Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| diffuse lepromatous leprosy due to mycobacterium lepromatosis in quintana roo, mexico. | a 43-year-old woman of mayan origin from quintana roo, mexico, was diagnosed with diffuse lepromatous leprosy. the etiologic bacillus was determined to be mycobacterium lepromatosis instead of mycobacterium leprae. this case likely represents the first report of this leprosy form and its agent in the southeastern tip of mexico. | 2015 | 26311856 |
| alterations to antigen-specific immune responses before and after multidrug therapy of leprosy. | this study evaluated the impact of leprosy multidrug therapy (mdt) on cell-mediated immunity (cmi) and antibody responses at diagnosis in untreated paucibacillary (pb) (n=15) and multibacillary (mb) patients (n=15) using a panel of mycobacterium leprae recombinant antigens (rmls) (cmi: 46f, ml0276, ml2055, leprosy idri diagnostic 1 [lid-1], and ml2629, as negative control; serology: lid-1, 46f, 92f, and 33f, as negative control, and phenolic glycolipid i [pgl-i]) and at 2 time points after mdt ( ... | 2015 | 26233487 |
| human-armadillo interaction in ceará, brazil: potential for transmission of mycobacterium leprae. | several factors suggest that armadillos present an important risk for human leprosy infection. this study uses semi-structured interviews to better illustrate how human interaction with armadillos may increase the risk of leprosy transmission. the participants were all residents of the state of ceará, in northeastern brazil, all acknowledged contact with armadillos either through hunting, through cooking, or through consumption of its meat. this study raises important issues about contact betwee ... | 2015 | 26232656 |
| leprosy agents mycobacterium lepromatosis and mycobacterium leprae in mexico: a clarification. | 2015 | 26224842 | |
| activation and cytokine profile of monocyte derived dendritic cells in leprosy: in vitro stimulation by sonicated mycobacterium leprae induces decreased level of il-12p70 in lepromatous leprosy. | dendritic cells (dcs) play a pivotal role in the connection of innate and adaptive immunity of hosts to mycobacterial infection. studies on the interaction of monocyte-derived dcs (mo-dcs) using mycobacterium leprae in leprosy patients are rare. the present study demonstrated that the differentiation of mos to dcs was similar in all forms of leprosy compared to normal healthy individuals. in vitro stimulation of immature mo-dcs with sonicated m. leprae induced variable degrees of dc maturation a ... | 2015 | 26222022 |
| quantiferon-gold tuberculosis test cannot detect latent tuberculosis in patients with leprosy. | five of 10 paucibacillary leprosy patients were quantiferon gold (q-g) positive with negative chest x-rays. forty multibacillary leprosy patients were negative. reports have shown 100% cross-reactivity of esat6 and cfp10 between mycobacterium leprae and mycobacterium tuberculosis. the q-g test cannot detect latent tuberculosis in patients with leprosy. | 2015 | 26209684 |
| primary motor cortex representation of handgrip muscles in patients with leprosy. | leprosy is an endemic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae that predominantly attacks the skin and peripheral nerves, leading to progressive impairment of motor, sensory and autonomic function. little is known about how this peripheral neuropathy affects corticospinal excitability of handgrip muscles. our purpose was to explore the motor cortex organization after progressive peripheral nerve injury and upper-limb dysfunction induced by leprosy using noninvasive transcranial magnetic ... | 2015 | 26203653 |
| asymptomatic leprosy infection among blood donors may predict disease development and suggests a potential mode of transmission. | blood donor samples (1,007) were assessed for anti-phenolic glycolipid 1 (pgl-1) igm antibodies and mycobacterium leprae dna presence, which had 3.8% and 0.3% positivity, respectively. after a 5-year follow-up period, six individuals with positive markers developed leprosy, raising the hypothesis that asymptomatic infection among blood donors may be an undisclosed mode of leprosy transmission via transfusion. | 2015 | 26202111 |
| characterization of mycobacterium leprae genotypes in china--identification of a new polymorphism c251t in the 16s rrna gene. | leprosy continues to be prevalent in some mountainous regions of china, and genotypes of leprosy strains endemic to the country are not known. mycobacterium lepromatosis is a new species that was discovered in mexico in 2008, and it remains unclear whether this species exists in china. here, we conducted pcr- restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis to classify genotypes of 85 dna samples collected from patients from 18 different provinces. all 171 dna samples from skin biopsies ... | 2015 | 26196543 |
| the curse of the nine-banded armadillo: case report and review. | hansen's disease (leprosy) is an ancient condition characterized by hypopigmented patches that progress to become plaques with hypoesthesia. several case reports suggest that armadillos may be a source of mycobacterium leprae for clinical cases, and contact with armadillos has been shown to be a significant risk factor in several case-control studies. early diagnosis and treatment result in an excellent prognosis and provide an effective means to prevent complications of peripheral nerve injury, ... | 2015 | 26126264 |
| borderline tuberculoid leprosy in childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus patient. | leprosy is a contagious and chronic systemic granulomatous disease caused by the bacillus mycobacterium leprae. to our knowledge, no case of leprosy in a childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (c-sle) patient has been reported. for a period of 31 years, 312 c-sle patients were followed at the pediatric rheumatology unit of our university hospital. one of them (0.3%) had tuberculoid leprosy skin lesions during the disease course and is here reported. a 10-year-old boy from northwest of braz ... | 2015 | 26113359 |
| use of approximate bayesian computation to assess and fit models of mycobacterium leprae to predict outcomes of the brazilian control program. | hansen's disease (leprosy) elimination has proven difficult in several countries, including brazil, and there is a need for a mathematical model that can predict control program efficacy. this study applied the approximate bayesian computation algorithm to fit 6 different proposed models to each of the 5 regions of brazil, then fitted hierarchical models based on the best-fit regional models to the entire country. the best model proposed for most regions was a simple model. posterior checks foun ... | 2015 | 26107951 |
| it is time to review concepts on renal involvement in leprosy: pre- and post-treatment evaluation of 189 patients. | functional and morphological renal lesions have been widely described in leprosy for decades. nevertheless few studies have assessed renal function pre- and during treatment after the advent of multidrug therapy (mdt). | 2015 | 26099294 |
| histoid leprosy: review of the literature. | leprosy is a chronic granulomatous inflammation primarily of the peripheral nervous system, skin, and reticuloendothelial system caused by mycobacterium leprae. it presents clinically as an erythematous or hypopigmented anesthetic patch and a thickened and/or tender cutaneous nerve trunk. leprosy is also called hansen disease. leprosy is a great imitator of other skin diseases, and it can present with different morphological lesions, which is why an expert eye is needed to diagnose it. one of th ... | 2015 | 26094829 |
| the immunology and inflammatory responses of human melanocytes in infectious diseases. | melanin is a canonical and major defense molecule in invertebrates but its role in mammalian immunity remains unexplored. in contrast, several recent studies have highlighted the emerging innate immune activities of human melanin-producing cells which can sense and respond to bacterial and viral infections. indeed, the skin is a major portal of entry for pathogens such as arboviruses (chikungunya, dengue) and bacteria (mycobacterium leprae, leptospira spirochetes). melanocytes of the epidermis c ... | 2015 | 26092350 |
| a historical overview of leprosy epidemiology and control activities in amazonas, brazil. | leprosy is an ancient infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae. according to comparative genomics studies, this disease originated in eastern africa or the near east and spread with successive human migrations. the europeans and north africans introduced leprosy into west africa and the americas within the past 500 years. in brazil, this disease arrived with the colonizers who disembarked at the first colonies, rio de janeiro, salvador and recife, at the end of the sixteenth century, af ... | 2015 | 26061371 |
| pure neuritic leprosy presenting as ulnar nerve neuropathy: a case report of electrodiagnostic, radiographic, and histopathological findings. | hansen's disease, or leprosy, is a chronic infectious disease with many manifestations. though still a major health concern and leading cause of peripheral neuropathy in the developing world, it is rare in the united states, with only about 150 cases reported each year. nevertheless, it is imperative that neurosurgeons consider it in the differential diagnosis of neuropathy. the causative organism is mycobacterium leprae, which infects and damages schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, ... | 2015 | 26047418 |
| il-27 suppresses antimicrobial activity in human leprosy. | the mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens trigger immunosuppressive pathways are critical for understanding the pathogenesis of microbial infection. one pathway that inhibits host defense responses involves the induction of type i interferons and subsequently il-10, yet the mechanism by which type i ifn induces il-10 remains unclear. our studies of gene expression profiles derived from leprosy skin lesions suggested a link between il-27 and the ifn-β induced il-10 pathway. here, we demonst ... | 2015 | 26030183 |
| draft genome sequence of new leprosy agent mycobacterium lepromatosis. | mycobacterium lepromatosis is a newly discovered cause of leprosy. here, we present a near-complete genome of m. lepromatosis from strain fj924 obtained from a patient who died of leprosy. the genome contained 3,215,823 nucleotides and matched ~87% with the mycobacterium leprae genome. this genome is likely the smallest of all mycobacterial genomes known to date. | 2015 | 25999555 |
| surgical treatment of type i neuritis in a teenage boy with borderline tuberculoid leprosy. | exacerbation of the immune response against mycobacterium leprae can lead to neuritis, which is commonly treated via immunosuppression with corticosteroids. early neurolysis may be performed concurrently, especially in young patients with a risk of functional sequelae. we report the case of a young patient experienced intense pain in the left elbow one year after the treatment of tuberculoid-tuberculoid leprosy. the pain was associated with paresthesias in the ulnar edge and left ulnar claw. aft ... | 2015 | 25992943 |
| correlation between central memory t cell expression and proinflammatory cytokine production with clinical presentation of multibacillary leprosy relapse. | despite the efficacy of multidrug therapy, surviving mycobacterium leprae causes relapse in some leprosy patients, and these patients present signs and symptoms of disease after healing. this study focused on the cellular immune response in relapsed multibacillary patients but also included non-relapsed multibacillary cured individuals, newly diagnosed and untreated multibacillary patients, paucibacillary patients just before the beginning of treatment, and voluntary healthy individuals for comp ... | 2015 | 25992795 |
| drug resistance in mycobacterium leprae from patients with leprosy in china. | previous studies of drug resistance have shown that mutations in the drug resistance-determining region (drdr) in the folp1, rpob and gyra genes of mycobacterium leprae are responsible for resistance to dapsone, rifampin and ofloxacin, respectively. | 2015 | 25991507 |
| multibacillary leprosy in an active duty military member. | 2015 | 25989473 | |
| identification of functional candidates amongst hypothetical proteins of mycobacterium leprae br4923, a causative agent of leprosy. | mycobacterium leprae is an intracellular obligate parasite that causes leprosy in humans, and it leads to the destruction of peripheral nerves and skin deformation. here, we report an extensive analysis of the hypothetical proteins (hps) from m. leprae strain br4923, assigning their functions to better understand the mechanism of pathogenesis and to search for potential therapeutic interventions. the genome of m. leprae encodes 1604 proteins, of which the functions of 632 are not known (hps). in ... | 2015 | 25985983 |
| osteological, biomolecular and geochemical examination of an early anglo-saxon case of lepromatous leprosy. | we have examined a 5th to 6th century inhumation from great chesterford, essex, uk. the incomplete remains are those of a young male, aged around 21-35 years at death. the remains show osteological evidence of lepromatous leprosy (ll) and this was confirmed by lipid biomarker analysis and ancient dna (adna) analysis, which provided evidence for both multi-copy and single copy loci from the mycobacterium leprae genome. genotyping showed the strain belonged to the 3i lineage, but the great chester ... | 2015 | 25970602 |
| genome-wide screening of mrna expression in leprosy patients. | leprosy, an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae, affects millions of people worldwide. however, little is known regarding its molecular pathophysiological mechanisms. in this study, a comprehensive assessment of human mrna was performed on leprosy skin lesions by using dna chip microarrays, which included the entire spectrum of the disease along with its reactional states. sixty-six samples from leprotic lesions (10tt, 10bt, 10bb, 10bl, 4ll, 14r1, and 10r2) and nine skin biopsies f ... | 2015 | 26635870 |
| maldi imaging reveals lipid changes in the skin of leprosy patients before and after multidrug therapy (mdt). | leprosy still represents a health problem in several countries. affecting skin and peripheral nerves, it may lead to permanent disabilities. disturbances on skin lipid metabolism in leprosy were already observed; however, the localization and distribution of lipids could not be accessed. the role of lipids on infectious disease has been fully addressed only recently, as they directly influence immune response. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry provides a power ... | 2015 | 26634971 |
| attenuation of experimental asthma by mycobacterial protein combined with cpg requires a tlr9-dependent ifn-γ-ccr2 signalling circuit. | allergic asthma is a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by a th2 inflammatory response. the modulation of a th2 immune response based on immune deviation to a th1 pattern or induction and migration of regulatory t cells to the lungs constitutes one of the major therapeutic approaches that is being investigated for the treatment of allergic asthma. the potentials of mycobacterium leprae 65-kd heat-shock protein or toll-like receptor 9 ligand (cpg oligodeoxynucleotides) as immune modulators f ... | 2015 | 25944185 |
| diagnosis and treatment of leprosy type 1 (reversal) reaction. | leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by the organism mycobacterium leprae that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. leprosy has several distinct clinical presentations ranging from moderate to severe, with the extent of disease generally depending on the host's immune response to the infection. treatment typically involves antimicrobials (eg, clofazimine, dapsone, rifampin). once treatment is started, an important aspect of patient care is the recognition of possible ... | 2015 | 25942024 |
| vasculitis and infectious diseases. | vasculitis usually presents without a well-known underline cause (idiopathic vasculitis), nevertheless, it is sometimes possible to find out one or more causative agents (secondary vasculitis). nowadays, thanks to the increasing amount of precise diagnostic tools, a piece of idiopathic vasculitis is reclassified as associated with probable etiology, which can be set off by several factors, such as infections. infections are considered to be the most common cause of secondary vasculitis. virtuall ... | 2015 | 25876145 |
| leprosy: a 'common' and curable cause of peripheral neuropathy with skin lesions. | leprosy (or hansen's disease) is a curable chronic infectious disease caused by the acid-fast bacillus mycobacterium leprae. while leprosy remains one of the most common causes of neuropathy worldwide, its rarity in the uk means that many doctors are unfamiliar with the typical clinical features. this is problematic because early recognition and treatment is vital in order to minimise disease-related complications such as nerve injury. we describe a 75-year-old man who presented with multiple mo ... | 2015 | 25874829 |
| computational modelling of dapsone interaction with dihydropteroate synthase in mycobacterium leprae; insights into molecular basis of dapsone resistance in leprosy. | the molecular basis for determination of resistance to anti-leprosy drugs is the presence of point mutations within the genes of mycobacterium leprae (m. leprae) that encode active drug targets. the downstream structural and functional implications of these point mutations on drug targets were scarcely studied. in this study, we utilized computational tools to develop native and mutant protein models for 5 point mutations at codon positions 53 and 55 in 6-hydroxymethyl-7, 8-dihydropteroate synth ... | 2015 | 25833404 |
| insight into the evolution and origin of leprosy bacilli from the genome sequence of mycobacterium lepromatosis. | mycobacterium lepromatosis is an uncultured human pathogen associated with diffuse lepromatous leprosy and a reactional state known as lucio's phenomenon. by using deep sequencing with and without dna enrichment, we obtained the near-complete genome sequence of m. lepromatosis present in a skin biopsy from a mexican patient, and compared it with that of mycobacterium leprae, which has undergone extensive reductive evolution. the genomes display extensive synteny and are similar in size (∼3.27 mb ... | 2015 | 25831531 |
| interaction of mycobacterium leprae with the hacat human keratinocyte cell line: new frontiers in the cellular immunology of leprosy. | leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by mycobacterium leprae affecting the skin and peripheral nerves. despite m. leprae invasion of the skin and keratinocytes importance in innate immunity, the interaction of these cells in vitro during m. leprae infection is poorly understood. conventional and fluorescence optical microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, flow cytometry and elisa were used to study the in vitro interaction of m. leprae with the hacat human keratinocyte cell ... | 2015 | 25828729 |
| fractionation and analysis of mycobacterial proteins. | the extraction and isolation of native bacterial proteins continue to be valuable technical pursuits in order to understand bacterial physiology, screen for virulence determinants, and describe antigens. in this chapter, methods for the manipulation of whole mycobacterial cells are described in detail. specifically, the concentration of spent culture filtrate media is described in order to permit separation of soluble, secreted proteins; several discrete separation techniques, including precipit ... | 2015 | 25779310 |
| successive intramuscular boosting with ifn-alpha protects mycobacterium bovis bcg-vaccinated mice against m. lepraemurium infection. | leprosy caused by mycobacterium leprae primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. as a human infectious disease, it is still a significant health and economic burden on developing countries. although multidrug therapy is reducing the number of active cases to approximately 0.5 million, the number of cases per year is not declining. therefore, alternative host-directed strategies should be addressed to improve treatment efficacy and outcome. in this work, using murine leprosy as a model, a ... | 2015 | 26484351 |
| the draft genome of mycobacterium aurum, a potential model organism for investigating drugs against mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae. | mycobacterium aurum (m. aurum) is an environmental mycobacteria that has previously been used in studies of anti-mycobacterial drugs due to its fast growth rate and low pathogenicity. the m. aurum genome has been sequenced and assembled into 46 contigs, with a total length of 6.02mb containing 5684 annotated protein-coding genes. a phylogenetic analysis using whole genome alignments positioned m. aurum close to mycobacterium vaccae and mycobacterium vanbaalenii, within a clade related to fast-gr ... | 2015 | 27649868 |
| comparison of four dna extraction methods for the detection of mycobacterium leprae from ziehl-neelsen-stained microscopic slides. | the diagnosis of leprosy has been a challenge due to the low sensibility of the conventional methods and the impossibility of culturing the causative organism. in this study, four methods for mycobacterium leprae nucleic-acid extraction from ziehl-neelsen-stained slides (zns slides) were compared: phenol/chloroform, chelex 100 resin, and two commercial kits (wizard genomic dna purification kit and qiaamp dna mini kit). | 2015 | 26964809 |
| the complete genome sequence of the emerging pathogen mycobacterium haemophilum explains its unique culture requirements. | mycobacterium haemophilum is an emerging pathogen associated with a variety of clinical syndromes, most commonly skin infections in immunocompromised individuals. m. haemophilum exhibits a unique requirement for iron supplementation to support its growth in culture, but the basis for this property and how it may shape pathogenesis is unclear. using a combination of illumina, pacbio, and sanger sequencing, the complete genome sequence of m. haemophilum was determined. guided by this sequence, exp ... | 2015 | 26578674 |
| polymerase chain reaction detection of leishmania dna in skin biopsy samples in sri lanka where the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis is leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani is the known causative agent of both cutaneous (cl) and visceral leishmaniasis in sri lanka. cl is considered to be under-reported partly due to relatively poor sensitivity and specificity of microscopic diagnosis. we compared robustness of three previously described polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based methods to detect leishmania dna in 38 punch biopsy samples from patients presented with suspected lesions in 2010. both, leishmania genus-specific jw11/jw12 kdna and litsr/l ... | 2015 | 26676321 |
| mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani infection in an indian man. | leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of leishmania. mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (mcl) involves the skin and mucosa. india is endemic for species such as leishmania donovani and leishmania major, which are responsible for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. although mcl has been reported from india previously, the implicated pathogen was identified as l. donovani in only one case. | 2015 | 25557311 |
| african histoplasmosis: the first report of an indigenous case in india. | african histoplasmosis, caused by histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii, is an invasive fungal infection endemic in central and west africa. cases seen outside africa are generally imported. we report a disseminated purely cutaneous form of this infection in an otherwise healthy person from kerala, in southern india. | 2015 | 25514986 |
| association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon gamma gene polymorphisms and their plasma levels in leprosy, hiv and other peripheral neuropathies. | mycobacterium leprae and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are causative agents known to be involved in nerve damage in leprosy and hiv-peripheral neuropathy (hiv-pn) respectively. among other peripheral neuropathies the most common is diabetic neuropathy, which is metabolically induced. the proinflammatory cytokines tnf-α and ifn-γ have been implicated in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy. the association between the plasma levels of these cytokines and their single nucleotide polymorp ... | 2015 | 26431782 |
| leprosy reactions in patients coinfected with hiv: clinical aspects and outcomes in two comparative cohorts in the amazon region, brazil. | leprosy, caused by mycobacterium leprae, can lead to scarring and deformities. human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), a lymphotropic virus with high rates of replication, leads to cell death in various stages of infection. these diseases have major social and quality of life costs, and although the relevance of their comorbidity is recognized, several aspects are still not fully understood. | 2015 | 26029928 |
| lupus and leprosy: beyond the coincidence. | systemic lupus erythematous (sle) is an autoimmune disease that presents an increased susceptibility to infections which may trigger reactivation. disease flares have been mostly associated with parvovirus b19, cytomegalovirus, ebv and mycobacterium tuberculosis infections, but it is probable that many other agents may also induce innate and adaptive immune system stimulation including the production of autoantibodies as ana, anti ndna and anti-ß2-gpi mainly in lepromatous leprosy. mycobacterium ... | 2015 | 25412733 |
| role of subunit exchange and electrostatic interactions on the chaperone activity of mycobacterium leprae hsp18. | mycobacterium leprae hsp18, a major immunodominant antigen of m. leprae pathogen, is a small heat shock protein. previously, we reported that hsp18 is a molecular chaperone that prevents aggregation of different chemically and thermally stressed client proteins and assists refolding of denatured enzyme at normal temperature. we also demonstrated that it can efficiently prevent the thermal killing of e. coli at higher temperature. however, molecular mechanism behind the chaperone function of hsp1 ... | 2015 | 26098662 |
| spatial heterogeneity in projected leprosy trends in india. | leprosy is caused by infection with mycobacterium leprae and is characterized by peripheral nerve damage and skin lesions. the disease is classified into paucibacillary (pb) and multibacillary (mb) leprosy. the 2012 london declaration formulated the following targets for leprosy control: (1) global interruption of transmission or elimination by 2020, and (2) reduction of grade-2 disabilities in newly detected cases to below 1 per million population at a global level by 2020. leprosy is treatable ... | 2015 | 26490137 |
| regulatory t-cells at the interface between human host and pathogens in infectious diseases and vaccination. | regulatory t-cells (tregs) act at the interface of host and pathogen interactions in human infectious diseases. tregs are induced by a wide range of pathogens, but distinct effects of tregs have been demonstrated for different pathogens and in different stages of infection. moreover, tregs that are induced by a specific pathogen may non-specifically suppress immunity against other microbes and parasites. thus, treg effects need to be assessed not only in homologous but also in heterologous infec ... | 2015 | 26029205 |
| current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology. | a pure bacterial culture remains essential for the study of its virulence, its antibiotic susceptibility, and its genome sequence in order to facilitate the understanding and treatment of caused diseases. the first culture conditions empirically varied incubation time, nutrients, atmosphere, and temperature; culture was then gradually abandoned in favor of molecular methods. the rebirth of culture in clinical microbiology was prompted by microbiologists specializing in intracellular bacteria. th ... | 2015 | 25567228 |
| phylogenetic analysis of vitamin b12-related metabolism in mycobacterium tuberculosis. | comparison of genome sequences from clinical isolates of mycobacterium tuberculosis with phylogenetically-related pathogens mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium kansasii, and mycobacterium leprae reveals diversity amongst genes associated with vitamin b12-related metabolism. diversity is generated by gene deletion events, differential acquisition of genes by horizontal transfer, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) with predicted impact on protein function and transcriptional regulation. d ... | 2015 | 25988174 |
| parallel detection of ancient pathogens via array-based dna capture. | dna capture coupled with next generation sequencing is highly suitable for the study of ancient pathogens. screening for pathogens can, however, be meticulous when assays are restricted to the enrichment of single organisms, which is common practice. here, we report on an array-based dna capture screening technique for the parallel detection of nearly 100 pathogens that could have potentially left behind molecular signatures in preserved ancient tissues. we demonstrate the sensitivity of our met ... | 2015 | 25487327 |
| mycobacterium leprae activates toll-like receptor-4 signaling and expression on macrophages depending on previous bacillus calmette-guerin vaccination. | toll-like receptor (tlr)-1 and tlr2 have been shown to be receptors for mycobacterium leprae (m. leprae), yet it is unclear whether m. leprae can signal through alternative tlrs. other mycobacterial species possess ligands for tlr4 and genetic association studies in human populations suggest that people with tlr4 polymorphisms may be protected against leprosy. using human embryonic kidney (hek)-293 cells co-transfected with tlr4, we demonstrate that m. leprae activates tlr4. we used human macrop ... | 2016 | 27458573 |
| unsolved matters in leprosy: a descriptive review and call for further research. | leprosy, a chronic mycobacterial infection caused by mycobacterium leprae, is an infectious disease that has ravaged human societies throughout millennia. this ancestral pathogen causes disfiguring cutaneous lesions, peripheral nerve injury, ostearticular deformity, limb loss and dysfunction, blindness and stigma. despite ongoing efforts in interrupting leprosy transmission, large numbers of new cases are persistently identified in many endemic areas. moreover, at the time of diagnosis, most new ... | 2016 | 27209077 |
| experimental infection of rhodnius prolixus (hemiptera, triatominae) with mycobacterium leprae indicates potential for leprosy transmission. | leprosy is a chronic dermato-neurological disease caused by infection with mycobacterium leprae. in 2013 almost 200,000 new cases of leprosy were detected around the world. since the first symptoms take from years to decades to appear, the total number of asymptomatic patients is impossible to predict. although leprosy is one of the oldest records of human disease, the mechanisms involved with its transmission and epidemiology are still not completely understood. in the present work, we experime ... | 2016 | 27203082 |
| investigating potential exogenous tumor initiating and promoting factors for cutaneous t-cell lymphomas (ctcl), a rare skin malignancy. | most skin malignancies are caused by external and often preventable environmental agents. multiple reports demonstrated that cutaneous t-cell lymphomas (ctcl) can occur in married couples and cluster in families. furthermore, recent studies document geographic clustering of this malignancy in texas as well as in other areas of the united states. multiple infectious, occupational, and medication causes have been proposed as triggers or promoters of this malignancy including hydrochlorothiazide di ... | 2016 | 27622024 |
| urticaria and bacterial infections. | the association between urticaria and infectious diseases has been discussed for >100 years. however, a causal relationship with underlying or precipitating infection is difficult to establish. the purpose of this work was to perform a systematic analysis of the published cases of urticaria associated with bacterial infections. we give an umbrella breakdown of up-to-date systematic reviews and other important publications on the complex association of urticaria and bacterial infections. we did a ... | 2016 | 24857191 |
| rab32 restriction of intracellular bacterial pathogens. | our immune system is engaged in a continuous battle against invading pathogens, many of which have evolved to survive in intracellular niches of mammalian hosts. a variety of cellular processes are involved in preventing bacterial invasion or in killing bacteria that successfully invade host cells. recently, the rab gtpase rab32 emerged as critical regulator of a host defense pathway that can eliminate bacterial pathogens. salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterium and a major cause of in ... | 2016 | 27645564 |
| synthesis and biological activity of alkynoic acids derivatives against mycobacteria. | 2-alkynoic acids have bactericidal activity against mycobacterium smegmatis but their activity fall sharply as the length of the carbon chain increased. in this study, derivatives of 2-alkynoic acids were synthesized and tested against fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria. their activity was first evaluated in m. smegmatis against their parental 2-alkynoic acids, as well as isoniazid, a first-line antituberculosis drug. the introduction of additional unsaturation or heteroatoms into the carbon ch ... | 2016 | 26256431 |
| subversion of schwann cell glucose metabolism by mycobacterium leprae. | mycobacterium leprae, the intracellular etiological agent of leprosy, infects schwann promoting irreversible physical disabilities and deformities. these cells are responsible for myelination and maintenance of axonal energy metabolism through export of metabolites, such as lactate and pyruvate. in the present work, we observed that infected schwann cells increase glucose uptake with a concomitant increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pdh) activity, the key enzyme of the oxidative pen ... | 2016 | 27555322 |
| a rapid screening assay for identifying mycobacteria targeted nanoparticle antibiotics. | antibiotic resistance is a serious problem. nanotechnology offers enormous potential in medicine, yet there is limited knowledge regarding the toxicity of nanoparticles (np) for mycobacterial species that cause serious human diseases (e.g. tuberculosis (tb) and leprosy). mycobacterial diseases are a major global health problem; tb caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) kills up to 2 million people annually and there are over 200 000 leprosy cases each year caused by mycobacterium leprae (m. ... | 2016 | 26618564 |
| trisaccharides of phenolic glycolipids confer advantages to pathogenic mycobacteria through manipulation of host-cell pattern-recognition receptors. | despite mycobacterial pathogens continue to be a threat to public health, the mechanisms that allow them to persist by modulating the host immune response are poorly understood. among the factors suspected to play a role are phenolic glycolipids (pgls), produced notably by the major pathogenic species such as mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae. here, we report an original strategy combining genetic reprogramming of the pgl pathway in mycobacterium bovis bcg and chemical synthesi ... | 2016 | 27548027 |
| sting-dependent 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-like production is required for intracellular mycobacterium leprae survival. | cytosolic detection of nucleic acids elicits a type i interferon (ifn) response and plays a critical role in host defense against intracellular pathogens. herein, a global gene expression profile of mycobacterium leprae-infected primary human schwann cells identified the genes differentially expressed in the type i ifn pathway. among them, the gene encoding 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-like (oasl) underwent the greatest upregulation and was also shown to be upregulated in m. leprae-infected h ... | 2016 | 27190175 |
| f420h2 is required for phthiocerol dimycocerosate synthesis in mycobacteria. | phthiocerol dimycocerosates (pdim) are a group of cell surface-associated apolar lipids of mycobacterium tuberculosis and closely related mycobacteria, such as mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium leprae a characteristic methoxy group of these lipids is generated from the methylation of a hydroxyl group of the direct precursors, the phthiotriols. the precursors arise from the reduction of phthiodiolones, the keto intermediates, by a ketoreductase. the putative phthiodiolone ketoreductase (pkr) ... | 2016 | 27185825 |
| mycobacterial disease in patients with chronic granulomatous disease: a retrospective analysis of 71 cases. | chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by inborn errors of the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase complex. from the first year of life onward, most affected patients display multiple, severe, and recurrent infections caused by bacteria and fungi. mycobacterial infections have also been reported in some patients. | 2016 | 26936803 |
| exploratory urinary metabolomics of type 1 leprosy reactions. | leprosy is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae that affects the skin and nerves. although curable with multidrug therapy, leprosy is complicated by acute inflammatory episodes called reactions, which are the major causes of irreversible neuropathy in leprosy that occur before, during, and even after treatment. early diagnosis and prompt treatment of reactions reduces the risk of permanent disability. | 2016 | 26923082 |
| development of type 2, but not type 1, leprosy reactions is associated with a severe reduction of circulating and in situ regulatory t-cells. | leprosy is frequently complicated by the appearance of reactions that are difficult to treat and are the main cause of sequelae. we speculated that disturbances in regulatory t-cells (tregs) could play a role in leprosy reactions. we determined the frequency of circulating tregs in patients with type 1 reaction (t1r) and type 2 reaction (t2r). the in situ frequency of tregs and interleukin (il)-17, il-6, and transforming growth factor beta (tgf)-β-expressing cells was also determined. t2r patien ... | 2016 | 26903606 |
| inflammatory cytokines are involved in focal demyelination in leprosy neuritis. | mycobacterium leprae (ml) infection causes nerve damage that often leads to permanent loss of cutaneous sensitivity and limb deformities, but understanding of the pathogenesis of leprous neuropathy that would lead to more effective treatments is incomplete. we studied reactional leprosy patients with (n = 9) and without (n = 8) acute neuritis. nerve conduction studies over the course of the reactional episode showed the findings of demyelination in all patients with neuritis. evaluation of patie ... | 2016 | 26888306 |
| leveraging advances in tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment to address nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. | the nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm), defined as any mycobacterial pathogen other than mycobacterium tuberculosis or mycobacterium leprae, are a diverse group of pathogens that collectively cause a substantive but often unappreciated worldwide burden of illness. although ntms may cause illness similar to m. tuberculosis, these pathogens generally do not respond to classic tuberculosis (tb) drug regimens, resulting in misdiagnosis and poor treatment, particularly in resource-poor settings. altho ... | 2016 | 26886068 |
| a missense lrrk2 variant is a risk factor for excessive inflammatory responses in leprosy. | depending on the epidemiological setting, a variable proportion of leprosy patients will suffer from excessive pro-inflammatory responses, termed type-1 reactions (t1r). the lrrk2 gene encodes a multi-functional protein that has been shown to modulate pro-inflammatory responses. variants near the lrrk2 gene have been associated with leprosy in some but not in other studies. we hypothesized that lrrk2 was a t1r susceptibility gene and that inconsistent association results might reflect different ... | 2016 | 26844546 |
| the -308 bp tnf gene polymorphism influences tumor necrosis factor expression in leprosy patients in bahia state, brazil. | leprosy or hansen's disease is a debilitating chronic granulomatous disease caused by mycobacterium leprae, with high incidence and prevalence in brazil. the -308 bp g/a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp rs1800629) in the tumor necrosis factor (tnf) gene promoter is a proposed risk factor for leprosy. in brazil, northern india, egypt and nepal, the common g allele was associated with leprosy. in eastern india, thailand and malawi the minor a allele was the risk factor. allele a was previously ... | 2016 | 26829382 |
| application of mycobacterium leprae-specific cellular and serological tests for the differential diagnosis of leprosy from confounding dermatoses. | mycobacterium leprae-specific serological and cell-mediated-immunity/cmi test were evaluated for the differential diagnosis of multibacillary/mb, and paucibacillary/pb leprosy from other dermatoses. whole-blood assay/wba/ifnγ stimulated with lid-1 antigen and elisa tests for igg to lid-1 and igm to pgl-i were performed. wba/lid-1/ifnγ production was observed in 72% pb, 11% mb leprosy, 38% dermatoses, 40% healthy endemic controls/ec. the receiver operating curve/roc for wba/lid-1 in pb versus oth ... | 2016 | 27506457 |
| renal amyloidosis in leprosy, an infrequent cause of nephrotic syndrome in europe. | leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae the main clinical manifestations involve the skin and the peripheral nervous system. several types of nephropathy have been described in leprosy. one frequent form of renal involvement is amyloidosis, especially in patients with lepromatous leprosy. in these patients, end-stage renal disease is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality. here, we present the case of a patient with nephrotic syndrome caused by seconda ... | 2016 | 27489069 |
| profiling of intracellular metabolites: an approach to understanding the characteristic physiology of mycobacterium leprae. | mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent of leprosy and also known to possess unique features such as inability to proliferate in vitro. among the cellular components of m. leprae, various glycolipids present on the cell envelope are well characterized and some of them are identified to be pathogenic factors responsible for intracellular survival in host cells, while other intracellular metabolites, assumed to be associated with basic physiological feature, remain largely unknown. in the pres ... | 2016 | 27479467 |
| dna sensing via tlr-9 constitutes a major innate immunity pathway activated during erythema nodosum leprosum. | the chronic course of lepromatous leprosy may be interrupted by acute inflammatory episodes known as erythema nodosum leprosum (enl). despite its being a major cause of peripheral nerve damage in leprosy patients, the immunopathogenesis of enl remains ill-defined. recognized by distinct families of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, endogenous and pathogen-derived nucleic acids are highly immunostimulatory molecules that play a major role in the host defense against infections, auto ... | 2016 | 27474073 |
| spatial and temporal epidemiology of mycobacterium leprae infection among leprosy patients and household contacts of an endemic region in southeast brazil. | leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that remains a public health problem in low- and middle-income countries. household contacts of leprosy patients (hhcs) have increased risk of developing disease and are important links in the chain of transmission of mycobacterium leprae. based on epidemiological and operational factors, the global elimination strategy depends on the geographic stratification of endemic areas to intensify control activities. the purpose of the study was to integrate epide ... | 2016 | 27469619 |
| diguanylate cyclase activity of the mycobacterium leprae t cell antigen ml1419c. | the second messenger, bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (cyclic di-gmp), is involved in the control of multiple bacterial phenotypes, including those that impact host-pathogen interactions. bioinformatics analyses predicted that mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of leprosy, encodes three active diguanylate cyclases. in contrast, the related pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes only a single diguanylate cyclase. one of the m. ... | 2016 | 27450520 |
| the role of primary infection of schwann cells in the aetiology of infective inflammatory neuropathies. | numerous different pathogens are responsible for infective peripheral neuropathies and this is generally the result of the indirect effects of pathogen infection, namely anti pathogen antibodies cross reacting with epitopes on peripheral nerve, auto reactive t cells attacking myelin, circulating immune complexes and complement fixation. primary infection of schwann cells (sc) associated with peripheral nerve inflammation is rare requiring pathogens to cross the blood peripheral nerve barrier (bp ... | 2016 | 27546064 |
| association between str -794 catt5-8 and snp -173 g/c polymorphisms in the mif gene and lepromatous leprosy in mestizo patients of western mexico. | lepromatous leprosy (ll) is the most common presentation of leprosy in mexico. ll patients are unable to activate an effective inflammatory response against mycobacterium leprae probably due to the genetics of the host. macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) is important to trigger inflammation processes. two polymorphisms have been reported for human mif: str -794 catt5-8 and snp -173 g/c. 7-8 catt repeats at -794 and the c allele at -173 increase the expression of mif. we aim to determin ... | 2016 | 27426952 |
| regional anaesthesia management in a patient with leprosy: rare case with rare application. | leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that is caused by mycobacterium leprae and affects the skin and nerves. patients with leprosy having related peripheral neuropathy and involvement of other organs may have cardiac, respiratory dysautonomia and autonomic dysfunctions. there are very few studies regarding anaesthetic management of patients suffering from leprosy. moreover, very few studies concerning regional anaesthesia in patients with lepromatous leprosy have been reported. in this study, ... | 2016 | 27366553 |
| s100a12 is part of the antimicrobial network against mycobacterium leprae in human macrophages. | triggering antimicrobial mechanisms in macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens, such as mycobacteria, is critical to host defense against the infection. to uncover the unique and shared antimicrobial networks induced by the innate and adaptive immune systems, gene expression profiles generated by rna sequencing (rnaseq) from human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) activated with tlr2/1 ligand (tlr2/1l) or ifn-γ were analyzed. weighed gene correlation network analysis identified modul ... | 2016 | 27355424 |
| mechanisms of defense against intracellular pathogens mediated by human macrophages. | the key question our work has sought to address has been, "what are the necessary and sufficient conditions that engender protection from intracellular pathogens in the human host?" the origins of this work derive from a long-standing interest in the mechanisms of protection against two such paradigmatic intracellular pathogens, mycobacterium tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae, that have brilliantly adapted to the human host. it was obvious that these pathogens, which cause chronic diseases a ... | 2016 | 27337485 |
| human nod2 recognizes structurally unique muramyl dipeptides from mycobacterium leprae. | the innate immune system recognizes microbial pathogens via pattern recognition receptors. one such receptor, nod2, via recognition of muramyl dipeptide (mdp), triggers a distinct network of innate immune responses, including the production of interleukin-32 (il-32), which leads to the differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells (dc). nod2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human leprosy, yet it is not clear whether mycobacterium leprae, which has a distinct mdp structure, can acti ... | 2016 | 27297389 |
| mycobacterium leprae-induced insulin-like growth factor i attenuates antimicrobial mechanisms, promoting bacterial survival in macrophages. | mycobacterium leprae (ml), the etiologic agent of leprosy, can subvert macrophage antimicrobial activity by mechanisms that remain only partially understood. in the present study, the participation of hormone insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) in this phenomenum was investigated. macrophages from the dermal lesions of the disseminated multibacillary lepromatous form (ll) of leprosy expressed higher levels of igf-i than those from the self-limited paucibacillary tuberculoid form (bt). higher le ... | 2016 | 27282338 |
| soil-transmitted helminth infections and leprosy: a cross-sectional study of the association between two major neglected tropical diseases in indonesia. | the clinical spectrum of leprosy is dependent on the host immune response against mycobacterium leprae or the newly discovered mycobacterium lepromatosis antigen. helminth infections have been shown to affect the development of several diseases through immune regulation and thus may play a role in the clinical manifestations of leprosy and leprosy reactions. the purpose of this study is to determine the proportion of helminth infections in leprosy and its association with the type of leprosy and ... | 2016 | 27278453 |
| tuberculosis and leprosy infections in the marshallese population of arkansas, usa. | the cross-immunity between tuberculosis and leprosy is unknown. the aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the occurrence of mycobacterium tuberculosis and m. leprae infection in marshallese adult volunteers in springdale, arkansas, u.s.a., a population that experiences high rates of leprosy and tuberculosis. we used immunodiagnostic testing for tuberculosis and leprosy infection and found significant prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (19.0%), and asymptomatic mycobacterium leprae inf ... | 2016 | 27255065 |
| autochthonous borderline tuberculoid leprosy in a man from florida. | leprosy (hansen's disease) is a chronic contagious granulomatous disease principally affecting the skin and peripheral nervous system, caused by mycobacterium leprae. in this report, we present a case of autochthonous leprosy in a man from florida as the first human case reported from this region. authors believe dermatologists need to be aware of the possibility of autochthonous transmission of leprosy in the eastern-southern united states, and should consider leprosy in any patient with atypic ... | 2016 | 27255063 |
| mutation at codon 442 in the rpob gene of mycobacterium leprae does not confer resistance to rifampicin. | rifampicin is the major drug in the treatment of leprosy. the rifampicin resistance of mycobacterium leprae results from a mutation in the rpob gene, encoding the β subunit of rna polymerase. as m. leprae is a non-cultivable organism observation of its growth using mouse food-pad (mfp) is the only gold standard assay used for confirmation of "in-vivo" drug resistance. | 2016 | 27255062 |
| association of viable mycobacterium leprae with type 1 reaction in leprosy. | the working hypothesis is that, viable mycobacterium leprae (m. leprae) play a crucial role in the precipitation of type 1 reaction (t1r) in leprosy. | 2016 | 27255061 |
| [borderline leprosy as a rare differential diagnosis]. | history and clinical findings | a 42-year-old migrant from brazil presented with persistent sensory disturbances, skin discolorations and local alopecia in the upper limbs. decisive for the presentation in our tropical medicine clinic were new occurrences of severe pain and redness and swelling in the area of the lesions that had already been assessed by a number of medical specialists without a clear diagnosis could be made. investigations and diagnosis | the histological analysis of skin biops ... | 2016 | 27254633 |
| expression profile of rab5, rab7, tryptophan aspartate-containing coat protein, leprae lipoarabinomannan, and phenolic glycolipid-1 on the failure of the phagolysosome process in macrophages of leprosy patients as a viability marker of mycobacterium leprae. | phagolysosome process in macrophage of leprosy patients' is important in the early phase of eliminating mycobacterium leprae invasion. this study was to clarify the involvement of rab5, rab7, and trytophan aspartate-containing coat protein (taco) from host macrophage and leprae lipoarabinomannan (lep-lam) and phenolic glycolipid-1 (pgl-1) from m. leprae cell wall as the reflection of phagolysosome process in relation to 16 subunit ribosomal rna (16s rrna) m. leprae as a marker of viability of m. ... | 2016 | 27242226 |
| mycobacterium leprae specific genomic target in the promoter region of probable 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (ml1545) gene with potential sensitivity for polymerase chain reaction based diagnosis of leprosy. | with the absence of an effective diagnostic tool for leprosy, cases with negative bacteriological index and limited clinical manifestations often pose diagnostic challenges. in this study, we investigated the utility of a novel mycobacterium leprae specific 112-bp dna sequence in the promoter region of probable 4-alpha-glucanotransferase (pseudogene, ml1545) for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based diagnosis of leprosy in comparison to that of the rlep gene. dna was extracted from slit skin scr ... | 2016 | 27242223 |
| [methods for determining the antimicrobial susceptibility of mycobacteria]. | mycobacteria are a large group of microorganisms, multiple species of which are major causes of morbidity and mortality, such as tuberculosis and leprosy. at present, the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex are one of the most serious health problems worldwide. furthermore, in contrast to m. tuberculosis and mycobacterium leprae, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm) are more frequently isolated and, in many cases, treatment is based on drug sus ... | 2016 | 27236235 |
| leprosy in children and adolescents under 15 years old in an urban centre in brazil. | this original study describes the intra-urban distribution of cases of leprosy in residents under 15 years old in salvador, bahia, brazil; the study also identifies the environment in which mycobacterium leprae is being transmitted. the cases were distributed by operational classification, clinical forms, type of contact and the addresses were geo-referenced by neighborhood. between 2007 and 2011, were reported 145 cases of leprosy in target population living in salvador, corresponding to detect ... | 2016 | 27223655 |
| increasing incidence of leprosy and transmission from armadillos in central florida: a case series. | 2016 | 27222885 | |
| pauci- and multibacillary leprosy: two distinct, genetically neglected diseases. | after sustained exposure to mycobacterium leprae, only a subset of exposed individuals develops clinical leprosy. moreover, leprosy patients show a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that extend from the paucibacillary (pb) to the multibacillary (mb) form of the disease. this "polarization" of leprosy has long been a major focus of investigation for immunologists because of the different immune response in these two forms. but while leprosy per se has been shown to be under tight human gen ... | 2016 | 27219008 |
| patterns of mycobacterium leprae infection in wild nine-banded armadillos (dasypus novemcinctus) in mississippi, usa. | the nine-banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) is the only known nonhuman reservoir of mycobacterium leprae , the causative agent of hansen's disease or leprosy. we conducted a 6-yr study on a wild population of armadillos in western mississippi that was exposed to m. leprae to evaluate the importance of demographic and spatial risk factors on individual antibody status. we found that spatially derived covariates were not predictive of antibody status. furthermore, analyses revealed no evide ... | 2016 | 27195687 |
| leprosy among children under 15 years of age: literature review. | leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae, representing a public health issue in some countries. though more prevalent in adults, the detection of new cases in children under 15 years of age reveals an active circulation of bacillus, continued transmission and lack of disease control by the health system, as well as aiding in the monitoring of the endemic. among patients under 15 years of age, the most affected age group is children between 10 and 14 years of age, al ... | 2016 | 27192519 |
| combination chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis in reducing the incidence of leprosy. | leprosy is a complex infectious disease caused by mycobacterium leprae that is a leading cause of nontraumatic peripheral neuropathy. current control strategies, with a goal of early diagnosis and treatment in the form of multidrug therapy, have maintained new case reports at ~225,000 per year. diagnostic capabilities are limited and even with revisions to multidrug therapy regimen, treatment can still require up to a year of daily drug intake. although alternate chemotherapies or adjunct immune ... | 2016 | 27175099 |
| leprosy as a model to understand cancer immunosurveillance and t cell anergy. | leprosy is a disease caused by mycobacterium leprae that presents on a spectrum of both clinical manifestations and t cell response. on one end of this spectrum, tuberculoid leprosy is a well-controlled disease, characterized by a cell-mediated immunity and immunosurveillance. on the opposite end of the spectrum, lepromatous leprosy is characterized by m. leprae proliferation and t cell anergy. similar to progressive tumor cells, m. leprae escapes immunosurveillance in more severe forms of lepro ... | 2016 | 27106673 |
| inoculation site leprosy in a tattoo as a paradoxical reaction following tuberculosis treatment. | we present a patient who developed inoculation site leprosy in a tattoo, which was confirmed by mycobacterium leprae dna sequencing of a polymerase chain reaction product from a skin biopsy. his leprosy became manifest as a paradoxical reaction only after 8 weeks of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. | 2016 | 27084829 |