Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| norwalk virus infection associates with secretor status genotyped from sera. | abo histo-blood group type and secretor status are two genetically determined factors that contribute to resistance and susceptibility to norwalk virus (nv). archived serum samples but not saliva samples are available from nv and many other norovirus challenge studies and outbreaks. a person's abo phenotype is easily determined from their archived sera, but the individual's secretor phenotype cannot easily be ascertained without saliva. we now report that a person's secretor genotype can also be ... | 2005 | 16032732 |
| a national study on the residential impact of biological aerosols from the land application of biosolids. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the community risk of infection from bioaerosols to residents living near biosolids land application sites. | 2005 | 16033462 |
| deletion analysis of the sapovirus vp1 gene for the assembly of virus-like particles. | human sapovirus (sav) strains are agents of gastroenteritis. they cannot be grown in cell culture. in this study, constructs containing sav n- and c-terminal-deleted recombinant capsid proteins (rvp1) were expressed in a baculovirus expression system to allow us to better understand the sequence requirements for the formation of virus-like particles (vlps). only proteins derived from n-terminal-deleted rvp1 constructs that began 49 nucleotides downstream assembled into vlps, which included both ... | 2005 | 16052282 |
| etiology of diarrhea in young children in denmark: a case-control study. | infectious gastroenteritis is one of the most common diseases in young children. to clarify the infectious etiology of diarrhea in danish children less than 5 years of age, we conducted a 2-year prospective case-control study. stools from 424 children with diarrhea and 870 asymptomatic age-matched controls were examined, and their parents were interviewed concerning symptoms. rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and norovirus and sapovirus wer ... | 2005 | 16081890 |
| broadly reactive nested reverse transcription-pcr using an internal rna standard control for detection of noroviruses in stool samples. | we developed a nested reverse transcription-pcr (nrt-pcr) for the detection of noroviruses in stools, using random primers for rt, the jv12/jv13 primer pair in the first round of npcr, and a set of nine inner primers for the second, comprising the reverse sequences of primers sr46, sr48, sr50, and sr52, and five novel oligonucleotide sequences (113-1, 113-2, 115-1, 115-2, and 115-3). the specificity of the nrt-pcr was confirmed by testing 61 stools containing enteric viruses other than norovirus ... | 2005 | 16081909 |
| genetic analysis of noroviruses in chiba prefecture, japan, between 1999 and 2004. | noroviruses (nvs) are common pathogens that consist of genetically divergent viruses that induce gastroenteritis in humans and animals. between september 1999 and june 2004, 1,898 samples obtained from patients showing sporadic or outbreak gastroenteritis in chiba prefecture, japan, were tested for nvs by reverse transcription-pcr. nvs were detected in 603 samples. approximately 80% were positive for genogroup gii, 13% were positive for genogroup gi, and the remaining 7% were positive for both g ... | 2005 | 16145082 |
| molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses detected in sporadic and outbreak cases of gastroenteritis in france from december 1998 to february 2004. | we compiled sequence and epidemiological data from 172 caliciviruses detected in france from december 1998 to february 2004 in sporadic and outbreak cases. the results showed a cocirculation of strains with a majority of genogroup ii (gii) noroviruses. three groups of noroviruses, not detected before in our laboratory, emerged and spread during the period: the recombinant ggiib and norwalk-related strains not amplified in the polymerase gene in 2000 and a new lordsdale variant in 2002. we observ ... | 2005 | 16145123 |
| outbreaks of gastroenteritis that occurred during school excursions in korea were associated with several waterborne strains of norovirus. | in may 2004, 97 of 309 (31%) and 97 of 207 (47%) school students from geographically distant areas were affected by acute gastroenteritis during excursions to neighboring hotels. the two hotels were 300 m apart, on jeju island, south korea. several strains of norovirus, including both genogroup i and genogroup ii viruses, were identified in stool samples from the students and food handlers and in groundwater from the hotels. of these several strains of norovirus, the nucleotide sequences for one ... | 2005 | 16145153 |
| artificial neural network prediction of viruses in shellfish. | a database was probed with artificial neural network (ann) and multivariate logistic regression (mlr) models to investigate the efficacy of predicting pcr-identified human adenovirus (adv), norwalk-like virus (nlv), and enterovirus (ev) presence or absence in shellfish harvested from diverse countries in europe (spain, sweden, greece, and the united kingdom). the relative importance of numerical and heuristic input variables to the ann model for each country and for the combined data was analyze ... | 2005 | 16151110 |
| a centrifugation-based method for extraction of norovirus from raspberries. | a method was developed for extraction of noroviruses from raspberries. the method consists of removal of virus from fruit surfaces by alkaline extraction, then removal of residual food debris by centrifugation, followed by concentration of virus particles by ultracentrifugation. the efficiency of the extraction was estimated by comparison of reverse transcription pcr signals obtained from fruit extracts and the norovirus suspension that was used to contaminate the fruit. noroviruses were recover ... | 2005 | 16161696 |
| porcine gastric mucin binds to recombinant norovirus particles and competitively inhibits their binding to histo-blood group antigens and caco-2 cells. | to determine if human noroviruses (nv) bind to histo-blood group antigens (hbga) from pig gastric mucosa. | 2005 | 16162137 |
| [comparison of the number of norovirus genome copies in patients and healthy persons]. | in viral gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred by norovirus (nv), nv was detected not only from patients but also from healthy persons who have taken the same food, and also detected from healthy staff members working at community places such as hospital, school and nursing home. the number of fecal nv genome copies of patients, healthy persons and food handlers are examined by real-time pcr method, to investigate foodborne gastroenteritis and person to person transmission outbreaks. there is no si ... | 2005 | 16167782 |
| norovirus protein structure and function. | noroviruses are positive strand rna viruses that have received increased attention in recent years because their role as etiologic agents in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks is now clearly established. much has been learned about the epidemiology of these viruses and the extent of genetic diversity among circulating strains. in contrast, progress on understanding the basic mechanisms of virus replication has been far slower due to the inability to cultivate virus in the laboratory. despite this l ... | 2005 | 16168575 |
| characterization of the homo- and heterotypic immune responses after natural norovirus infection. | noroviruses (nov) are a genetically and antigenically diverse group of viruses that are common causes of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans of all ages. limited information has been obtained on type specificity of the nov immune response. in this study, we characterized the homologous and heterologous antibody responses in adults from 13 outbreaks, representing 4 different nov genotypes. nov specific igg and iga antibodies were determined as well as the increase of antibody avidity. in addit ... | 2005 | 16173019 |
| monitoring over-the-counter medication sales for early detection of disease outbreaks--new york city. | over-the-counter (otc) medications are frequently used during the initial phase of illness, and increases in their sales might serve as an early indicator of communitywide disease outbreaks. since august 2002, the new york city (nyc) department of health and mental hygiene (dohmh) has tracked otc medication sales to enhance detection of natural and intentional infectious disease outbreaks. | 2005 | 16177692 |
| three years of emergency department gastrointestinal syndromic surveillance in new york city: what have we found? | use of syndromic surveillance as a tool to detect outbreaks and potential biologic or chemical terrorist attacks is increasing. evaluating health departments' use of syndromic surveillance is necessary to determine the value of this methodology. | 2005 | 16177711 |
| evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of norovirus in outbreak specimens. | the aim of the study presented here was to use faeces from 41 gastroenteritis outbreaks (130 specimens) in victoria, australia, to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the ridascreen norovirus enzyme immunoassay (eia) kit relative to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and/or electron microscopy. seven specimens known to contain sapovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus and rotavirus were also tested. for single-specimen diagnosis the kit gave a specificity and sensitivity of 47% and ... | 2005 | 16180034 |
| norovirus outbreaks in nursing homes. | 2005 | 16181196 | |
| epitopes in the p2 domain of norovirus vp1 recognized by monoclonal antibodies that block cell interactions. | noroviruses cause the majority of epidemic outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. human norovirus strains do not grow in cell culture, but recent carbohydrate binding, sequence and structural analyses have begun to define functional domains in the norovirus capsid that may be conserved among multiple antigenic types. the purpose of this study was to localize domains and define sequences in the major capsid protein vp1 that are important for cell interactions. monoclonal antibodies t ... | 2005 | 16186235 |
| infectious disease and dermatologic conditions in evacuees and rescue workers after hurricane katrina--multiple states, august-september, 2005. | on august 29, 2005, hurricane katrina struck states along the gulf coast of the united states. in the days after the hurricane struck, approximately 750 evacuation centers were established in at least 18 states to accommodate more than 200,000 evacuees. state and local health departments, with assistance from cdc, initiated enhanced infectious disease surveillance and outbreak response activities, implemented by teams of public health and rescue workers, including military personnel. outbreak mo ... | 2005 | 16195696 |
| characterization of new recombinant noroviruses. | noroviruses are important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis and show great genetic diversity. to characterize more fully previously detected strains that could not be assigned unequivocally to one particular genotype based on the rna polymerase, we have sequenced a region in the capsid gene and, in some cases, in the junction between open reading frame 1 (orf 1) and orf 2. the results allowed us to identify several recombinant noroviruses: ggiib viruses were detected for the first time i ... | 2005 | 16207981 |
| development of a microsphere-based serologic multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay and a reverse transcriptase pcr assay to detect murine norovirus 1 infection in mice. | murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) is a newly recognized pathogen of mice that causes lethal infection in mice deficient in components of the innate immune response but not in wild-type 129 mice. in this study, in vitro-propagated mnv-1 was used as antigen to develop a multiplexed fluorescent immunoassay (mfi) to detect antibodies to mnv-1 in infected mice. the mnv-1 mfi was 100% specific and 100% sensitive in detecting anti-mnv-1 antibody in sera from experimentally infected mice. testing of a large nu ... | 2005 | 16210475 |
| norovirus pathway in water environment estimated by genetic analysis of strains from patients of gastroenteritis, sewage, treated wastewater, river water and oysters. | in this study, norovirus (nv) capsid gene was detected from patients of gastroenteritis, domestic sewage, treated wastewater, river water and cultivated oysters in geographically close areas where all of samples were collected. in order to improve recovery efficiency of nvs from oysters, a new method using a spallation apparatus was developed. as a result, 18 of 30 oysters (60%) were positive for nv gene, while 7 of 30 (23%) oysters from the same sampling point were positive with the conventiona ... | 2005 | 16221484 |
| norovirus outbreak among evacuees from hurricane katrina--houston, texas, september 2005. | during the week after hurricane katrina struck the gulf coast on august 29, 2005, an estimated 240,000 persons, mostly from louisiana, evacuated to houston, texas. on august 31, an estimated 24,000 evacuees were sheltered temporarily at facilities in reliant park, a sports and convention complex that includes reliant astrodome, reliant center, and reliant arena. all evacuees to these three facilities were provided with cots, bedding, food, water, and access to lavatories and showers. a medical f ... | 2005 | 16224449 |
| a norovirus protease structure provides insights into active and substrate binding site integrity. | norovirus 3c-like proteases are crucial to proteolytic processing of norovirus polyproteins. we determined the crystal structure of the 3c-like protease from chiba virus, a norovirus, at 2.8-a resolution. an active site including cys139 and his30 is present, as is a hydrogen bond network that stabilizes the active site conformation. in the oxyanion hole backbone, a structural difference was observed probably upon substrate binding. a peptide substrate/enzyme model shows that several interactions ... | 2005 | 16227288 |
| molecular analysis of noroviruses involved in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in military units in israel, 1999-2004. | the study presented here was conducted to determine the genetic properties of noroviruses (novs) identified between 1999 and 2004 in army recruits with acute gastroenteritis. partial sequence analysis of the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene revealed the presence of two major sub-genogroups, all of which were related to genogroup ii of nov. serological analysis using recombinant antigens confirmed this observation. local strains associated with a 1999 outbreak were closely related to gii-6 strai ... | 2005 | 16231127 |
| presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in the netherlands. | since virus concentrations in drinking waters are generally below the detection limit, the infectious risk from drinking water consumption requires assessment from the virus concentrations in source waters and removal efficiency of treatment processes. in this study, we estimated from reverse transcription-pcr on 10-fold serially diluted rna that noroviruses, the most prevalent waterborne gastroenteritis agents, were present at 4 (0.2 to 38) to 4,900 (303 to 4.6 x 10(4)) pcr-detectable units (pd ... | 2005 | 15746348 |
| molecular epidemiology of norovirus infections in stockholm, sweden, during the years 2000 to 2003: association of the ggiib genetic cluster with infection in children. | the incidence of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis and the molecular epidemiology of norovirus strains were studied during three seasons (2000-2001, 2001-2002, and 2002-2003) among patients of all ages, mainly from the stockholm region in sweden. a total of 3,252 fecal samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-pcr. the incidences of norovirus infection among adults were 23, 26, and 30% during the three seasons studied and 18, 11, and 15% among children 0 to 15 years of age. during the fi ... | 2005 | 15750066 |
| multiprefectural spread of gastroenteritis outbreaks attributable to a single genogroup ii norovirus strain from a tourist restaurant in nagasaki, japan. | a series of gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by noroviruses (nvs) among tourist groups from several prefectures was associated with eating a lunch prepared by a restaurant in nagasaki city, japan, on 18 and 19 november 2003. a retrospective cohort study was performed to estimate the magnitude of the outbreak and identify the source of infection. epidemiological information was obtained through the local public health centers in the areas where the illness occurred. stool and vomit specimens and ... | 2005 | 15750067 |
| prevalence of norovirus among visitors from the united states to mexico and guatemala who experience traveler's diarrhea. | traveler's diarrhea (td) is the most common infectious illness acquired by visitors to developing nations. the purpose of this study was to utilize molecular diagnostic techniques to determine the prevalence of norovirus (nov) in td occurring among visitors from the united states to guatemala and mexico. stool samples (n = 54) were collected from 34 td cases and analyzed for nov by reverse transcription-pcr and oligoprobe confirmation. the overall prevalence of nov was 65%. interestingly, all no ... | 2005 | 15750070 |
| noroviruses in archival samples. | application of recent techniques to detect current pathogens in archival effluent samples collected and concentrated in 1987 lead to the characterization of norovirus ggii.6 seacroft, unrecognized until 1990 in a clinical sample. retrospective studies will likely increase our knowledge about waterborne transmission of emerging pathogens. | 2005 | 15757575 |
| expression and antigenicity of virus-like particles of norovirus and their application for detection of noroviruses in stool samples. | human noroviruses (novs), members of the genus norovirus in the family caliciviridae, are the leading agents of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. human novs are currently divided into at least two genogroups, genogroup i (gi) and genogroup ii (gii), each of which contains at least 14 and 17 genotypes. to explore the genetic and antigenic relationship among novs, we expressed the capsid protein of four genetically distinct novs, the gi/3 kashiwa645 virus, the gii/3 sanbu809 virus, the ... | 2005 | 15778983 |
| detection of serum antibodies to bovine norovirus in veterinarians and the general population in the netherlands. | the close genetic relationship of human and animal strains of norovirus has raised the possibility of transmission of noroviruses from animals to humans and may explain the emergence of certain norovirus strains. to assess if exposure to bovine noroviruses (nov) might result in infection in humans, an enzyme immunoassay (eia) was designed and validated in order to detect antibodies against bovine norovirus. this and two other eias were used to test sera from 210 veterinarians and 630 matched pop ... | 2005 | 15779045 |
| genotyping of norovirus strains detected in outbreaks between april 2002 and march 2003 in osaka city, japan. | noroviruses (nvs) are the major cause of food- and waterborne nonbacterial gastroenteritis in japan. between april 2002 and march 2003, a total of 111 fecal specimens from 40 outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in osaka city, japan were subject to nv detection. seventy-two samples (64.9%) from 31 outbreaks (77.5%) were nv positive by a real time reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay. to further determine the genotype of individual nv strains, we sequenced the capsid n-terminal/shell ( ... | 2005 | 15782001 |
| frequency of norovirus in stool samples from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in switzerland. | to determine the frequency of sporadic community-acquired norovirus (nv) infection in the german-speaking part of switzerland, an evaluation of gastroenteritis cases seen in physicians' practices between july 2001 and july 2003 was conducted. a total of 699 stool specimens documented to be free of common bacterial pathogens was screened for the presence of nv by rt-pcr. nv was detected in 125 (17.9%) of these specimens. in the seasonal analysis, the highest rate of nv-positive samples (38.3%) wa ... | 2005 | 15782276 |
| generation of recombinant norovirus-like particles (vlp) in the human endothelial kidney cell line 293t. | noroviruses (nvs) are the major cause of non-bacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis. here we report a new alternative system to generate recombinant nv virus-like particles (rnv-vlp) in a human endothelial kidney cell line (hek). transfecting hek-293t cells with an expression vector coding for the orf-2 gene lead to the expression of the viral structural protein vp1 which spontaneously assembled into virus-like particles (vlp), as shown by electron microscopy. the transfected cells did not show ... | 2005 | 15789263 |
| etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis among japanese infants and children: virus diversity and genetic analysis of sapovirus. | a total of 371 fecal specimens from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in maizuru, tokyo and osaka, japan from july 2002 to june 2003 were tested for the presence of diarrheal viruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), reverse passive hemagglutination (prha), rna-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page), latex agglutination and sequence analysis methods. among diarrheal viruses detected, group a rotavirus was the most prevalent (42.2%) followed by noroviru ... | 2005 | 15789264 |
| evidence of recombination in the norovirus capsid gene. | noroviruses are single-stranded rna viruses with high genomic variability. they have emerged in the last decade as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. it remains so far unclear whether norovirus evolution is driven by sequence mutation and/or recombination. in this study, we have assessed the occurrence of recombination in the norovirus capsid gene. for this purpose, 69 complete capsid sequences of norovirus strains accessible in genbank as well as 25 complete capsid sequences generated from ... | 2005 | 15795283 |
| a norovirus gastroenteritis epidemic in a long-term-care facility. | in victoria, australia, from july to december 2002, 126 outbreaks of viral and suspected viral gastroenteritis were reported in healthcare institutions. norovirus was found to account for at least 77 of the 126 outbreaks. | 2005 | 15796276 |
| an outbreak of norovirus infection in a long-term-care unit in spain. | norovirus belongs to the caliciviridae family and causes outbreaks of infectious enteritis by fecal-oral transmission. in spain, there have been few outbreaks reported due to this virus. we describe an outbreak on a long-term-care hospital ward. | 2005 | 15796277 |
| impact of an outbreak of norovirus infection on hospital resources. | to describe a nosocomial norovirus outbreak, its management, and its financial impact on hospital resources. | 2005 | 15796278 |
| evaluation of the impact of the source (patient versus staff) on nosocomial norovirus outbreak severity. | to study the dependence of infection risk and outbreak size on the type of index case (i.e., patient or staff). | 2005 | 15796279 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of noroviruses by using taqman-based one-step reverse transcription-pcr assays and application to naturally contaminated shellfish samples. | noroviruses (nov), which are members of the family caliciviridae, are the most important cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and are commonly found in shellfish grown in polluted waters. in the present study, we developed broadly reactive one-step taqman reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays for the detection of genogroup i (gi) and gii nov in fecal samples, as well as shellfish samples. the specificity and sensitivity of all steps of the assays were systematically evaluated, a ... | 2005 | 15812014 |
| presence of norovirus sequences in bottled waters is questionable. | 2005 | 15812061 | |
| comparison of two real-time pcr methods for diagnosis of norovirus infection in outbreak and community settings. | 2005 | 15815054 | |
| bayesian model choice and infection route modelling in an outbreak of norovirus. | a data set from an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a school is analysed using a stochastic transmission model. the causative agent of the outbreak is believed to be a norovirus, spread through person-to-person contact. particular attention is given to the question of whether or not vomiting episodes enhance the spread of the virus via aerosol transmission. the methodology developed uses bayesian model choice, implemented with reversible-jump markov chain monte carlo methods. the methodology appea ... | 2005 | 15818725 |
| viral diarrhea in japanese children: results from a one-year epidemiologic study. | a total of 557 fecal specimens from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in five places (maizuru, tokyo, sapporo, saga and osaka) in japan from july 2002 to june 2003 were tested for the presence of diarrheal viruses by rt-pcr, prha, rna-page and latex agglutination methods. of these, 56.4% (314) were found positive for diarrheal viruses. among them, group a rotavirus was the most prevalent (43.6%, 137 of 314) followed by norovirus (29.9%, 94 of 314), adenovirus (7.6%, 24 of 314), gro ... | 2005 | 15819174 |
| probable transmission of norovirus on an airplane. | 2005 | 15840859 | |
| existence of multiple outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis among infants in a day care center in japan. | a total of 921 fecal specimens collected from 44 infants in a day care center (dcc) in tokyo, japan during june 1999 to july 2000 were tested for the presence of rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus by reverse-transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (rt-multiplex pcr) and sequence analysis. of 88 fecal specimens from infants with acute gastroenteritis, 51.1% (45) were found to be positive for diarrheal viruses. astrovirus was the most prevalent (15.9%, 14 of 88), ... | 2005 | 15841336 |
| [outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis in nursing homes in haifa, 2002-2003]. | the incidence rate of norovirus gastroenteritis is unknown since diagnostic tests are less readily available than for other agents. this pathogen is identified in less than 10% of acute gastrointestinal illness, despite the fact that recent reports from the united states attribute more than 50% of outbreaks to noroviruses. | 2005 | 15844458 |
| characterization of the norovirus 3c-like protease. | the recombinant 3c-like protease of chiba virus, a norovirus, expressed in escherichia coli cells was purified and characterized as to effects of ph, temperature, salt contents, and sh reagents on its proteolytic activity. the optimal ph and temperature of the 3c-like protease for the proteolytic activity were 8.6 and 37 degrees c, respectively. increased concentration (approximately 100 mm) of monovalent cations such as na+ and k+ was inhibitory to the activity. hg2+ and zn2+ remarkably inhibit ... | 2005 | 15845259 |
| a nosocomial sapovirus-associated outbreak of gastroenteritis in adults. | the human caliciviruses norovirus and sapovirus are leading causes of acute, non-bacterial gastroenteritis. in contrast to norovirus, sapovirus is known to give infections mainly in infants and young children. we describe a nosocomial outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with sapovirus involving 23 adult patients and medical staff. the mean age of the patients and medical staff was 52 y and the major signs and symptoms were nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal cramp, headache, myalgia and fe ... | 2005 | 15849053 |
| meeting report: part ii. notes from the twentieth annual clinical virology symposium. | 2005 | 15849874 | |
| genetic diversity of noroviruses in raw and treated sewage water. | human noroviruses cause gastroenteritis in humans, leading to high virus loads in sewage. norovirus concentrations in raw and treated sewage samples from two sewage treatment plants (stp) were studied, along with virus removal and genetic diversity. over one year, the average norovirus concentrations in raw sewage were approximately 10(5) pcr detectable units (pdu) per liter compared with 10(3) pdu/l of treated sewage. similar sewage treatment processes at stp-a and stp-b led to 2.7 and 2.0 log( ... | 2005 | 15862452 |
| institutional risk factors for outbreaks of nosocomial gastroenteritis: survival analysis of a cohort of hospital units in south-west england, 2002-2003. | nosocomial outbreaks of gastroenteritis are a major burden on hospital inpatient services, costing an estimated pound115 million annually to the english national health service. we actively followed-up 171 inpatient units from four major acute hospitals and 11 community hospitals in south-west england for one year. outbreaks of gastroenteritis were ascertained through an active surveillance network using standard clinical definitions. survival analysis cox regression models using an outbreak of ... | 2005 | 15866012 |
| efficacy of three ethanol-based hand rubs against feline calicivirus, a surrogate virus for norovirus. | we investigated the efficacy of three ethanol-based hand rubs (sterillium virugard, 95% ethanol; sterillium rub, 80% ethanol; desderman n, 75.1% ethanol) against feline calicivirus (fcv), the surrogate virus for norovirus, on artificially contaminated hands of healthy volunteers. the astm e 1838-02 standard was used. experiments were controlled with 70% ethanol and 70% propan-1-ol which were previously found to have maximal efficacy against fcv. in the first step, three different organic loads ( ... | 2005 | 15866013 |
| application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the tamagawa river in japan. | the occurrence of human enteric viruses in surface water in the tamagawa river, japan, was surveyed for 1 year, from april 2003 to march 2004. sixty-four samples were collected from six sites along the river, and 500 ml of the sample was concentrated using the cation-coated filter method, which was developed in our previous study. this method showed recovery yields of 56% +/- 32% (n = 37) for surface water samples inoculated with polioviruses. more than one kind of tested virus was detected in 4 ... | 2005 | 15870327 |
| use of a systems-based approach to an environmental health assessment for a waterborne disease outbreak investigation at a snowmobile lodge in wyoming. | investigations into disease outbreaks generally incorporate an epidemiologic investigation, laboratory analysis, and an environmental health assessment. this last component is designed to discover connections between factors in the environment and the outbreak, but is often limited, either by time and resources, or the expertise of the personnel included in outbreak investigation teams. a waterborne norovirus outbreak investigation in sheridan county, wyoming, in 2001 provides an excellent examp ... | 2005 | 15881980 |
| norovirus and histo-blood group antigens: demonstration of a wide spectrum of strain specificities and classification of two major binding groups among multiple binding patterns. | noroviruses, an important cause of acute gastroenteritis, have been found to recognize human histo-blood group antigens (hbgas) as receptors. four strain-specific binding patterns to hbgas have been described in our previous report. in this study, we have extended the binding patterns to seven based on 14 noroviruses examined. the oligosaccharide-based assays revealed additional epitopes that were not detected by the saliva-based assays. the seven patterns have been classified into two groups ac ... | 2005 | 15890909 |
| are noroviruses emerging? | 2005 | 15898170 | |
| risk factors for infections with norovirus gastrointestinal illness in switzerland. | viral infections, particularly those caused by noroviruses (nv, genus norovirus), are the most common cause of community-acquired gastroenteritis in europe, with respect to both endemic and epidemic occurrence. for the first time, a general practitioner-based case-control study was performed between july 2001 and july 2003 in the german-speaking part of switzerland in order to identify risk factors for sporadic nv infections. the consumption of different foodstuffs and of bottled mineral water d ... | 2005 | 15902531 |
| detection of viral, bacterial, and parasitological rna or dna of nine intestinal pathogens in fecal samples archived as part of the english infectious intestinal disease study: assessment of the stability of target nucleic acid. | fecal samples were collected from cases and controls as part of the infectious intestinal disease (iid) study in england and were stored as frozen suspensions for 8 to 12 years. the purpose of this study was to apply pcr-based procedures to assess the stability of pathogen-specific nucleic acid sequences present in this archive. samples from which cryptosporidium, giardia, salmonella, campylobacter, enteroaggregative escherichia coli (eaggec), enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens, rotaviruses ... | 2005 | 15905692 |
| calicivirus infection in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive children and adults. | the importance of enteric viral infections in hiv-related diarrhea is uncertain. human caliciviruses have emerged as a leading cause of acute diarrhea worldwide. | 2005 | 15911425 |
| multiplex real time rt-pcr for the detection and quantitation of norovirus genogroups i and ii in patients with acute gastroenteritis. | conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (con rt-pcr) assay to detect norovirus is a complex multi-step procedure that requires gel electrophoresis as well as hybridization or sequencing to confirm the results. | 2005 | 15911433 |
| norovirus genotypes causing gastroenteritis outbreaks in finland 1998-2002. | outbreak investigation methods for enteric viruses were improved in 1990s when gene amplification techniques were established in viral laboratories. | 2005 | 15914082 |
| identification of genogroup i and genogroup ii broadly reactive epitopes on the norovirus capsid. | norwalk virus, a member of the family caliciviridae, is an important cause of acute epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis. norwalk and related viruses are classified in a separate genus of caliciviridae called norovirus, which is comprised of at least three genogroups based on sequence differences. many of the currently available immunologic reagents used to study these viruses are type specific, which limits the identification of antigenically distinct viruses in detection assays. identificatio ... | 2005 | 15919896 |
| norovirus and child care: challenges in outbreak control. | an infant with diarrhea attended a community playgroup. in the subsequent 48 hours, 6 of the 7 mothers and children reported gastroenteritis; fecal specimens from 5 persons tested positive for norovirus, with identical sequences. no breach of hygiene or contact with fecal matter was identified. excluding the child with gastroenteritis from the playgroup could have prevented this outbreak. | 2005 | 15933572 |
| norovirus and its histo-blood group antigen receptors: an answer to a historical puzzle. | recent findings demonstrate that human histo-blood group antigens (hbgas) serve as receptors for norovirus infection. the recognition of human hbgas by noroviruses is a typical protein-carbohydrate interaction, in which the protruding domain of the viral capsid protein forms an interface with the oligosaccharide side-chains of the antigens, with a wide diversity among different strains. the human hbga system is also highly polymorphic and is controlled by multiple gene families with silent allel ... | 2005 | 15936661 |
| outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to infections with norovirus in switzerland, 2001-2003. | viral infections, especially those with noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in europe. to obtain information about the epidemic situation of noroviruses in switzerland, an initial study was launched in the german-speaking part of the country to systematically compile norovirus outbreak information between 2001 and 2003. in total, 73 outbreaks were registered. most affected were closed settings, e.g. nursing homes (34%) and hospitals (25%). transmission pathways were id ... | 2005 | 15962549 |
| multiple norovirus genotypes characterised from an oyster-associated outbreak of gastroenteritis. | the diversity of norovirus (nv) genotypes was investigated in persons who were ill with acute gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of oysters. initial results from a commercial enzyme immunoassay (eia) indicated a mixed nv genogroup i (gi) and ii (gii) outbreak. a reverse-transcriptase (rt)-pcr for nvs was applied to nucleic acid extracted from faecal specimens collected from symptomatic cases. using primers that amplified contiguous sequences in the orf1/2 region of the nv genome and ... | 2005 | 15967530 |
| norovirus contamination found in oysters worldwide. | noroviruses (norwalk-like viruses) are recognized as major causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis are often associated with consumption of oysters. in this study, oysters imported into hong kong from 11 countries over a 3-year period were screened by rt-pcr. overall, 53 out of 507 (10.5%) samples were positive for norovirus-rna, and a wide variety of strains were found. two novel genetic clusters were detected, which could indicate novel human or animal ... | 2005 | 15977231 |
| evidence of the etiological predominance of norovirus in gastroenteritis outbreaks--emerging new-variant and recombinant noroviruses in hungary. | between january 2001 and december 2003, stool specimens from 262 (45%) of 581 reported outbreaks of gastroenteritis were investigated for noroviruses in hungary. specimens collected from outbreaks of non-bacterial gastroenteritis were examined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay. in 253 (97%) of 262 outbreaks, norovirus was detected and confirmed by sequencing in 211 (81%). hospitals (35%), day care centers (30%), and elderly homes (27%) were the most common ... | 2005 | 15977235 |
| hospital disinfection: efficacy and safety issues. | to review recent publications relevant to hospital disinfection (and cleaning) including the reprocessing of medical instruments. | 2005 | 15985828 |
| detection of enteric viruses and bacterial indicators in german environmental waters. | a german mining lake and the supplying surface waters, which are located downstream of a sewage plant, were examined regarding their microbiological and virological quality. between october 2002 and september 2003, specific pcr methods were used to determine the occurrence of enteric viruses in 123 water specimens drawn at different sites downstream of the waste water treatment plant and in 9 samples from the sewage plant influent. detection rates in sewage plant effluents and surface water samp ... | 2005 | 15645371 |
| a novel rt-multiplex pcr for enteroviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses and influenza a virus among infants and children with diarrhea in vietnam. | a novel reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (rt-multiplex pcr) assay that can detect enteroviruses, hepatitis a and e viruses and influenza a virus from various hosts (avian species, human, swine and horse) was developed. the identification of that group of viruses was performed with the mixture of four pairs of published specific primers (f1 and r1, p3 and p4, 2s and 2as, mmu42 and mmu43) for amplifying viral genomes and specifically generated four different amplicon sizes ... | 2005 | 15645373 |
| molecular and epidemiological features of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in victoria, australia in 2001. | norovirus was identified in 30 of 59 gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in the state of victoria, australia in 2001 by rt-pcr and/or electron microscopy (em). norovirus outbreaks occurred in hostels/nursing homes (27%), hospitals (13%), youth refuges (3%), social gatherings associated with food consumption (27%), school outings/camps (13%), and pre-school/child-minding centers (17%). norovirus outbreaks tended to occur in the warmer months. phylogenetic analysis identified six clusters, one wit ... | 2005 | 15602721 |
| experimental norovirus infections in non-human primates. | noroviruses, with norwalk virus as the prototype strain, are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in people of all ages. limited information on the immunology of norovirus infections has been obtained by studies both in the natural setting and in experimentally infected volunteers. interpretation of these studies is difficult due to the lack of information on the history of norovirus exposure and the cross-reactivity of antibodies. an animal model for norovirus infections would be impo ... | 2005 | 15602728 |
| disinfection of feline calicivirus (a surrogate for norovirus) in wastewaters. | to compare the inactivation of feline calicivirus (fcv) (a surrogate for norovirus, nv) with the reduction of a bacterial water quality indicator (escherichia coli), a human enteric virus (poliovirus) and a viral indicator (ms2, frna bacteriophage), following the disinfection of wastewaters. | 2005 | 15610428 |
| survival of viruses on fresh produce, using ms2 as a surrogate for norovirus. | to study the survival and removal of viruses from fresh fruit and vegetables using the bacteriophage ms2 as a potential surrogate for noroviruses. | 2005 | 15610433 |
| real-time rt-pcr for norovirus screening in shellfish. | real-time rt-pcr, combining amplification and detection of virus-specific amplicons, is a promising tool for norovirus detection in environmental or food samples such as shellfish. we developed a real-time rt-pcr assay based on one-step detection using single primer sets and probes for norovirus genogroups i and ii. seventy and seven rt-pcr units of genogroup i and ii reference norovirus strains, respectively, were detected in artificially contaminated oysters. validation of the new method on 15 ... | 2005 | 15582692 |
| a space-time permutation scan statistic for disease outbreak detection. | the ability to detect disease outbreaks early is important in order to minimize morbidity and mortality through timely implementation of disease prevention and control measures. many national, state, and local health departments are launching disease surveillance systems with daily analyses of hospital emergency department visits, ambulance dispatch calls, or pharmacy sales for which population-at-risk information is unavailable or irrelevant. | 2005 | 15719066 |
| a one-year intensified study of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the netherlands. | in 2002, in the netherlands a national study of gastroenteritis outbreaks was performed. epidemiological information was collected by the public health services (phs) and the food inspection services (fis) using standardized questionnaires. stool samples were collected for diagnostic testing. for foodborne outbreaks, food samples were taken. in total, 281 gastroenteritis outbreaks were included, mainly from nursing homes and homes for the elderly (57%), restaurants (11%), hospitals (9%) and day- ... | 2005 | 15724705 |
| a large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak associated with norovirus in nursing homes. | an increase in gastroenteritis outbreaks due to norovirus has been reported worldwide. we investigated a large-scale outbreak affecting 246 residents and 33 staff members in six nursing homes in the tel-aviv district, israel, during 3 weeks in 2002. person-to-person spread was noticed in all nursing homes. the spread of disease could not be attributed to social interactions. among the elderly residents, the hospitalization rate was 10.2% and the case-fatality rate was 2.0%. bacteriological cultu ... | 2005 | 15724708 |
| detection of multiple enteric virus strains within a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis: an indication of the source of contamination. | an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis of suspected viral aetiology occurred in april 2003 in the british royal fleet auxiliary ship (rfa) argus deployed in the northern arabian gulf. there were 37 cases amongst a crew of 400 personnel. of 13 samples examined from cases amongst the crew, six enteric viruses were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). five different viruses were identified including, three norovirus genotypes, a sapovirus and a rotavirus. no multiple ... | 2005 | 15724709 |
| an outbreak of food poisoning due to a genogroup i norovirus. | norovirus infection is associated with approximately 90% of epidemic non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis. the objective of this study is to describe an outbreak of norovirus genogroup i gastroenteritis which affected workers in a hospital and was attributed to food prepared by an infected food handler. forty cases were detected, of whom 80% were interviewed. the index case was the cook employed in the hospital cafeteria. the following symptoms were observed: abdominal pain in 90.6%, vomiting in ... | 2005 | 15724726 |
| [outbreak of food-borne norovirus associated with the consumption of sandwiches]. | the aim of this study was to conduct an investigation into an outbreak of food-borne disease at a hotel, when epidemiological and microbiological results determined that the etiological agent was norovirus and the source of infection was food handlers. | 2005 | 15725365 |
| probe typing of noroviruses detected in osaka city, japan. | 2005 | 15728996 | |
| transmission, management and features of norovirus infection. | noroviruses cause acute gastroenteritis in humans with outbreaks occurring in a variety of settings. it is important that all nurses are aware of this infectious disease and how to report it, and understand the management of patients with this condition. | 2005 | 15732488 |
| characteristics of human calicivirus enteritis in intestinal transplant recipients. | the human caliciviruses, which include norwalk-like viruses (or noroviruses) and sapporo viruses, commonly cause epidemic and endemic viral gastroenteritis of short duration in healthy individuals. however, the impact of human calicivirus in immunosuppressed populations has not been established. the authors report five pediatric patients who developed human calicivirus enteritis after intestinal transplantation. | 2005 | 15735487 |
| norovirus proteinase-polymerase and polymerase are both active forms of rna-dependent rna polymerase. | in vitro mapping studies of the md145 norovirus (caliciviridae) orf1 polyprotein identified two stable cleavage products containing the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) domains: propol (a precursor comprised of both the proteinase and polymerase) and pol (the mature polymerase). the goal of this study was to identify the active form (or forms) of the norovirus polymerase. the recombinant propol (expressed as pro(-)pol with an inactivated proteinase domain to prevent autocleavage) and re ... | 2005 | 15681440 |
| association of histo-blood group antigens and susceptibility to norovirus infections. | noroviruses (novs) are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans of all ages. challenge studies that used the nov prototype strain norwalk virus (nv) have shown that some individuals are not susceptible to infection, suggesting the absence of a receptor. recent studies have identified histo-blood group antigens (hbgas) as possible receptors. being a nonsecretor and presence of hbga type b were associated with protection against infection with nv, a genogroup (gg) i nov. | 2005 | 15688291 |
| seroprevalence of noroviruses in swine. | noroviruses (nvs) are important human pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis. genetically related animal enteric nvs have also been described, but there is no evidence of interspecies transmission of nvs. in this study we characterized antibody prevalence among domestic pigs by using recombinant capsid antigens of two human nvs (norwalk and hawaii) and one swine nv (sw918) that is genetically related to gii human nvs. recombinant sw918 capsid protein expressed in baculovirus self-assembled i ... | 2005 | 15695660 |
| self-assembly of the recombinant capsid protein of a bovine norovirus (bonv) into virus-like particles and evaluation of cross-reactivity of bonv with human noroviruses. | none of the enteric caliciviruses except po/sapo/giii/cowden/80/us replicates in cell culture, which complicates efforts to develop control strategies or to study viral replication. to develop serological assays for bovine noroviruses (bonvs) and to determine the cross-reactivity of bonv with human noroviruses, we generated two recombinant baculoviruses, rcv186-oh and rjncv, to express the capsid genes of bo/cv186-oh/00/us (norovirus genogroup iii [giii], genotype 2 [giii/2]). rcv186-oh expresse ... | 2005 | 15695679 |
| norovirus and foodborne disease, united states, 1991-2000. | efforts to prevent foodborne illness target bacterial pathogens, yet noroviruses (nov) are suspected to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis. new molecular assays allow for better estimation of the role of nov in foodborne illness. we analyzed 8,271 foodborne outbreaks reported to the centers for disease control and prevention from 1991 to 2000 and additional data from 6 states. the proportion of nov-confirmed outbreaks increased from 1% in 1991 to 12% in 2000. however, from 1998 to 2000, ... | 2005 | 15705329 |
| norovirus transmission on cruise ship. | an outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis affected passengers on two consecutive cruises of ship x and continued on 4 subsequent cruises despite a 1-week sanitization. we documented transmission by food and person-to-person contact; persistence of virus despite sanitization onboard, including introductions of new strains; and seeding of an outbreak on land. | 2005 | 15705344 |
| cellular and humoral immunity following snow mountain virus challenge. | little is known about the immune response to noroviruses. to elucidate the immunobiology of norovirus infection in humans, 15 volunteers were challenged with snow mountain virus (smv), a genogroup 2 norovirus. we assessed the cellular and humoral immune response and infection by analyzing stool, serum, saliva, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) responses pre- and postchallenge. in contrast to norwalk virus (nv), smv infection was not dependent upon blood group secretor status. nine of ... | 2005 | 15709009 |
| gastroenteritis in us marines during operation iraqi freedom. | approximately 83,000 us marines participated in the opening phase of operation iraqi freedom in spring 2003. a navy preventive medicine laboratory was set up in ad diwaniyah, iraq, to provide clinical diagnostic support for marine medical units during a period of repositioning in south-central iraq. | 2005 | 15712073 |
| norovirus gastroenteritis in us marines in iraq. | 2005 | 15712074 | |
| [sudden death of a child due to aspiration of the gastric content during an infection with norwalk-like virus]. | the death of a 1.5-year-old child due to bronchoaspiration of the gastric content in the development of a letal infection caused by norwalk-like virus was reported. the viral gastrointestinal diseases are common but they rarely produce a severe disease. recent investigations show that norwall-like virus (noro-virus) is the most frequent gastrointestinal pathogen in central europe. the etiological diagnosis of the gastrointestinal disease, starting from autopsy material, was only possible by poly ... | 2005 | 17969279 |
| [a frequent cause for acute gastroenteritis in winter]. | 2006 | 17225299 |