Publications

efficacy of orally administered low dose n-methanocarbathymidine against lethal herpes simplex virus type-2 infections of mice.	n-methanocarbathymidine (n-mct) has previously been shown to be effective against lethal orthopoxvirus and herpes simplex virus type-1 infections in mice. in this investigation, the antiviral activity of n-mct was assessed against herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) in balb/c mice.	2011	22095521
Rhombencephalitis / brainstem encephalitis.	Rhombencephalitis (RE) is a syndrome of multiple causes and multiple outcomes. Most authors now use the terms "rhombencephalitis" and "brainstem encephalitis" interchangeably even though anatomically they are slightly different. The etiologic categories of RE include infections, autoimmune diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS). Listeria is the most common cause of infectious RE. Listeria RE primary occurs in healthy young adults. It usually occurs as a biphasic time course with a flu-like ...	2011	21956758
single and combination herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein vaccines adjuvanted with cpg oligodeoxynucleotides or monophosphoryl lipid a exhibit differential immunity that is not correlated to protection in animal models.	despite several attempts to develop an effective prophylactic vaccine for hsv-2, all have failed to show efficacy in the clinic. the most recent of these failures was the glaxosmithkline (gsk) subunit vaccine based on the glycoprotein gd with the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl). in a phase 3 clinical trial, this vaccine failed to protect from hsv-2 disease, even though good neutralizing antibody responses were elicited. we aimed to develop a superior, novel hsv-2 vaccine containing either ...	2011	21852545
detailed analysis of mucosal herpes simplex virus-2 replication kinetics with and without antiviral therapy.	the presence of herpes simplex virus-2 (hsv-2) shedding episodes correlates with transmission to sexual partners and neonates, and some episodes correlate with disease manifestations. hsv-2-targeted guanosine analogues are effective when given on a prophylactic basis, but do not completely eliminate recurrences, asymptomatic shedding or transmission. we sought to describe the impact of twice-daily aciclovir and famciclovir on shedding episodes.	2011	21865349
Male Circumcision and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection in Female Partners: A Randomized Trial in Rakai, Uganda.	Male circumcision reduces acquisition of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in men. We assessed whether male circumcision reduces HSV-2 infection among female partners. HSV-2-negative, human immunodeficiency virus-negative female partners of 368 males who were and 372 males who were not randomized to receive male circumcision were enrolled. The incidence of HSV-2 infection among females over a period of 2 years was 6.09 cases per 100 person-years in the intervention arm and 6.32 cases per 100 p ...	2011	22147796
Impact of international laboratory partnerships on the performance of HIV/sexually transmitted infection testing in five resource-constrained countries.	To review a quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) model established to ensure the validity and reliability of collection, storage and analysis of biological outcome data, and to promote good laboratory practices (GLPs) and sustained operational improvements in international clinical laboratories, we conducted a two-arm randomized community-level HIV behavioural intervention trial in five countries: China, India, Peru, Russia and Zimbabwe. The trial was based on diffusion theory utilizing ...	2011	22096049
Comparative evaluation of the QIAGEN QIAsymphony® SP system and bioMérieux NucliSens easyMAG automated extraction platforms in a clinical virology laboratory.	The QIAGEN QIAsymphony(®) SP is an automated system that can process a variety of different sample types for nucleic acid extraction.	2011	22014618
HSV-2: in pursuit of a vaccine.	Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections worldwide. In addition to recurrent genital ulcers, HSV-2 causes neonatal herpes, and it is associated with a 3-fold increased risk for HIV acquisition. Although many HSV-2 vaccines have been studied in animal models, few have reached clinical trials, and those that have been tested in humans were not consistently effective. Here, we review HSV-2 pathogenesis, with a focus on novel understanding of m ...	2011	22133885
prospective seroepidemiologic study of human papillomavirus and other risk factors in cervical cancer.	several sexually transmitted infections (sti) have been reported to interact with human papillomavirus (hpv) in the etiology of cervical cancer. a large cohort study is required to obtain a both unbiased and stable estimate of their effects.	2011	21994401
serum antibodies to toxoplasma gondii and herpesvidae family viruses in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a case-control study.	recent etiological studies for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have focused on the protozoan toxoplasma gondii and herpesvirdae family viruses.	2011	21991754
Prevalence & correlates of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India.	There are sparse data on the prevalence of primary infertility in India and almost none from Southern India. This study describes the correlates and prevalence of primary infertility among young women in Mysore, India.	2011	22089604
Protective effect of brown Brazilian propolis against acute vaginal lesions caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice: involvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.	Propolis has been highlighted for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate if brown Brazilian hydroalcoholic propolis extract (HPE) protects against vaginal lesions caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in female BALB/c mice. The treatment was divided in 5?days of pre-treatment with HPE [50?mg·kg(-1) , once a day, intragastric (i.g.)], HSV-2 infection [10?µl of a solution 1?×?10(2) plaque-forming unit (PFU·ml(-1) HSV-2), ...	2011	22025285
high human immunodeficiency virus incidence in a cohort of rwandan female sex workers.	measurement of human immunodeficiency virus(hiv) incidence among female sex workers in rwanda is a key part of preparing for hiv prevention trials.	2011	22256340
aciclovir treatment for human immunodeficiency virus-1: is the “juice worth the squeeze?”.		2011	22256341
hsv-2 seroepidemiology and risk factors among iranian women: a time to new thinking.	genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease in many developed and developing countries mostly caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). this study determines the prevalence of hsv-2 infection between two groups of women with high and low risk behaviors.	2011	22737421
evolution of sexually transmitted and sexually transmissible human herpesviruses.	herpesviruses occur in an impressively wide range of animals and are associated with various diseases. the numerous routes taken during hundreds of millions of years of evolution have contributed to their striking adaptability and success as pathogens. herpesviruses share a distinct virion structure and are classified taxonomically into a single order, the herpesvirales, which is divided into three families. the phylogenetic relationships among members of the most populous family, the herpesviri ...	2011	22417106
prevalence of hiv and sexually transmitted infections among clients of female sex workers in karnataka, india: a cross-sectional study.	studies have demonstrated the significance of commercial sex work in the ongoing transmission of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections (stis) in india. clients of female sex workers (fsws) are thought to be an important bridging population for hiv/stis. however, there is a lack of information on basic characteristics of sex work clients. this study sought to describe the prevalence of hiv and other stis, as well as examine the determinants of these pathogens among a sample of clients in ...	2011	22375691
an ulcerated lesion due to hsv-2 infection with a cd56+ cell predominant inflammatory infiltrate.	cd56+ rich inflammatory infiltrates have been described in several cutaneous inflammatory conditions. however, cd56+ cells rarely account for more than 10% of the cells in such infiltrates. in certain conditions, such as insect bites or infection with herpes virus, cd56+ cells can be up to 43% of the cells in the infiltrate. this contrasts with what is observed in natural killer (nk)-cell lymphomas, which show a diffuse, atypical infiltrate in which most of the cells are cd56+. in this report, w ...	2011	22367376
antiviral and virucidal activities of nα-cocoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester.	various amino acid-derived compounds, for example, nα-cocoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (cae), alkyloxyhydroxylpropylarginine, arginine cocoate, and cocoyl glycine potassium salt (amilite), were examined for their virucidal activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2), influenza a virus (iav), and poliovirus type 1 (pv-1) in comparison to benzalkonium chloride (bkc) and sodium dodecylsulfate (sds) as a cationic and anionic control detergent and also to other commercially av ...	2011	22312346
hypertrophic perianal herpes successfully treated with imiquimod.	herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infections are frequent in hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infected patients. in those cases, genital herpes may have an atypical clinical presentation. hypertrophic and vegetating variants are unusual. the authors describe a case of hypertrophic perianal herpes in an hiv patient with unsatisfactory response to acyclovir and valacyclovir, successfully treated with imiquimod. hypertrophic genital herpes cases are frequently refractory to antiviral treatments ...	2011	22281910
x-ray diffraction analysis of glycoprotein d from herpes simplex virus type 2.	glycoprotein d (gd) of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) is a key factor mediating the entry of hsv-2 into host cells. in order to explain the mechanism underlying the gd-mediated receptor-binding and viral entry, we performed a structural study on hsv-2 gd. the ectodomain of the gd protein encompassing residues 1 to 285 was expressed by baculovirus-infected insect cells as a secreted soluble protein with a c-terminal hexa-his tag. the protein was then purified by affinity and size-exclusion c ...	2011	22260067
[enteroviral central nervous system infections in children treated at a hospital in lima, peru].	to determine the frequency and clinical features of central nervous system infections caused by enterovirus in children treated at the hospital nacional cayetano heredia in lima, peru.	2011	22241255
hiv and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.	uganda has long been successful in controlling the hiv epidemic; however, there is evidence that hiv prevalence and incidence are increasing again. data on the hiv/sti epidemic among sex workers are so far lacking from uganda. this paper describes the baseline epidemiology of hiv/sti in a newly established cohort of women involved in high-risk sexual behavior in kampala, uganda.	2011	23330152
coinfection with rickettsia helvetica and herpes simplex virus 2 in a young woman with meningoencephalitis.	herpes virus type 2 dna was detected by pcr in the cerebrospinal fluid in a young woman presenting with headache, stiff neck and pleocytosis, and serological findings consistent with reactivation. since she was exposed to ticks, lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis were excluded. further investigation in an ongoing project, using pcr and sequencing of the amplified products, showed the presence of rickettsia helvetica in the cerebrospinal fluid. the bacteria were also isolated in vero cell c ...	2011	22567472
supporting adolescent orphan girls to stay in school as hiv risk prevention: evidence from a randomized controlled trial in zimbabwe.	using a randomized controlled trial in rural eastern zimbabwe, we tested whether comprehensive support to keep orphan adolescent girls in school could reduce hiv risk.	2011	21493943
genital herpes.	genital herpes is an infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) or type 2 (hsv-2), and is among the most common sexually transmitted diseases. methods and outcomes: we conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: what are the effects of interventions to prevent sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus? what are the effects of interventions to prevent transmission of herpes simplex virus from mother to neonate? what are the effects of antiviral tr ...	2011	21496359
evidence for differences in immunologic and pathogenesis properties of herpes simplex virus 2 strains from the united states and south africa.	genital infection with herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2) is linked to an increased risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in areas such as sub-saharan africa. thus, an effective genital herpes vaccine would be an important weapon in the fight against hiv/aids.	2011	21498376
identification of herpesvirus types 1-8 in oral cavity of children/adolescents with chronic renal failure.	j oral pathol med (2011) the aim of this investigation was to identify the prevalence of herpesvirus types 1-8 in the oral cavity of subjects with chronic renal failure (crf) and healthy subjects and compare the two groups, and also correlate the presence of the virus with some characteristics of crf disease (the type of treatment, drugs administered for crf and the presence of oral manifestations). the sample was made up of 60 subjects (aged 4-20) divided into the renal group (rg) and healthy g ...	2011	21501230
phase 1 randomized trial of the vaginal safety and acceptability of spl7013 gel (vivagel) in sexually active young women (mtn-004).	objectives:: the study was designed to assess the safety, adherence, acceptability, and effect on vaginal microflora of 3% spl7013 gel (vivagel), a novel dendrimer topical microbicide that inhibits hiv, herpes simplex virus-2, and human papillomavirus in vitro and in animal models. design:: phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on sexually active women. methods:: sixty-one sexually active women aged 18-24 years were recruited from three sites in the united states. participa ...	2011	21505316
a5-positive primary sensory neurons are non-permissive for productive infection with herpes simplex virus 1 in vitro.	herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (hsv-1, hsv-2) establish latency and express the latency-associated transcript (lat) preferentially in different murine sensory neuron populations, with most hsv-1 lat expression in a5+ neurons and hsv-2 lat in kh10+ neurons. to study mechanisms regulating establishment of hsv latency in specific subtypes of neurons, cultured dissociated adult murine trigeminal (tg) neurons were assessed for relative permissiveness for productive infection. unlike neonatal tg, the ...	2011	21507969
comparative study of immune status to infectious agents in elderly patients with multiple myeloma, waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.	whereas patients with multiple myeloma (mm) have a well-documented susceptibility to infections, this has been less studied in other b-cell disorders, such as waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (wm) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (mgus). we investigated the humoral immunity to 24 different pathogens in elderly patients with mm (n = 25), wm (n = 16), and mgus (n = 18) and in age-matched controls (n = 20). antibody titers against pneumococci, staphylococcal alpha-toxin, tetanu ...	2011	21508164
the relative contribution of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted infections on hiv acquisition in southern african women in the methods for improving reproductive health in africa study.	we assess the relative contribution of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted infections (stis) on hiv acquisition among southern african women in a nested case-control study within the methods for improving reproductive health in africa (mira) trial. cases were women with incident hiv infection; controls were hiv-uninfected at the time of case seroconversion selected in a 1 to 3 case to control ratio (risk-set sampling), matched on study site and time of follow-up. conditional logistic regres ...	2011	21515755
[meta-analysis on the incidence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.]	objective: to determine the global incidence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). methods: meta-analysis was performed to systematically and quantitatively review all the original research papers and reports that were published in 1990 - 2010 on the global incidence of hsv-2. pooled incidence, pooled hazard ratios, publication bias, heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis for those studies were calculated or conducted using stata 10.0. results: hsv-2 incidence varied considera ...	2011	21518628
conservation of multifunctional ribosomal protein metallopanstimulin-1 (rps27) through complex evolution demonstrates its key role in growth regulation in archaea, eukaryotic cells, dna repair, translation and viral replication.	when the functions of a protein serve a useful survival and unique purpose, the selective pressures of evolutionary laws of nature conserve the dna sequences encoding such proteins. in many instances, the conservation of these sequences has occurred since the inception of life on earth to the present in phylogenetically related species. the unique function(s) of metallopanstimulin (mps-1/rps27) ribosomal protein (rp) and a limited number of other rps, in growth regulation, and viral infection is ...	2011	21518817
herpes simplex virus type 2 and cancer: a medical geography approach.	herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) has been identified as a possible aetiological agent of cancer in humans, especially prostate cancer, but results remain controversial. here, we have addressed this question using a medical geography approach based on the national incidence of various cancers and seroprevalence of hsv-2 in 64 countries worldwide. we corrected reports of cancer incidence for national gross domestic product (gdp) because living in a wealthy nation likely increases the probabilit ...	2011	21524717
genital hsv detection among hiv-1-infected pregnant women in labor.	objective. to compare genital hsv shedding among hiv-positive and hiv-negative women. methods. women with and without known hiv infection who delivered at the university of washington medical center between 1989-1996 had hsv serologies done as part of clinical care. genital swabs from hsv-2-seropositive women were evaluated by real-time quantitative hsv dna pcr. results. hsv-2 seroprevalence was 71% and 30% among 75 hiv-positive and 3051 hiv-negative women, respectively, (p < .001). hsv was dete ...	2011	21527986
refractory pemphigus vulgaris associated with herpes infection: case report and review.	pemphigus vulgaris (pv) is an autoimmune disease characterized by blistering of the skin and mucosa, which develops due to the interaction between predisposing genetic and environmental factors. infections caused by members of the herpesviridae family have been suggested as a possible triggering factor for pv.	2011	21537760
a dual reporter cell assay for identifying serotype and drug susceptibility of herpes simplex virus.	a dual reporter cell assay (drca) that allows real-time detection of herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection was developed. this was achieved by stable transfection of cells with an expression cassette that contains the dual reporter genes, secreted alkaline phosphatase (seap) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp), under the control of an hsv early gene promoter. baby hamster kidney (bhk) and chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell lines were used as parental cell lines because the former is permi ...	2011	21549682
identification of a novel marine fish virus, singapore grouper iridovirus-encoded micrornas expressed in grouper cells by solexa sequencing.	micrornas (mirnas) are ubiquitous non-coding rnas that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. an increasing number of studies has revealed that viruses can also encode mirnas, which are proposed to be involved in viral replication and persistence, cell-mediated antiviral immune response, angiogenesis, and cell cycle regulation. singapore grouper iridovirus (sgiv) is a pathogenic iridovirus that has severely affected grouper aquaculture in china and southeast asia. comprehens ...	2011	21559453
performance of the bioplextm 2200 multiplexing immunoassay platform for the detection to herpes simplex virus type 2 specific antibodies in african settings.	the bioplex™ platform was evaluated for the detection of herpes simplex virus type-2 (hsv-2) antibodies in sub-saharan africa individuals with clinico-virological standards and compared to herpeselect®. the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 88.9% and 93.5% for bioplex™ and 89.9% and 92.7% for herpeselect®. the agreement between both assays was 95.7%.	2011	21562116
associations between herpes simplex virus type 2 and hcv with hiv among injecting drug users in new york city.	objectives. we examined relationships between herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), a biomarker for sexual risk, and hcv, a biomarker for injecting risk, with hiv among injecting drug users (idus) who began injecting after large-scale expansion of syringe exchange programs in new york city. methods. we recruited 337 heroin and cocaine users who began injecting in 1995 or later from persons entering drug detoxification. we administered a structured interview covering drug use and hiv risk behavior ...	2011	21566021
safety and efficacy of the hvtn 503/phambili study of a clade-b-based hiv-1 vaccine in south africa: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled test-of-concept phase 2b study.	background: the mrkad5 hiv-1 gag/pol/nef subtype b vaccine was designed to elicit t-cell-mediated immune responses capable of providing complete or partial protection from hiv-1 infection or a decrease in viral load after acquisition. we aim to assess the safety and efficacy of the vaccine in south africa, where the major circulating clade is subtype c. methods: we did a phase 2b double-blind, randomised test-of-concept study in sexually active hiv-1 seronegative participants at five sites in so ...	2011	21570355
quantitative and qualitative correlates of cervicovaginal herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding among hiv-infected women in the women's interagency hiv study.	we identified demographic, clinical and biological determinants of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) shedding among hiv-infected participants in the women's hiv interagency study (wihs). cervicovaginal lavage (cvl) specimens from 369 hiv-infected hsv seropositive women were tested with taqman polymerase chain reaction (prc) for detection hsv-2 dna. seven percent of women tested positive for hsv-2 dna in cvl. significant correlates of the presence of hsv-2 dna in cvl were being younger, african ...	2011	21571975
hsv neutralization by the microbicidal candidate c5a.	genital herpes is a major risk factor in acquiring human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) infection and is caused by both herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and hsv-2. the amphipathic peptide c5a, derived from the non-structural hepatitis c virus (hcv) protein 5a, was shown to prevent hiv-1 infection but neither influenza nor vesicular stomatitis virus infections. here we investigated the antiviral function of c5a on hsv infections. c5a efficiently inhibited both hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection ...	2011	21573158
design and evaluation of a multi-epitope assembly peptide (meap) against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in balb/c mice.	abstract: background: human herpes simplex virus (hsv) 1 and 2 causes oral, ocular, or genital infections, which remains a significant health problem worldwide. hsv-1 and -2 infections in humans range from localized skin infections of the oral, ocular, and genital regions to severe and often disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts. epitope based vaccination is a promising mean to achieve protective immunity and to avoid infections with human herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). method ...	2011	21575169
inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection by peptide-derivatized dendrimers.	in response to the need for new antiviral agents, dendrimer-based molecules have been recognized as having a large number of potential therapeutic applications. they include peptide derivatized-dendrimers: hyperbranched synthetic well-defined molecules which consist of a peptidyl branching core and covalently attached surface functional peptides. however, few studies have addressed their applications as direct-acting antiviral agents. here, we report on the ability of the peptide dendrimer sb105 ...	2011	21576438
inhibition of hiv transmission in human cervicovaginal explants and humanized mice using cd4 aptamer-sirna chimeras.	the continued spread of the hiv epidemic underscores the need to interrupt transmission. one attractive strategy is a topical vaginal microbicide. sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) in mice can be inhibited by intravaginal sirna application. to overcome the challenges of knocking down gene expression in immune cells susceptible to hiv infection, we used chimeric rnas composed of an aptamer fused to an sirna for targeted gene knockdown in cells bearing an aptamer-binding r ...	2011	21576818
association of low-risk human papillomavirus infection with male circumcision in young men: results from a longitudinal study conducted in orange farm (south africa).	background. low-risk human papillomavirus (lr-hpv) genotypes 6 and 11 cause genital warts. this study investigated the association of lr-hpv infection with male circumcision (mc). methods. we used data from the south african mc trial conducted among young men. urethral swabs, collected among intervention (circumcised) and control (uncircumcised) groups, were analyzed using hpv linear array. adjusted lr-hpv prevalence rate ratio (appr) and poisson mean ratio (apmr) of number of lr-hpv genotypes w ...	2011	21584275
prevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex infection among patients at high risk for hiv infection in brazil.	background herpes simplex infection is responsible for substantial morbidity in patients with hiv infection. data from less-developed countries analyzing risk factors within this population are largely unavailable. aims investigate the incidence and seroprevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 infection in populations at high and low risk for hiv infection. materials and methods a prospective cohort study was performed in a population at high risk for stds composed of 170 hiv seronegative male homosexua ...	2011	21595666
hsv serologic testing for pregnant women: willingness to be tested and factors affecting testing.	objective. this prospective study was undertaken to evaluate pregnant women's willingness to undergo hsv type-specific serologic testing and factors affecting willingness in an obstetrics/gynecology ambulatory unit. methods. at prenatal visit 1, pregnant women (n = 303) with no history of hsv-2 were tested for hsv-1/hsv-2 before and after they received counseling on genital and neonatal herpes. results. in both the unwilling subgroup and the group that changed from being willing to being unwilli ...	2011	21603233
antiviral activity of lactobacillus brevis towards herpes simplex virus type 2: role of cell wall associated components.	the aim of this research was to study the mechanisms of lactobacillus brevis antiviral activity towards hsv-2 and to identify the bacterial components responsible for the inhibiting effect. bacterial extract and cell walls were prepared by lysozyme digestion of l. brevis cells untreated or treated with licl to remove s-layer proteins. bacterial extract and cell wall fragments showed a dose dependent inhibitory effect on hsv-2 multiplication. in order to characterize the inhibitory activity of l. ...	2011	21621625
notoginsenoside st-4 inhibits virus penetration of herpes simplex virus in vitro.	further study on steam-treated notoginseng, the roots of panax notoginseng (burk.) f.h. chen (araliaceae), which is a famous traditional chinese medicine that is used both in raw and treated forms for a long time, led to the isolation of a new dammarane-type saponin, namely notoginsenoside st-4. its structure was elucidated to be 3β,12β,20(s)-tri-hydroxydammar-24-ene-3-o-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glu-copyranoside, based on the detailed analyses of the 1d and 2d nmr ...	2011	21623512
risk factors for hsv-2 infection among sexual partners of hsv-2/hiv-1 co-infected persons.		2011	21406077
hiv infection of dendritic cells subverts the ifn induction pathway via irf-1 and inhibits type 1 ifn production.	many viruses have developed mechanisms to evade the ifn response. here, hiv-1 was shown to induce a distinct subset of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs), without detectable type i or ii ifn. these isgs all contained an ifn regulatory factor 1 (irf-1) binding site in their promoters, and their expression was shown to be driven by irf-1, indicating this subset was induced directly by viral infection by irf-1. irf-1 and -7 protein expression was enriched in hiv p ...	2011	21411754
role of fas/fasl in regulation of inflammation in vaginal tissue during hsv-2 infection.	to assess the role of fas in lesion development during genital hsv-2 infection, we used a well-established hsv-2 murine model applied to mrl-fas(lpr)/j (fas-/-) and c3-fasl(gld)/j (fasl-/-) c57bl6 mice. in vitro infection of murine keratinocytes and epithelial cells was used to clarify molecular details of hsv-2 infection. despite upregulation of fas and fasl, hsv-2-infected keratinocytes and epithelial cells showed a moderate level of apoptosis due to upregulated expression of the anti-apoptoti ...	2011	21412278
a live-attenuated hsv-2 icp0 virus elicits 10 to 100 times greater protection against genital herpes than a glycoprotein d subunit vaccine.	glycoprotein d (gd-2) is the entry receptor of herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), and is the immunogen in the pharmaceutical industry's lead hsv-2 vaccine candidate. efforts to prevent genital herpes using gd-2 subunit vaccines have been ongoing for 20 years at a cost in excess of $100 million. to date, gd-2 vaccines have yielded equivocal protection in clinical trials. therefore, using a small animal model, we sought to determine if a live-attenuated hsv-2 icp0? virus would elicit better protectio ...	2011	21412438
[recurrent episodes of headache].	mollaret's meningitis is a recurrent meningitis, usually caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. symptoms are typical for meningitis, but other causes for recurrent and chronic meningitis have to be excluded in the cerebrospinal fluid. usually mollaret's meningitis is a benign form of meningitis without sequelae. there are no evidence-based data about therapy because of few reported cases.	2011	21412749
herpes simplex virus infections among rural residents in eastern china.	herpes simplex virus (hsv) has two types: hsv-1 and hsv-2. both infect epithelial cells and establish latent infections in neurons causing an infection that persists for life. information on age- and gender-specific seroprevalence of hsv-1 and hsv-2 is valuable for understanding hsv transmission dynamics and designing population-based prevention and intervention programs for hsv. however, such information is not available for china.	2011	21414231
subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in all stages of hiv infection.	analysis of 200 paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from 180 hiv-positive individuals, 136 of whom had aids, revealed intrathecal synthesis of antibodies specific for varicella zoster virus (vzv) in 28 (16%) individuals, measles virus in 15 (8%), herpes simplex virus-1 (hsv-1) in 1 (0.6%), and hsv-2 in none. of the 28 subjects with a positive vzv antibody specificity index, only 1 had zoster rash at the time of serum and csf sampling; of the total 180 hiv-positive subjects, 146 (8 ...	2011	21419427
multiple viral coinfections among hiv/aids patients in china.	a cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine seroprevalence and correlates of coinfections of hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), epstein-bar virus (ebv), herpes simplex virus including type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2) among human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) patients in china. a total of 1,110 hiv/aids patients from shanxi (central area, n = 287), zhejiang (eastern area, n = 163), yunnan (southwestern area, n = 300) and xinjiang (n ...	2011	21422594
the alphaherpesvirus serine/threonine kinase us3 disrupts promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies.	us3, a serine/threonine kinase encoded by all alphaherpesviruses, plays diverse roles during virus infection, including preventing virus-induced apoptosis, facilitating nuclear egress of capsids, stimulating mrna translation and promoting cell-to-cell spread of virus infection. given this diversity, the full spectrum of us3 function may not yet be recognized. we noted, in transiently transfected cells, that herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) us3 disrupted promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear ...	2011	21430051
ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15%: in acute herpetic keratitis (dendritic ulcers).	dendritic epithelial keratitis is most commonly caused by infections of herpes simplex virus (hsv) type 1 (hsv-1), and less frequently by hsv type 2 (hsv-2). ganciclovir, a guanosine nucleoside analogue, is a well established broad-spectrum antiviral agent that inhibits replication of viral dna and is active against both hsv-1 and -2 and several other viruses. ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15% is a five-times-daily topical preparation that is indicated for the treatment of acute herpetic keratiti ...	2011	21443283
rapid clearance of herpes simplex virus type 2 by cd8+ t cells requires high level expression of effector t cell functions.	cd8(+) t cells are important for resolution of hsv-2 lesions from the female genital epithelium. it is uncertain whether optimal clearance of viruses such as hsv-2 that cause a limited, non-systemic infection solely requires expression of effector functions by infiltrating cd8(+) t lymphocytes, or if the clearance rate is reflective of the expression level of critical effector functions. to address this, cd8(+) t cells from normal ot-i mice or ot-i mice deficient in ifn? (ifn?(-/-)) or the ifn? ...	2011	21444117
the effect of the vaginal diaphragm and lubricant gel on acquisition of hsv-2.	in the context of a multisite hiv prevention trial in southern african women, we examined the effectiveness of the ortho all-flex diaphragm, lubricant gel (replens) and condoms compared to condoms alone on the incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) infections.	2011	21447515
virucidal activity of the dendrimer microbicide spl7013 against hiv-1.	topical microbicides for use by women to prevent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted infections are urgently required. dendrimers are highly branched nanoparticles being developed as microbicides. spl7013 is a dendrimer with broad-spectrum activity against hiv type i (hiv-1) and -2 (hiv-2), herpes simplex viruses type-1 (hsv-1) and -2 (hsv-2) and human papillomavirus. spl7013 [3% (w/w)] has been formulated in a mucoadhesive carbopol gel (vivagel® ...	2011	21459115
genital herpes testing among persons living with hiv.	this cross-sectional survey explored the frequency of genital herpes testing among 110 people living with hiv (plwh) and reported barriers and facilitators related to testing. forty-four percent of the respondents had not been tested for genital herpes since receiving an hiv diagnosis, 34% had been tested, and 22% preferred not to say. respondents' most frequently cited factors affecting a decision to not be tested were: (a) testing not being recommended by a provider, (b) not having herpes symp ...	2011	21459624
high prevalent and incident hiv-1 and herpes simplex virus 2 infection among male migrant and non-migrant sugar farm workers in zambia.	more insight is needed regarding risk factors for prevalent and incident hiv-1 infection among male farm workers in sub-saharan africa to control the hiv-1 epidemic.	2011	21459898
single tube multiplex real-time pcr for the rapid detection of herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system.	human herpesvirus infection of immunocompromised hosts may lead to central nervous system (cns) infection and diseases. in this study, a single tube multiplex real-time pcr was developed for the detection of five herpesviruses (hsv-1, hsv-2, vzv, ebv and cmv) in clinical cerebrospinal fluid (csf) specimens. two primer pairs specific for the herpesvirus polymerase gene and five hybridization probe pairs for the specific identification of the herpesvirus types were used in a lightcycler multiplex ...	2011	21466846
effects of electrolytes on virus inactivation by acidic solutions.	acidic ph is frequently used to inactivate viruses. we have previously shown that arginine synergizes with low ph in enhancing virus inactivation. considering a potential application of the acid inactivation of viruses for the prevention and treatment of superficial virus infection at body surfaces and fixtures, herein we have examined the effects of various electrolytes on the acid-induced inactivation of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), the influenza a virus (iav) an ...	2011	21468540
generation of neutralising aptamers against hsv-2: potential components of multivalent microbicides.	the prophylactic use of topical antiviral agents has recently been validated by the reduction in hiv-1 infection incidence seen using tonofovir-containing microbicides. in order to develop a wide-spectrum microbicide to prevent infection with a wide range of sexually transmitted viruses, we have previously reported the development of hiv-neutralizing aptamers, and here report the isolation and characterization of aptamers that neutralize herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2). these aptamers bind t ...	2011	21471320
impact of herpes simplex virus type 2 on hiv-1 acquisition and progression in an hiv vaccine trial (the step study).	introduction:: extensive observational data suggest that hsv-2 infection may facilitate hiv acquisition, increase hiv viral load, and accelerate hiv progression and onward transmission. to explore these relationships, we examined the impact of pre-existing hsv-2 infection in an international hiv vaccine trial. methods:: we analyzed the associations between prevalent hsv-2 infection and hiv-1 acquisition and progression among 1836 men who have sex with men (msm). we used cox proportional hazards ...	2011	21471819
nk cells require type i ifn receptor for antiviral responses during genital hsv-2 infection.	type i interferon (ifn) signalling, nk cells and nk cell-derived ifn-γ are critical in the early control of genital hsv-2 infection. we have recently reported that nk cells are the source of early ifn-γ in the genital tract in response to hsv-2. however, the response of nk cells to genital hsv-2 infection is not well defined in the context of type i ifn signalling. here we show that hsv-2 replication was significantly higher in mice deficient in the type i ifn receptor or nk cells compared to wi ...	2011	21477795
herpes simplex virus encephalitis: new infection or reactivation?	this review describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, course, and therapy of herpes simplex encephalitis (hse), the most fatal viral encephalitis, in which prognosis is dependent on early diagnosis and effective therapy.	2011	21483260
herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry into human primary macrophages.	abstract: epidemiological and clinical data indicate that genital ulcer disease (gud) pathogens are associated with an increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) acquisition and/or transmission. among them, genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) seems to play a relevant role. indeed, the ability of hsv-2 to induce massive infiltration at the genital level of cells which are potential targets for hiv-1 infection may represent one of the mechanisms involved in this process. ...	2011	21486479
genital shedding of herpes simplex virus among symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with hsv-2 infection.	since herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) antibody tests have become commercially available, an increasing number of persons have learned that they have genital herpes through serologic testing. the course of natural history of hsv-2 in asymptomatic, seropositive persons is uncertain.	2011	21486977
natalizumab and hsv meningitis.	natalizumab (tysabri, biogen idec and elan pharmaceuticals) is a monoclonal antibody approved for use in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (ms) as well as moderate to severe crohn's disease. we report the first case of a patient with a history of ms, on monthly natalizumab, who developed hsv-2 meningitis. we discuss the mechanism of action of natalizumab and review what is known about the reactivation of herpes infection in association with this medication. the question of herpes simple ...	2011	21487835
herpes simplex encephalitis : from virus to therapy.	herpes simplex virus (hsv) is the cause of herpes simplex encephalitis (hse), a devastating human disease which occurs in 2-4 cases per million/year. hse results either from a primary infection or virus reactivation, in accordance with the common pattern of hsv infection which is a chronic lifelong process. however its pathophysiology remains largely unknown and its poor prognosis is in contrast with the usually good tolerance of most clinical herpetic manifestations. hse is due to hsv type 1 (h ...	2011	21488834
seroprevalence, predictors and estimated incidence of maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in semi-urban women in kilifi, kenya.	abstract: background: herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) has public health importance as a leading cause of genital ulcers, a co-factor in hiv-1 acquisition and transmission and as a cause of neonatal herpes infections. little is known of its epidemiology and burden in coastal kenya. methods: we screened plasma samples for hsv-2 infection from 826 women aged 15-34 years who participated in an hiv-1 survey in kilifi in 2004. the sample comprised 563 women selected randomly from a demographic sur ...	2011	21627803
herpes simplex virus type 2 virion host shutoff protein suppresses innate dsrna anti-viral pathways in human vaginal epithelial cells.	viruses that establish persistent infections have evolved numerous strategies to evade host innate antiviral responses. we functionally assessed the role of hsv-2 virion host shutoff (vhs) protein on innate immune sensing pathways in human vaginal epithelial (vk2) cells. infection of cells with wt hsv-2 significantly decreased expression of tlr2, tlr3, rig-i and mda-5 relative to cells infected with a mutant that lacks vhs (vhsb) or mock. transfection with hsv-2 vhs similarly decreased expressio ...	2011	21632561
the role of co-infections in hiv epidemic trajectory and positive prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	objectives:: recurrent or persistent co-infections may increase hiv viral load (vl) and, consequently, risk of hiv transmission, thus increasing hiv incidence. we evaluated the association between malaria, hsv-2 and tb co-infections and their treatment on hiv vl. design:: systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of malaria, hsv-2 and tuberculosis co-infections and their treatment on hiv vl. methods:: punmed and embase databases were searched to february 10 2010 for studies in adult ...	2011	21633287
herpes simplex virus type 2, genital ulcers and hiv-1 disease progression in postpartum women.	co-infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) has been associated with increased hiv-1 rna levels and immune activation, two predictors of hiv-1 progression. the impact of hsv-2 on clinical outcomes among hiv-1 infected pregnant women is unclear.	2011	21637835
herpes simplex encephalitis in patients with cancer.	case reports and animal models suggest that chemotherapy, corticosteroids and radiotherapy (rt) may increase the risk of herpes simplex encephalitis (hse). we retrospectively examined cases of hse at an academic hospital devoted to cancer care. patients were identified by positive herpes simplex virus (hsv) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) or by brain pathology. there were seven patients with hse over a 12 year period, four of whom had received cranial rt. during this ...	2011	21637964
patterns of herpes simplex virus shedding over 1 month and the impact of acyclovir and hiv in hsv-2-seropositive women in tanzania.	few studies have examined the frequency and duration of genital herpes simplex virus (hsv) shedding in sub-saharan africa. this study describes hsv shedding patterns among a sample of hsv-2-seropositive women enrolled in a placebo-controlled trial of hsv suppressive therapy (acyclovir 400 mg twice a day) in tanzania.	2011	21653932
comparison of a conventional polymerase chain reaction with real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of neurotropic viruses in cerebrospinal fluid samples.	to compare a conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and real-time pcr for the detection of neurotropic dna viruses.	2011	21654102
determinants of differential hiv incidence among women in three southern african locations.	introduction:: we explored factors associated with differential hiv incidence among women participating in a hiv prevention trial in harare, durban, and johannesburg. the trial had shown no effect of the intervention (diaphragm and lubricant gel) on hiv incidence. methods:: a prospective cohort analysis was conducted of trial participants followed for 12-24 months. sociodemographic, biological, and behavioral data were collected at baseline and at quarterly visits. factors associated with hiv in ...	2011	21654502
characterization of herpes simplex virus clinical isolate y3369 as a glycoprotein g variant and its bearing on virus typing.	herpes simplex viruses exist as two major serotypes, type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2). determination of type, either hsv-1 or hsv-2, is important in accurate diagnosis and clinical control of transmission. several tests are available for typing hsv, including a monoclonal antibody specific for glycoprotein g and several pcr assays.	2011	21658271
synthesis of enantiomerically pure d- and l-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl carbanucleosides and their antiviral evaluation.	based upon the fact that l-nucleosides have been generally known to be less cytotoxic than d-counterparts, l-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl carbanucleoside derivatives with a fixed north conformation were designed and synthesized by employing a novel synthetic strategy starting from (r)-epichlorohydrin in order to search for new anti-hiv agents with high potency and less cytotoxicity. a tandem alkylation, ╬│-lactonization, a chemoselective reduction of ester in the presence of ╬│-lactone functional group ...	2011	21658957
prevalence and risk factors for herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in east croatia.	the aim of the study was to establish the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) among sexually active adults from east croatia and to evaluate its correlates with demographic and behavioural risk factors. this cross-sectional study was conducted from the 1st june until the 30th september 2005 at the department of transfusion medicine, osijek university hospital center. the study included 423 blood donors composed of 366 (86.5%) men and 57 (13.5%) women. demographic data and data ...	2011	21661348
microarray profiling analysis uncovers common molecular mechanisms of rubella virus, human cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in ecv304 cells.	to study the common molecular mechanisms of various viruses infections that might result in congential cardiovascular diseases in perinatal period, changes in mrna expression levels of ecv304 cells infected by rubella virus (rubv), human cytomegalovirus (hcmv), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2) were analyzed using a microarray system representing 18,716 human genes. 99 genes were found to exhibit differential expression (80 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated). biological process analysis s ...	2011	21663589
meta-analysis of randomized trials on the association of prophylactic acyclovir and hiv-1 viral load in individuals coinfected with herpes simplex virus-2.	to summarize the randomized evidence regarding the association between acyclovir use and hiv-1 replication as measured by plasma hiv-1 rna viral load among individuals coinfected with herpes simplex virus (hsv)-2.	2011	21666542
topical cream-based oxyresveratrol in the treatment of cutaneous hsv-1 infection in mice.	anti-herpes simplex virus (hsv) activities of oxyresveratrol in vitro and topical administration in cutaneous hsv-1 infection in mice were examined. the inhibitory concentrations for 50% plaque formation (ic(50)) of oxyresveratrol against hsv-1 clinical isolates and hsv-2 clinical isolates were 20.9-29.5 and 22.2-27.5 ╬╝g/ml, respectively. in topical administration in cutaneous hsv-1 infection in mice, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% oxyresveratrol in cream vehicle applied three times daily for 7 days aft ...	2011	21669230
seroepidemiological survey of transmissible infectious diseases in a portuguese prison establishment.	a cross-sectional study was conducted in 151 (71.6%) of 211 male inmates of a regional portuguese prison in order to establish the seroprevalence for viral hepatitis (hav, hbv, hcv), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), syphilis and herpes simplex virus (hsv-1 and hsv-2) and to analyze some psychosocial and criminal characteristics. mean age was 34 years. anti-hav was positive in 69.5% (n = 105) and in 34.4% (n = 52) for anti-hcv. one (0.7%) person had hbsag and 29 (19.2%) had laboratory markers ...	2011	21670930
endometrial epithelial cell responses to coinfecting viral and bacterial pathogens in the genital tract can activate the hiv-1 ltr in an nf{kappa}b-and ap-1-dependent manner.	sexually transmitted infections (stis) are associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) susceptibility and viral shedding in the genital tract, but the mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood.	2011	21673042
genital herpes in children under 11 years and investigations for sexual abuse.	the implications for sexual abuse investigation of genital herpes in a child are uncertain because of a lack of good quality research evidence. the incidence, presenting features, history of exposure, indicators of child maltreatment and outcomes of child protection investigations in children with genital herpes are described.	2011	21673184
hsv-2 glycoprotein c subunit immunization combined with glycoprotein d improves the protection of dorsal root ganglia in mice and reduces the frequency of recurrent vaginal shedding of hsv-2 dna in guinea pigs compared with glycoprotein d alone.	attempts to develop a vaccine to prevent genital hsv-2 disease have been only marginally successful, suggesting that novel strategies are needed. immunization with hsv-2 glycoproteins c (gc-2) and d (gd-2) was evaluated in mice and guinea pigs to determine whether adding gc-2 to a gd-2 subunit vaccine improves protection by producing antibodies that block gc-2 immune evasion from complement. antibodies produced by gc-2 immunization blocked the interaction between gc-2 and complement c3b, and pas ...	2011	21813597
synthesis and antiviral activity of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives.	a series of novel 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives were synthesized via chemical optimization on phthiobuzone. their anti-herpes simplex virus (hsv) activities in vitro were also tested. several compounds exhibited more highly potent anti-hsv activity and much higher selectivity index (si) values than those of phthiobuzone. the most potent anti-hsv compound was 4f, which showed marked inhibition against hsv-1 (ic(50)=77.04 µg/ml) and hsv-2 (ic(50)=30.00 µg/ml). meanwhile it had low cytotoxicity (cc ...	2011	21804247
evaluation of a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay stdfinder for the simultaneous detection of 7 sexually transmitted disease pathogens.	we evaluated a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr), "stdfinder assay", a novel multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (mlpa) assay for the simultaneous detection of 7 clinically relevant pathogens of stds, i.e., neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis, mycoplasma genitalium, treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and hsv-2). an internal amplification control was included in the mpcr reaction. the limits of detection for t ...	2011	21798683
synthesis, antiviral and cytotoxic investigation of 2-phenyl-3-substituted quinazolin-4(3h)-ones.	a series of 3(benzylideneamino)-2-phenyl quinazoline-4(3h)-ones was synthesized by reaction of 3-amino-2-phenyl-3h-quinazoline-4-one with various carbonyl compounds.	2011	21796872
expression of hsv-1 encoded mirnas in human trigeminal ganglia and their relation to local t-cell infiltrates.	herpes simplex type-1 (hsv-1) is a neurotropic virus which establishes lifelong latency in human trigeminal ganglia (tg). currently, two non-exclusive control mechanisms of hsv-1 latency are discussed: anti-viral cd8(+) t cells and viral micro rnas (mirna) encoded by the latency associated transcript (lat). here we investigate to what extent these mechanisms may contribute to the maintenance of hsv-1 latency. in the current study we show, that only a small proportion of lat(+) neurons is surroun ...	2011	21795359
hvem and nectin-1 mediate hsv-1 infection of the murine cornea.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that enters cells by receptor mediated fusion of the viral envelope with a host cell membrane. the envelope glycoprotein gd of hsv must bind to one of its receptors for entry to take place. recent studies using knock-out mice demonstrated that the gd receptors, herpes virus entry mediator (hvem) and nectin-1, are the primary entry receptors for hsv-2 in the mouse vagina and brain. nectin-1 was most crucial for neuronal spread of ...	2011	21795335