Publications

structural and biochemical analysis of the asc operon encoding 6-phospho-beta-glucosidase in pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ly34.	an asc operon of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ly34 (pcc ly34) was isolated from a genomic library in a screen for beta-glucosidase activities. sequence analysis of the 5618-bp cloned dna fragment (accession number ay622309) showed three open reading frames (ascg, ascf, and ascb) that are predicted to encode 375, 486, and 476 amino acid proteins, respectively. the ascg orf shared a high similarity with the escherichia coli ascg repressor. the ascf orf shared 81% identity with the ...	2004	15748978
gene stacking in phalaenopsis orchid enhances dual tolerance to pathogen attack.	cymbidium mosaic virus (cymmv) and erwinia carotovora have been reported to cause severe damage to orchid plants. to enhance the resistance of orchids to both viral and bacterial phytopathogens, gene stacking was applied on phalaenopsis orchid by double transformation. plbs originally transformed with cymmv coat protein cdna (cp) were then re-transformed with sweet pepper ferredoxin-like protein cdna (pflp) by agrobacterium tumefaciens, to enable expression of dual (viral and bacterial) disease ...	2005	16145836
isolation and antifungal activity of 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid from streptomyces koyangensis strain vk-a60.	an antifungal compound was isolated from the culture broth of streptomyces koyangensis strain vk-a60 using various chromatographic procedures. on the basis of the high-resolution ei-mass and 1h and 13c nmr data, the compound was identified as 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid. colletotrichum orbiculare, magnaporthe grisea, and pythium ultimum were most sensitive to 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid. strong inhibitory effects of 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid also were found against pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. car ...	2005	16190619
tol-pal proteins are critical cell envelope components of erwinia chrysanthemi affecting cell morphology and virulence.	the tol-pal genes are necessary for maintaining the outer-membrane integrity of gram-negative bacteria. these genes were first described in escherichia coli, and more recently in several other species. they are involved in the pathogenesis of e. coli, haemophilus ducreyi, vibrio cholerae and salmonella enterica. the role of the tol-pal genes in bacterial pathogenesis was investigated in the phytopathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi, assuming that this organism might be a good model fo ...	2005	16207916
expression of the hypersensitive response-assisting protein in arabidopsis results in harpin-dependent hypersensitive cell death in response to erwinia carotovora.	active defense mechanisms of plants against pathogens often include a rapid plant cell death known as the hypersensitive cell death (hcd). hypersensitive response-assisting protein (hrap) isolated from sweet pepper intensifies the harpin(pss)-mediated hcd. here we demonstrate that constitutive expression of the hrap gene in arabidopsis results in an enhanced disease resistance towards soft rot pathogen, e. carotovora subsp. carotovora. this resistance was due to the induction of hcd since differ ...	2005	16270229
involvement of bacterial quorum-sensing signals in spoilage of bean sprouts.	bacterial communication signals, acylated homoserine lactones (ahls), were extracted from samples of commercial bean sprouts undergoing soft-rot spoilage. bean sprouts produced in the laboratory did not undergo soft-rot spoilage and did not contain ahls or ahl-producing bacteria, although the bacterial population reached levels similar to those in the commercial sprouts, 10(8) to 10(9) cfu/g. ahl-producing bacteria (enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonads) were isolated from commercial sprouts, and ...	2005	15933035
cloning, expression and characterisation of erwinia carotovora l-asparaginase.	bacterial l-asparaginases (e.c. 3.5.1.1) have been used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of acute childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia. l-asparaginase from erwinia carotovora ncyc 1526 (era) was cloned and expressed in e. coli. the enzyme was purified to homogeneity by a two-step procedure comprising cation-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on immobilised l-asparagine. the enzymatic properties of the recombinant enzyme were investigated and the kinetic parameters (k(m), k(ca ...	2005	15951039
[o2-* burst of tobacco leaves triggered by erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora inoculation].	o(-.)(2) production based on chemical method by ecc-treated intact tobacco leaves was observed. it showed a long-lasting one-phase course beginning 1 h and ending 14 h after erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (ecc) was inoculated. in ecc-treated leaves, o(-.)(2) production rate of 3 h is 2 times of 1 h, and of 10 h it remains 1.7 times. it decreases rapidly between 10 h and 14 h, at 14 h it falls to the level before inoculation. this is a completely different course from the widely accepted tw ...	2005	15961909
comparative analysis of two classes of quorum-sensing signaling systems that control production of extracellular proteins and secondary metabolites in erwinia carotovora subspecies.	in erwinia carotovora subspecies, n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) controls the expression of various traits, including extracellular enzyme/protein production and pathogenicity. we report here that e. carotovora subspecies possess two classes of quorum-sensing signaling systems defined by the nature of the major ahl analog produced as well as structural and functional characteristics of ahl synthase (ahli) and ahl receptor (expr). class i strains represented by e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica s ...	2005	16291676
identification of erwinia amylovora genes induced during infection of immature pear tissue.	the enterobacterium erwinia amylovora is a devastating plant pathogen causing necrotrophic fire blight disease of apple, pear, and other rosaceous plants. in this study, we used a modified in vivo expression technology system to identify e. amylovora genes that are activated during infection of immature pear tissue, a process that requires the major pathogenicity factors of this organism. we identified 394 unique pear fruit-induced (pfi) genes on the basis of sequence similarity to known genes a ...	2005	16291682
pecs and pect coregulate the synthesis of hrpn and pectate lyases, two virulence determinants in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937 is a necrotrophic bacterial plant pathogen. pectinolytic enzymes and, in particular, pectate lyases play a key role in soft rot symptoms; however, the efficient colonization of plants by e. chrysanthemi requires additional factors. these factors include hrpn (harpin), a heat-stable, glycine-rich hydrophilic protein, which is secreted by the type iii secretion system. we investigated the expression of hrpn in e. chrysanthemi 3937 in various environmental condition ...	2005	16353555
[enhanced resistance to phytopathogenic bacteria in transgenic tobacco plants with synthetic gene of antimicrobial peptide cecropin p1].	plasmids with a synthetic gene of the mammalian antimicrobial peptide cecropin p1 (cecp1) controlled by the constitutive promoter 35s rna of cauliflower mosaic virus were constructed. agrobacterial transformation of tobacco plants was conducted using the obtained recombinant binary vector. the presence of gene cecp1 in the plant genome was confirmed by pcr. the expression of gene cecp1 in transgenic plants was shown by northern blot analysis. the obtained transgenic plants exhibit enhanced resis ...	2005	16358711
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of l-asparaginase from erwinia carotovora.	bacterial l-asparaginases have been used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of acute childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia for over 30 y. however, their use is limited owing to the glutaminase activity of the administered enzymes, which results in serious side effects. in contrast, l-asparaginase from erwinia carotovora exhibits low glutaminase activity at physiological concentrations of l-asparagine and l-glutamine in the blood. recombinant er. carotovora l-asparaginase was crystallized in the ...	2005	16511054
ectopic expression of anthocyanin 5-o-glucosyltransferase in potato tuber causes increased resistance to bacteria.	the principal goal of this paper was to investigate the significance of anthocyanin 5-o-glucosyltransferase (5-ugt) for potato tuber metabolism. the ectopic expression of a 5-ugt cdna in the tuber improved the plant's defense against pathogen infection. the resistance of transgenic lines against erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora was about 2-fold higher than for nontransformed plants. in most cases the pathogen resistance was accompanied by a significant increase in tuber yield. to investigate ...	2005	15656661
carbapenem antibiotic biosynthesis in erwinia carotovora is regulated by physiological and genetic factors modulating the quorum sensing-dependent control pathway.	erwinia carotovora produces the beta-lactam antibiotic, carbapenem, in response to a quorum sensing signalling molecule, n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (ohhl). we have mapped the ohhl-dependent promoter upstream of the first of the biosynthetic genes, cara. we have also analysed the effect on this promoter of the known genetic regulators of carbapenem expression, carr, cari (encoding homologues of luxr and luxi respectively) and hor (encoding a slya/marr-like transcriptional regulator). ...	2005	15659168
construction of minimum size cellulase (cel5z) from pectobacterium chrysanthemi py35 by removal of the c-terminal region.	pectobacterium chrysanthemi py35 secretes the endoglucanase cel5z, an enzyme of the glycoside hydrolase family 5. cel5z is a 426 amino acid, signal peptide (sp)-containing protein composed of two domains: a large n-terminal catalytic domain (cd; 291 amino acids) and a small c-terminal cellulose binding domain (cbd; 62 amino acids). these two domains are separated by a 30 amino acid linker region (lr). a truncated cel5z gene was constructed with the addition of a nonsense mutation that removes th ...	2005	15666145
novel mutants of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora defective in the production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes generated by mu transpososome-mediated insertion mutagenesis.	as in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora the regulation details of the main virulence factors, encoding extracellular enzymes that degrade the plant cell wall, is only rudimentally understood, we performed a genetic screen to identify novel candidate genes involved in the process. initially, we used mu transpososome-mediated mutagenesis approach to generate a comprehensive transposon insertion mutant library of ca. 10000 clones and screened the clones for the loss of extracellular enzyme produ ...	2005	15668006
mutations of ousa alter the virulence of erwinia chrysanthemi.	a negative correlation was observed between the aggressiveness of several erwinia chrysanthemi strains on potato tuber and their osmotic tolerance. the disruption of the ousa gene encoding the major osmoprotectant uptake system highly enhanced bacterial virulence on potato tubers. the ousa disruption also increased the maceration efficiency on potato tubers under anaerobic conditions. in the absence of oxygen, pectate lyase (pel) production was significantly higher in the tissue macerated with t ...	2005	15720084
role of the phop-phoq system in the virulence of erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937: involvement in sensitivity to plant antimicrobial peptides, survival at acid hh, and regulation of pectolytic enzymes.	erwinia chrysanthemi is a phytopathogenic bacterium that causes soft-rot diseases in a broad number of crops. the phop-phoq system is a key factor in pathogenicity of several bacteria and is involved in the bacterial resistance to different factors, including acid stress. since e. chrysanthemi is confronted by acid ph during pathogenesis, we have studied the role of this system in the virulence of this bacterium. in this work, we have isolated and characterized the phop and phoq mutants of e. ch ...	2005	15743964
application of partial least squares discriminant analysis to two-dimensional difference gel studies in expression proteomics.	two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (dige) is a tool for measuring changes in protein expression between samples involving pre-electrophoretic labeling ith cyanine dyes. in multi-gel experiments, univariate statistical tests have been used to identify differential expression between sample types by looking for significant changes in spot volume. multivariate statistical tests, which look for correlated changes between sample types, provide an alternate approach for identifying spots w ...	2005	15744836
identification of a new quorum-sensing-controlled virulence factor in erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica secreted via the type ii targeting pathway.	two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the secreted proteins of erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica revealed a low-abundance protein that was identified by mass spectrometry as a homologue of a xanthomonas campestris avirulence protein with unknown function. the predicted svx protein has an n-terminal signal sequence and zinc binding-region signature, and the mature protein is post-translationally modified. a 2d difference gel electrophoresis (dige) showed that the protein is se ...	2005	15828685
novel quorum-sensing-controlled genes in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora: identification of a fungal elicitor homologue in a soft-rotting bacterium.	seven new genes controlled by the quorum-sensing signal molecule n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (ohhl) have been identified in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. using tnphoa as a mutagen, we enriched for mutants defective in proteins that could play a role in the interaction between e. carotovora subsp. carotovora and its plant hosts, and identified nipecc and its counterpart in e. carotovora subsp. atroseptica. these are members of a growing family of proteins related to nep1 from f ...	2005	15828686
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of asparaginase formulations: the past, the present and recommendations for the future.	the discovery of the tumour-inhibitory properties of asparaginase began 50 years ago with the observation that guinea-pig serum-treated lymphoma-bearing mice underwent rapid and often complete regression. soon afterwards, the asparaginase of bacterial origin was isolated. the asparaginases of bacterial origin induce anti-asparaginase neutralising antibodies in a large proportion of patients (44-60%), thus negating the specific enzymatic activity and resulting in failure of the target amino acid ...	2005	15828851
lethal effect of the gliding arc discharges on erwinia spp.	to compare the decontamination performances of glidarc on strains of erwinia of industrial interest.	2005	15836472
rotting softly and stealthily.	the soft rot erwiniae, which are plant pathogens on potato and other crops world-wide, synthesize and secrete large quantities of plant cell wall degrading enzymes that are responsible for the soft rot phenotype, earning them the epithet 'brute force' pathogens. they have been distinguished from classic 'stealth' pathogens, such as pseudomonas syringae, which possesses an extensive battery of type iii secreted effector proteins and phytotoxins to manipulate and suppress host defences. however, r ...	2005	15970273
expr, a luxr homolog of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, activates transcription of rsma, which specifies a global regulatory rna-binding protein.	n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) is required by erwinia carotovora subspecies for the expression of various traits, including extracellular enzyme and protein production and pathogenicity. previous studies with e. carotovora subsp. carotovora have shown that ahl deficiency causes the production of high levels of rsma, an rna binding protein that functions as a global negative regulator of extracellular enzymes and proteins and secondary metabolites (rsm, regulator of secondary metabolites). we do ...	2005	15995194
flavohaemoglobin hmpx from erwinia chrysanthemi confers nitrosative stress tolerance and affects the plant hypersensitive reaction by intercepting nitric oxide produced by the host.	host cells respond to infection by generating nitric oxide (no) as a cytotoxic weapon to facilitate killing of invading microbes. bacterial flavohaemoglobins are well-known scavengers of no and play a crucial role in protecting animal pathogens from nitrosative stress during infection. erwinia chrysanthemi, which causes macerating diseases in a wide variety of plants, possesses a flavohaemoglobin (hmpx) whose function in plant pathogens has remained unclear. here we show that hmpx consumes no an ...	2005	15998309
siderophore-mediated upregulation of arabidopsis ferritin expression in response to erwinia chrysanthemi infection.	ferritins are multimeric iron storage proteins encoded by a four-member gene family in arabidopsis (atfer1-4). to investigate whether iron sequestration in ferritins is a part of an iron-withholding defense system induced in response to bacterial invasion, we used arabidopsis thaliana as a susceptible host for the pathogenic bacterium erwinia chrysanthemi. in this study, we used a t-dna insertion mutant line to show that the lack of a functional atfer1 gene resulted in an enhanced susceptibility ...	2005	15998312
ousb, a broad-specificity abc-type transporter from erwinia chrysanthemi, mediates uptake of glycine betaine and choline with a high affinity.	the ability of erwinia chrysanthemi to cope with environments of elevated osmolality is due in part to the transport and accumulation of osmoprotectants. in this study we have identified a high-affinity glycine betaine and choline transport system in e. chrysanthemi. by using a pool of tn5-b21 ousa mutants, we isolated a mutant that could grow in the presence of a toxic analogue of glycine betaine (benzyl-glycine betaine) at high osmolalities. this mutant was impaired in its ability to transport ...	2005	16000740
transfer of pectobacterium chrysanthemi (burkholder et al. 1953) brenner et al. 1973 and brenneria paradisiaca to the genus dickeya gen. nov. as dickeya chrysanthemi comb. nov. and dickeya paradisiaca comb. nov. and delineation of four novel species, dickeya dadantii sp. nov., dickeya dianthicola sp. nov., dickeya dieffenbachiae sp. nov. and dickeya zeae sp. nov.	a collection of 75 strains of pectobacterium chrysanthemi (including all biovars and pathovars) and the type strains of brenneria paradisiaca (cfbp 4178(t)) and pectobacterium cypripedii (cfbp 3613(t)) were studied by dna-dna hybridization, numerical taxonomy of 121 phenotypic characteristics, serology and 16s rrna gene-based phylogenetic analyses. from analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences, it was deduced that p. chrysanthemi strains and b. paradisiaca cfbp 4178(t) formed a clade distinct from th ...	2005	16014461
[indicator system for studying the lysogenic development of temperate bacteriophage zf40 erwinia carotovora].	the indicatory system for studying the lysogenic development of the moderate erwiniophage zf40 has been created on the basis of the data on the efficiency of inoculation, adsorption of phage particles on a cell, and cooperation between different clear-mutants. the use of the indicatory strains rc5297 and 62a-dl. derivatives of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 62a, permitted dividing c-mutants of the phage zf40 into two types which, in their turn, include 4 groups of complementation (cooperat ...	2005	16018206
[the multiple character of mutation of resistance to mitomycin c in erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora].	it has been shown that mutants of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (eca) resistant to mitomycin c could be characterized by the change of colonies morphology, sensitivity to bacteriocins, and by the change of pathogeneity. it is supposed that mutations responsible for the stability to mitomycin c touch the synthesis of cell membranes components. in some cases mcr-mutations caused cardinal changes--the loss of prototrophy and synthesis of carotinoid pigment. the mutants obtained in this work ...	2005	16018213
structure-activity relationships of erwinia carotovora quorum sensing signaling molecules.	production of virulence factors and secondary metabolites is regulated in the phytopathogen erwinia carotovora by quorum sensing involving n-acylated homoserine lactone (ahl) signaling molecules. non-hydrolyzable ahl analogues were synthesized and screened in vivo. the biological activity of each compound was correlated with its ability to bind erwinia ahl receptor proteins (luxr homologues) in vitro. there is an excellent correlation between carbapenem production in vivo and in vitro binding to ...	2005	16051488
elevated temperature enhances virulence of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora strain ec153 to plants and stimulates production of the quorum sensing signal, n-acyl homoserine lactone, and extracellular proteins.	erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica, e. carotovora subsp. betavasculorum, and e. carotovora subsp. carotovora produce high levels of extracellular enzymes, such as pectate lyase (pel), polygalacturonase (peh), cellulase (cel), and protease (prt), and the quorum-sensing signal n-acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl) at 28 degrees c. however, the production of these enzymes and ahl by these bacteria is severely inhibited during growth at elevated temperatures (31.2 degrees c for e. carotovora subsp. atr ...	2005	16085860
erwinia chrysanthemi requires a second iron transport route dependent of the siderophore achromobactin for extracellular growth and plant infection.	full virulence of the pectinolytic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi strain 3937 depends on the production in planta of the catechol-type siderophore chrysobactin. under iron-limited conditions, e. chrysanthemi synthesizes a second siderophore called achromobactin belonging to the hydroxy/carboxylate class of siderophore. in this study, we cloned and functionally characterized a 13 kb long operon comprising seven genes required for the biosynthesis (acs) and extracellular release (yhca) of ac ...	2005	15612933
the erwinia chrysanthemi type iii secretion system is required for multicellular behavior.	enterobacterial animal pathogens exhibit aggregative multicellular behavior, which is manifested as pellicles on the culture surface and biofilms at the surface-liquid-air interface. pellicle formation behavior requires production of extracellular polysaccharide, cellulose, and protein filaments, known as curli. protein filaments analogous to curli are formed by many protein secretion systems, including the type iii secretion system (ttss). here, we demonstrate that erwinia chrysanthemi, which d ...	2005	15629935
altering substrate chain length specificity of an acylhomoserine lactone synthase in bacterial communication.	quorum sensing mediated by specific signal compounds (autoinducers) allows bacteria to monitor their cell density and enables a synchronized regulation of target gene sets. the best studied group of autoinducers are the acylhomoserine lactones (ahsls), which are central to the regulation of virulence in many plant and animal pathogens. variation of the acyl side chain of the ahsls underlies the observed species specificity of this communication system. here we show that even different strains of ...	2005	15634689
a differential medium for the isolation and rapid identification of a plant soft rot pathogen, erwinia chrysanthemi.	a medium was developed for the isolation and differentiation of erwinia chrysanthemi from other erwinia spp. based on the production of blue-pigmented indigoidine. the medium, named ngm, consists of nutrient agar supplemented with 1% glycerol, that induces pigment production, and 2 mm mncl2*4h2o, that further enhances color development. more than fifty e. chrysanthemi strains from six different plant hosts were tested. all tested strains of e. chrysanthemi grew well on the ngm medium, developing ...	2006	15927293
harpin mediates cell aggregation in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	the hypersensitive response elicitor harpin (hrpn) of soft rot pathogen erwinia chrysanthemi strains 3937 and ec16 is secreted via the type iii secretion system and remains cell surface bound. strain 3937 hrpn is essential for cell aggregation, but the c-terminal one-third of the protein is not required for aggregative activity.	2006	16513758
the phytopathogen dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) is a pathogen of the pea aphid.	dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi) is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing soft rot diseases on many crops. the sequencing of its genome identified four genes encoding homologues of the cyt family of insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis, which are not present in the close relative pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum. the pathogenicity of d. dadantii was tested on the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, and the bacterium was shown to be highly virulent for this insect, either ...	2006	16517643
regulation of virulence by members of the marr/slya family.	virulence gene regulators rova, slya and pecs comprise a subset of the marr/slya family of transcriptional regulators, which has been shown to be involved in the regulation of virulence genes. these regulators have all been shown to both positively and negatively regulate the expression of multiple genes, involving several different mechanisms. one of the conserved mechanisms of regulatory control among these proteins appears to be competition for binding sites with other proteins. slya negative ...	2006	16529980
exploitation of a beta-lactamase reporter gene fusion in the carbapenem antibiotic production operon to study adaptive evolution in erwinia carotovora.	erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora strain attn10 produces the beta-lactam antibiotic 1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid (carbapenem) by expressing the carabcdefgh operon. mutants exhibiting increased carbapenem gene transcription were positively selected using an engineered strain with a functional beta-lactamase translational fusion in carh, the last gene of the operon. however, spontaneous ampicillin-resistant mutants were isolated even when transcription of carh : : blam was blocked by a str ...	2006	16549672
the erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 phoq sensor kinase regulates several virulence determinants.	the phopq two-component system regulates virulence factors in erwinia chrysanthemi, a pectinolytic enterobacterium that causes soft rot in several plant species. we characterized the effect of a mutation in phoq, the gene encoding the sensor kinase phoq of the phopq two-component regulatory system, on the global transcriptional profile of e. chrysanthemi using cdna microarrays and further confirmed our results by quantitative reverse transcription-pcr analysis. our results indicate that a mutati ...	2006	16585768
population behavior analysis of dspe and peld regulation in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937.	erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 (ech3937) is a phytopathogenic bacterium with a wide host range. the pectinolytic enzymes secreted by the bacterium and the type iii secretion system (t3ss) are essential for full virulence. we used the green fluorescent protein gene as a reporter to investigate the expression of dspe (a putative t3ss effector) and peld (a major pectin-degrading enzyme) in populations of ech3937 under different conditions. gene expression was analyzed by measuring the fluorescence inten ...	2006	16610748
cloning and comparison of third beta-glucoside utilization (bglefia) operon with two operons of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ly34.	a third bgl operon containing bgle, bglf, bgli, and bgla was isolated from pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum ly34 (pcc ly34). the sequences of bgle, bglf, and bgll were similar to those of the phosphotransferase system (pts) components iib, iic, and iia respectively. bglf contains important residues for the phosphotransferase system. the amino acid sequence of bgla showed high similarity to various 6-phospho-beta-glucosidases and to a member of glycosyl hydrolase family 1. sequence a ...	2006	16636444
type ii quorum sensing regulates virulence in erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora.	quorum sensing is a process by which bacteria communicate using secreted chemical signaling molecules called autoinducers. in this study, the opportunistic plant pathogen erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora was observed to secrete type ii signaling molecules. a homolog of luxs, the gene required for ai-2 synthesis in vibrio harveyi, was isolated from the genome of the pathogen. to determine the potential role of ai-2 in virulence, an isogenic luxs- (ecc) mutant was constructed and tested for its ...	2006	16640578
the effect of polysaccharide-degrading wine yeast transformants on the efficiency of wine processing and wine flavour.	commercial polysaccharase preparations are applied to winemaking to improve wine processing and quality. expression of polysaccharase-encoding genes in saccharomyces cerevisiae allows for the recombinant strains to degrade polysaccharides that traditional commercial yeast strains cannot. in this study, we constructed recombinant wine yeast strains that were able to degrade the problem-causing grape polysaccharides, glucan and xylan, by separately integrating the trichoderma reesei xyn2 xylanase ...	2006	16644051
direct visualization of red fluorescent lipoproteins indicates conservation of the membrane sorting rules in the family enterobacteriaceae.	chimeras created by fusing the monomeric red fluorescent protein (rfp) to a bacterial lipoprotein signal peptide (liporfps) were visualized in the cell envelope by epifluorescence microscopy. plasmolysis of the bacteria separated the inner and outer membranes, allowing the specific subcellular localization of liporfps to be determined in situ. when equipped with the canonical inner membrane lipoprotein retention signal cdsr, liporfp was located in the inner membrane in escherichia coli, whereas ...	2006	16672606
altering glucosinolate profiles modulates disease resistance in plants.	plant diseases are major contributing factors for crop loss in agriculture. here, we show that arabidopsis plants with high levels of novel glucosinolates (gss) as a result of the introduction of single cyp79 genes exhibit altered disease resistance. arabidopsis expressing cyp79d2 from cassava accumulated aliphatic isopropyl and methylpropyl gs, and showed enhanced resistance against the bacterial soft-rot pathogen erwinia carotovora, whereas arabidopsis expressing the sorghum cyp79a1 or over-ex ...	2006	16709192
lipopolysaccharides of pectobacterium atrosepticum and pseudomonas corrugata induce different defence response patterns in tobacco, tomato, and potato.	lipopolysaccharides (lps), ubiquitous cell surface components of gram-negative bacteria, are directly implicated in plant/pathogen interactions. however, their perception by the plant, the subsequent signal transduction in both compatible and incompatible interactions, as well as the defence reactions induced in compatible interactions are as yet poorly understood. we focused on biochemical and physiological reactions induced in cell suspensions of three solanaceae species (tobacco, tomato, and ...	2006	16755465
the role of several multidrug resistance systems in erwinia chrysanthemi pathogenesis.	the role of several multidrug resistance (mdr) systems in the pathogenicity of erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 was analyzed. using the blast algorithm, we have identified several mdr systems in the e. chrysanthemi genome and selected two acridine resistance (acr)-like systems, two emr-like systems, and one member of the major facilitator super-family family to characterize. we generated mutants in genes encoding for these systems and analyzed the virulence of the mutant strains in different hosts and ...	2006	16776294
[effect of exogenous plasmid r68.45 on productive and lisogenic development of temperate bacteriophage zf40 erwinia carotovora].	the erwinia carotoerora strains bearing exogenous plasmid r68.45 have been obtained by means of transconjugation. dynamics and frequency characteristics of plasmid transfer to erwinia cells have been studied. plasmid-phage interrelations have been studied for the first time in e. carotovora. it has been established that the presence of exogenous plasmid r68.45 affects essentially the culture growth parameters and lisogenization of e. carotovora by the wild phage zf40 and its clear-mutants. the p ...	2006	16786628
erwinia carotovora subspecies produce duplicate variants of expr, luxr homologs that activate rsma transcription but differ in their interactions with n-acylhomoserine lactone signals.	the n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl) signaling system comprises a producing system that includes acylhomoserine synthase (ahli, a luxi homolog) and a receptor, generally a luxr homolog. ahl controls exoprotein production in erwinia carotovora and consequently the virulence for plants. in previous studies we showed that expr, a luxr homolog, is an ahl receptor and that it activates transcription of rsma, the gene encoding an rna binding protein which is a global negative regulator of exoproteins an ...	2006	16788181
bacteriocin-like substance inhibits potato soft rot caused by erwinia carotovora.	soft rot is a major problem encountered in potatoes during postharvest storage. the soft rot bacterium erwinia carotovora was inhibited by a novel bacteriocin-like substance (bls) produced by bacillus licheniformis p40. the bls caused a bactericidal effect on e. carotovora cells at 30 microg ml(-1). transmission electron microscopy showed that bls-treated cells presented wrinkled bacterial surfaces and shrinkage of the whole cell, indicating plasmolysis. erwinia carotovora cells treated with bls ...	2006	16788721
cooperation of two distinct expr regulators controls quorum sensing specificity and virulence in the plant pathogen erwinia carotovora.	quorum sensing, the population density-dependent regulation mediated by n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahsl), is essential for the control of virulence in the plant pathogen erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (ecc). in erwinia carotovora ssp. the ahsl signal with an acyl chain of either 6 or 8 carbons is generated by an ahsl synthase, the expi gene product. this work demonstrates that the ahsl receptor, expr1, of ecc strain scc3193 has strict specificity for the cognate ahsl 3-oxo-c8-hsl. we have al ...	2006	16796682
characterisation of prototype nurmi cultures using culture-based microbiological techniques and pcr-dgge.	undefined nurmi-type cultures (ntcs) have been used successfully to prevent salmonella colonisation in poultry for decades. such cultures are derived from the caecal contents of specific-pathogen-free birds and are administered via drinking water or spray application onto eggs in the hatchery. these cultures consist of many non-culturable and obligately anaerobic bacteria. due to their undefined nature it is difficult to obtain approval from regulatory agencies to use these preparations as direc ...	2006	16814892
direct evidence for the modulation of the activity of the erwinia chrysanthemi quorum-sensing regulator expr by acylhomoserine lactone pheromone.	in erwinia chrysanthemi production of pectic enzymes is controlled by a complex network involving several regulators. among them is expr, the quorum-sensing regulatory protein. expr is a member of the luxr family of transcriptional regulators, the activity of which is modulated by the binding of diffusible n-acylhomoserine lactone pheromones to the n-terminal receptor site of the proteins. previous in vitro dna-expr binding studies suggested that expr might activate pectic enzyme production and ...	2006	16831870
restraining erwinia virulence by expression of n-acyl homoserine lactonase gene pro3a-aiia in bacillus thuringiensis subsp leesis.	to widen the biological control function of a genetically modified bacillus thuringiensis subsp leesis strain bmb-005, an acyl homoserine lactonase (ahl lactonase) gene aiia transcribed by the promoter of insecticidal crystal protein coding gene cry3a, was transformed into strain bmb-005. the amount of ahl lactonase protein produced by transformant bmb821a was 2.4-fold more than that produced by bmb-005. ahl-degradation assay showed that transformant bmb821a could degrade more ahls molecules tha ...	2006	16838380
identification of the central quorum sensing regulator of virulence in the enteric phytopathogen, erwinia carotovora: the virr repressor.	in the gram-negative phytopathogen, erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (eca) virulence depends on the production of a n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (ohhl) quorum sensing (qs) signal. this work identifies the elusive 'missing link' between qs and virulence in erwinia. we have identified and characterized a novel regulator of virulence, virr, in eca and show that a virr mutation completely restores virulence factor production to an eca mutant unable to synthesize ohhl. this effect of the ...	2006	16359322
sensitive and specific detection of xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri by pcr using pathovar specific primers based on hrpw gene sequences.	a sensitive and specific assay was developed to detect citrus bacterial canker caused by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, in leaves and fruits of citrus. primers xacf and xacr from hrpw homologous to pectate lyase, modifying the structure of pectin in plants, were used to amplify a 561 bp dna fragment. pcr technique was applied to detect the pathogen in naturally or artificially infected leaves of citrus. the pcr product was only produced from x. axonopodis pv. citri among 26 isolates of xantho ...	2006	16427518
identification of a dna restriction-modification system in pectobacterium carotovorum strains isolated from poland.	polish isolates of pectinolytic bacteria from the species pectobacterium carotovorum were screened for the presence of a dna restriction-modification (r-m) system.	2006	16430511
the dcta gene of pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 is under rpon control and is required for effective root colonization and induction of systemic resistance.	transcription from the dcta gene, which encodes an organic acid transporter in the root-colonizing bacterium pseudomonas chlororaphis o6, is under complex regulatory control. promoter sequence analysis revealed an rpon binding site. the regulation of transcript accumulation by the level of ammonium ions in the growth medium confirmed rpon regulation, even in the presence of glucose. a dcta mutant colonized tobacco roots to a lesser extent than the wild-type mutant during early seedling developme ...	2006	16487325
a risk assessment approach applied to the growth of erwinia carotovora in vegetable juice for variable temperature conditions.	risk assessment for food spoilage relies on probabilistic models of microbial growth to predict the likelihood that microbial populations will exceed predefined spoilage levels. to assist in the design and management of industrial food quality systems, predictive microbiological models have to incorporate major risk factors such as the variability in the microbial strain, environment and initial contamination levels. in addition, the application of results measured under laboratory conditions to ...	2006	16507324
conserved role of the linker alpha-helix of the bacterial disulfide isomerase dsbc in the avoidance of misoxidation by dsbb.	in the bacterial periplasm the co-existence of a catalyst of disulfide bond formation (dsba) that is maintained in an oxidized state and of a reduced enzyme that catalyzes the rearrangement of mispaired cysteine residues (dsbc) is important for the folding of proteins containing multiple disulfide bonds. the kinetic partitioning of the dsba/dsbb and dsbc/dsbd pathways partly depends on the ability of dsbb to oxidize dsba at rates >1000 times greater than dsbc. we show that the resistance of dsbc ...	2006	16280324
low-abundance kutznerides from kutzneria sp. 744.	five new (5-9) and four known (1-4) kutznerides were isolated from the actinomycete kutzneria sp. 744. compounds 1-9 all consisted of a cyclohexadepsipeptide core with the general structure 2-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-d-glycine-(2s,3ar,8as)-6,7-dichloro-3a-hydroxy-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-2-carboxylic acid-3-hydroxy-d-glutamic acid-o-methyl-l-serine-l-piperazic acid-(s)-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid. compounds 5, 6, and 8 contained erythro-3-hydroxy-d-glutamic acid, whereas 7 ...	2006	17190458
the survival of pathogens in soil treated with wastewater sludge and in potatoes grown in such soil.	the prevalence of pathogens on potatoes (solanum tuberosum) grown in soil amended with a pathogen rich wastewater sludge was investigated. bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceae are important pathogens causing intestinal and systemic illness of humans and other animals. type b sludge was used. sludges investigated are the high metal and the low metal sludges. microorganisms in the sludge-amended soil were using culture-based technique. salmonella and e. coli were observed in tested soil sampl ...	2006	17087382
[phage system for studying the restriction-modification of erwinia carotovora].	a model for revealing and type identifying the systems of restriction-modification of phytopathogenic bacterium ewinia carotovora with the help of two virulent polyvalent phages-fe 44 and t7 is proposed in the work. the joint use of the phages permits to identify both the limitations of phages development on the part of rm-systems of three major types, and on the part of the competing episomes. the proposed system also allows to reveal other kinds of limitations, in particular those connected wi ...	2006	17243364
[intragenome heterogeneity of the temperate bacteriophage zf40 erwinia carotovora].	it has been shown that the temperate bacteriophage zf40 erwinia carotovora combines in it two kinds of intragenome heterogeneity--cyclic permutation and cohesive end structures. the latter reassociate more quickly than analogous cos-sites of the phage lambda escherichia coli. a series of clear-mutants was found after the temperature inactivation of the phage particles; they are the components of the complementation group being involved in the repressor gene. one of the mutants, zf40c(5/5), was i ...	2006	17243365
purification of l-asparaginase from a bacteria erwinia carotovora and effect of a dihydropyrimidine derivative on some of its kinetic parameters.	l-asparaginase shows antileukemic activity and is generally administered in the body in combination with other anticancer drugs like pyrimidine derivatives. in the present study, l-asparaginase was purified from a bacteria erwinia carotovora and the effect of a dihydropyrimidine derivative (1-amino-6-methyl-4-phenyl-2-thioxo, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester) was studied on the kinetic parameters km and vmax of the enzyme using l-asparagine as substrate. the enzyme had ...	2006	17285805
n-acylhomoserine lactonase producing rhodococcus spp. with different ahl-degrading activities.	n-acylhomoserine lactones (ahls) are conserved signal molecules that control diverse biological activities in quorum sensing system of gram-negative bacteria. recently, several soil bacteria were found to degrade ahls, thereby interfering with the quorum sensing system. previously, rhodococcus erythropolis w2 was reported to degrade ahls by both oxido-reductase and ahl-acylase. in the present study, two ahl-utilizing bacteria, strains ls31 and pi33, were isolated and identified as the genus rhod ...	2006	16842366
[functional organization of prophage and lysogeny in erwinia carotovora with participation of a temperate bacteriophage zf40].	functional organization of a prophage of the temperate bacteriophage zf40 of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora which includes its immunity and inducibility as well as its effect on the host phenotype. it was established that the prophage zf40 forms several different states in e. carotovora which are distinguished by the indices of spontaneous and lysogenic induction. in contrast to other prophages, including the lambdoid ones, the prophage zf40 is capable to establish cytoplasmic overimmunity ...	2006	16869142
[characteristics of lysogenic induction of bacteriocins in thymine mutants of erwinia carotovora].	peculiarities of lisogenic induction of bacteriocins in thymine-dependent mutants of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora have been studied. it was shown for the first time that availability of carotovoricins of two (and above) types characterized the defect polylysogeny of strains of different geographic origin. use of various methods of induction of thy--mutants or inducing agents of different nature leads to a selective accumulation of carotovoricins of certain types in the cell lysates. resu ...	2006	16869143
[oligomerization of l-asparaginase from erwinia carotovora].	bacterial l-asparaginases catalyzing hydrolysis of l-asparagine up to l-aspartate and ammonia, are used in medical practice for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. the long-term therapy with these preparations is accompanied by a number of side effects, which are attributed to glutaminase activity of l-asparaginase. substrate specificity and activity of l-asparaginases are directly associated with the process of enzyme oligomerization. it is active only in the tetrameric form as the activ ...	2006	16898584
gacs-dependent production of 2r, 3r-butanediol by pseudomonas chlororaphis o6 is a major determinant for eliciting systemic resistance against erwinia carotovora but not against pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci in tobacco.	root colonization by a plant-beneficial rhizobacterium, pseudomonas chlororaphis o6, induces disease resistance in tobacco against leaf pathogens erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora scc1, causing soft-rot, and pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, causing wildfire. in order to identify the bacterial determinants involved in induced systemic resistance against plant diseases, extracellular components produced by the bacterium were fractionated and purified. factors in the culture filtrate inducing sy ...	2006	16903358
the single transmembrane segment drives self-assembly of outc and the formation of a functional type ii secretion system in erwinia chrysanthemi.	many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria secrete toxins and lytic enzymes via a multiprotein complex called the type ii secretion system. this system, named out in erwinia chrysanthemi, consists of 14 proteins integrated or associated with the two bacterial membranes. outc, a key player in this process, is probably implicated in the recognition of secreted proteins and signal transduction. outc possesses a short cytoplasmic sequence, a single transmembrane segment (tms), and a large periplasmic re ...	2006	16956883
nucleotide sequences and organization of the genes for carotovoricin (ctv) from erwinia carotovora indicate that ctv evolved from the same ancestor as salmonella typhi prophage.	carotovoricin er (ctver), which is produced by a plant soft rot disease causative agent, erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora er, is a high-molecular-weight bacteriocin showing myoviridae phage-tail-like morphology with contractile sheath and plural tail fibers. we determined the complete nucleotide sequences of ctver genes on the e. carotovora er chromosome and report that ctver genes consist of lysis cassette, major and minor structural protein gene clusters. four promoters were identified. th ...	2006	16960352
wtse, an avre-family effector protein from pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, causes disease-associated cell death in corn and requires a chaperone protein for stability.	the pathogenicity of pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii to sweet corn and maize requires a hrp type iii secretion system. in this study, we genetically and functionally characterized a disease-specific (dsp) effector locus, composed of wtse and wtsf, that is adjacent to the hrp gene cluster. wtse, a member of the avre family of effector proteins, was essential for pathogenesis on corn and was complemented by dspa/e from erwinia amylovora. an intact c-terminus of wtse, which contained a putative ...	2006	17022173
early responsive to dehydration 15, a negative regulator of abscisic acid responses in arabidopsis.	early responsive to dehydration 15 (erd15) is rapidly induced in response to various abiotic and biotic stress stimuli in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). modulation of erd15 levels by overexpression or rnai silencing altered the responsiveness of the transgenic plants to the phytohormone abscisic acid (aba). overexpression of erd15 reduced the aba sensitivity of arabidopsis manifested in decreased drought tolerance and in impaired ability of the plants to increase their freezing tolerance in ...	2006	17056758
[introduction of transpozon tn9 to endogenic plasmids of erwinia carotovora during lysogenization of cells by coliphage p1].	it has been shown that phage p1 of escherichia coli is able not only to lysogenize the cells of erwinia carotovora but also to be a source of transpozon tn9 for mutagenesis of cryptic plasmids of this important phytopathogen. since the amount of the introduction in one of plasmids pca25::tn9 is 3.8 kb, at an average, it is supposed that tn9 is inherited as a double tandem structure. a convenient method is offered for selecting bacterial clones carrying the plasmid pca25::tn9 which is based on co ...	2006	17100326
detection and characterization of bacteria from the potato rhizosphere degrading n-acyl-homoserine lactone.	quorum sensing plays a role in the regulation of soft rot diseases caused by the plant pathogenic bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. the signal molecules involved in quorum sensing in p. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum belong to the group of n-acyl homoserine lactones (ahls). in our study, we screened bacteria isolated from the potato rhizosphere for the ability to degrade ahls produced by p. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. six isolates able to degrade ahls were selected for ...	2006	17110970
possibility of the use of solanum brevides based soft rot resistance in potato breeding.	in our experiments we dealt with the bacterial soft rot of potato caused by erwinia species. in the experiments back cross progenies (bc1, bc2, bc3 and bc4) of solanum brevidens + solanum tuberosum somatic hybrids produced by the potato research centre, keszthely were tested to the infection of e. carotovora ssp. carotovora (eca) and e. chrysanthemi (echr). all together 29 bc genotypes pre selected from several hundred breeding lines based on their preferred agronomical appearance and virus resi ...	2006	17390858
[modification of recombinant asparaginase from erwinia carotovora with polyethylene glycol 5000].	a method for polyethylene conjugation with recombinant asparaginase has been developed to improve therapeutically important properties of this enzyme. methoxy-nitrophenyl carbamate of polyethylene glycol with molecular weight 5000 was employed as the modification reagent. optimization of pegylation procedure allowed achieving high level of the enzyme modification. under 4.5 molar excess of modification reagent more than 10 molecules of methoxy-polyethylene bound per one asparaginase molecular. t ...	2007	17436691
relationships of plant pathogenic enterobacteria based on partial atpd, cara, and reca as individual and concatenated nucleotide and peptide sequences.	relationships of the genera in the enterobacteriaceae containing plant pathogenic species: brenneria, dickeya, enterobacter, erwinia, pantoea, pectobacterium, and samsonia, were investigated by comparison of their nucleotide and peptide sequences of atpd, cara, reca, and the concatenated sequences. erwinia spp. and pantoea spp., with pectobacterium cypripedii, formed a group distinct from other pathogenic taxa. pectobacterium, brenneria, dickeya, and samsonia formed a contiguous clade. samsonia ...	2007	17451899
thermoregulation of n-acyl homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing in the soft rot bacterium pectobacterium atrosepticum.	the psychrotolerant bacterium pectobacterium atrosepticum produces four n-acyl homoserine lactones under a wide range of temperatures. their thermoregulation differs from that of the exoenzyme production, described as being under quorum-sensing control. a mechanism involved in this thermoregulation consists of controlling n-acyl homoserine lactones synthase production at a transcriptional level.	2007	17468275
directed evolution for increased chitinase activity.	directed evolution through dna shuffling and screening was used to enhance the catalytic ability of a fungal, beauveria bassiana, chitinase, bbchit1. the bbchit gene was first linked to various prokaryotic signal sequences and expressed in escherichia coli. the signal peptide, pelb, from erwinia carotovora resulted in greatest chitinase secretion into broth. the nucleotide sequence expressing pelb signal peptide was then incorporated into an e. coli vector to express bbchit1 variants generated b ...	2007	17468866
characterization of the zinc-containing metalloprotease encoded by zpx and development of a species-specific detection method for enterobacter sakazakii.	enterobacter sakazakii causes a severe form of neonatal meningitis that occurs as sporadic cases as well as outbreaks. the disease has been epidemiologically associated with consumption of reconstituted, dried infant formulas. very little information is available regarding pathogenicity of the organism and production of virulence factors. clinical and environmental strains were screened for production of factors which have activity against chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells in tissue culture. pol ...	2007	17483271
endophytic bacterial communities in ginseng and their antifungal activity against pathogens.	plant roots are associated with diverse communities of endophytic bacteria which do not exert adverse effects. the diversity of bacterial endophytes associated with ginseng roots cultivated in three different areas in korea was investigated. sixty-three colonies were isolated from the interior of ginseng roots. phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene sequences showed that the isolates belonged to three major phylogenetic groups: the high g+c gram-positive bacteria (hgcgpb), low g+c gram-pos ...	2007	17492474
[physico-chemical properties of temperate bacteriophage zf40 of erwinia carotovora].	a method of efficient purification of the extremely instable virions of the temperate bacteriophage zf40 of erwinia carotovora was proposed in the work. the stage-by-stage centrifugation in mentrizamide and caesium chloride gradients permitted to obtain highly purified phage preparations which were used for studying the protein composition of the studied erwiniophage. it was established that the buoyant density of the phage zf40 was 1.23 g/cm3, 1.49 g/cm3 and 1.27 g/cm3 in the gradients of metri ...	2007	17494330
[nature of the cryptic plasmid pca25 of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 48a].	high specificity of tn9 transposition into the cryptic plasmid pca25 of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora 48a was established on the basis of the comparative restriction analysis of dna by endonucleases ecorv and psti. under the extremal conditions of growth (1% sds) the plasmid pca25:: tn9 loses about 50 % of transpozone sequence, however the cells are not healed of extrachromosomal dna. the inheritance stability, side by side with site-specific transposition and deleting of tn9, confirms a ...	2007	17494331
growth promotion of quorum-quenching bacteria in the rhizosphere of solanum tuberosum.	among 17 molecules structurally related to n-acylhomoserine lactone (nahl), gamma-caprolactone (gcl), 6-caprolactone (6cl) and 4-heptanolide (htn) were found to stimulate the degradation of nahl by bacterial communities recovered from bulk and rhizospheric soils. in the 6cl-, gcl- and htn-treated bacterial consortia, the nahl-degrading bacteria were more abundant than in control (mannitol-treated) consortia. moreover, the gcl- and htn-consortia showed a biocontrol activity against pectobacterium ...	2007	17504488
experimental and statistical considerations to avoid false conclusions in proteomics studies using differential in-gel electrophoresis.	in quantitative proteomics, the false discovery rate (fdr) can be defined as the number of false positives within statistically significant changes in expression. false positives accumulate during the simultaneous testing of expression changes across hundreds or thousands of protein or peptide species when univariate tests such as the student's t test are used. currently most researchers rely solely on the estimation of p values and a significance threshold, but this approach may result in false ...	2007	17513293
[study of hrpn(csds001) and the gene expression profile of arabidopsis thaliana induced by harpin(csds001)].	erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora csds001 elicits hypersensitive reaction (hr) in tobacco. from the genomic libraries of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora csds001, the hrpncsds001 gene (genbank number ay939927), was isolated. the hrpncsds001 fusion protein was produced in escherichia coli, and was used to induce hr by injecting into tobacco. we further examined the global regulation of arabidopsis thaliana genes in response to harpincsds001 at a concentration of 30 miccrog/ml. we indicated ...	2007	17548335
the rcs phosphorelay modulates the expression of plant cell wall degrading enzymes and virulence in pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum.	production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, the major virulence factors of soft-rot pectobacterium species, is controlled by many regulatory factors. pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum scc3193 encodes an rcs phosphorelay system that involves two sensor kinases, rcsc(pcc) and rcsd(pcc), and a response regulator rcsb(pcc) as key components of this system, and an additional small lipoprotein rcsf(pcc). this study indicates that inactivation of rcsc(pcc), rcsd(pcc) and rcsb(pcc) enhanc ...	2007	17561945
differential regulation of two oligogalacturonate outer membrane channels, kdgn and kdgm, of dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi).	the entry of oligogalacturonates into dickeya dadantii occurs through the specific channel kdgm. the genome of the bacterium encodes a second member of this family of outer membrane proteins, kdgn. we showed that this protein is also involved in the uptake of oligogalacturonates. when kdgn was reconstituted in proteoliposomes, it formed channels with a conductance of about 450 ps at a positive potential. these channels had weak anionic selectivity. the regulation of kdgn is complex, and five gen ...	2007	17573480
the identification of antibacterial compounds for the development of enhanced media for the detection of foodborne fungi.	in an effort to identify a more suitable antibiotic for utilization in mycological media, 12 food borne fungal species from various genera including alternaria alternata, aspergillus flavus, a. niger, eurotium chevalieri, fusarium moniliforme, penicillium sp., rhizopus stolonifer, saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida tropicalis, geotrichum candidum, rhodotorula glutinis and kluyveromyces thermotolerans along with 21 chloramphenicol-resistant bacterial isolates from fresh produce and atcc cultures o ...	2007	17574697
inhibition of quorum sensing-regulated behaviors by scorzonera sandrasica.	many gram-negative bacteria use n-acyl homoserine lactone signal molecules to monitor their own population density and coordinate gene regulation in a process called quorum sensing (qs). increasing evidence implies that certain eukaryotes produce qs-inhibitory compounds. in this work, we tested 46 terrestrial plants materials for their ability to inhibit qs-regulated behaviors in different bacterial species. plant materials were dried and extracted using different solvents. the chloroform-solubl ...	2007	17597339
arabidopsis thaliana expresses multiple lines of defense to counterattack erwinia chrysanthemi.	many taxonomically diverse plant species are attacked by erwinia chrysanthemi, a member of the causal agents of soft-rotting diseases. symptom development is due to the collective action of pectin-degrading enzymes secreted by the bacterium through a type ii secretion system (t2ss). using arabidopsis thaliana as a susceptible host, we show that plants respond to e. chrysanthemi 3937 by expressing cell-wall reactions, production of an oxidative burst, and activation of salicylic acid (sa) and jas ...	2007	17601167
global virulence regulation networks in phytopathogenic bacteria.	phytopathogens coordinate multifaceted life histories and deploy stratified virulence determinants via complex, global regulation networks. we dissect the global regulation of four distantly related model phytopathogens to evaluate large-scale events and mechanisms that determine successful pathogenesis. overarching themes include dependence on centralized cell-to-cell communication systems, pervasive two-component signal-transduction systems, post-transcriptional regulation systems, arac-like r ...	2007	17627825
characterization of the erwinia chrysanthemi gan locus, involved in galactan catabolism.	beta-1,4-galactan is a major component of the ramified regions of pectin. analysis of the genome of the plant pathogenic bacteria erwinia chrysanthemi revealed the presence of a cluster of eight genes encoding proteins potentially involved in galactan utilization. the predicted transport system would comprise a specific porin ganl and an abc transporter made of four proteins, ganfgk(2). degradation of galactans would be catalyzed by the periplasmic 1,4-beta-endogalactanase gana, which released o ...	2007	17644603
comparison of pathogen-induced expression and efficacy of two amphibian antimicrobial peptides, msra2 and temporin a, for engineering wide-spectrum disease resistance in tobacco.	the rapid accumulation of defensive transgene products in plants only on pathogen invasion has clear advantages over their constitutive synthesis. in this study, two antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretions of frogs, msra2 (n-methionine-dermaseptin b1) and temporin a, were evaluated for engineering pathogen-induced disease resistance in plants. both peptides inhibited plant-specific pathogens in vitro at micromolar concentrations that were not toxic to plant protoplasts. the plant-optimiz ...	2007	17645440