Publications

heterogeneity and compartmentalization of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis genotypes in autopsy lungs.	the extent and importance of genotype heterogeneity of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis within lungs have not previously been investigated. two hundred forty pcr clones obtained from respiratory specimens and lung segments from three patients with fatal p. carinii pneumonia were investigated to detect genetic diversity in the internal transcribed spacer (its) region of the nuclear rrna operon, the mitochondrial large-subunit (mtlsu) rrna gene, and the dihydropteroate synthase-encoding gene. f ...	2001	11574620
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) dose escalation versus direct rechallenge for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with previous adverse reaction to tmp-smz.	trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) is the most effective pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylactic agent, but adverse reactions are common among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients and limit its use. this randomized, double-blind controlled trial compared 2 methods of tmp-smz reintroduction, 6-day dose escalation and direct rechallenge, for pcp prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients who had experienced previous treatment-limiting reactions. the primary end point was t ...	2001	11574913
[guidelines for prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in children and adolescents with cancer].	pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (pcp) is one of the most important opportunistic infections in children and adolescents with cancer. its high frequency and a considerable mortality have led to primary chemoprophylaxis in patients with hematological malignancies and following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. although less well characterized, patients with autologous stem cell transplantation and patients with dose-intensive chemotherapy for pediatric solid tumors may have a si ...	2001	11577363
early onset pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.	pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) is one of the major opportunistic pathogens responsible for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct)-related pneumonias. although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol (tmp/smx) prophylaxis has been shown to prevent almost all p. carinii infections, 1%-2% of patients may still experience this complication. p. carinii pneumonia (pcp) is usually a late complication in patients receiving tmp/smx prophylaxis, with most cases occurring later than 2 months post-transplan ...	2001	11391721
relapse of wegener's granulomatosis. concerning a case after 20 years of remission.	immunosuppressive drugs have transformed the prognosis of systemic wegener's granulomatosis. nowadays, the main residual problem is illness relapses, for which management is largely undefined. we describe the case of a patient, aged 47 in 1977. the diagnosis of wegener's granulomatosis was made when faced with polyarthralgias, cutaneous vasculitis, rhinitis, dyspnea, hemoptysis and global decline of her physical condition. the treatment associated high-dose corticotherapy and intramuscular cyclo ...	2001	11394628
trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole as primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis does not increase serum homocysteine levels in hiv-positive subjects.	background: we recently observed that a short course of trimethoprim 300 mg b.i.d. in healthy volunteers can cause a substantial increase in fasting plasma homocysteine levels, up to concentrations reportedly associated with atherothrombotic complications. the purpose of this study was to determine whether primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis (pcp) with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (tmp-smx) adversely affects serum homocysteine levels in hiv-positive patients. methods: we studied 34 subjec ...	2001	11395300
jail inmates and hiv care: provision of antiretroviral therapy and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis.	the objective of this study was to examine prescription and acceptance of antiretroviral therapy (art) and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis in jail and at release. a retrospective cross sectional design was used, by record review, of 77 inmates receiving hiv-related care in the san francisco city and county jail and released to the community in 1997. average cd4 cell count was 335/microl. fifteen had undectable hiv rna, and average viral load was 19,826 copies/ml. fifty-eight per ...	2001	11368819
bone marrow transplantation for cd40 ligand deficiency: a single centre experience.	cd40 ligand (cd40l) deficiency is a rare x linked immunodeficiency disorder leading to recurrent bacterial infection, with cryptosporidial enteritis and subsequent hepatic cirrhosis. bone marrow transplantation offers the only cure.	2001	11369571
[pulmonary involvement in children with aids: clinical study and necropsy of 14 cases].	to describe clinical, laboratorial, radiological, and histopathological lung findings from necroscopy of aidetic children with pulmonary disease.	2001	11468680
pleural effusions and pneumothoraces in aids.	pneumothorax occurs in 1 to 2% of hospitalized patients with hiv and is associated with 34% mortality. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and chest radiographic evidence of cysts, pneumatoceles, or bullae are risk factors for spontaneous pneumothorax. tube thoracostomy, pleurodesis, and surgical treatment are usually needed to manage spontaneous pneumothorax in aids. pleural effusion is seen in 7 to 27% of hospitalized patients with hiv infection. its three leading causes are parapneumonic effusions ...	2001	11470975
osteonecrosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a case-control study.	to evaluate risk factors for osteonecrosis in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients, demographic and clinical characteristics of case patients (n=17) and control patients (n=34) matched on initial clinic visit date, length of follow-up, and baseline cd4 cell count were compared. case patients were more likely to have received corticosteroids (47.1% vs. 8.8%; matched odds ratio [or], 13.1; 95% confidence interval [ci], 1.6-106), to have had an increase in cd4 cell count from nadir ...	2001	11471113
structural studies on bioactive compounds. 34. design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of triazenyl-substituted pyrimethamine inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase.	the triazenyl-pyrimethamine derivative 3a (tab), a potent and selective inhibitor of pneumocystis carinii dhfr, was selected as the starting point for a lead optimization study. molecular modeling studies, corroborated by a recent crystal structure determination of the ternary complex of p. carinii dhfr--nadph bound to tab, predicted that modifications to the acetoxy residue of the lead inhibitor could exploit binding opportunities in the vicinity of an active site pocket bounded by residues ile ...	2001	11472209
genetic diversity of pneumocystis carinii isolated from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in turin, italy.	by dna sequence analysis we identified two new strain types and five novel sporadic variations among 25 isolates of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis obtained from 19 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. of these, 13 were infected with a single strain and 6 were coinfected. fifteen different combination types were identified among the 18 strains for which complete molecular typing was accomplished.	2001	11474032
development and characterization of a molecular viability assay for pneumocystis carinii f sp hominis.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains the most common opportunistic infection among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. despite this, little is known concerning the transmission dynamics of this infection. in the absence of a reliable method to isolate and culture p. carinii from environmental samples, it has not been possible to assess the importance of person-to-person transmission in the epidemiology of pcp. a molecular viability assay was developed for the human form of p. ...	2001	11372040
discontinuing prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		2001	11374363
discontinuing prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		2001	11374364
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with an atypical granulomatous response in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	we have recently seen a patient who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in the course of treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll). this case showed uncommon pathological findings with extensive formation of granulomatous lesions. despite advanced cll associated with poor b-cell function, she responded well to anti-pcp treatment. in contrast to b-cell function, the t-cell functions were well preserved in vitro, and the numbers of peripheral cd4- and cd8-positive cells were norm ...	2001	11378559
cavitary lung disease in aids: etiologies and correlation with immune status.	to investigate the etiology and differential features of cavitary lung disease in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), chest computed tomography (ct) records from a 2-year period were reviewed to identify all human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients with cavitary lung disease. medical records were reviewed for the documentation of specific causes of lung cavitation and the cd4 count at the time of imaging. of 25 hiv-positive patients with cavitary lung disease, 2 ...	2001	11483162
infectious complications among 620 consecutive heart transplant patients at stanford university medical center.	a total of 1073 infectious episodes (ies) that occurred in 620 consecutive heart transplantation patients at stanford medical center between 16 december 1980 and 30 june 1996 were reviewed. infectious complications were a major cause of morbidity and mortality, second only to rejection as the cause of early deaths and the most common cause of late deaths. of the ies, 468 (43.6%) were caused by bacteria, 447 (41.7%) by viruses, 109 (10.2%) by fungi, 43 (4.0%) by pneumocystis carinii, and 6 (0.6%) ...	2001	11486285
isolated pneumocystis carinii infection of adrenal glands causing addison's disease in a non-immunocompromised adult.	pneumocystis carinii is primarily an opportunistic pathogen infecting patients with aids and other immunocompromised patients, and ordinarily does not affect immunocompetent persons. we report isolated p. carinii infection of bilateral adrenal glands in a non-immunocompromised adult male, leading to fatal addisonian crisis. diagnosis of p. carinii was established on the basis of cytopathology and microbiological tests, using conventional staining techniques and direct immunofluorescence on ultra ...	2001	11478273
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in heart transplant recipients.	in spite of the high prevalence of pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, little is known about the epidemiological characteristics of this infection, and whether the cases of pc pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients are the result of a reactivation of a latent infection or a due to a recent infection is unknown. the aim of this study was to provide information about the epidemiological characteristics of pc pneumonia in a cohort of heart transplant (ht) recipients w ...	2001	11574228
early diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary opportunistic infection by using polymerase chain reaction and beta-glucan in patients with hematological neoplasms.	the early diagnosis of 58 patients with hematological neoplasms accompanied by severe pulmonary infections of pneumocystis carini (pc), or cytomegalovirus (cmv) pneumonia was made by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using sputum samples, and of pulmonary mycosis by measuring blood beta-glucan levels by a limulus test. the effectiveness of early treatment for opportunistic infection based on these early stage diagnosis was evaluated and the results of pathological analyses of the lung at autopsy w ...	2001	11501492
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pregnancy.	to report five new cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and to review and analyze the existing reports on the subject.	2001	11502676
a prospective study of discontinuing primary and secondary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after cd4 cell count increase to > 200 x 106 /l.	to assess the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) after discontinuation of either primary or secondary prophylaxis.	2001	11504983
discontinuation of primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis after reconstitution of cd4 cell counts in hiv-infected children.		2001	11504999
[preventing opportunistic infections in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus].	highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), which has been provided since 1995 to patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), has produced noticeable results in regard to preventing opportunistic infections in this population. nevertheless, it is still useful to administer specific prophylactic treatment against opportunistic infections in patients treated with haart and also in patients who do not respond to haart or who cannot or do not wish to take that treatment. prophylacti ...	2001	11575240
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis in an adult hiv negative patient.	this is a case report of a 29 year old male with pneumocystis pneumonia and tuberculosis, and who was initially suspected of having hiv infection, based on risk factor analyses, but was subsequently shown to be hiv negative. the patient arrived at the hospital with fever, cough, weight loss, loss of appetite, pallor, and arthralgia. in addition, he was jaundiced and had cervical lymphadenopathy and mild heptosplenomegaly. he had interstitial infiltrates of the lung, sputum smears positive for my ...	2001	11506779
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis with atovaquone in trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-intolerant orthotopic liver transplant patients: a preliminary study.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is an opportunistic infection associated with increased morbidity and mortality in solid-organ and bone-marrow transplant recipients. side effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) are frequent; therefore, we performed a preliminary study using atovaquone suspension, 750 mg once daily, for 1 year for the prevention of pcp in liver transplant recipients intolerant to tmp/smx therapy. twenty-eight patients were treated, and data were analyzed for effic ...	2001	11510024
[pulmonary nocardiosis associated with nephrotic syndrome].	a 70-year-old man treated for 6 months with prednisolone for nephrotic syndrome, was referred to our pulmonary division because of a nodule in the right lower lung field. nocardia asteroides was isolated from the culture of the percutaneous lung aspiration, and the case was diagnosed as pulmonary nocardiosis. the lesion disappeared after 2 months of therapy with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (1,600 mg/320 mg once a day). though it had been given prophylactically (800 mg/160 mg twice a week) for ...	2001	11510096
[a case of acute progressive pulmonary cystic disease associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a non-hiv-infected patient].	we report a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in which acute lung tissue destruction progressed within a few days to form multiple bullae in a patient with no hiv-1 infection. a 59-year-old man with mild pulmonary emphysema had been followed for two years. he had smoked 40 cigarettes per day for forty years. six months before, bronchogenic carcinoma had been diagnosed in the lower right lung. after chemotherapy and radiotherapy, he had a sudden onset of high fever with respiratory fai ...	2001	11579532
imaging of pneumonia: trends and algorithms.	pneumonia is one of the major infectious diseases responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. imaging plays a crucial role in the detection and management of patients with pneumonia. this review article discusses the different imaging methods used in the diagnosis and management of suspected pulmonary infections. the imaging examination should always begin with conventional radiography. when the results of routine radiography are inconclusive, computed tomography is ...	2001	11510793
incidence of primary opportunistic infections in two human immunodeficiency virus-infected french clinical cohorts.	clinical guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals have been developed on the basis of natural history data collected in the usa. the objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of primary opportunistic infections in hiv-infected individuals in geographically distinct cohorts in france.	2001	11511618
n,n'-bis[4-(n-alkylamidino)phenyl]homopiperazines as anti-pneumocystis carinii agents.	the synthesis, anti-pneumocystis carinii activity and dna binding properties of eight new n,n'-bis[4-(n-alkylamidino)phenyl]homopiperazines are reported. compounds 2 and 8 were the most potent and caused about 70% inhibition of pneumocystis carinii growth in a cell culture model at 1 microm concentrations.	2001	11591500
fiberoptic bronchoscopy in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: findings in the era of serum cytomegalovirus antigen surveillance.	pulmonary complications occur in half of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (bmt) patients. the incidence of these complications has been reduced by prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, preemptive therapy in patients at high risk for cytomegalovirus (cmv) reactivation, and, more recently, screening for serum cmv antigen. since fiberoptic bronchoscopy (fob) has historically been the primary diagnostic test to evaluate bmt patients with pulmonary disease, a review was performed ...	2001	11591544
plasminogen activator production in a rat model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	several studies have indicated that the serine protease urokinase-plasminogen-activator (upa) is an important factor in host defense against pulmonary pathogens. to gain a better insight into the role of upa in pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) pneumonia (pcp), we evaluated pa production in alveolar macrophages (ams) obtained from rats with steroid-induced pcp. treatment with cortisone acetate favored pcp in 91% of rats. in the bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) samples of immunosuppressed rats both w ...	2001	11592634
myelodysplasia associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	two cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with myelodysplasia are presented. case 1 was admitted because of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. mild anemia, thrombocytopenia and hypersegmented neutrophils were observed. after the administration of trimethoprim-sulfame-thoxazole and antiretroviral therapy, pancytopenia progressed. bone marrow (bm) showed dysplastic hematopoiesis, suggesting human immunodeficiency virus-myelopathy. case 2 was hospitalized due to progressive multifocal leukoencep ...	2001	11518128
severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia increases the infectious titre of hiv-1 in blood and can promote the expansion of viral chemokine co-receptor tropism.	determine the in vivo effect of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) on: (a) the titre of infectious virus circulating in blood; and (b) the chemokine co-receptor usage of these viruses.	2001	11597147
synthesis of 2,4-diamino-6-(thioarylmethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines as dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors.	six 2,4-diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines with a 6-methylthio bridge to an aryl group were synthesized and biologically evaluated as inhibitors of pneumocystis carinii (pc) and toxoplasma gondii (tg) dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). the syntheses of analogues 3-8 were achieved by nucleophilic displacement of 2,4-diamino-6-bromomethylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine 14 with various arylthiols. the alpha-naphthyl analogue 4 showed the highest selectivity ratios of 3.6 and 8.7 against pcdhfr and tgdhfr, respec ...	2001	11597474
pulmonary intravascular lymphoma complicated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a case report.	we report a case of intravascular lymphoma (ivl) complicated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). a 65-year-old male complaining of dyspnea and dementia was diagnosed to have pulmonary ivl by transbronchial lung biopsy. concomitantly, deoxyribonucleic acid sequence specific to pneumocystis carinii was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by polymerase chain reaction. differential responses to the sequential treatments for pcp and ivl implied that increased serum lactate dehydrogenase ( ...	2001	11518747
prophylaxis failure is associated with a specific pneumocystis carinii genotype.	to investigate the possible association between pneumocystis carinii types and various clinical and demographic parameters, we used molecular typing to analyze 93 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from patients with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp). multivariate regression analysis revealed an association between being infected with a specific p. carinii genotype and receiving anti-pcp prophylaxis (odds ratio, 4.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-18.6; p=.05), although no association with a specific drug ...	2001	11528584
in vitro and in vivo effects of quinupristin-dalfopristin against pneumocystis carinii.	quinupristin-dalfopristin (q-d), which is active against bacteria and toxoplasma gondii, was examined for its activity against pneumocystis carinii. after 72 h of incubation with rat p. carinii in an atp cytotoxicity assay, the 50% inhibitory concentration of q-d was 10.6 microg/ml, a level that can be achieved in serum with high-dose administration. q-d administered intraperitoneally at doses of 50 to 200 mg per kg of body weight per day in the treatment and 100 mg/kg/day three times per week i ...	2001	11600389
effect of case management on unmet needs and utilization of medical care and medications among hiv-infected persons.	although case management has been advocated as a method for improving the care of chronically ill persons, its effectiveness is poorly understood.	2001	11601927
mycobacterial and nonbacterial pulmonary complications in hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective, cohort study.	a prospective observational study was done to describe nonbacterial pulmonary complications in hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.	2001	11602023
update on hiv/aids in thailand.	thailand experienced its first case of aids in 1984. approximately 800,000 thais were infected with hiv in 1995 and 1 million thais became infected by the year 2000. there have been 5 major epidemic waves: among male homosexuals (started 1984-5), intravenous drug users (started 1988), female commercial sex workers (started 1989), male clients (started 1990), and housewives and the newborn (started 1991). approximately 96 per cent of hiv-1 infected thais carried recombinant subtype a/e, the rest ...	2001	11529320
clinical significance of nested polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence for detection of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to study the clinical significance of a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method compared to immunofluorescence (if) for detection of pneumocystis carinii.	2001	11678932
characterization of the expression site of the major surface glycoprotein of human-derived pneumocystis carinii.	the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis carinii, a pathogen responsible for pulmonary infection in aids and other immunocompromised patients, is an abundant surface protein that potentially allows the organism to evade host defences by antigenic variation. msg is encoded by a multicopy gene family; in two specific forms of rat-derived p. carinii, regulation of msg expression uses a single expression site, termed the upstream conserved sequence (ucs), through two related but distinct ...	2001	11679077
anti-human immunodeficiency virus drugs are ineffective against pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in vivo.	human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) protease inhibitors (pis) recently have been reported to be active against pneumocystis carinii in cell culture. twelve anti-hiv drugs were analyzed for their effects against rat p. carinii by an atp cytotoxicity assay. indinavir and saquinavir exhibited slight anti-p. carinii activity at concentrations above those that can be clinically achieved in serum; other pis and nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors were inactive against the orga ...	2001	11679930
independent risk of mechanical ventilation for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia.	the use of mechanical ventilation (mv) for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) has varied over time. the introduction of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy has changed the pathophysiology of pcp. in the present study, we attempted to identify factors predictive of severe respiratory failure requiring mv amongst patients with pcp treated in the era of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy. furthermore, we studied factors associated with survival in relation to mv. of 170 consecutive pati ...	2001	11530954
the changing pattern of aids-defining illnesses with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart)in a london clinic.	to quantify the progressive impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (art) on the incidence of aids-defining illnesses (adis) over a 9-year period.	2001	11531320
practical issues in the management of hypersensitivity reactions: sulfonamides.	approximately 3% of the general population and 60% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection have adverse reactions when treated with sulfonamide antimicrobials. the most common clinical manifestations of sulfonamide hypersensitivity are fever and a maculopapular rash 7 to 14 days after initiating therapy, though a variety of more severe manifestations may occur. the sulfonamide chemical moiety is present in many medications that are not antimicrobials, and fortunately hypers ...	2001	11549195
acute respiratory failure following haart introduction in patients treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	cases of paradoxical worsening of opportunistic infections shortly after the beginning of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) prompted questions on the optimal timing of introduction of haart in patients with inaugural aids-related opportunistic infections. we describe three cases of acute respiratory failure after early introduction of haart in patients treated for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). the three patients had severe pcp that initially improved with anti-pcp and adjuncti ...	2001	11549544
caveolae in the uptake and targeting of infectious agents and secreted toxins.	a variety of microbial pathogens, including viruses, intracellular bacteria, and prions, as well as certain secreted bacterial toxins, can now be added to the list of ligands that enter cells via caveolae or caveolae-like membrane domains. in general, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway results in transport of these microbes and toxins to intracellular destinations that are different from that of cargo entering by other means. as a result, the caveolae-mediated entry pathway can profoundly affec ...	2001	11551401
an epidemiological study of hiv-infections in frankfurt/main and other major cities in germany.	epidemiological studies can help to understand the effects of medical treatment of hiv infections. accordingly, this study was designed to discuss the most important parameters in frankfurt/main and other big german cities from 1984 to 2000. the number of hiv tests performed by frankfurt's virology has been decreasing continually since 1991. a decrease of new infections in men could be registered, whereas the number of hiv infected women rose. from 1985 to 2000 an annual mean value of 478 hiv in ...	2001	11556143
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after thoracic duct ligation and leakage.	a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was induced through immunosuppression following thoracic duct ligation. the patient initially presented with an esophageal adenocarcinoma, which was totally resected. she is human immunodeficiency virus-negative and not undergoing immunosuppressive treatment.	2001	11692316
animal pharmacokinetics and interspecies scaling of sordarin derivatives following intravenous administration.	sordarin derivatives constitute a new group of synthetic antifungal agents that selectively inhibit fungal protein synthesis. they have demonstrated in vitro activity against the most important fungal pathogens, both yeast and filamentous. this new family of compounds has also shown in vivo activity against murine candida albicans, histoplasma capsulatum, and coccidioides immitis experimental infections, as well as against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats. after intravenous dosing in anima ...	2001	11557470
serial pentamidine levels in bronchial epithelial lining fluid after aerosol administration.	there is no information on serial pharmacokinetic assessment in the lungs after administration of aerosolized pentamidine.	2001	11694814
[diagnosis and therapy of abscess forming pneumonia].	aspiration of oro-pharyngeal secretions and gastric content is the most frequent cause of formation of primary lung abscess. a compromised mental status (e.g. alcoholism, sedatives, stroke) and esophageal dysfunction (e.g. herniation, vomiting) are important risk factors. aspiration pneumonia presents as a subacute disease and is usually not distinguishable from other causes of pneumonia, until typical radiological signs of cavitation and putrid sputum appear 8 to 14 days after the initial event ...	2001	11695090
[pneumonia in the immune compromised host].	the term "immunocompromised host" is generally applied to a variety of patients with different host defense defects. pulmonary disease in the immunocompromised host remains a major cause of morbidity and has a high mortality. during the initial evaluation of the patient, it is helpful to define which of the three arms of the host defense system is most likely to be affected. impaired granulocyte function, as seen after chemotherapy, predisposes to bacterial and fungal infections. deficiencies in ...	2001	11695093
[pneumonia in patients with hiv infection].	pneumonia is the leading hiv-associated infection. it may occur at an early stage of hiv-infection. the spectrum of microorganisms includes bacteria, mainly streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in addition, fungi such as pneumocystis carinii, cryptococcus neoformans and histoplasma capsulatum are common hiv-associated pathogens. the diagnostic work-up depends on the epidemiology (travel history) and the immune status (cd4-lymphoc ...	2001	11695094
autopsy case of alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis treated with corticosteroids and affected by pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus pneumonia.	a case of the very early phase of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-negative man with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis treated with steroids is presented. a 40-year-old man with a 10-year history of alcohol abuse was admitted to hospital with jaundice, fever and macrohematuria. laboratory examinations revealed neutrophilic leukocytosis and a serum bilirubin level of 13.9 mg/dl. the serum bilirubin level rose to 28.5 mg/dl over 1 month. prednisolone administe ...	2001	11564218
underuse of primary mycobacterium avium complex and pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in the united states.	little is known about the rates of mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and pneumocystis carinii (pcp) prophylaxis adherence to guidelines and how they have changed after introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy.	2001	11707670
the care of hiv-infected adults in rural areas of the united states.	this study describes the population of hiv-infected adults receiving care in rural areas of the united states and compares hiv care received in rural and urban areas.	2001	11707677
in vitro activity of amprenavir against pneumocystis carinii.		2001	11708264
improved outcome with organs from carbon monoxide poisoned donors for intrathoracic transplantation.	the success of intrathoracic organ transplantation has lead to a growing imbalance between the demand and supply of donor organs. accordingly, there has been an expansion in the use of organs from nonconventional donors such as those who died from carbon monoxide poisoning. we describe our experience with 7 patients who were transplanted using organs after fatal carbon monoxide poisoning.	2001	11565645
reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in children with inflammatory disorders. a retrospective study of 24 patients.	the reactive haemophagocytic syndrome (rhs) is a little-known life-threatening complication of rheumatic diseases in children. it reflects the extreme vulnerability of these patients, especially those with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis (jca). this immunohaematological process may be triggered by events such as herpes virus infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. treatment has not been standardized.	2001	11709613
the use of oral washes to diagnose pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a blinded prospective study using a polymerase chain reaction-based detection system.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) can be diagnosed by direct microscopic examination of induced sputum or by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal). however, many institutions have little diagnostic success with induced sputum, and bal is invasive and expensive. this prospective, blinded study assessed oral washes as a more convenient specimen than either sputum or bal fluid and used a dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay time-resolved fluorescent hybridization polymerase chain reaction ( ...	2001	11709795
killer anti-idiotypes in the control of fungal infections.	killer anti-idiotypes (ktantild) bear the internal image of a pichia anomala toxin (kt), characterized by microbicidal activity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogenic microorganisms presenting specific cell wall receptors (ktr). ktantiid produced by idiotypic vaccination with a kt-neutralizing monoclonal antibody confer active and passive immunoprotection in experimental models of systemic and vaginal candidiasis. ktantild-like human natural anti-ktr antibodies are produced in natural inf ...	2001	11566002
new insights into transmission, diagnosis, and drug treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii has been recognized as a human pathogen for nearly 50 years. we present a case of p carinii infection that typifies clinical presentation in the era of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic. the high incidence of p carinii pneumonia in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has served to focus laboratory and clinical research efforts on better understanding the biology of the organism and on improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this d ...	2001	11712941
distribution of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis types in the lung of a child dying of pneumocystis pneumonia.	pneumocystis f. sp. hominis causes pneumonia in immunocompromised persons. in order to determine the types and distribution of p. carinii organisms within a single human lung, multiple samples were obtained from the lung of a child who died of p. carinii pneumonia. p. carinii dna was detected in all of the samples and 2 different genotypes of p. carinii were identified, with uneven distribution in the lung, demonstrating that infection of the human lung is not necessarily clonal, and that differ ...	2001	11568852
detection of two distinct transporter systems for 2-deoxyglucose uptake by the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii.	since the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii grows only slowly in vitro, the mechanism of glucose uptake was investigated to better understand how the organism transports nutrients. using the non-metabolizable analogue 2-deoxyglucose, two uptake systems were detected with q(10) values of 2.12 and 2.09, respectively. one had a high affinity (k(m)=67.5 microm) and the other a low affinity (k(m)=5.99 mm) for 2-deoxyglucose uptake. glucose or deoxyglucose phosphate products from transported ...	2001	11718673
the occurrence of sinusitis in hiv-infected patients with fever.	sinusitis is commonly occurring in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus i (hiv), but the occurrence and etiology have not been established. the purpose of this study was prospectively to determine the occurrence, site and type of paranasal sinus abnormalities seen on mri in hiv-infected patients with fever, to relate the abnormalities to clinical and immunological parameters, and to determine the microbiological agents found in the sinus aspirates. mri was performed in 54 hiv-infe ...	2001	11721503
rapid pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism method to differentiate and estimate relative abundance of pneumocystis carinii special forms infecting rats.	a rapid method that uses pcr-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the intron of the nuclear 26s rrna gene was shown to differentiate the two pneumocystis carinii special forms that infect rats, p. carinii f. sp. carinii and p. carinii f. sp. ratti. the method also provides a means for estimation of the relative abundance of the two special forms in the case of a coinfected rat. the results suggest that the method described will help to further standardize the immunosuppressed rat ...	2001	11724884
widespread occurrence of pneumocystis carinii in commercial rat colonies detected using targeted pcr and oral swabs.	the genus pneumocystis contains a family of fungal organisms that infect a wide variety of mammalian species. although it is a cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, recent evidence suggests that these organisms colonize nonimmunosuppressed hosts. detection of cryptic colonization with pneumocystis becomes important in animal studies when infection-free animals are necessary. provocation by chronic immunosuppression, histology, and serology has been widely used to detect the presence of ...	2001	11574552
alteration of surfactant proteins a and d in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to understand the interaction between surfactant proteins and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and the impact of corticosteriods on surfactant proteins.	2001	11729507
transgenic over-expression of mafk suppresses t cell proliferation and function in vivo.	the small maf proteins regulate gene transcription from maf recognition elements (mare). these proteins do not contain a canonical transactivation domain. depending upon the ratio of small maf proteins to their partner proteins, which either possess a transactivation domain or not, transcription can be switched on or off.	2001	11737266
risk factors for prophylaxis failure in patients receiving aerosol pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis.	the purposes of this study were (1) to determine the incidence of prophylaxis failure in hiv-infected patients receiving aerosol pentamidine (ap) for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis, and (2) to identify risk factors for pcp prophylaxis failure.	2001	11348949
approaches to solving the rigid receptor problem by identifying a minimal set of flexible residues during ligand docking.	using fixed receptor sites derived from high-resolution crystal structures in structure-based drug design does not properly account for ligand-induced enzyme conformational change and imparts a bias into the discovery and design of novel ligands. we sought to facilitate the design of improved drug leads by defining residues most likely to change conformation, and then defining a minimal manifold of possible conformations of a target site for drug design based on a small number of identified flex ...	2001	11358692
the importance of bacterial sepsis in intensive care unit patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: implications for future care in the age of increasing antiretroviral resistance.	to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) admitted to the intensive care unit (icu).	2001	11373418
aging cohort of perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in new york city. new york city pediatric surveillance of disease consortium.	new york city (nyc) pediatricians are now caring for fewer hiv-infected infants and more school age children and adolescents than earlier in the epidemic.	2001	11368109
the effect of atovaquone on etoposide pharmacokinetics in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.	the use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) may cause undesirable adverse effects: fungal overgrowth, neutropenia, and drug resistance. a possible alternative is atovaquone, a hydroxynaphthoquinone with anti-pneumocystis carinii activity. however, it is not known if atovaquone alters the disposition or adverse effects of antileukemic drugs.	2001	11459198
the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia at an urban public hospital: influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and initial severity of illness.	in a prospective study, the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) was investigated among consecutive patients admitted to an academic, urban public hospital in seattle. the study population was uniquely young, was predominantly male, and had high rates of homelessness, cigarette smoking, alcoholism, injection drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. leading causes of cap among hiv-negative patients were aspiration, followed by streptococcus pneumoniae, legionella spec ...	2001	11443551
alteration in expression of the rat mitochondrial atpase 6 gene during pneumocystis carinii infection.	pneumocystis carinii causes pneumonia in immunocompromised patients with a high morbidity and mortality rate, but the interaction between this organism and the host cell is not well understood. the purpose of this research was to study the response of host cells to p. carinii infection on a molecular level.	2001	11446902
molecular cloning of the rps0 gene from candida tropicalis.	the saccharomyces cerevisiae rps0 a and b genes encode proteins essential for maturation of the 40s ribosomal subunit precursors. we have isolated a homologue of the rps0 gene from candida tropicalis, which we named ctrps0. the c. tropicalis rps0 encodes a protein of 261 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 28.65 kda and an isoelectric point of 4.79. ctrps0p displays significant amino acid sequence homology with rps0p from c. albicans, s. cerevisiae, neurospora crassa, schizo ...	2001	11447603
design, synthesis, computational prediction, and biological evaluation of ester soft drugs as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase from pneumocystis carinii.	a series of lipophilic soft drugs structurally related to the nonclassical dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors trimetrexate and piritrexim have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated in dhfr assays, with special emphasis on the inhibition of p. carinii dhfr. the best inhibitors, encompassing an ester bond in the bridge connecting the two aromatic systems, were approximately 10 times less potent than trimetrexate and piritrexim. the metabolites were designed to be poor inhibitors. furthe ...	2001	11448221
[common variable immunodeficiency. review].	common variable immunodeficiency (cvi) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by deficient antibody production. the cause of this immunodeficiency is unknown; several in vitro studies have revealed a significant number of alterations that could explain the hypogammaglobulinemia present in this syndrome. among those described are primary b cell alterations, numerical and functional t cell abnormalities, and defects in the interaction between accessory cells. the alteration typical of cvi is ...	2001	11434884
prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: impact on risk for infectious diseases.	trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) is widely prescribed as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. its efficacy against other infections has not been thoroughly evaluated. to compare the risk for infectious diseases for persons who were prescribed tmp-smz with that for patients who were not prescribed tmp-smz, we examined data collected from the medical records of hiv-infected patients (january 1990 through september 1999) ...	2001	11438910
[respiratory infections during chemotherapy-induced aplasia].	damage to local and systemic host defenses of the lung makes the immunocompromised patient vulnerable to inhaled microorganisms. when a pulmonary infiltrate occurs, the array of possibilities is very large including conventional and opportunistic agents. the type of underlying disease and its associated immunodeficiency allow a high degree of accurate pathogen prediction. neutropenia is associated with gram-negative bacilli pneumonia. prolonged neutropenia increases the risk of invasive aspergil ...	2001	11424709
a meta-analysis of salvage therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to determine the relative efficacies of alternative antipneumocystis agents in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia unresponsive to primary drug treatment with a combination product of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole or parenteral pentamidine.	2001	11427101
pneumocystis carinii carriage among cystic fibrosis patients, as detected by nested pcr.	a total of 137 sputa from 95 consecutive cystic fibrosis (cf) patients undergoing routine bacteriological surveillance were analyzed for pneumocystis carinii colonization using nested pcr. seven of 95 patients (7.4%) were pcr positive, suggesting that p. carinii carriage may exist among cf patients due to their underlying pulmonary disease.	2001	11427604
pulmonary infiltrates in hiv-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in spain.	to study the incidence, etiology, and outcome of pulmonary infiltrates (pis) in hiv-infected patients and to evaluate the yield of diagnostic procedures.	2001	11404518
incidence and determinants of bacterial infections in hiv-positive patients receiving anti-pneumocystis carinii/toxoplasma gondii primary prophylaxis within a randomized clinical trial.	we assessed the incidence and determinants of bacteremia, pneumonia, and sinusitis/otitis in hiv-positive people receiving cotrimoxazole (ctx) or dapsone-pyrimethamine (dp) for primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and toxoplasmic encephalitis (te) within a randomized clinical trial. in total, 244 patients were randomized: 122 were assigned to ctx and 122 to dp. in the cohort, 22 bacteremia, 63 pneumonia, and 39 sinusitis/otitis cases were observed. incidence rates of bacte ...	2001	11404520
[pneumonia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. study of 30 episodes].	to analyse the etiology, diagnostic methods and response to therapy in 30 episodes of pneumonia diagnosed in 17 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) between 1995 and 2000.	2001	11412696
synthesis, antifolate, and antitumor activities of classical and nonclassical 2-amino-4-oxo-5-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines.	classical and nonclassical isosteric c8-n9 bridged analogues of the multitargeted antifolate ly231514 were synthesized as inhibitors of thymidylate synthase (ts), dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), and as antitumor and antiopportunistic infection agents. the syntheses of the analogues were accomplished by reductive amination of the appropriate anilines with 2-amino-4-oxo-5-cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (28) followed by saponification of the ethyl esters, for the classical analogue 6. the n9-methyl ...	2001	11384244
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia alters expression and distribution of lung collectins sp-a and sp-d.	surfactant proteins sp-a and sp-d, members of the collectin family, have been shown to play a significant role in lung host defense. both proteins selectively bind pneumocystis carinii (pc) organisms and modulate the interaction of this pathogen with alveolar macrophages. we hypothesized that the expression and distribution of lung collectins sp-a and sp-d is altered by pc lung infection. pc organisms (2 x 10(5)) were inoculated intratracheally into c.b-17 scid/scid mice that do not require ster ...	2001	11385364
prophylaxis strategies for solid-organ transplantation.	in addition to the net state of immunosuppression, the risk of infection after transplantation is largely determined by the transplant recipient's epidemiologic exposures. potential sources of infection in the transplant recipient include the environment and the recipient's endogenous flora. this article presents aspects of prevention of infection after solid-organ transplantation such as avoidance of epidemiologic exposures, antibacterial prophylaxis, prophylaxis for tuberculin-positive transpl ...	2001	11389519
accuracy of self-reports of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related conditions in women.	to investigate the validity of self-reported acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) among women enrolled in a prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, the authors compared the self-reported occurrence of aids-specific diagnoses with aids diagnoses documented by county aids surveillance registries. also examined was the association between participant characteristics and the validity of self-reports. among the 339 hiv-infected participants in the northern california w ...	2001	11390333
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to evaluate bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) cytology and organism burden in patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and in those with other immunodeficiencies.	2001	11393061
phylogeny of pneumocystis carinii from 18 primate species confirms host specificity and suggests coevolution.	primates are regularly infected by fungal organisms identified as pneumocystis carinii. they constitute a valuable population for the confirmation of p. carinii host specificity. in this study, the presence of p. carinii was assessed by direct examination and nested pcr at mitochondrial large subunit (mtlsu) rrna and dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) genes in 98 lung tissue samples from captive or wild nonhuman primates. fifty-nine air samples corresponding to the environment of different primat ...	2001	11376046
immunohematotoxicity studies with combinations of dapsone and zidovudine.	we investigated the immunohematoxicities of the antiparasitic drug dapsone (dds) and the antiretroviral drug zidovudine (zdv, azt) given alone or in combination in balb/c mice. dds is used for prophylaxis and treatment of pneumocystis carinii infection in aids patients. we examined the impact of concurrent administration of these drugs on the immune and hematopoietic systems because dds causes hematotoxicity and zdv therapy results in bone marrow toxicity. daily oral administration of dds at 25 ...	2001	11710542
[a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with pulmonary cysts and increased level of serum kl-6].	in august, 1999, a 46-year-old man with fever, cough, and dyspnea was admitted to a hospital. on the basis of the clinical and radiographic findings, bacterial pneumonia was suspected. antibiotics were not effective, because of atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and positive anti-human t-cell leukemia virus antibody, and he was transferred to our hospital. a chest radiograph and a ct scan revealed bilateral ground-glass opacities with huge multiple cysts. intensive treatment of pneumoc ...	2001	11875817