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dual roles of cd40 on microbial containment and the development of immunopathology in response to persistent fungal infection in the lung.persistent pulmonary infection with cryptococcus neoformans in c57bl/6 mice results in chronic inflammation that is characterized by an injurious th2 immune response. in this study, we performed a comparative analysis of cryptococcal infection in wild-type versus cd40-deficient mice (in a c57bl/6 genetic background) to define two important roles of cd40 in the modulation of fungal clearance as well as th2-mediated immunopathology. first, cd40 promoted microanatomic containment of the organism wi ...201020864680
aids‐associated cryptococcus neoformans and penicillium marneffei coinfection: a therapeutic dilemma in resource‐limited settings.aids‐associated cryptococcus neoformans and penicillium marneffei coinfection has not been adequately studied and poses unique therapeutic challenges in resource‐limited settings. itraconazole poorly penetrates the central nervous system, whereas fluconazole has poor activity against p. marneffei. we prospectively report management of 1 patient and retrospectively review 7 coinfection cases from vietnam.201020887205
eosinophilia, meningitis and pulmonary nodules in a young woman. 201020889522
granulysin production and anticryptococcal activity is dependent upon a far upstream enhancer that binds stat5 in human peripheral blood cd4+ t cells.previous studies have demonstrated that stat5 is critical for expression of granulysin and antimicrobial activity. because the signaling pathway and the resultant microbicidal activity are defective in hiv-infected patients, the mechanism by which stat5 leads to granulysin expression is of great interest. in the current study, il-2-stimulated crl-2105 cd4(+) t cells expressed granulysin and killed cryptococcus neoformans similar to primary cd4(+) t cells. the enhancer activity of the upstream el ...201020889547
the vacuolar ca²(+) exchanger vcx1 is involved in calcineurin-dependent ca²(+) tolerance and virulence in cryptococcus neoformans.cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that causes a life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals. the ability to survive and proliferate at the human body temperature is an essential virulence attribute of this pathogen. this trait is controlled in part by the ca²(+)-calcineurin pathway, which senses and utilizes cytosolic calcium for signaling. in the present study, the identification of the c. neoformans gene vcx1, which encodes a vacuolar calcium exchanger, ...201020889719
sphingolipid signaling in fungal pathogens.sphingolipid involvement in infectious disease is a new and exciting branch of research. various microbial pathogens have been shown to synthesize their own sphingolipids and some have evolved methods to "hijack" host sphingolipids for their own use. for instance, sphingomonas species are bacterial pathogens that lack the lipopolysaccharide component typical but instead contain glycosphingolipids (kawahara 1991, 2006). in terms of sphingolipid signaling and function, perhaps the best-studied gro ...201020919658
microsatellite typing and susceptibilities of serial cryptococcus neoformans isolates from cuban patients with recurrent cryptococcal meningitis.cryptococcus neoformans is commonly associated with meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients and occasionally in apparently healthy individuals. recurrence of infection after initial treatment is not uncommon. we studied c. neoformans isolates from 7 cuban patients with recurrent cryptococcal meningitis. antifungal susceptibility and genotyping with microsatellite molecular typing were carried out.201020920321
interleukin-17 is not required for classical macrophage activation in a pulmonary mouse model of cryptococcus neoformans infection.cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes disease in individuals with suppressed cell-mediated immunity. recent studies in our laboratory have shown that increases in pulmonary th1-type and interleukin-17a (il-17a) cytokine production, classical macrophage activation, and sterilizing immunity are elicited in response to infection with a gamma interferon (ifn-γ)-producing c. neoformans strain, h99γ. il-17a-treated macrophages, compared to il-4-treated macrophages, ha ...201020921149
[disseminated papules in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia].cryptococcosis most commonly occurs in immunosuppressed patients. the pathogen is the yeast cryptococcus neoformans. this article reports on the case of a 20-year-old female patient with acute myeloid leukemia who suddenly developed disseminated livid red papules and papulovesicles. the clinical picture and in particular the histopathology findings led to the diagnosis of cutaneous cryptococcosis, which was successfully treated with amphotericin b. for the differential diagnosis generalized herp ...201020927503
three cases of fungemia in hiv-infected patients diagnosed through the use of mycobacterial blood culture bottles.we treated three cases of fungemia in hiv-infected patients. these cases were caused by candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, and penicillium marneffei, respectively, and all were diagnosed through the use of mycobacterial blood culture bottles. although the detection of the etiologic agents of fungal infection is difficult, it has been shown that blood culture media for mycobacteria are more effective for the detection of fungemia than media for aerobes and anaerobes. some reports have sho ...201020930451
pulmonary cryptococcosis misdiagnosed as smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis with fatal consequences.hiv-associated pulmonary cryptococcosis is under diagnosed, and may progress to fatal meningoencephalitis. we present a case of hiv-associated pulmonary cryptococcus neoformans infection, initially mis-diagnosed as smear-negative pulmonary tb, which progressed to fatal cryptococcal meningitis. autopsy series suggest that pulmonary cryptococcosis is common in african aids patients, and, due to limited diagnostic capacity, often mis-diagnosed as smear negative tb. serum cryptococcal antigen testin ...201020932485
synthesis and antifungal activity of a novel series of 13-(4-isopropylbenzyl)berberine derivatives.by replacing the methyl group of 13-(4-isopropylbenzyl)berberine 2 with various acyl, alkyl, and benzyl groups via the demethylated intermediate, 13-(4-isopropylbenzyl)berberrubine 4, a novel series of 9-o-alkyl-13-(4-isopropylbenzyl)berberine derivatives was synthesized and examined for antifungal activities against various human pathogenic fungi. the introduction of various alkyl groups led to enhanced antifungal activity but that of acyl groups resulted in decrease of the activity. among them ...201020932752
synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of novel fluoroquinolone derivatives.a series of 1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-4-oxo-7(4-aryl piperazin-1-yl) 1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives (6a-f) and 1-ethyl-6,8-difluoro-4-oxo-7(4-piperidin-1-yl) 1,4-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid derivatives (7a-e) were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities. the antimicrobial activities of the compounds were assessed by the microbroth dilution technique. the compounds were also evaluated for antifungal activity against candida albicans (atcc 9002 ...201020933306
epidemiology of cryptococcal infection in hospitalized children.cryptococcus neoformans is a common opportunistic infection in adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), but cryptococcal infection (ci) has also been recognized in hiv-negative patients. despite the fact that many studies were conducted in adults, limited data exist for pediatric patients.201020935590
azole drugs are imported by facilitated diffusion in candida albicans and other pathogenic fungi.despite the wealth of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of action and the mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungals, very little is known about how the azoles are imported into pathogenic fungal cells. here the in-vitro accumulation and import of fluconazole (flc) was examined in the pathogenic fungus, candida albicans. in energized cells, flc accumulation correlates inversely with expression of atp-dependent efflux pumps. in de-energized cells, all strains accumulate flc, suggesting that f ...201020941354
[cryptococcosis]. 201020942056
yield, content, and composition of peppermint and spearmints as a function of harvesting time and drying.peppermint ( mentha × piperita l.) and spearmints ('scotch' spearmint, m. × gracilis sole, and 'native' spearmint, mentha spicata l.) are widely grown essential oil crops in more northern latitudes; however, there is limited information on how harvest time and drying influence peppermint and spearmint yield, oil composition, and bioactivity, when grown south of the 41st parallel. in this 2-year study, the effects of harvest time and drying on the yield, oil composition, and bioactivity of pepper ...201020942459
molecular characterization and evaluation of virulence factors of cryptococcus laurentii and cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from external hospital areas.cryptococcosis is a common opportunistic fungal infection that is mainly caused by the species cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii, but there have recently been several reports of infection by non-neoformans cryptococcus species. the aims of this study were to genetically characterize cryptococcus spp. isolated from external hospital areas in minas gerais state, brazil, and to evaluate their pathogenic potential, analyzing their phospholipase and melanin production and the capacity f ...201020943154
synthesis of new antifungal peptides selective against cryptococcus neoformans.many drugs are available for the treatment of systemic or superficial mycoses, but only a limited number of them are effective antifungal drugs, devoid of toxic and undesirable side effects. furthermore, resistance development and fungistatic rather than fungicidal activities represent limitations of current antifungal therapy. therefore there remains an urgent need for a new generation of antifungal agents. according to a polypharmacological approach, the present work concerns the synthesis and ...201020943406
applying genetics and molecular biology to the study of the human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.the basidiomycete yeast crytococcus neoformans is a prominent human pathogen. it primarily infects immunocompromised individuals producing a meningoencephalitis that is lethal if untreated. recent advances in its genetics and molecular biology have made it a model system for understanding both the basidiomycota phylum and mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis. the relative ease of experimental manipulation coupled with the development of murine models for human disease allow for powerful studies in ...201020946836
identification of a passiflora alata curtis dimeric peptide showing identity with 2s albumins.antifungal proteins and peptides, essential compounds for plant defense, have been isolated from several tissues of various plants. these proteins could be used as a natural alternative to control phytopathogenic fungi. in this report a heterodimeric antifungal protein named pa-afp1, showing higher identity with the 2s albumin family, was purified by using 70-100% ammonium sulfate saturation and further purification steps such as anionic exchange q-sepharose chromatography associated with hplc r ...201020955745
occam's razor... blunted.occam's razor, [when there are two competing theories making the same prediction, the simpler one is chosen], is a popular method in making clinical diagnosis. this theory gets 'blunted' in our case report, as our immunocompromised patient was found to have multiple non-related aetiologies for a single pathological event.201020962175
sudden blindness due to bilateral optic neuropathy associated with cryptococcal meningitis in an aids patient.cryptococcosis is one of the most frequent and severe aids defining illnesses.201020965271
ste50 adaptor protein governs sexual differentiation of cryptococcus neoformans via the pheromone-response mapk signaling pathway.the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways control diverse cellular functions in pathogenic fungi, including sexual differentiation, stress response, and maintenance of cell wall integrity. here we characterized a cryptococcus neoformans gene, which is homologous to the yeast ste50 that is known to play an important role in mating pheromone response and stress response as an adaptor protein to the ste11 mapk kinase kinase in saccharomyces cerevisiae. the c. neoformans ste50 was not inv ...201020971202
cryptococcal retropharyngeal abscess.cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes a variety of diseases in immunosuppressed patients. we describe a patient with sarcoidosis and odynophagia admitted with a large retropharyngeal abscess. aspiration showed budding yeast and culture identified c. neoformans, confirmed by d2 large subunit rrna gene sequencing.201020971444
combination efficacy of voriconazole and amphotericin b in the experimental disease in immunodeficient mice caused by fluconazole-resistant cryptococcus neoformans.the therapeutic efficacy of amphotericin b and voriconazole alone and in combination with one another were evaluated in immunodeficient mice (balb/c-scid) infected with a fluconazole-resistant strain of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. the animals were infected intravenously with 3 × 10(5) cells and intraperitoneally treated with amphotericin b (1.5 mg/kg/day) in combination with voriconazole (40 mg/kg/days). treatment began 1 day after inoculation and continued for 7 and 15 days post-inocul ...201020972836
analyses of pediatric isolates of cryptococcus neoformans from south africa.compared to the incidence in adults, cryptococcosis is inexplicably rare among children, even in sub-saharan africa, which has the highest prevalence of coinfection with hiv and cryptococcus neoformans. to explore any mycological basis for this age-related difference in the incidence of cryptococcosis, we investigated isolates of c. neoformans recovered from pediatric and adult patients during a 2-year period in south africa. from reports to the group for enteric, respiratory, and meningeal dise ...201020980574
chemical composition and biological assays of essential oils of calamintha nepeta (l.) savi subsp. nepeta (lamiaceae).aerial parts of wild calamintha nepeta (l.) savi subsp. nepeta growing spontaneously on the mediterranean coast (sardinia island, italy) and on the atlantic coast (portugal) were used as a matrix for the supercritical extraction of volatile oil with co(2). the collected extracts were analysed by gc-fid and gc-ms methods and their compositions were compared with that of the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation, but the differences were not relevant. a strong chemical variability was observ ...201020981614
synthesis and antimicrobial studies of novel 2,4-diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one 4'-phenylthiosemicarbazones.new series of 2,4-diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one 4'-phenylthiosemicarbazones (compounds 9-16) was obtained from the corresponding 2,4-diaryl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-ones. the synthesized compounds have been characterized by their elemental, analytical, and spectral studies. besides, these reported compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against a spectrum of microbial organisms. these studies proved that against bacteria, compounds 10 and 11 against ba ...201021028943
establishing an unusual cell type: how to make a dikaryon.the dikaryons of basidiomycete fungi represent an unusual cell type required for complete sexual development. dikaryon formation occurs via the activities of cell type-specific homeodomain transcription factors, which form regulatory complexes to establish the dikaryotic state. decades of classical genetic and cell biological studies in mushrooms have provided a foundation for more recent molecular studies in the pathogenic species ustilago maydis and cryptococcus neoformans. studies in these sy ...201021036099
assessment of constitutive activity of a g protein-coupled receptor, cpr2, in cryptococcus neoformans by heterologous and homologous methods.g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) comprise the largest superfamily of cell surface receptors and are primary targets for drug development. a variety of detection systems have been reported to study ligand-gpcr interactions. using saccharomyces cerevisiae to express foreign proteins has long been appreciated for its low cost, simplicity, and conserved cellular pathways. the yeast pheromone-responsive pathway has been utilized to assess a range of different gpcrs. we have identified a pheromone- ...201021036243
rat eosinophils stimulate the expansion of cryptococcus neoformans-specific cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells with a t-helper 1 profile.experimental cryptococcus neoformans infection in rats has been shown to have similarities with human cryptococcosis, revealing a strong granulomatous response and a low susceptibility to dissemination. moreover, it has been shown that eosinophils are components of the inflammatory response to c. neoformans infections. in this in vitro study, we demonstrated that rat peritoneal eosinophils phagocytose opsonized live yeasts of c. neoformans, and that the phenomenon involves the engagement of fcγr ...201021039463
disseminated cryptococcosis and fluconazole resistant oral candidiasis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).disseminated cryptococcosis and recurrent oral candidiasis was presented in a-heterosexual aids patient. candida tropicalis (c.tropicalis) was isolated from the oral pseudomembranous plaques and cryptococcus neoformans (c. neoformans) was isolated from maculopapular lesions on body parts (face, hands and chest) and body fluids (urine, expectorated sputum, and cerebrospinal fluid). in vitro drug susceptibility testing on the yeast isolates demonstrated resistance to fluconazole acquired by c. tro ...201021045363
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presenting as marrow cryptococcosis. 201021045485
expression of truncated tobacco osmotin in escherichia coli: purification and antifungal activity.purpose of work: tobacco osmotin is a functional homolog of mammalian adiponectin, and has antifungal activity. this work was undertaken to produce recombinant osmotin that has previously been unsuccessful because of its toxicity. expression of recombinant tobacco osmotin (rosm) in escherichia coli inclusion bodies has been achieved. the optimal ph for rosm expression in zym 505 medium is 7.0 at od(650) of 1.5 of culture growth. the rosm from the inclusion body was extracted with 8 m urea, and p ...201021046196
cryptococcus peritonitis a rare manifestation in hiv positive host: a case report.cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast found ubiquitously in the environment and causes serious infections in immunocompromised populations. disseminated disease is uncommon and very rarely manifests as peritonitis. we report a case of cryptococcal peritonitis in a hiv positive patient, who presented with distention of abdomen, vomiting, and dyspnoea, where the diagnosis was made on cytological smears of ascitic fluid. the importance of making a quick diagnosis utilizing cytological sm ...201021046602
[endophytic fungi from ginkgo biloba and their biological activities].to research the isolation method, identification and screen for bioactivities endophytic fungi from ginkgo.201021046747
isolation of cryptococcus neoformans in dry droppings of captive birds in santiago, chile.to investigate the prevalence of cryptococcus in droppings from captive birds in chile, dry droppings from 113 captive birds of various species were cultured for cryptococcus neoformans. the yeast was recovered from 17 of the 113 samples (15% [95% confidence intervals, 8.4%-21.6%]). other yeast organisms recovered from psittacine bird droppings were cryptococcus albidus and cryptococcus uniguttulatus. secreted phospholipase has been proposed as a virulence determinant in c neoformans. phospholip ...201021046943
phytochemical investigations of stemona curtisii and synthetic studies on stemocurtisine alkaloids.the isolation of two new stemona alkaloids, 1-hydroxyprotostemonine and stemocurtisine n-oxide, and a new benzofuran, stemofuran l, from the root extracts of stemona curtisii is reported. the major known alkaloids from this plant extract, stemocurtisine, stemocurtisinol, and oxyprotostemonine, were also isolated along with oxystemokerrine n-oxide. the nonalkaloid components of this extract included a new benzofuran derivative, stemofuran l, the known stemofurans f, j, and k, dihydro-γ-tocopherol ...201021049906
combined intra- and extracranial cryptococcal infection of a 20-year-old patient in right temporal area. 201021050645
cryptococcal osteomyelitis of the rib diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology. 201021053599
fatal spontaneous cryptococcal peritonitis in a woman with decompensated liver cirrhosis. 201021053617
the snf1 gene of ustilago maydis acts as a dual regulator of cell wall degrading enzymes.many fungal plant pathogens are known to produce extracellular enzymes that degrade cell wall elements required for host penetration and infection. due to gene redundancy, single gene deletions generally do not address the importance of these enzymes in pathogenicity. cell wall degrading enzymes (cwdes) in fungi are often subject to carbon catabolite repression at the transcriptional level such that, when glucose is available, cwde-encoding genes, along with many other genes, are repressed. in s ...201021062173
[melanin and its role on the virulence of cryptococcus neoformans.]melanins can be produced by some species of pathogenic bacteria, helminths and fungi. the production of melanin appears to contribute to microbial pathogenesis owing to its potential for protection against host defence systems. melanin synthesis in cryptococcus neoformans has been associated with virulence by the ability to protect against phagocytosis, oxidative injury and phagocytic killing. moreover, it was shown that, melanization of c.neoformans has involved in protection against some antif ...201021064003
characterizing the role of rna silencing components in cryptococcus neoformans.the rna interference (rnai) mediated by homology-dependent degradation of the target mrna with small rna molecules plays a key role in controlling transcription and translation processes in a number of eukaryotic organisms. the rnai machinery is also evolutionarily conserved in a wide variety of fungal species, including pathogenic fungi. to elucidate the physiological functions of the rnai pathway in cryptococcus neoformans that causes fungal meningitis, here we performed genetic analyses for g ...201021067947
antifungal cyclic peptides from psammosilene tunicoides.three new cyclic peptides, tunicyclins b-d, and a known cyclic peptide, psammosilenin b, were isolated from the root of psammosilene tunicoides. the structures of new cyclic peptides were elucidated by extensive nmr and ms analysis. tunicyclin b contains an unusual α,β-dehydrotryptophan (δ(z)-trp) residue, previously reported from marine sponges and bacteria. tunicyclin d showed a broad spectrum of antifungal activity against candida albicans (sc5314), candida albicans (y0109), candida tropicali ...201021070025
what is your diagnosis? urine sediment from a southern california cat with weight loss. 201021070308
cryptococcal meningitis in patients with acquired immunudeficiency syndrome in prehaart era at gondar college of medical sciences hospital north-west ethiopia.ciyptococcal meningitis is an important opportunistic funimgal infection that became very common after the era of hiv infection.201021073085
fungicidal activity of human lactoferrin-derived peptides based on the antimicrobial αβ region.owing to the increasing number of infections in hospitalised patients caused by resistant strains of fungi, there is a need to develop new therapeutic agents for these infections. naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides may constitute models for developing such agents. a modified peptide sequence (cfqwkramrkvr; hlopt2) based on amino acid residues 20-31 of the n-terminal end of human lactoferrin (hlf) as well as a double-sized human lactoferricin-like peptide (amino acid residues 16-40; hlbd1 ...201021075607
sex-induced silencing defends the genome of cryptococcus neoformans via rnai.cosuppression is a silencing phenomenon triggered by the introduction of homologous dna sequences into the genomes of organisms as diverse as plants, fungi, flies, and nematodes. here we report sex-induced silencing (sis), which is triggered by tandem integration of a transgene array in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans. a sxi2a-ura5 transgene array was found to be post-transcriptionally silenced during sexual reproduction. more than half of the progeny that inherited the sxi2a-u ...201021078820
a case of cryptococcal lymphadenitis in an hiv-infected child.an 8-year-old hiv-positive antiretroviral therapy-naive child developed severe headache and generalized lymphadenopathy. the serum cryptococcal antigen (crag) test was positive, the histology on the lymph node biopsy revealed budding yeast cells, and cryptococcus neoformans was isolated on culture of his cerebrospinal fluid. he was treated with intravenous amphotericin b followed by oral fluconazole with a good response. therefore cryptococcal lymphadenitis should be considered in the differenti ...201021087142
lipid signalling in pathogenic fungi.in recent years, the study of lipid signalling networks has significantly increased. although best studied in mammalian cells, lipid signalling is now appreciated also in microbial cells, particularly in yeasts and moulds. for instance, microbial sphingolipids and their metabolizing enzymes play a key role in the regulation of fungal pathogenicity, especially in cryptococcus neoformans, through the modulation of different microbial pathways and virulence factors. another example is the quorum se ...201021091925
penetratin analogues acting as antifungal agents.the synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and conformational study of penetratin analogues acting as antifungal agents are reported. different peptides structurally related with penetratin were evaluated. analogues of penetratin rich in arg, lys and trp amino acids were tested. in addition, hfrwrqikiwfqnrrm[o]kwkk-nh(2), a synthetic 20 amino acid peptide was also evaluated. these penetratin analogues displayed antifungal activity against human pathogenic strains including candida albicans and cryptoco ...201021093119
cryptococcal immune reconstitution syndrome during steroid withdrawal treated with hydroxychloroquine.we present a case report of cryptococcal immune reconstitution syndrome (irs), in a non hiv infected patient, which we treated with hydroxychloroquine with successful results. we briefly review cryptococcal irs, possible mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine as an immunomodulatory agent, and its potential role in management of irs.201021094071
altered immune response in mice deficient for the g protein-coupled receptor gpr34.the x-chromosomal gpr34 gene encodes an orphan g(i) protein-coupled receptor that is highly conserved among vertebrates. to evaluate the physiological relevance of gpr34, we generated a gpr34-deficient mouse line. gpr34-deficient mice were vital, reproduced normally, and showed no gross abnormalities in anatomical, histological, laboratory chemistry, or behavioral investigations under standard housing. because gpr34 is highly expressed in mononuclear cells of the immune system, mice were specifi ...201021097509
a history of research on yeasts 14: medical yeasts part 2, cryptococcus neoformans. 201020641025
pediatric renal cryptococcosis: novel manifestations in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome era.pediatric cryptococcosis has been documented in various organs, but pediatric renal cryptococcosis (rc) remains undocumented to date. the authors report rc in 2 children with aids, 7 and 9 years of age, with proteinuria. both patients, on antiretroviral therapy (arv) for 28 (patient 1) and 54 (patient 2) weeks each, had secured viral immunosuppression, but immune restoration was realized by patient 1 only. cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris) was diagnosed on the renal ...201020643665
early onset primary pulmonary cryptococcosis in a renal transplant patient.we report a case of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis in a post-renal transplant patient. a 65-year-old male renal transplant patient was admitted to the hospital with a low grade fever of 1 month, radiologically mimicking tuberculosis (tb). broncho-alveolar fluid (bal) shows capsulated yeast, and cryptococcus neoformans was grown on culture supported by cytology and histopathological examination. cryptococcal antigen was positive (32-fold) in serum and was negative in cerebrospinal fluid (csf). ...201020644317
antifungal efficacy of ten selected south african plant species against cryptococcus neoformans.fungal infections are a major threat to public health care. cryptococcosis in humans and animals, caused by cryptococcus neoformans, is a life-threatening disease. in a random antifungal screening of acetone leaf extracts of 400 tree species against cryptococcus neoformans, the following plant species had good activity: zanthoxylum capense (thunb.) harv. (rutaceae), morusmesozygia stapf (moraceae), calodendrum capense (l.f.) thunb. (rutaceae), catha transvaalensis codd (celastraceae), cussonia z ...201020645717
in vivo antifungal effect of combretum and terminalia species extracts on cutaneous wound healing in immunosuppressed rats.acetone leaf extracts of combretaceae species combretum imberbe wawra, combretum nelsonii duemmer, combretum albopunctatum suesseng, and terminalia sericea burch ex dc and a mixture of asiatic acid and arjunolic acid isolated from c. nelsonii were tested for antifungal activity against candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, microsporum canis, and sporothrix schenckii on wounds of immunocompromised wistar rats. the therapeutic agents were selected based on low mic values ranging 0.02-2.5 mg/m ...201020645734
a comparative in vitro study on antifungal and antioxidant activities of nervilia aragoana and atlantia monophylla.ethyl acetate extract of the whole plant of nervilia aragoana gaud. (orchidaceae) and ethanol extract of the leaves of atlantia monophylla linn. (rutaceae) were evaluated for antifungal and antioxidant activities. at 5 mg/ml concentration of the extracts, the former exhibited more inhibitory activity than the latter against fungi. the order of mic values for nervilia aragoana were saccharomyces cerevisiae (1.4 mg/ml) > aspergillus niger (1.2 mg/ml) > aspergillus fumigatus (0.95 mg/ml) > cryptoco ...201020645805
emergence of cryptococcus gattii-- pacific northwest, 2004-2010.cryptococcus is a genus of fungi, of which two species, cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii, cause nearly all human and animal cryptococcal infections. whereas c. neoformans primarily affects persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) worldwide, c. gattii primarily affects hiv-uninfected persons in tropical and subtropical regions. in december 2004, a case of human c. gattii infection was reported in oregon, associated with an outbreak on vancouver island and in mainlan ...201020651641
antifungal activity of extracts and prenylated coumarins isolated from baccharis darwinii hook & arn. (asteraceae).the petroleum ether extract of baccharis darwinii showed activity against cryptococcus neoformans and dermatophytes. bioactivity-guided fractionation of baccharis darwinii has resulted in the isolation of three coumarins: 5'-hydroxy aurapten (anisocoumarin h, 1), aurapten (7-geranyloxycoumarin, 2) and 5'-oxoaurapten (diversinin, 3). the structures of these compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. these compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobialactivity against a panel of each ...201020657398
molecular methods for the diagnosis and characterization of cryptococcus: a review.cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by yeasts of the genus cryptococcus, with cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii as the primary pathogenic species. this disease is a threat to immunocompromised patients, especially those who have aids. however, the disease has also been described in healthy individuals. the tests used to identify these microorganisms have limitations that make final diagnosis difficult. however, currently there are specific gene sequences that can be used to ...201020657615
cryptococcosis and tuberculosis co-infection at a university hospital in taiwan, 1993-2006.the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic and increasing use of immunosuppressive agents have increased the prevalence of both cryptococcosis and tuberculosis (tb). however, the status of co-infection with both pathogens remains unknown.201020661622
cryptococcal panniculitis in an immunocompromised patient: a case report and review of the literature.cryptococcus neoformans is a dimorphic fungus known to cause disease predominately in immuno-compromised patients. it is not uncommon for cryptococcal disease to manifest within the cutaneous tissues of these patients, and it can have drastically varied presentations, from ulcerated nodules to a more subtle cellulitis. we present a patient who underwent a cardiac transplant and developed a fever and mildly erythematous, indurated plaques on his legs and flank several years later. skin biopsy rev ...201020666191
c. elegans germline-deficient mutants respond to pathogen infection using shared and distinct mechanisms.reproduction extracts a cost in resources that organisms are then unable to utilize to deal with a multitude of environmental stressors. in the nematode c. elegans, development of the germline shortens the lifespan of the animal and increases its susceptibility to microbial pathogens. prior studies have demonstrated germline-deficient nematodes to have increased resistance to gram negative bacteria. we show that germline-deficient strains display increased resistance across a broad range of path ...201020668681
in vitro activity of isavuconazole against 140 reference fungal strains and 165 clinically isolated yeasts from japan.the in vitro susceptibilities of 140 laboratory reference strains of fungi, including type strains, and 165 clinical yeast isolates from japan towards isavuconazole compared with fluconazole (flc), itraconazole (itc), voriconazole and amphotericin b were measured. broth microdilution methods based on clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) methods were used for yeasts, and rpmi-mops medium semi-solidified with 0.2% low-melting-point agarose based on clsi guidelines was used for moulds ...201020674282
phagocytosis of cryptococcus neoformans by, and nonlytic exocytosis from, acanthamoeba castellanii.cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated, pathogenic yeast, is endowed with a variety of virulence factors, including a polysaccharide capsule. during mammalian infection, the outcome of the interaction between c. neoformans and macrophages is central to determining the fate of the host. previous studies have shown similarities between the interaction of c. neoformans with macrophages and with amoebae, resulting in the proposal that fungal virulence for mammals originated from selection by amoeb ...201020675457
paucity of initial cerebrospinal fluid inflammation in cryptococcal meningitis is associated with subsequent immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.cryptococcal meningitis (cm)-related immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (iris) complicates antiretroviral therapy (art) in 20%-40% of art-naive persons with aids and prior cm. pathogenesis is unknown.201020677939
diversity and antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi associated with the alpine plant saussurea involucrata.endophytic fungi are rich in species diversity and may play an important role in the fitness of their host plants. this study investigated the diversity and antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi obtained from saussurea involucrata kar. et kir. a total of 49 endophytic fungi were isolated from s. involucrata and identified using morphological and molecular techniques. extracts of fermentation broth from the 49 fungi were tested for antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms us ...201020686222
azaphilone and isocoumarin derivatives from the endophytic fungus penicillium sclerotiorum psu-a13.two new azaphilone derivatives, penicilazaphilones a (1) and b (2), and one new isocoumarin, penicilisorin (3), together with six known compounds were isolated from the endophytic fungus penicillium sclerotiorum psu-a13. their structures were identified by analysis of spectroscopic data. the antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans as well as the inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 integrase and protease were examine ...201020686255
mixed infections and in vivo evolution in the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans.koch's postulates are criteria establishing a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease that lead to the assumption that diseases are caused by a single strain or its evolved forms. cryptococcus neoformans is a life-threatening human fungal pathogen responsible for an estimated 1 million cases of cryptococcosis/year, predominantly meningoencephalitis. to assess the molecular diversity of clinical isolates and gain knowledge of c. neoformans biology in the host, we analyzed clinical cul ...201020689742
role of an expanded inositol transporter repertoire in cryptococcus neoformans sexual reproduction and virulence.cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are globally distributed human fungal pathogens and the leading causes of fungal meningitis. recent studies reveal that myo-inositol is an important factor for fungal sexual reproduction. that c. neoformans can utilize myo-inositol as a sole carbon source and the existence of abundant inositol in the human central nervous system suggest that inositol is important for cryptococcus development and virulence. in accord with this central importance of ...201020689743
successful treatment of a locally invasive cryptococcoma mimicking primary thyroid cancer with fluconazole.a patient with no immune compromise and no constitutional or pulmonary symptoms presented with an enlarging neck mass abutting the thyroid gland and extending through the pleura into the lung. microbiologic evaluation revealed a diagnosis of cryptococcoma, and the patient responded well to oral fluconazole therapy. to the authors' knowledge, this is the first case describing a locally invasive cryptococcoma mimicking a primary thyroid malignancy in the absence of systemic symptoms.201020693836
survival defects of cryptococcus neoformans mutants exposed to human cerebrospinal fluid result in attenuated virulence in an experimental model of meningitis.cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that encounters various microenvironments during growth in the mammalian host, including intracellular vacuoles, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (csf). because the csf is isolated by the blood-brain barrier, we hypothesize that csf presents unique stresses that c. neoformans must overcome to establish an infection. we assayed 1,201 mutants for survival defects in growth media, saline, and human csf. we assessed csf-specific mutants for (i) mutant survi ...201020696827
multiple osseous involvements in a case of disseminated cryptococcosis.osseous involvement occurs in 5-10% of patients with disseminated cryptococcosis. we are reporting an unusual case of disseminated cryptococcosis involving the sternum and lumbar vertebra with the formation of psoas abscess with pulmonary tuberculosis. the patient presented with fever for 3 months. a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was made on thoracic contrast-enhanced computerized tomography and she was put on antituberculosis treatment. she was immunocompetent with negative human immunode ...201020697490
cryptococcosis mimicking cutaneous cellulitis in a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis: a case report.cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast and the most frequent cryptococcal species found in humans. cryptococcosis is considered an opportunistic infection as it affects mainly immunosuppressed individuals. in humans, c. neoformans causes three types of infections: pulmonary cryptococcosis, cryptococcal meningitis and wound or cutaneous cryptococcosis.201020699010
the human fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans escapes macrophages by a phagosome emptying mechanism that is inhibited by arp2/3 complex-mediated actin polymerisation.the lysis of infected cells by disease-causing microorganisms is an efficient but risky strategy for disseminated infection, as it exposes the pathogen to the full repertoire of the host's immune system. cryptococcus neoformans is a widespread fungal pathogen that causes a fatal meningitis in hiv and other immunocompromised patients. following intracellular growth, cryptococci are able to escape their host cells by a non-lytic expulsive mechanism that may contribute to the invasion of the centra ...201020714349
steroidal saponins from fresh stems of dracaena angustifolia.six new steroidal saponins (1-6), angudracanosides a-f, were isolated from fresh stems of dracaena angustifolia, together with eight known compounds. the structures of compounds 1-6 were determined by detailed spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods. antifungal testing of all compounds showed that 6 and 7 were active against cryptococcus neoformans with ic(50)s of 9.5 and 20.0 μg/ml, respectively.201020718450
design and synthesis of novel pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinolin derivatives with potent antifungal activity.a series of novel pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinolin compounds were designed, synthesized, and their antifungal activities in vitro were evaluated. the results showed that all of the title compounds exhibited antifungal activities. most of them exhibited stronger antifungal activities than the lead compounds; compound 7c is more potent than fluconazole against two of the three tested fungal strains. the studies presented here provide a new structural type for the development of novel antifungal agents.201020232375
paramecium species ingest and kill the cells of the human pathogenic fungus cryptococcus neoformans.a fundamental question in the field of medical mycology is the origin of virulence in those fungal pathogens acquired directly from the environment. in recent years, it was proposed that the virulence of certain environmental animal-pathogenic microbes, such as cryptococcus neoformans, originated from selection pressures caused by species-specific predation. in this study, we analyzed the interaction of c. neoformans with three paramecium spp., all of which are ciliated mobile protists. in contr ...201020233022
explosive nasofacial cryptococosis.cryptococcal skin infection in persons with aids has been demonstrated. we describe a patient with nasal and facial infection with cryptococci after traumatic injury with battery acid.201020233562
evaluation of antifungal susceptibility using flow cytometry.flow cytometry has found wide applications in areas like haematology and immunology, but also presents great potential in microbiology. the susceptibility of clinical isolates of candida and cryptococcus to antifungal compounds can be assayed by flow cytometry using fluorescent probes like fun-1, propidium iodide and jc-1, with several advantages. following 1 or 2 h of incubation, depending on the antifungal compound, versus 48 h of the classical methods, it is possible to establish the differen ...201020238277
microsatellite typing of clinical and environmental cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii isolates from cuba shows multiple genetic lineages.human cryptococcal infections have been associated with bird droppings as a likely source of infection. studies toward the local and global epidemiology of cryptococcus spp. have been hampered by the lack of rapid, discriminatory, and exchangeable molecular typing methods.201020161737
cryptococcus neoformans as a rare cause of hospital infection. 201020109076
evaluation of the vitek 2 system to test the susceptibility of candida spp., trichosporon asahii and cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin b, flucytosine, fluconazole and voriconazole: a comparison with the m27-a3 reference method.we compared the susceptibilities of 302 isolates (209 candida spp., 89 cryptococcus neoformans and four trichosporon asahii) against amphotericin b (amb), flucytosine (5fc), fluconazole (flc) and voriconazole (vrc) obtained with an automated commercial system (vitek 2, biomérieux, spain) and the clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi m27-a3) reference broth microdilution method (bmd). reference bmd mic endpoints were determined visually after 24-72 h of incubation, depending on the sp ...201020109092
direct microbicidal activity of cytotoxic t-lymphocytes.cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (ctl) are famous for their ability to kill tumor, allogeneic and virus-infected cells. however, an emerging literature has now demonstrated that ctl also possess the ability to directly recognize and kill bacteria, parasites, and fungi. here, we review past and recent findings demonstrating the direct microbicidal activity of both cd4(+) and cd8(+) ctl against various microbial pathogens. further, this review will outline what is known regarding the mechanisms of direct k ...201020617144
application of an oligonucleotide microarray-based nano-amplification technique for the detection of fungal pathogens.the traditional techniques for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in the clinical microbiology laboratory need improvement. these techniques are prone to delay results due to their time-consuming process, or result in misidentification of the fungus due to low sensitivity or low specificity. the aim of this study was to develop a method for the rapid detection and identification of fungal pathogens.201020618094
a prospective descriptive study of cryptococcal meningitis in hiv uninfected patients in vietnam - high prevalence of cryptococcus neoformans var grubii in the absence of underlying disease.most cases of cryptococcal meningitis occur in patients with hiv infection: the course and outcome of disease in the apparently immunocompetent is much more poorly understood. we describe a cohort of hiv uninfected vietnamese patients with cryptococcal meningitis in whom underlying disease is uncommon, and relate presenting features of patients and the characteristics of the infecting species to outcome.201020618932
new antifungal peptides. synthesis, bioassays and initial structure prediction by cd spectroscopy.the synthesis, in vitro evaluation and conformational study of kkwkmrrnqfwikiqr-nh(2), hfrwrqikiwfqnrrmkwkk-nh(2) and rqpkiwfpnrrkpwkk-nh(2) acting as antifungal agents are reported. these peptides displayed a moderate but significant antifungal effect against both pathogenic fungi candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. the conformational analysis of these peptides was carried out using both theoretical and experimental methods.201020620056
liposomal amphotericin b (fungisome) for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in hiv/aids patients in india: a multicentric, randomized controlled trial.there is need to investigate the use of liposomal amphotericin b in cryptococcal meningitis in india.201020622383
development of a new mlst scheme for differentiation of fusarium solani species complex (fssc) isolates.fungi belonging to the fusarium solani species complex (fssc) are well known plant pathogens. in addition to being the causative agent of some superficial infections, fssc has recently emerged as a group of common opportunistic moulds, mainly in patients with haematological malignancies. molecular typing methods are essential in order to better understand the epidemiology of such opportunistic agents with the final goal of preventing contamination. a three-locus typing scheme has thus been devel ...201020624428
secondary cutaneous cryptococcosis mimicking a malignant ulcerated tumor of the facial skin in an immunosuppressed patient. 201020627854
comparative evaluation of the vitek 2 yeast susceptibility test and clsi broth microdilution reference method for testing antifungal susceptibility of invasive fungal isolates in italy: the gisia3 study.the newly available ast-ys01 vitek 2 cards were evaluated, and the results were compared with those obtained by the clsi m27-a2 microdilution reference method. clinical fungal isolates, including 614 isolates of candida spp., 10 cryptococcus neoformans isolates, 1 geotrichum capitatum isolate, and 2 quality control strains, were tested for their susceptibilities to amphotericin b, fluconazole, and voriconazole using both methods. the majority of fungal isolates were susceptible to all antifungal ...201020631105
identification of fungemia agents using the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.prompt and specific identification of fungemia agents is important in order to define clinical treatment. however, in most cases conventional culture identification can be considered to be time-consuming and not without errors. the aim of the present study was to identify the following fungemia agents: candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata, cryptococcus neoformans, cryptococcus gattii, and histoplasma capsulatum using the polymerase chain reaction and restr ...201020640387
antifungal susceptibility, serotyping, and genotyping of clinical cryptococcus neoformans isolates collected during 18 years in a single institution in madrid, spain.we studied the serotypes, mating-types, aflp genotypes, and antifungal susceptibility of 58 cryptococcus neoformans strains causing 56 episodes of cryptococcosis in 55 patients over an 18-year period in a single institution. the underlying conditions of the patients were classified as hiv infection (n = 48) or non-hiv-related immunodeficiency (n = 7). serotype a (n = 34; 58.9%) predominated, but serotype ad was involved in 23.2% of episodes. most of the episodes were caused by mating-type α (n = ...201020297948
circular dichroism reveals evidence of coupling between immunoglobulin constant and variable region secondary structure.antibodies (ab) are bifunctional molecules with two domains, a constant region (c) that confers effector properties and a variable (v) region responsible of antigen (ag) binding. historically the c and v regions were considered to be functionally independent, with ag specificity being solely determined by the v region. however, recent studies suggest that the c region can affect ab fine specificity. this has led to the proposal that the c(h) domain influences the structure of the v region, thus ...201020299100
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. the beta-carbonic anhydrases from the fungal pathogens cryptococcus neoformans and candida albicans are strongly inhibited by substituted-phenyl-1h-indole-5-sulfonamides.a series of 2-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-substituted-phenyl-1h-indole-5-sulfonamides and 1-({[5-(aminosulfonyl)-3-phenyl-1h-indol-2-yl]carbonyl}amino)-2,4,6 trimethylpyridinium perchlorates possessing various 2-, 3- or 4-substituted phenyl groups with methyl-, halogeno- and methoxy-functionalities, as well as the perfluorophenyl moiety, have been evaluated as inhibitors of the beta-carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) from the pathogenic fungi cryptococcus neoformans (can2) and candida albicans (can ...201020299219
cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii genes preferentially expressed during rat macrophage infection.cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii are encapsulated yeast agents of cryptococcosis and facultative intracellular pathogens. the interaction of these yeasts with macrophages is essential for containing the infection. however, cryptococcus spp. overcome this initial host defense barrier using a unique pathogenic strategy involving intracellular replication and cytoplasmic accumulation of polysaccharide-containing vesicles. here, we employed representational difference analysis (rda) t ...201020302549
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