nitrate). although all these toxic substances induce the same type of impairments, their degree of seriousness vary. the most affected organs are the gills which present with congestive reactions and partial destruction of respiratory lamellae, and the spleen w ...20131204674
[corticotropic and melanophorotropic activities of pituitary extracts from 2 teleost fishes (carp and salmon). anatomical dissociation of these 2 activities]. 20134316950
[characteristics of acetylcholine esterase from carp brain]. 20135801330
[atpase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum of white skeletal muscle of carp]. 20134258221
[an anthelmintic for bothriocephaliasis in carp: n--2'-chlor-4'-nitrophenyl-5-chlorsalicylamide]. 20135761133
[experimental modification of the seasonal sensitivity to adrenalin in a fresh water teleost, the carp, (cyprinus carpio l.). influence of the contribution of hypophyseal extracts]. 20135725948
[parasympathetic role in heart regulation in the common carp]. 20136064161
[isolation of the calcium-binding domain of carp parvalbumin].carp parvalbumin has two calcium-binding domains with a similar three-dimensional structure. using the tryptic hydrolysis at the arginine residue in position 75, it was possible to split off one calcium-binding domain. all lysine residues were protected by maleic groups which were removed at the final stage. the domain (with a peptide thirty-three residues) isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration does not have a secondary structure in a solution and is unable to bind calcium.2013618324
[proteinase activity in the early developmental stages of the carp, cyprinus carpio].embryonic and early postembryonic development of the carp is associated with an increase in the content of soluble proteins and nitrogen of non-protein nitrogenous components. simultaneously, the activity of trypsin-like and chemotrypsin-like peptide hydrolases increases together with the increase in the degree of proteolysis. these data suggest that the development of carp embryos and early larva is accompanied by intensification of two opposite processes--synthesis and catabolism of proteins. ...2013564588
[reversibility of strontium-90 and metaphos action on cyprinus carpio]. 2013693832
[isoenzymes of phosphorylase from skeletal muscles of cyclostomata and raw-boned fish].separation and partial purification of isoenzymes of phosphorylase b from skeletal muscles of lamprey (lampetra) and carp (cyprinus carpio) was carried out. isoenzyme i was adsorbed on deae cellulose and eluted by kcl; isoenzyme ii was not adsorbed on deae cellulose. a number of kinetic characteristics of phosphorylase of the coldblooded were determined, e. g. km values for glucose-1-phosphate, glycogen and amp; ki for glucose-6-phosphate; stability towards denaturation (heating and effect of ur ...20131112
[relationship between the characteristics of the acid stimulus and the impulse activity of medulla oblongata neurons in cyprinus carpio carp].in experiments on immobilized carps, by means of extracellular recordings, studies have been made of the neuronal activity of the facial lobe in the medulla evoked by stimulation of skin chemoreceptors of the mouth opening with hydrochloric and cytric acids. responses of the neurons to these stimuli exhibit both similarities and differences. composing across-neuron patterns, some aspects of coding of quality and intensity of chemical stimulus in fish were elucidated. particularly it was shown th ...201317250
[intensity of carbon dioxide fixation in the tissues of carp depending on the environmental temperature].according to the level of carbon dioxide fixation at the incubation temperature at 20 degrees c the organs under study are arranged as follows: liver, kidneys, glandular system of gills, spleen, myocardium, gastrointestinal tract, skeletal muscles. 20 degrees c is the most optimal temperature for the processes of carboxylation in the fish.20131021919
[the ionic permeability of cytoplasmic membranes during early carp (cyprinus carpio l.) embryogenesis].membrane potentials (mp) of the early embiogenesis in cyprinus carpio l. were studied. it is determined that during cleavage of the egg cell mp increases from 8.3 +/- +/- 2.1 mv (non-cleaving fertilized egg cell) to 47.5 +/- 4.1 mv (stage of the microcellular morula). the influence of sodium ions on mp gradually decreases. on the contrary, the influence of potassium ions grown considerably. potassium ions play the main part in formation of embrionic cells mp in the carp.2013945920
[action of strontium-90 and metaphos on cyprinus carpio]. 2013635143
[action of adrenalin on the heart rate of the common carp: effect of the temperature of the medium on the intensity of the reaction]. 20135951228
[action of adrenaine and noradrenaline on the thin heart of the pike esox lucius (l.) and of the carp cyprinus carpio (l.)]. 20135584623
[demonstration in the carp of the role of the vagus nerve in the genesis of the aero-cardiac phenomenon]. 201314126901
[influence of adrenaline on respiratory mechanics in the common carp]. 201314219856
technical evaluation of oxygen transfer rates of fish gills and artificial gills.an artificial gill, which takes oxygen from water, would enhance the ability of people to function under water for extended periods. increasing oxygen transfer rate, however, would be essential to the realization of compact, commercially viable equipment. fish have evolved a variety of techniques to enable them to breathe under water, and their mechanisms must be clarified before compact, high-performance artificial gills can be developed. a model of the secondary lamellae of fish gills, through ...201310445734
development of a fish in vitro cell culture model to investigate oxidative stress and its modulation by dietary vitamin e.when cultured in dulbecco's minimal essential medium the established epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line from carp was found to be vitamin e-deficient due to the very low level of vitamin e in the medium and the foetal calf serum used as supplement. the toxicity of oxidative stressors to this cell line was evaluated by means of the neutral red cytotoxicity assay and it was found that an organic hydroperoxide, t-butylhydroperoxide was extremely cytotoxic and that the redox-cycling agents diqu ...201311460747
levels of cellular glutathione and metallothionein affect the toxicity of oxidative stressors in an established carp cell line.the comparative toxicity of a variety of oxidative stressors was studied in the epithelioma papulosum cyprini line from carp using the neutral red cytotoxicity assay. lc50's decreased in the order t-butylhydroperoxide > hydrogen peroxide > diquat > paraquat. the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide was significantly reduced when the cells were grown in l-15 medium rather than mem and this could be attributed to elevated cellular glutathione and metallothionein levels and higher activities of gsh-de ...201311460739
[increase in brain activity of the carp cyprinus carpio during visual deafferentation]. 201311898603
different capacities of carp leukocytes to encounter nitric oxide-mediated stress: a role for the intracellular reduced glutathione pool.carp head kidney (hk) phagocytes can be stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (lps) to produce nitric oxide (no). high production of no can suppress the carp immune system. carp peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) are highly susceptible but hk phagocytes are relatively resistant to the immunosuppressive effects of no. this study demonstrates that the antioxidant glutathione plays an important role in the protection against nitrosative stress. carp hk phagocytes, especially the neutrophilic granulocytes ...201312697312
organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in commercial fish from the great lakes.fillets from 11 species of commercial fish from the great lakes were analyzed for residues of 39 polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congeners and 24 other organochlorine compounds. eel and trout contained the highest amount of pcb (753 and 633 ppb wet weight, respectively) and other organochlorines (607 and 1404 ppb, respectively); perch and carp contained the lowest residues. the penta- and hexachlorinated pcbs were the major congeners in all species except whitefish, in which the tetrachlorinated ...20138374320
microcalorimetric study of the toxic effect of selenium on the mitochondrial metabolism of cyprinus carpio liver.the metabolic thermograms and heat output of mitochondria isolated from carp liver have been determined by using an lkb bioactivity monitor. the thermogram can be divided into four parts: the lag phase, active recovery phase, stationary phase, and decline phase. the thermokinetic equation was established for the active recovery and decline phase of metabolism as follows: dp/dt = k(m)p (1-sp). the rate constants k1 and k2 of two phases of active recovery and decline phase have been also calculate ...20139404680
effects of n,n-dimethylnitrosamine (dmna) on in vitro oocyte maturation and embryonic development of fertilized eggs of carp (cyprinus carpio l.) kept in eutrophied ponds.toxic effects of n,n-dimethylnitrosamine (dmna) at doses of 100 or 500 micrograms l-1 on in vitro carp oocyte maturation (steroidogenesis), embryonic development and hatching of larvae (obtained as a result of artificial spawning of females kept for four seasons in normal and eutrophicated ponds) were investigated. there were no significant effects of dmna on oocyte maturation and steroidogenesis during 24 h of incubation. the dmna decreased the hatching of fertilized eggs derived from control f ...20138935790
effects and mechanisms of environmental temperature on carp (cyprinus carpio) anti-dnp antibody response and non-specific cytotoxic cell activity: a kinetic study.the effect of environmental temperatures on immune competence was investigated in carp which were subjected to changes in water temperature. the activity of non-specific cytotoxic cells (ncc) against p815 target cells, and the anti-dnp antibody response were evaluated until day 56 after transfer. low environmental temperature (12 +/- 0.5 degrees c) enhanced ncc activity and decreased antibody production. in contrast a high environmental temperature (28 +/- 0.5 degrees c) was without effect on th ...20139016387
two opposite effects of atp on the apparent sensitivity of the cgmp-gated channel of the carp retinal cone.effects of atp on the activity of cgmp-gated channels from carp cone photoreceptors were studied. in 29% of the patches examined (n = 45), atp (1 mm) enhanced a current evoked by cgmp (20 microm, up to about 100%), in 33%. atp suppressed it by up to about 90%, and in the remaining 38%, atp had no effect. atp showed similar effects on a current evoked by 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (2 microm, enhancing in 42% of the patches, suppressing in 25%, no effect in 33%, n = 12), suggestin ...20139278990
cortisol inhibits apoptosis in carp neutrophilic granulocytes.the direct effect of cortisol treatment on carp neutrophil viability was examined in vitro. cortisol treatment caused an inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis. the effect was blocked by glucocorticoid receptor blocker ru486, showing that rescue from apoptosis was receptor mediated. using binding studies with radioactive cortisol, a single class of glucocorticoid receptors was detected with high affinity (kd = 2.6 nm) and low capacity (497 receptors/cell) for cortisol binding. both in vitro and in v ...20139877437
cortisol induces apoptosis in activated b cells, not in other lymphoid cells of the common carp, cyprinus carpio l..in mammalian t and b cells glucocorticoids (gs) regulate development and selection through induction of apoptosis; more recently gs-induced apoptosis has also been implicated in the removal of circulating, activated t and b cells following an immune response. in an earlier report we have given the first evidence for cortisol-induced apoptosis as an immune regulator in an aquatic vertebrate, the common carp. here we report on subpopulation-specific sensitivity of carp peripheral blood leukocytes ...20139877436
functional enzymes activity and gill histology of carp after copper sulfate exposure and recovery.copper sulfate is one of the most widely used algicides for the control of phytoplankton in lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. it is also used for aquatic weed control. to study the toxic effects of copper on carp (cyprinus carpio l.), toxicity tests were carried out. fish recovery in copper-free water was followed. after a 14-day period of exposure to five concentrations of copper sulfate (0.25-4.0 mg/l cuso4, values ranging from approximately 5 to 70% of the 96-h lc-50) and a recovery period of the ...20139626535
[effect of thyroxin on the functional state of the respiratory chain in liver mitochondria of the carp cyprinus carpio during acclimatization to changes in water temperature].it has been demonstrated that oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria of the carps which were kept within a week at 5 and 25 degrees c remains unaffected by the addition of 0.5 micron thyroxin to the incubation medium. addition of thyroxin (0.5 micron) to mitochondrial suspension prepared from the liver of carps acclimated within a week at 20 and especially 25 degrees c, resulted in uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation. daily injections of thyroxin within a week (2 mu kg per 1 g ...20133618015
[formation of muscle proteins during freezing].the effect of different conditions on the formation and properties of cryogels prepared by the freezing-thawing procedure from suspensions and solutions of the carp (cyprinus carpio) myofibrillar proteins was studied. the freezing of water solutions and suspensions of the native myofibrillar proteins resulted in the formation of the structures mainly stabilized by non-covalent bonds. when muscle proteins were denatured prior to the freezing they formed the structures stabilized by both non-coval ...20132977439
[rhythmic activity of the endbrain in the carp evoked by adequate visual stimulation].in acute experiments on immobilized carps, under dark adaptation conditions, studies have been made on the electrical activity of the telencephalon and midbrain tectum. it was found that in the latter photostimulation evokes local rhythmic activity which includes fast (30-50 hz) phasic (200-300 ms) and slow (8-14 hz) tonic (up to 3-4 s) components. high rhythm of this activity may be observed only in "healthy" preparations, coinciding with on-rhythm in the midbrain tectum. low rhythm does not de ...20133673369
spontaneous conversion of carp liver acpase i and some properties of its asialo-form.evidence is given for a spontaneous conversion of acpase i to a more basic form due to autolytic loss of sialic acid. to investigate whether the presence of sialic acid in the enzyme molecule is of any physiological significance some physico-chemical properties of an enzymatically obtained asialo-acpase i were studied. it has been shown that the asialo-form retained the properties of the native enzyme in respect to thermostability and ph-stability but modified slightly the hydrolytic activities ...20136537721
effects of temperature on carp leukocyte mitogen-induced proliferation and nonspecific cytotoxic activity.the effect of environmental temperature on immune competence was investigated in carp subjected to abrupt changes in water temperature. the activity of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (ncc) against p815 target cells and the lymphoproliferation induced by pha and cona were evaluated. low in vivo temperature (12 +/- 0.5 degrees c) enhances ncc activity and decreases the mitogen effect of pha, respectively; by contrast high in vivo temperature (28 +/- 0.5 degrees c) is without effect on these parameter ...20137615141
force-velocity characteristics and metabolism of carp muscle fibres following temperature acclimation.common carp (cyprinus carpio l.), 1 kg body weight, were acclimated for 1-2 months to water temperatures of either 7-8 degrees c (cold-acclimated group) or 23-24 degrees c (warm-acclimated group). single fast fibres and small bundles of slow fibres were isolated from the myotomal muscles and chemically skinned. force-velocity (p-v) characteristics were determined at 7 degrees c and 23 degrees c. the contractile properties of carp muscle fibres are dependent on acclimation temperature. in the war ...20144093757
[demonstration of a zone adated to ionic transport in the intestine of the common carp (cyprinus carpio l)]. 20144196508
thermodynamic analysis of calcium binding to frog parvalbumin.the enthalpy of calcium binding to frog parvalbumin (rana temporaria isoenzyme ivb, pi 4.75) has been measured by microcalorimetry. the reaction is exothermic; the heat of the reaction in 100 mm kcl, 50mm tris, ph 8.0 at 12 degrees c is -19 kj (mol site)-1 and -33 kj (mol site)-1 in the presence of 1 mm magnesium. the shape of the titration curve indicates that the properties of the two calcium binding sites are different. the thermodynamic parameters measured for frog parvalbumin are compared w ...20143879254
calcium and praseodymium complexes in solution. 1h n.m.r. conformational study of the model tetrapeptide acetyl-aspartyl-valyl-aspartyl-alanine.the synthetic tetrapeptide acetyl-aspartyl-valyl-aspartyl-alanine (ac-dvda) is a model of the calcium binding site of proteins such as carp parvalbumin, thermolysin and calmodulin. 1h n.m.r. spectra of the tetrapeptide are presented and assigned for d2o and dmso solutions to determine the conformational mobility. the resonance of the two aspartyl side chains could be completely analysed and the vicinal coupling (c alpha h-c beta h and nh-c alpha h) indicated that the free peptide has considerabl ...20144055228
conversion of 3 ,7 -dihydroxychol-5-enoic acid to allochenodeoxycholic acid by carp liver preparation. 20144404526
retrobulbar connective tissue in tsh-induced exophthalmos in the crucian carp (carassius carassius l.). 20144230853
electrophysiological measurements of the spectral sensitivity of three types of cones in the carp retina.the spectral sensitivities of red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones were measured by intracellular recording in the carp retina. the responses from all cones were univariant, i.e., the waveform of a response to any wavelength and at any intensity could be superimposed on the response to other wavelengths if the intensity was properly selected. red-sensitive cones showed a maximum sensitivity at about 620 nm, green-sensitive cones at about 520 nm, and blue-sensitive cones at about 460 nm. the pe ...20144046238
antibodies specific for carbamylated proteins precede the onset of clinical symptoms in mice with collagen induced arthritis.the immune response to post-translationally modified antigens is a key characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis. carbamylation is such a posttranslational modification. recently, we demonstrated that autoantibodies recognizing carbamylated proteins are present in sera of rheumatoid arthritis. the molecular mechanisms underlying the break of tolerance and hence the induction of anti-carp antibody responses are unknown as well as their appearance in mouse models for systemic arthritis. therefore we ...201425025869
effects of subchronic exposure to n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide on selected biomarkers in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).deet (n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide) is the most common active ingredient in the insect repellents commonly detected in european groundwater. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of subchronic deet exposure on biochemical and haematological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione s-transferase, and the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars) in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). two specific pro ...201424795897
effect of euphorbia hirta plant leaf extract on immunostimulant response of aeromonas hydrophila infected cyprinus carpio.the main objective of the present study is to improve the immune power of cyprinus carpio by using euphorbia hirta plant leaf extract as immunostimulants. the haematological, immunological and enzymatic studies were conducted on the medicated fish infected with aeromonas hydrophila pathogen. the results obtained from the haematological studies show that the rbc count, wbc count and haemoglobin content were increased in the infected fish at higher concentration of leaf extract. the feeds with lea ...201425405077
antibacterial activity of various plants extracts against antibiotic-resistant aeromonas hydrophila.aeromonas hydrophila cause one of the most important diseases in fishes and lead to economic losses, and may be contaminated human beings.201425368797
characterization of myeloid-specific peroxidase, keratin 8, and dual specificity phosphatase 1 as innate immune genes involved in the resistance of crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection.myeloid-specific peroxidase (mpo), keratin 8 (krt-8), and dual specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp-1) are believed to play essential roles in innate immunity. through suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) analysis, we previously identified mpo, krt-8, and dusp-1 as the three genes that were the most significantly upregulated in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) that survived cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) infection. here, we have further characterized these three genes and their respon ...201425312688
characterization, expression and antibacterial properties of apolipoproteins a from carp (cyprinus carpio l.) seminal plasma.apolipoproteins a are multifunctional proteins that, in addition to contributing to lipid metabolism and transport, are associated with the innate immune system in fish. using a three step isolation procedure consisting of affinity chromatography on blue-sepharose, delipidation and reverse phase hplc we isolated apolipoproteins from carp seminal plasma and identified them as apoa-i and apo-14 kda. moreover, we provided the full-length cdna sequence of apoa-i encoding 257 amino acids including a ...201425251775
survival of fish-pathogenic strains of aeromonas hydrophila under starvation.abstract the survival of aeromonas hydrophila under low-nutrient conditions was investigated in this study. the behavior of three strains isolated from common carp cyprinus carpio (china) and channel catfish ictalurus punctatus (usa) was compared when cells were starved at different temperatures (4, 15, 25, and 35°c) over a 4-week period. temperature played a major role in cell survival, and cell viability decreased rapidly at 4°c. conversely, cells stored at 15°c did not lose viability over tim ...201425229491
dietary supplementation of probiotics affects growth, immune response and disease resistance of cyprinus carpio fry.the effects of dietary bacillus coagulans (mtcc 9872), bacillus licheniformis (mtcc 6824) and paenibacillus polymyxa (mtcc 122) supplementation on growth performance, non-specific immunity and protection against aeromonas hydrophila infection were evaluated in common carp, cyprinus carpio fry. laboratory maintained b. coagulans, b. licheniformis and p. polymyxa were used to study antagonistic activity against fish pathogenic bacteria by agar well diffusion assay. healthy fish fry were challenged ...201425160796
analysis of immune-related ests and differential expression analysis of few important genes in lines of rohu (labeo rohita) selected for resistance and susceptibility to aeromonas hydrophila infection.a total of 137,629 contigs generated via de novo transcriptome assembly from resistant and susceptible lines of rohu (first generation) raised against aeromoniasis were further analyzed in terms of defence-related genes. out of 1,939 contigs showing homology to genes involved in immune processes, 1,866 were further categorised into different functional subgroups. comparative analysis revealed five genes for the first time in any carp species out of which apolipoprotein h, septin 4 isoform 3 and ...201425081649
toll-like receptor 22 in labeo rohita: molecular cloning, characterization, 3d modeling, and expression analysis following ligands stimulation and bacterial infection.toll-like receptors (tlrs) are a class of innate immune receptors that sense pathogens or their molecular signatures and activate signaling cascades to induce a quick and non-specific immune response in the host. among various types of tlrs, tlr22 is exclusively present in teleosts and amphibians and is expected to play the distinctive role in innate immunity. this report describes molecular cloning, three-dimensional (3d) modeling, and expression analysis of tlr22 in rohu (labeo rohita), the mo ...201425064133
a linkage map of transcribed single nucleotide polymorphisms in rohu (labeo rohita) and qtl associated with resistance to aeromonas hydrophila.production of carp dominates world aquaculture. more than 1.1 million tonnes of rohu carp, labeo rohita (hamilton), were produced in 2010. aeromonas hydrophila is a bacterial pathogen causing aeromoniasis in rohu, and is a major problem for carp production worldwide. there is a need to better understand the genetic mechanisms affecting resistance to this disease, and to develop tools that can be used with selective breeding to improve resistance. here we use a 6 k snp array to genotype 21 full-s ...201424984705
immune response and disease resistance of carotenoids supplementation diet in cyprinus carpio against aeromonas hydrophila.the effect of carotenoid-supplementation diet on immune response and disease resistance in common carp, cyprinus carpio against aeromonas hydrophila at weeks 1, 2, and 4 is reported. the cumulative mortality was 10% when fish were fed with 50 or 100 mg kg(-1) supplementation diets while the un-supplementation diet treated group suffered 90% mortality against the pathogen. the phagocytic activity and complement activity significantly increased with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diet groups from weeks 2 an ...201424954837
immune responses and protective efficacy of recombinant outer membrane protein r (rompr)-based vaccine of aeromonas hydrophila with a modified adjuvant formulation in rohu (labeo rohita).despite the importance and success of developing a candidate vaccine against aeromonas hydrophila infection in fish, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the vaccine-induced immunoprotection in indian major carp, labeo rohita, primarily due to lack of information on most of the immune related genes of the species. in this study, a novel candidate antigen recombinant outer membrane protein r (rompr) of a. hydrophila was evaluated as a vaccine candidate along with a modified adjuvant ...201424937805
draft genome sequence of aeromonas hydrophila strain ae34, isolated from a septicemic and moribund koi carp (cyprinus carpio koi), a freshwater aquarium fish.aeromonas hydrophila is an important opportunistic pathogen that infects a variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals, including humans. we report here the draft genome sequence of a. hydrophila ae34, a multidrug-resistant isolate from the kidney of a moribund koi carp (ciprinus carpio koi) with signs of hemorrhagic septicemia.201424926056
effect of choline on antioxidant defenses and gene expressions of nrf2 signaling molecule in the spleen and head kidney of juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).the present work evaluates the effects of various levels of dietary choline on antioxidant defenses and gene expressions of nrf2 signaling molecule in spleen and head kidney of juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian). fish were fed with six different experimental diets containing graded levels of choline at 165 (choline-deficient control), 310, 607, 896, 1167 and 1820 mg kg(-1) diet for 65 days. at the end of the feeding trail, fish were challenged with aeromonas hydrophila and mortalitie ...201424751923
comparative study of seasonal variation in bacterial flora concomitant with farm raised fingerlings of cyprinus carpio at tarai region of uttarakhand.the bacterial infection is an important economic and limiting factor in intensive fish production. the present study focuses on investigation of the bacterial population associated with farmed common carp fingerlings, its environment and limnological quality of pond, during winter and summer season. it was found that the bacterial count in the pond sediment (6.40 cfu x 10(4)) was about 10 times higher in comparison of pond water (6.93 cfu x 10(3)). further, the intestinal bacterial count was abo ...201424665763
effect of seeds of achyranthes aspera on the immune responses and expression of some immune-related genes in carp catla catla.evaluation of functional mechanism of immunostimulant in fish is essential for realizing their therapeutic potential. the impact of dietary supplementation of seeds of achyranthes aspera on the immune system of catla catla was studied. catla (37.73 ± 6.7 g) were fed with test diets containing 0.5 (d1) and 1.0% (d2) seeds of a. aspera and control diet (d3) for 50 days. then fish were immunized with heat-killed aeromonas hydrophila. blood and tissue samples were collected after 7 days of immunizat ...201424657259
purification and molecular characterization of igm in olive barb, puntius sarana.in the present article, immunoglobulin (ig) of puntius sarana (a vulnerable medium carp species) was purified by affinity chromatography, characterized, and identified as only igm type with a native molecular weight of 879 kda having one heavy (88 kda) and one light (26 kda) chain. further, the developed rabbit antisera against igm was found to be quite specific to p. sarana igm and used in elisa to measure the antibody titer in p. sarana at different time periods, against an antigen (hemocyanin ...201424654823
different expression profiles of interleukin 11 (il-11), intelectin (itln) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase 5a (pnp 5a) in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and aeromonas hydrophila.interleukin 11 (il-11), intelectin (itln) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase 5a (pnp5a) play important roles in innate immunity. in a previous study to identify differentially expressed immune-related genes, suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) assay was used to characterize differentially expressed genes in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) infected with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in which il-11, itln and pnp5a were identified to be the three most significantly up-regulated ...201424636855
the effect of β-glucan on formation and functionality of neutrophil extracellular traps in carp (cyprinus carpio l.).the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) has been characterised as a novel antimicrobial host defence strategy of neutrophils besides phagocytosis and degranulation, which may lead to entrapment and subsequent immobilisation and/or killing of bacterial pathogens. here we studied the effect of the feed additive β-glucan, namely macrogard(®), on the formation and functionality of nets in carp. therefore, common carp (cyprinus carpio) head kidney and kidney cells were isolated and tre ...201424434196
effects of three strains of intestinal autochthonous bacteria and their extracellular products on the immune response and disease resistance of common carp, cyprinus carpio.the study isolated three strains of intestinal autochthonous bacteria aeromonas veronii ba-1, vibrio lentus ba-2, and flavobacterium sasangense ba-3 from the intestinal tract of the common carp (cyprinus carpio). to reveal the effects of these three strains of bacteria on the innate immunity of carp, the lysozyme, complement c3, total serum protein, albumin and globulin levels, respiratory burst activity, phagocytic activity by blood leucocytes and the expression of il-1b, lysozyme-c, and tnf-α ...201424161775
effect of dietary astaxanthin against aeromonas hydrophila infection in common carp, cyprinus carpio.the effect of astaxanthin at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg(-1) incorporated in basal feed on immune response and disease resistance in cyprinus carpio against aeromonas hydrophila was investigated. when fed with 25 mg kg(-1) diet, the cumulative mortality was 35% whereas it was 10% and 20% with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) diets. with all enriched diets the growth rate increased significantly from week 1 to 4 when compared with control. however, the specific growth rate (sgr), feed conversion ratio (fcr), an ...201425462460
mhc class iiα alleles associated with resistance to aeromonas hydrophila in purse red common carp, cyprinus carpio linnaeus. 201423952645
beta-glucan feeding differentiated the regulation of mrna expression of claudin genes and prevented an intestinal inflammatory response post aeromonas hydrophila intubation in common carp, cyprinus carpio l. 201423944989
virus isolate from carp: genetic characterization reveals a novel picornavirus with two aphthovirus 2a-like sequences.picornaviruses have been isolated from a variety of hosts, mainly mammals and birds. here, we describe the sequence analysis of carp picornavirus 1 (cpv-1) f37/06 that was isolated from an organ pool (heart, brain, liver) of a common carp (cyprinus carpio). this carp perished after an accidental discharge of liquid manure into a fish pond and presented without obvious clinical symptoms. experimental intraperitoneal infection of young carp with cpv-1 revealed no clinical signs, but the virus was ...201424337965
identification and functional characterization of nonmammalian toll-like receptor 20.like other vertebrate toll-like receptors (tlrs), the tlrs of teleost fish can be subdivided into six major families, each of which recognize a general class of molecular patterns. however, there also are a number of tlrs with unknown function, the presence of which seems unique to the bony fish, among which is tlr20. we identified full-length complementary dna (cdna) sequences for tlr20 of zebrafish and common carp, two closely related fish species. zebrafish have six copies of tlr20, whereas c ...201424327191
immunity against selected piscine flagellates.this discussion is on immune response to amyloodinium ocellatum, cryptobia salmositica, trypanoplasma borreli and trypanosoma carassii. piscidin and histone-like proteins enhance innate resistance to amyloodinium. fish that are naturally resistant to cryptobia and trypanoplasma can be bred. cryptobia resistance in charr is controlled by a dominant mendelian locus and protection is via the alternative pathway of complement activation. studies on cryptobia-tolerant charr may lead to production of ...201423872230
autophagy-inducing peptides from mammalian vsv and fish vhsv rhabdoviral g glycoproteins (g) as models for the development of new therapeutic molecules.it has not been elucidated whether or not autophagy is induced by rhabdoviral g glycoproteins (g) in vertebrate organisms for which rhabdovirus infection is lethal. our work provides the first evidence that both mammalian (vesicular stomatitis virus, vsv) and fish (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, vhsv, and spring viremia carp virus, svcv) rhabdoviral gs induce an autophagic antiviral program in vertebrate cell lines. the transcriptomic profiles obtained from zebrafish genetically immunized w ...201425046110
characterization and expression pattern of a novel β-defensin in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.): implications for its role in mucosal immunity.β-defensins are a group of cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides that play antibacterial and antiviral roles in immune systems of vertebrates. here, we report the cloning and identification of a β-defensin 3 cdna sequence from the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that this β-defensin 3 belonged to the bd-2 group of fish. real-time pcr showed that the β-defensin 3 mrna was expressed in all the tissues of normal common carp that we ex ...201425036829
molecular characterization of leap-2 cdna in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and the differential expression upon a vibrio anguillarum stimulus; indications for a significant immune role in skin.leap-2 is a cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptide (amp) playing an important role in host innate immune system. leap-2 genes have been identified from higher vertebrates and several fish species. here we report the cloning and identification of two leap-2 cdna sequences from the liver of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). the leap-2a cdna was 1325 bp long and contained an orf of 279 bp encoding a protein of 92 amino acids. the leap-2b cdna was 608 bp long and contained an orf of 276 bp enc ...201424418455
in vitro cytotoxicity and multiplex pcr detection of virulence factors of yersinia ruckeri isolated from rainbow trout in north west germany.the aim of this study was to investigate differences in presence and expression of virulence factors between biotype 1 and 2 strains of 82 yersinia (y.) ruckeri isolates, collected from north west germany during the period of 2004-2012, and to analyze the cytotoxicity of these strains to different fish cell lines. the common virulence factor genes, such as yhla and yhlb encoding for hemolysin yhla, rucc and rupg encoding for ruckerbactin, yrp1 and yrpdef for abc exporter protein system, and two ...201424881275
molecular cloning, characterization and functional assessment of the myosin light polypeptide chain 2 (mylz2) promoter of farmed carp, labeo rohita.we cloned the 5'-flanking region (1.2 kb) of a muscle-specific gene, encoding myosin light chain 2 polypeptide (mylz2) of a farmed carp, labeo rohita (rohu). sequence analysis using transfac-database search identified the consensus cis acting regulatory elements of tata-box and e (canntg)-box, including the monocyte enhancer factor 2 motif, implying that it is likely to be a functional promoter. the proximal promoter (~620 bp) was highly homologous with that of danio rerio (zebrafish) as compare ...201424740361
[adaptive increase of serotonergic system activity in tissues of half-migratory and migratory fish at increased water salinity].the article deals with studies of the serotoninergic system activity in different tissues of half-migratory fish--the caspian roach (rutilus rutilus caspicus) and carpbream (abramis brama orientalis)--and migratory fish--shemaya (chalcalburnus chalcoides) caught in fresh and brackish waters, as well as in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) tissues under effect of brackish water in model experiments. using indirect solid-phase elisa-test, the serotoninergic system activity was evaluated by meas ...201425509051
[adaptive increase of serotonergic system activity in tissues of half-migratory and migratory fish at increased water salinity].the article deals with studies of the serotoninergic system activity in different tissues of half-migratory fish--the caspian roach (rutilus rutilus caspicus) and carpbream (abramis brama orientalis)--and migratory fish--shemaya (chalcalburnus chalcoides) caught in fresh and brackish waters, as well as in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) tissues under effect of brackish water in model experiments. using indirect solid-phase elisa-test, the serotoninergic system activity was evaluated by meas ...201425490850
pcb pollutants: reduce consumption of some freshwater fish.the accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in some freshwater fish exposes consumers to these organic pollutants, which are known to have a variety of harmful effects on health. a study conducted in anglers and consumers of freshwater fish in france confirmed that people who eat these fish can have blood pcb levels that exceed the critical concentration thresholds below which health risks are regarded as negligible. the french agency for food, environmental and occupational health and ...201425325129
characterizing the transcriptome of yellow-cheek carp (elopichthys bambusa) enables evolutionary analyses within endemic east asian cyprinidae.the identification of genes that may be responsible for the divergence of closely related species is one of the central goals of evolutionary biology. the species of endemic east asian cyprinidae diverged less than 8millionyears ago, and the morphological differences among these species are great. however, the genetic basis of their divergence remains unknown. in this report, we investigated the transcriptome of one endemic east asian cyprinid - the yellow-cheek carp elopichthys bambusa. a compa ...201424973763
targeting and stimulation of the zebrafish (danio rerio) innate immune system with lps/dsrna-loaded nanoliposomes.herein we report the use of immunostimulant-loaded nanoliposomes (called nlcliposomes) as a strategy to protect fish against bacterial and/or viral infections. this work entailed developing a method for in vivo tracking of the liposomes administered to adult zebrafish that enables evaluation of their in vivo dynamics and characterisation of their tissue distribution. the nlc liposomes, which co-encapsulate poly(i:c) and lps, accumulate in immune tissues and in immunologically relevant cells such ...201424837767
mixed mycobacterial infection in an adult koi carp cyprinus carpio l. 201423937602
immune responses to live and inactivated nocardia seriolae and protective effect of recombinant interferon gamma (rifn γ) against nocardiosis in ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii.looking into the fact that substantial mortality and morbidity is associated with intracellular gram +ve bacterium, nocardia seriolae infection, an effective vaccine against this pathogen is necessary to control the significant losses in aquaculture practices. therefore, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of live (sub-lethal) and inactivated (antigenic form) n. seriolae on cellular and humoral immunity in ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii as well as the therapeutic pote ...201424882019
effects of dietary β-(1,3)(1,6)-d-glucan supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology and haemato-immunological profile of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio l.).in recent years, aquaculture research has focused on probiotics, prebiotics, and β-glucans, in order to improve health status and growth performance. information regarding the effects of β-glucan on growth performance and intestinal immunity of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio l.) is scarce. an experiment was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of a yeast β-glucan preparation (macrogard(®) ) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and haemato-immunological indices of mirror carp. car ...201423676107
investigation of effect of 17α-ethinylestradiol on vigilin expression using an isolated recombinant antibody.vigilin, a highly conserved protein from yeast to mammals, is a multifunctional protein in eukaryotic organisms. one biological function of vigilin is to stabilize the expression level of vitellogenin (vtg). this study aimed to develop vigilin as a new estrogen-inducible biomarker that correlates with the widely applied estrogen-inducible biomarker vtg and expand the ability to detect it in various species. here, a recombinant monoclonal antibody with high specificity against the conserved c-ter ...201425112681
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