Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in an era of effective antiretroviral therapy. | potent antiretroviral treatment is associated with dramatic improvements in immune function in many human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. this has led to new us public health service/infectious diseases society of america guidelines that suggest that in certain circumstances (primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection, and secondary prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus retinitis), antimicrobial prophylaxis can be discontinue ... | 2000 | 10987727 |
| management and outcome patterns for adult pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 1985 to 1995: comparison of hiv-associated cases to other immunocompromised states. | encompassing periods preceding and following major advances in the diagnosis and management of hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), the purpose of this study was to determine whether management and outcome patterns of non-hiv pcp parallel the management and outcomes of aids-related pcp. | 2000 | 10988192 |
| peripheral blood cd4 + t-lymphocyte counts during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without hiv infection. | to assess the potential use of peripheral blood cd4 + t-lymphocyte counts (cd4 + counts) as a clinically useful biological marker to identify specific immunocompromised patients (without hiv infection) at high risk for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). | 2000 | 10988193 |
| neutrophil-rich anaplastic large cell lymphoma of t-cell lineage. a report of two cases arising in hiv-positive patients. | neutrophil-rich anaplastic large cell lymphoma (alcl) is an uncommon morphologic variant of alcl. we report 2 cases of neutrophil-rich t-cell alcl that presented as scalp masses in hiv-positive men. histologically, the neoplastic cells extensively infiltrated the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. the neoplastic cells strongly expressed cd30 and were of t-cell lineage, positive for cd3 and cd45ro, and negative for cd20. the neoplastic cells were negative for anaplastic lymphoma kinase-1. numerous a ... | 2000 | 10989649 |
| in vitro activity of monoclonal and recombinant yeast killer toxin-like antibodies against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive cocci. | monoclonal (mabkt) and recombinant single-chain (scfvkt) anti-idiotypic antibodies were produced to represent the internal image of a yeast killer toxin (kt) characterized by a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including gram-positive cocci. pathogenic eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms, such as candida albicans, pneumocystis carinii, and a multidrug-resistant strain of mycobacterium tuberculosis, presenting specific, although yet undefined, kt-cell wall receptors (ktr), have prove ... | 2000 | 10997342 |
| involvement of the pancreas in aids: a prospective study of 109 post-mortems. | pancreatic involvement in aids is rarely mentioned in medical literature. | 2000 | 10997390 |
| visceral leishmaniosis caused by leishmania (l.) mexicana in a mexican patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | a 36 year old male was admitted in december 1997 to hospital with afternoon fever, malaise and hepatosplenomegaly. he also had a dry cough, dyspnoea and anaemia. pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection were documented. the hiv infection was confirmed in 1997 with 290,000 virus copies. the patient had been in the mexican state of chiapas which is known to be endemic for visceral leishmaniosis (vl) and localized cutaneous leishmaniosis (lcl). the v ... | 2000 | 10998226 |
| genetic heterogeneity of pneumocystis carinii from rats of several regions and strains. | pneumocystis carinii is a major opportunistic pathogen which has been found in the lungs of a wide variety of mammalian host species, and the fact suggests the possibility of intraspecific variation. until now, p. carinii from different mammalian species are differentiated as subspecies, and the rats are known to be infected by two subspecies. the present study investigated genetic heterogeneity of p. carinii isolates from two strains of rats in korea and china by molecular karyotyping, rflp and ... | 2000 | 11002650 |
| purification of a 68-kda cysteine proteinase from crude extract of pneumocystis carinii. | the present study intended to verify activities of cysteine proteinase of pneumocystis carinii from rats and to purify the enzyme. in order to exclude the contamination of host-derived enzymes, concentrates of p. carinii was primarily treated with a mixture of proteinase inhibitors before lysis of p. carinii. a 68-kda cysteine proteinase was finally purified from the crude extract of p. carinii by 4 sequential chromatographic methods. the enzyme showed an optimal activity at ph 5.5 in 0.1 m sodi ... | 2000 | 11002651 |
| [admissions of patients with aids to pediatric intensive care units]. | to describe the most significant clinical features of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who required admission to a pediatric intensive care unit (picu). | 2000 | 11003962 |
| enhanced pneumocystis carinii activity of new primaquine analogues. | new analogues of the venerable antimalarial drug primaquine have been synthesized and bioassayed in vivo against pneumocystis carinii, a life-threatening infection common among immunosuppressed patients. two of these new compounds are significantly more active than primaquine itself, and provide new information for future drug design and development in this area. | 2000 | 11012030 |
| cell wall assembly by pneumocystis carinii. evidence for a unique gsc-1 subunit mediating beta -1,3-glucan deposition. | pneumocystis carinii remains a persistent cause of severe pneumonia in immune compromised patients. recent studies indicate that p. carinii is a fungal species possessing a glucan-rich cyst wall. pneumocandin antagonists of beta-1,3-glucan synthesis rapidly suppress infection in animal models of p. carinii pneumonia. we, therefore, sought to define the molecular mechanisms of beta-glucan cell wall assembly by p. carinii. membrane extracts derived from freshly purified p. carinii incorporate urid ... | 2000 | 11013231 |
| detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in patients with chronic lung diseases. | 2000 | 11014633 | |
| reduced toxicity with gradual initiation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: aids clinical trials group 268. | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) is recognized as the superior agent for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis but a high incidence of adverse drug reactions, which may be due to toxic drug metabolites, limits its use. aids clinical trials group protocol 268 was a randomized, double-blind, controlled two-arm trial designed to determine whether gradual initiation of tmp/smx suspension reduced the incidence of treatment-limiting adverse drug reactions compared with routine initia ... | 2000 | 11015150 |
| clinical spectrum, morbidity, and mortality of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in taiwan: a 5-year prospective study. | the clinical spectrum of aids and changes of morbidity and mortality associated with hiv infection following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) are rarely described in the less developed countries in the asia-pacific region. we prospectively observed on a follow-up basis 309 hiv-infected patients (82.8% with aids) at national taiwan university hospital in taiwan, where highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has been provided to all patients at no charge at any stage ... | 2000 | 11015155 |
| role of alveolar macrophages in host defense against pneumocystis carinii. | 2000 | 11017906 | |
| alveolar macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons demonstrate impaired oxidative burst response to pneumocystis carinii in vitro. | the alveolar macrophage (am) oxidative burst response is an important component of microbicidal effector cell function against a variety of potential pathogens in the lungs, although the role against pneumocystis carinii has not been fully investigated. the goals of this study were to characterize the p. carinii-mediated oxidative burst of ams from healthy individuals, and to examine the oxidative burst of ams from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected persons. for healthy individuals, the ... | 2000 | 11017909 |
| pneumocystis carinii enhances soluble mannose receptor production by macrophages. | phagocytosis of extracellular organisms in the alveolar spaces of the lungs represents the first-line of host defense against pulmonary pathogens. disruption of this process is likely to interfere with the generation of appropriate specific immune responses, and lead to a delayed or inefficient clearance of the pathogen. pneumocystis carinii, an opportunistic pathogen in immunodeficient individuals, is cleared from the lung by alveolar macrophages. in the absence of specific anti-pneumocystis an ... | 2000 | 11018446 |
| inhibition of growth of pneumocystis carinii by lactoferrins alone and in combination with pyrimethamine, clarithromycin and minocycline. | the in vitro activity of lactoferrins alone and in combination with clarithromycin, minocycline and pyrimethamine was investigated against three clinical isolates of pneumocystis carinii. susceptibility was tested by inoculating isolates on to cell monolayers and determining the parasite count after 72 h incubation at 37 degrees c. the culture medium was supplemented with serial dilutions of each agent. at 20 mg/l, bovine lactoferrin, the most active agent, suppressed the growth of cystic and tr ... | 2000 | 11020255 |
| [opportunistic infections and hiv-associated malignancies. an evaluation of 58 autopsy cases within 10 years]. | of all patients who died of hiv infection within 10 years (1. 1. 1988 to 31. 12. 1997) at the klinikum nürnberg 58 autopsy cases were reviewed at the institute of pathology of the above mentioned hospital. | 2000 | 11028164 |
| the effects of alternative treatments for hiv disease on recommended pharmacological regimens. | the use of alternative treatments for hiv disease was assessed before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) by the use of a standardised questionnaire. these data were related to epidemiological, clinical and laboratory parameters and compliance levels to recommended antiretroviral and anti-pneumocystis carinii regimens. compared with the 476 evaluable patients interviewed during the first 9 months of 1996, the 549 evaluable subjects screened in january-septe ... | 2000 | 10755242 |
| markedly increased plasma (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan is a diagnostic and therapeutic indicator of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a non-aids patient. | 2000 | 10755639 | |
| very low frequence of pneumocystis carinii dna detection by pcr in specimens from patients with lung damage. | 2000 | 10755883 | |
| a new preadmission staging system for predicting inpatient mortality from hiv-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the early highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) era. | a common severe complication of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has been pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). recently, with increasing use of pcp prophylaxis and multidrug antiretroviral therapy, the clinical manifestations of hiv infection have changed dramatically and the predictors of inpatient mortality for pcp may have also changed. we developed a new staging system for predicting inpatient mortality for patients with hiv-associated pcp admitted between 1995 and 1997. trained ... | 2000 | 10764294 |
| pleural effusion and pneumothorax in hospitalized patients with hiv infection: the pulmonary complications, icu support, and prognostic factors of hospitalized patients with hiv (pip) study. | to describe the incidence, causes, and impact of pleural effusion and pneumothorax in hospitalized patients with hiv infection. | 2000 | 10767235 |
| pulmonary infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in taiwan. | pulmonary infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. | 2000 | 10770026 |
| discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in hiv-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. | immune reconstitution following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies (haart) has lead to a remarkable reduction in the incidence of opportunistic infections (oi) in subjects with advanced hiv disease. moreover, discontinuation of primary prophylaxis for some oi can be attempted without risk in patients experiencing a favourable response to treatment. however, data on the feasibility of discontinuing secondary prophylaxis are much more scarce, and restricted mainly to the wi ... | 2000 | 10770540 |
| carriage of pneumocystis carinii by immunosuppressed patients and molecular typing of the organisms. | 2000 | 10770551 | |
| in vitro pharmacodynamic parameters of sordarin derivatives in comparison with those of marketed compounds against pneumocystis carinii isolated from rats. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains one of the most serious complications of immunosuppressed patients. in this study, the in vitro pharmacodynamic parameters of four sordarin derivatives (gm 191519, gm 237354, gm 193663, and gm 219771) have been evaluated by a new quantitative approach and compared with the commercially available drugs pentamidine, atovaquone, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). in vitro activities and in vivo therapeutic efficacies of sordarin derivatives against p ... | 2000 | 10770763 |
| epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the united states in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. | the incidence of nearly all aids-defining opportunistic infections (ois) decreased significantly in the united states during 1992-1998; decreases in the most common ois (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ¿pcp, esophageal candidiasis, and disseminated mycobacterium avium complex ¿mac disease) were more pronounced in 1996-1998, during which time highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) was introduced into medical care. those ois that continue to occur do so at low cd4+ t lymphocyte counts, and pe ... | 2000 | 10770911 |
| a comparison of induced and expectorated sputum for the microbiological diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia. | sputum induction has proved useful in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mycobacterial infections but there are scant data on its use in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (cap). | 2000 | 10773789 |
| ten-year trends in cd4 cell counts at hiv and aids diagnosis in a london hiv clinic. | to examine temporal trends (1986-1996) in the cd4 cell count at first hiv-1 positive test and initial aids diagnosis, and the influence of selected patient characteristics and treatment factors on these trends. | 2000 | 10780719 |
| human immunodeficiency virus and respiratory infection. | pulmonary disease remains a major problem for the 33 million individuals who are thought to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) worldwide. respiratory infections are responsible for a large number of the 2 million deaths that occur each year in association with hiv disease. in countries where the majority of the population can access highly active antiretroviral therapy, morbidity and mortality rates have been cut by up to 80%. this has allowed the withdrawal of specific opportun ... | 2000 | 10782710 |
| c27 to c32 sterols found in pneumocystis, an opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised mammals. | pneumocystis carinii is the paradigm of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised mammals. prior to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) pandemic and the use of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplant and cancer patients, p. carinii was regarded as a curiosity, rarely observed clinically. interest in this organism exploded when it was identified as the agent of p. carinii pneumonia (pcp), the direct cause of death among many aids patients. aggressive prophylaxis has decreased ... | 2000 | 10783009 |
| hiv infection among children in barbados. | we studied a cohort of children with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in barbados in order to determine the prevalence of hiv infection, the clinical course including morbidity and mortality and the magnitude of the health care and social problems. forty-seven children were diagnosed with hiv infection during the study period. the number of hiv infected children increased from 5 during 1981-85, to 14 during 1986-90, and to 21 during the 1991-95 period. the majority (91.5%) of inf ... | 2000 | 10786451 |
| development and evaluation of a molecular viability assay for pneumocystis carinii. | despite recent declines in incidence, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains the most commonly occurring opportunistic illness among persons with aids in the united states. while p. carinii dna has been detected in patient respiratory specimens and in air samples collected from various indoor environments housing pcp patients, the viability of these organisms is unknown. for this reason, we have developed and evaluated a molecular viability assay for p. carinii. this method is based upon t ... | 2000 | 10790126 |
| abnormal pulmonary accumulation of indium-111 chloride in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as detected by bone marrow scintigraphy. | unusual pulmonary uptake of in-111 chloride in a patient with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and autoimmune hepatitis is described. | 2000 | 10795696 |
| bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of pulmonary complications of bone marrow transplant patients. | bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) has proved valuable in the diagnosis of pulmonary complications in immunosuppressed patients. we evaluated the diagnostic yield of bal in pulmonary complications in bone marrow transplantation (bmt) recipients. we reviewed sequentially the records of 89 patients during an 18-month period. bal was diagnostic in 42 patients (47%). the most common pulmonary complication diagnosed by bal was diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (n = 15); followed by bacterial pneumonia (n = 10), ... | 2000 | 10800066 |
| therapeutic application of zinc in human immunodeficiency virus against opportunistic infections. | the relevance of zinc in resistance to infections by virus, fungi and bacteria is recognized because of its pivotal role in the efficiency of the entire immune system, in particular in conferring biological activity to a thymic hormone called thymulin, which has differentiation properties on t-cell lines. in infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the zinc-bound form of thymulin (active thymulin, znfts) is strongly reduced in stage iv of the disease (centers for disease control and pr ... | 2000 | 10801955 |
| s-adenosylmethionine and pneumocystis carinii. | we previously reported that s-adenosylmethionine (adomet), a key molecule in methylation reactions and polyamine biosynthesis, enhances axenic culture of the aids-associated opportunistic fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii. here we report that adomet is absolutely required for continuous growth. two transporters are present, one high affinity, k(m) = 4.5 microm, and one low affinity, k(m) = 333 microm. the physiologically relevant high affinity transporter has a ph optimum of 7.5 and no relate ... | 2000 | 10809741 |
| inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis and amphotericin b reduce the viability of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. | pneumocystis carinii synthesizes sterols with a double bond at c-7 of the sterol nucleus and an alkyl group with one or two carbons at c-24 of the side chain. also, some human-derived pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis strains contain lanosterol derivatives with an alkyl group at c-24. these unique sterols have not been found in other pathogens of mammalian lungs. thus, p. carinii may have important differences in its susceptibility to drugs known to block reactions in ergosterol biosynthesis i ... | 2000 | 10817720 |
| in vitro activity of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors against pneumocystis carinii. | since 1996, the introduction of protease inhibitors (pis) has led to a dramatic decrease of human immunodeficiency virus-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. this effect is clearly due, in large part, to the induction of immune reconstitution by highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). however, it is conceivable that pis had other beneficial effects, including direct activity against pneumocystis. in this study, the occurrence of specific aspartyl proteases in pneumocystis is described. ... | 2000 | 10823762 |
| discontinuation of primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus type i-infected patients: the changes in opportunistic prophylaxis study. | a multicenter open, randomized, controlled trial was conducted to determine whether primary prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis can be discontinued in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) whose cd4+ t cell counts have increased to >200 cells/mm3 (and who have remained at this level for at least 3 months) as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart). patients were randomized to either the discontinuation arm (i.e ... | 2000 | 10823763 |
| the major surface glycoprotein expression sites of two special forms of rat pneumocystis carinii differ in structure. | pneumocystis carinii forma specialis carinii has a unique locus called the ucs, which controls surface antigen variation by acting as the expression site for a family of genes encoding isoforms of the major surface glycoprotein (msg). every msg mrna begins with 380 nucleotides copied from the ucs locus. this ucs leader sequence is necessary for initiation of translation and for protein processing. given the ucs's importance in p. carinii f. sp. carinii, it was of interest to examine the ucs locu ... | 2000 | 10823775 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with a rapid reduction of cortisol level in a patient with ectopic acth syndrome treated by octreotide and ketoconazole. | a case is herein reported of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a 60-year-old female patient with ectopic production of acth at a position 2 cm superior to her right clavicle, revealed in an octreotide scan. her extremely high plasma acth and cortisol levels (460 pg/ml and 80 microg/dl, respectively) were markedly decreased with the combined treatment of octreotide (300 microg/d) and ketoconazole (600 mg/d). as her serum cortisol concentration decreased, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred on ... | 2000 | 10826524 |
| genetic variation in pneumocystis carinii isolates from different geographic regions: implications for transmission. | to study transmission patterns of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in persons with aids, we evaluated p. carinii isolates from patients in five u.s. cities for variation at two independent genetic loci, the mitochondrial large subunit rrna and dihydropteroate synthase. fourteen unique multilocus genotypes were observed in 191 isolates that were examined at both loci. mixed infections, accounting for 17.8% of cases, were associated with primary pcp. genotype frequency distribution patterns va ... | 2000 | 10827116 |
| oral treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and zidovudine suppresses murine accessory cell-dependent immune responses. | trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx), commonly used for prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in aids patients, often produces a high incidence of treatment-limiting reactions. we investigated the effect of oral administration of tmp-smx alone or in combination with the antiretroviral drug zidovudine (zdv) on hematopoiesis and cellular immunity in balb/c mice. daily treatment for 28 days with tmp-smx (160:800 mg/kg) had no effect on hematopoiesis or the ex vivo proliferative res ... | 2000 | 10828265 |
| outcome of kidney transplant recipients with previous human herpesvirus-8 infection. | the consequences of a prior human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) infection in kidney-transplant recipients are still partially unknown. the aim of this monocentric study was to determine the prevalence of hhv-8-seropositive patients at the time of transplantation and to identify the main clinical events of these hhv-8+ recipients. | 2000 | 10830210 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as the first presentation of hiv infection in patients older than fifty. | a significant increase in the number of elderly patients first diagnosed with hiv infection at the time of presentation with an aids-related opportunistic infection has recently been reported. this suggests a significant delay in the diagnosis of hiv infection. few data are available describing such cases and their outcome. we restrospectively reviewed records of all elderly patients (> 50 years of age) admitted to a new york city hospital over a 3-year period with confirmed pneumocystis carinii ... | 2000 | 10833811 |
| [a patient with marked immunodeficiency in an htlv-i carrier: a case report]. | we report a 49-year-old man who was an htlv-i carrier with an immunodeficiency state and intracranial pyramidal tract lesion revealed by mri. he was born in hokkaido and was admitted to our hospital because of fluminant hepatitis. on admission, neurologic examination revealed exaggerated deep tendon reflexes including the jaw jerk; the plantar response was flexor. laboratory examination revealed decrease in the number of lymphocytes and cd4-positive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and cd4/cd ... | 2000 | 10835933 |
| murine cd4+ t lymphocyte subsets and host defense against pneumocystis carinii. | the recruitment of specific subsets of cd4(+) t lymphocytes to the lungs in response to pneumocystis carinii was investigated. for mice inoculated with p. carinii, an elispot assay was used to calculate the numbers of lymph node and lung tissue cd4(+) cells that secreted interferon (ifn)-gamma (th1 cytokine) and interleukin (il)-4 (th2 cytokine) after concanavalin a stimulation. an elisa was used to assay culture supernatants for cytokine concentrations. precursor frequency of both ifn-gamma- an ... | 2000 | 10837183 |
| pneumocystis carinii uses a functional cdc13 b-type cyclin complex during its life cycle. | pneumocystis carinii causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. recent studies indicate that p. carinii uses a cdc2 cyclin-dependent kinase to control its proliferation. to further study the regulation of the life cycle of p. carinii, we characterized the p. carinii b-type cyclin termed cdc13, whose binding to cdc2 is necessary for kinase activity. antibodies to b-type cyclins (cdc13) specifically immunoprecipitated cdc2/ cdc13 complexes with associated kinase activity from p. carini ... | 2000 | 10837370 |
| nested pcr is useful to the clinician in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 2000 | 10841108 | |
| targeting a pneumocystis carinii group i intron with methylphosphonate oligonucleotides: backbone charge is not required for binding or reactivity. | pneumocystis carinii is a mammalian pathogen that contains a self-splicing group i intron in its large subunit rrna precursor. we report the binding of methylphosphonate/dna chimeras and neutral methylphosphonate oligonucleotides to a ribozyme that is a truncated form of the intron. at 15 mm mg(2+), the nuclease-resistant all-methylphosphonate hexamer, d(amtmgmamcm)ru, with a sequence that mimics the 3' end of the precursor's 5' exon, binds with a dissociation constant of 272 nm. the hexamer's d ... | 2000 | 10841781 |
| impact of haart on causes of death of persons with late-stage aids. | the increasing use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (haarts) has changed the course of aids-related illnesses and enhanced the quality of life of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and may have changed the causes of deaths in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). | 2000 | 10855998 |
| [effect of antiretroviral treatment and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections on survival of patients with aids]. | to analyze the influence of anti-retroviral therapy (art) and prophylaxis against opportunist disease on survival of patients with aids. | 2000 | 10857401 |
| pleural effusions in patients with aids. | to describe the range of pathology causing pleural effusions in hiv infected patients with acute respiratory episodes and to attempt to identify whether any associated radiological abnormalities enabled aetiological discrimination. | 2000 | 10858714 |
| aerosolized pentamidine as pneumocystis prophylaxis after bone marrow transplantation is inferior to other regimens and is associated with decreased survival and an increased risk of other infections. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is a life-threatening but preventable infection that may occur after bone marrow transplantation (bmt). although various prophylactic regimens have been used in this setting to prevent active infection, their efficacy, toxicity profile, and impact on outcomes are poorly described in this patient group. we undertook a retrospective cohort study in which we reviewed the records of 451 adult patients who underwent bmt for hematologic malignancies, aplastic anemi ... | 2000 | 10707997 |
| p. carinii induces selective alterations in component expression and biophysical activity of lung surfactant. | studies of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) suggest an important role for the surfactant system in the pathogenesis of the hypoxemic respiratory insufficiency associated with this infection. we hypothesized that pcp induces selective alterations in alveolar surfactant component expression and resultant biophysical properties. pcp was induced by intratracheal inoculation of 2 x 10(5) p. carinii organisms into c.b-17 scid/scid mice. six weeks after inoculation, large (la)- and small (sa)-aggre ... | 2000 | 10710533 |
| biochemical characterization of endogenously formed eosinophilic crystals in the lungs of mice. | crystals seldom form spontaneously within tissues of mammals, except in the urinary tract or in association with eosinophil-rich diseases in humans (charcot-leyden crystals). endogenously formed eosinophilic crystals have been reported in respiratory tract and other tissues of several strains of mice, but the biochemical characterization of these crystals has not been reported. in this study, eosinophilic crystal formation was examined in homozygous c57bl/6j viable motheaten mice, lung-specific ... | 2000 | 10713123 |
| changes in pathological findings at autopsy in aids cases for the last 15 years. | to analyze changes in frequency of systemic aids pathology over time and its relationship to central nervous system pathology. | 2000 | 10714569 |
| nosocomial transmission of pneumocystis carinii in renal transplantation. | 2000 | 10715474 | |
| pneumocystis carinii mutations associated with sulfa and sulfone prophylaxis failures in immunocompromised patients. | recent studies have shown that mutations in two amino acid positions of the pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene are significantly more common in immunocompromised patients with p. carinii pneumonia who fail sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis. this paper reviews the studies that suggest that these mutations may be responsible for some failures of prophylaxis in p. carinii. | 2000 | 10717542 |
| molecular characterization of kex1, a kexin-like protease in mouse pneumocystis carinii. | expression screening of a pneumocystis carinii-infected mouse lung cdna library with specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) led to the identification of a p. carinii cdna with extensive homology to subtilisin-like proteases, particularly fungal kexins and mammalian prohormone convertases. the 3.1 kb cdna contains a single open reading frame encoding 1011 amino acids. structural similarities to fungal kexins in the deduced primary amino acid sequence include a putative proenzyme domain delineated ... | 2000 | 10721706 |
| pentamidine inhibition of group i intron splicing in candida albicans correlates with growth inhibition. | we previously demonstrated that pentamidine, which has been clinically used against pneumocystis carinii, inhibits in vitro a group i intron ribozyme from that organism. another fungal pathogen, candida albicans, also harbors a group i intron ribozyme (ca.lsu) in the essential rrna genes in almost half of the clinical isolates analyzed. to determine whether pentamidine inhibits ca.lsu in vitro and in cells, phylogenetically closely related intron-containing (4-1) and intronless (62-1) strains we ... | 2000 | 10722497 |
| identification of cryptosporidium parvum dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors by complementation in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | there is a pressing need for drugs effective against the opportunistic protozoan pathogen cryptosporidium parvum. folate metabolic enzymes and enzymes of the thymidylate cycle, particularly dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), have been widely exploited as chemotherapeutic targets. although many dhfr inhibitors have been synthesized, only a few have been tested against c. parvum. to expedite and facilitate the discovery of effective anti-cryptosporidium antifolates, we have developed a rapid and faci ... | 2000 | 10722506 |
| isolated pneumocystis carinii cell wall glucan provokes lower respiratory tract inflammatory responses. | macrophage-induced lung inflammation contributes substantially to respiratory failure during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. we isolated a p. carinii cell wall fraction rich in glucan carbohydrate, which potently induces tnf-alpha and macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 generation from alveolar macrophages. instillation of this purified p. carinii carbohydrate cell wall fraction into healthy rodents is accompanied by substantial increases in whole lung tnf-alpha generation and is associated with n ... | 2000 | 10725735 |
| granulomatous pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in wegener's granulomatosis. | this study reports on a first case of granulomatous pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive wegener's granulomatosis whilst receiving immunosuppressive treatment. the patient presented with diffuse alveolar haemorrhage, pauci-immune rapid progressive glomerulonephritis and leukocytoclastic vasculitis of the skin. granulomatous pneumocystis carinii pneumonia developed under immunosuppressive treatmen ... | 2000 | 10678649 |
| decreased production of local immunoglobulin a to pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a western blot analysis were developed to study the antibody response to pneumocystis carinii in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 27 human immunodeficiency virus 27 (hiv)-infected patients with p. carinii pneumonia (pcp), 32 patients without pcp, and 51 hiv-negative controls. urea was used for the correct dilution of epithelial lining fluid, and albumin was used to evaluate transudation from plasma for the assessment of local production of anti ... | 2000 | 10678907 |
| granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the innate immune response to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice. | innate immunity plays an important role in pulmonary host defense against pneumocystis carinii, an important pathogen in individuals with impaired cell-mediated immunity. we investigated the role of gm-csf in host defense in a model of p. carinii pneumonia induced by intratracheal inoculation of cd4-depleted mice. lung gm-csf levels increased progressively during the infection and were significantly greater than those in uninfected controls 3, 4, and 5 wk after inoculation. when gm-csf gene-targ ... | 2000 | 10679099 |
| effects of atovaquone and diospyrin-based drugs on the cellular atp of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii. | atovaquone (also called mepron, or 566c80) is a napthoquinone used for the treatment of infections caused by pathogens such as plasmodium spp. and pneumocystis carinii. the mechanism of action against the malarial parasite is the inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (dhod), a consequence of blocking electron transport by the drug. as an analog of ubiquinone (coenzyme q [coq]), atovaquone irreversibly binds to the mitochondrial cytochrome bc(1) complex; thus, electrons are not able to pass ... | 2000 | 10681344 |
| nosocomial tuberculosis prevention measures among two groups of us hospitals, 1992 to 1996. | to compare trends in nosocomial tuberculosis (tb) prevention measures and health-care worker (hcw) tuberculin skin test (tst) conversion of hospitals with hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) patients and other us hospitals from 1992 through 1996. design and setting: surveys in 1992 and 1996 of 38 hospitals with pcp patients in four high-hiv-incidence cities and 136 other us hospitals from the american hospital association membership list. | 2000 | 10669678 |
| disease patterns in field and bank vole populations during a cyclic decline in central finland. | declining field vole (microtus agrestis) and bank vole (clethrionomys glareolus) populations were sampled (117 field voles and 34 bank voles) in south-central finland during the winter of 1988-89. the last surviving field voles were caught in april and bank voles in february. a subsample (16) of the april field voles were taken live to the laboratory for immunosuppression. the histopathology of the main internal organs and the presence of aerobic bacteria and certain parasites were studied. in t ... | 2000 | 10670697 |
| efficacy of autologous stem cell transplantation in mantle cell lymphoma: a 3-year follow-up study. | this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic intensification with autologous stem cell transplantation (asct) for mantle cell lymphomas (mcl) in terms of response rate, duration of response, and event-free and overall survivals. twenty-four patients with confirmed mcl responding to chemotherapy received a high-dose chemo-radiotherapy regimen followed by asct. transplantation was performed during first-line therapy in nine cases, second-line in 13 cases and third-line in two ca ... | 2000 | 10673695 |
| regulation of the plasma membrane potential in pneumocystis carinii. | many protists use a h(+) gradient across the plasma membrane, the proton motive force, to drive nutrient uptake. this force is generated in part by the plasma membrane potential (deltapsi). we investigated the regulation of the deltapsi in pneumocystis carinii using the potentiometric fluorescent dye bisoxonol. the steady state deltapsi in a buffer containing na(+) and k(+) (standard buffer) was found to be -78+/-8 mv. in the absence of na(+) and k(+) (nmg buffer) or cl(-) (gluconate buffer), de ... | 2000 | 10675605 |
| evaluation of diagnostic value and epidemiological implications of pcr for pneumocystis carinii in different immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patient groups. | to evaluate the value of single and nested pcrs for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in a variety of respiratorily distressed patient groups, 574 respiratory samples from 334 patients (89 human immunodeficiency virus [hiv]-positive patients, 61 transplant recipients, 66 malignancy patients, 34 otherwise immunosuppressed patients, and 84 immunocompetent patients) were prospectively examined by microscopy and single and nested pcrs. the resulting data were correlated with clinical ... | 2000 | 10747126 |
| transmission of pneumocystis carinii dna from a patient with p. carinii pneumonia to immunocompetent contact health care workers. | the transmission of pneumocystis carinii from person to person was studied by detecting p. carinii-specific dna in prospectively obtained noninvasive deep-nasal-swab samples from a child with a documented p. carinii pneumonia (pcp), his mother, two contact health care workers, and 30 hospital staff members who did not enter the patient's room (controls). nested-dna amplification was done by using oligonucleotide primers designed for the gene encoding the mitochondrial large subunit rrna of rat p ... | 2000 | 10747139 |
| hiv infection in children in developing countries. | disease progression in children acquiring hiv infection vertically from their mothers is more rapid in developing countries compared with developed countries. the probability of death by 12 months in sub-saharan africa ranges from 0.23 to 0.35, and by 5 years is 0.57-0.68. data from europe in the era before highly active anti-retroviral therapy (haart) yielded probabilities of 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. confirming the diagnosis can be difficult in resource-limited settings. existing clinical cas ... | 2000 | 10748884 |
| ultrastructural and molecular characterization of pneumocystis carinii isolated from a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta). | high levels of heterogeneity have been observed among isolates of pneumocystis carinii derived from different mammalian host species. we report the characterization of p. carinii isolated from a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta), which was immunosuppressed as a result of infection with a chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shivsbg). histopathological examination showed evidence of severe p. carinii pneumonia with a large predominance of trophozoite forms. alveolitis consisted of typical f ... | 2000 | 10746229 |
| a review of the diagnosis and treatment of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. | recommendations on the management of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) are still based on the behaviour of this disease in populations unaffected by the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). studies prior to the hiv epidemic estimated that there were 1.22 cases of smear-negative and extra-pulmonary tb for each smear-positive case. patients with smear-negative pulmonary tb were found to be less infectious and to have a lower mortality, but a significant proportion (50%-71%) progressed to a ... | 2000 | 10694086 |
| outcomes of intensive care for patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. | intensive care for patients with human immunodeficiency virus is common, costly, and associated with high morbidity. accurate and up-to-date outcome and prognostic data are needed to effectively counsel patients and to make difficult decisions regarding admission to the intensive care unit. | 2000 | 10695695 |
| the crystal structure of thymidylate synthase from pneumocystis carinii reveals a fungal insert important for drug design. | thymidylate synthase from pneumocystis carinii (pcts) is an especially important drug target, since p. carinii is a fungus that causes opportunistic pneumonia infections in immune-compromised patients and is among the leading causes of death of aids patients. thymidylate synthase (ts) is the sole enzyme responsible for the de novo production of deoxythymidine monophosphate and hence is crucial for dna replication in every organism. inhibitors selective for p. carinii ts over human ts would be gr ... | 2000 | 10731418 |
| structural studies on bioactive compounds. 30. crystal structure and molecular modeling studies on the pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase cofactor complex with tab, a highly selective antifolate. | the crystal structure of the ternary complex of nadph, the potent antifolate [2, 4-diamino-5-¿3-[3-(2-acetyloxyethyl)-3-benzyltriazen-1-yl]-4 -chloroph enyl¿-6-ethylpyrimidine] (tab, 1) and pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcdhfr), refined to 2.1 a resolution, reveals that tab binds similar to the antifolates trimethoprim and methotrexate. these data also reveal multiple conformations for the binding geometry of tab with two preferred orientations of the acetyloxy and benzyl groups ... | 2000 | 10736154 |
| [effect of dapsone on survival in hiv infected patients: a meta- analysis of finished trials]. | the aim of the study was to estimate the effect of dapsone on survival in hivinfected patients. method: the method was a metaanalysis. data searches used medline, aids trials, and aids drugs databases from 1983 to january 1996, clinical trials registries of appropriate collaborative research groups, abstract books of international conferences on aids and infectious diseases between 1988 and 1996, references listed within selected articles and active experts in hiv infection. were considered as e ... | 2000 | 10740082 |
| immunization with recombinant pneumocystis carinii p55 antigen provides partial protection against infection: characterization of epitope recognition associated with immunization. | many therapeutic options exist for the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, a common fungal opportunistic pulmonary pathogen, but treatment is often complicated by side effects and toxicity and, more recently, markers of drug resistance have been described. the development of immunotherapetic modalities such as active immunization or passive immunotherapy may play an increasing important role in the prevention and treatment of infection. passive immunotherapy with polyclonal anti-p. cari ... | 2000 | 10742685 |
| immunoassays for pentamidine and related compounds: development of a facile inhibitory elisa suitable for clinical use. | aromatic dicationic drugs have a broad spectrum of activity against protozoal and fungal pathogens including pneumocystis carinii, leishmania mexicana amazonensis, cryptosporidium parvum and cryptococcus neoformans. pentamidine serves as the exemplar for an extensive collection of newly synthesized related compounds, which have reduced toxicity and a wider range of target organisms. assays of pentamidine and related compounds have depended on hplc-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-tms) for the quan ... | 2000 | 10683618 |
| pneumocystis carinii isolated from lung lavage fluid in an infant with cystic fibrosis. | pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) cysts were identified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a 15-week-old child newly diagnosed with cystic fibrosis who presented with bronchitis, pneumonia, and weight loss. the child was not infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and there was no evidence of impaired immunity or exposure to individuals with known or suspected p. carinii disease. culture of the lavage fluid also revealed pathogens typical of lung disease associated with cystic fibros ... | 2000 | 10686045 |
| common variable immunodeficiency in miniature dachshunds affected with pneumonocystis carinii pneumonia. | seven miniature dachshunds, all under the age of 1 year, were presented with polypnea, tachypnea, and exercise intolerance as a result of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, which was diagnosed on transtracheal aspirate cytology. in all of the dogs, historical and clinical signs were suggestive of immune incompetence. immunological studies undertaken were leukogram parameters, serum immunoglobulin fraction quantification, lymphocyte transformation assay. cd3 and cd79a lymphocyte markers on lymphoid ... | 2000 | 10690774 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis in patients with rheumatic diseases undergoing immunosuppressive therapy: prealence and associated features. | abstract: pneumocystis carini (pcp) has been recognized as a cause of pneumonia in immuocompromised patients, most notably in aids patients, but also in those receiving immunosuppressive therapy for a variety of other conditions, including malignancy, having an organ transplant, connective tissue diseases, and vasculitic syndromes. in non-hiv pcp patients, presentations may be more dramatic than in hiv-related pcp and the mortality may be higher, thus emphasizing the need to identify and provide ... | 2000 | 19078457 |
| living unrelated renal transplant: outcome and issues. | living unrelated transplantation (lurt) is emerging as a practical option in renal transplantation due to shortage of living related and cadaver donors. we report a six-years (december 1991 to december 1996) follow-up of 60 lurt patients. the majority of these patients (95%) were transplanted outside the kingdom of saudi arabia; 37 in india, 14 in egypt, five in the usa and one in pakistan. only three patients (emotionally related) were transplanted in saudi arabia. before transplantation, 50 (8 ... | 2000 | 18209344 |
| cotrimoxazole-induced hypoglycemia in an hiv-infected patient. | a case of cotrimoxazole-induced hypoglycemia is described in a male patient infected with hiv. ten days after initiating high dose cotrimoxazole for suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, the patient developed neuroglycopenic symptoms and diaphoresis. blood glucose levels were repeatedly low, with elevated insulin and c-peptide levels despite multiple intravenous bolus doses and infusions of dextrose. hypoglycemia resolved after approximately 36 h of treatment with dextrose and discontinuatio ... | 2001 | 18159355 |
| the frequency of pneumocystis carinii in patients with haematologic malignancies and pneumonia. | pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) is an organism which was previously considered as a protozoan but recently it was shown to be more related to fungi. p. carinii increasingly causes opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. in this study, we detected p. carinii oocysts by indirect immunofluorescence test in 33 specimens obtained from 31 patients with haematological malignancies who had symptoms of pneumonia and investigated probable risk factors (corticosteroid usage, neutropenia d ... | 2001 | 27264069 |
| differential regulation of growth and checkpoint control mediated by a cdc25 mitotic phosphatase from pneumocystis carinii. | pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic fungal pathogen phylogenetically related to the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe. p. carinii causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised patients with aids and malignancies. although the life cycle of p. carinii remains poorly characterized, morphologic studies of infected lung tissue indicate that p. carinii alternates between numerous small trophic forms and fewer large cystic forms. to understand further the molecular mechanisms that regulate p ... | 2001 | 11029470 |
| use of real-time pcr and the lightcycler system for the rapid detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, including those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the advent of real-time pcr technology offers the potential for rapid pcr results for the detection of p. carinii. in this report we describe the modification and evaluation of an existing pcr-based method for the detection of p. carinii dna, into a real-time pcr assay suitable for use with the lightcycler system. t ... | 2001 | 11404066 |
| pulmonary infiltrates in hiv-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in spain. | to study the incidence, etiology, and outcome of pulmonary infiltrates (pis) in hiv-infected patients and to evaluate the yield of diagnostic procedures. | 2001 | 11404518 |
| incidence and determinants of bacterial infections in hiv-positive patients receiving anti-pneumocystis carinii/toxoplasma gondii primary prophylaxis within a randomized clinical trial. | we assessed the incidence and determinants of bacteremia, pneumonia, and sinusitis/otitis in hiv-positive people receiving cotrimoxazole (ctx) or dapsone-pyrimethamine (dp) for primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and toxoplasmic encephalitis (te) within a randomized clinical trial. in total, 244 patients were randomized: 122 were assigned to ctx and 122 to dp. in the cohort, 22 bacteremia, 63 pneumonia, and 39 sinusitis/otitis cases were observed. incidence rates of bacte ... | 2001 | 11404520 |
| trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. | to report a case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (ten) associated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx). | 2001 | 11408987 |
| [pneumonia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. study of 30 episodes]. | to analyse the etiology, diagnostic methods and response to therapy in 30 episodes of pneumonia diagnosed in 17 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) between 1995 and 2000. | 2001 | 11412696 |
| uptake of the neutral amino acids glutamine, leucine, and serine by pneumocystis carinii. | experiments to elucidate the mechanism by which pneumocystis carinii transports glutamine, leucine, and serine were performed in this study. uptake of all three radiolabeled amino acids exhibited first-order, saturation kinetics as extracellular substrate concentrations were increased, thus ruling out simple diffusion and indicating carrier-mediated transport. kinetic analyses of amino acid uptake and the results of competitive inhibition experiments suggested that leucine, serine, and glutamine ... | 2001 | 11414689 |
| initiating co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in hiv-infected patients in africa: an evaluation of the provisional who/unaids recommendations. | to evaluate the proposed who/unaids criteria for initiating co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in adult hiv-infected patients in africa [who clinical stages 2--4 or cd4 count < 500 x 10(6) /l or total lymphocyte count (tlc) equivalent]. | 2001 | 11416716 |