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stimulation of mn peroxidase activity: a possible role for oxalate in lignin biodegradation.oxalate is produced by numerous wood-degrading fungi. our studies here show that the white-rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium produces extracellular oxalate under conditions that induce synthesis of the ligninolytic system. little or no oxalate was detected in cultures grown under high nutrient nitrogen or carbon. this extracellular oxalate was identified and quantitated by hplc. its identity was further substantiated by its decomposition by the enzyme oxalate oxidase. the oxalate content of ...19938433984
purification and characterization of cellobiose dehydrogenase, a novel extracellular hemoflavoenzyme from the white-rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium.cellobiose dehydrogenase (cdh), an extracellular hemoflavoenzyme produced by the cellulose-degrading cultures of phanerochaete chrysosporium, oxidizes cellobiose to cellobionolactone. cdh has been purified to homogeneity by a five-step purification procedure. the homogeneous cdh is monomeric and has a relative molecular mass of 90,000. it is also a glycoprotein with a neutral carbohydrate content of 9.4%. purified cdh contains one heme b and one flavin adenine dinucleotide per monomer. homogeneo ...19938434950
lignin peroxidase l3 from phlebia radiata. pre-steady-state and steady-state studies with veratryl alcohol and a non-phenolic lignin model compound 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,3-diol.the catalytic cycle of lignin peroxidase (lip, ligninase) isozyme l3 from the white-rot fungus phlebia radiata was investigated using stopped-flow techniques. veratryl (3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) alcohol and a lignin model compound, non-phenolic beta-o-4 dimer 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,3-diol, were used as electron donors. this is the first report on the detailed kinetic analysis of a lip-catalysed c alpha-c beta bond cleavage of the dimer, representing the major depolymeri ...19938436103
cloning, sequencing, and heterologous expression of a cellulase-encoding cdna (cbh1) from penicillium janthinellum.from a penicillium janthinellum cdna library, two clones with 1.8- and 1.9-kb inserts were isolated by hybridization to a trichoderma reesei cellulase-encoding gene probe (egl1). both cdnas have identical 5' ends and coding sequences, but different polyadenylation start points in their 3' untranslated regions. in the nucleotide (nt) sequence, one open reading frame of 537 amino acids was detected which shows 56% homology with endoglucanase i of t. reesei and 70% homology with cellobiohydrolase i ...19938440481
crystallographic refinement of lignin peroxidase at 2 a.the crystal structure of the major lignin peroxidase isozyme from phanerocheate chrysosporium has been refined to an r = 0.15 for data between 8 a and 2.03 a. the refined model consists of 2 lignin peroxidase molecules in the asymmetric unit, 2 calcium ions per monomer, 1 glucosamine per monomer n-linked to asn-257, and 476 water molecules per asymmetric unit. the model exhibits excellent geometry with a root mean square deviation from ideality in bond distances and angles of 0.014 a and 2.9 deg ...19938440725
isolation and transformation of uracil auxotrophs of the lignin-degrading basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium.uracil auxotrophs of phanerochaete chrysosporium were isolated using 5-fluoroorotate resistance as a selection scheme. the ura3 auxotrophs deficient in orotidylate decarboxylase and ura5 auxotrophs deficient in orotate phosphoribosyl transferase were characterized by enzyme assays and complementation tests. the ura5 auxotrophs were transformed to prototrophy with the ura5 gene from the ascomycete podospora anserina. the ura3 auxotrophs were transformed to prototrophy with the ura3 gene from the ...19938467534
genomic organization of a cellulase gene family in phanerochaete chrysosporium. 19938467537
oligomers of 4-chloroaniline are intermediates formed during its biodegradation by phanerochaete chrysosporium.lignin peroxidase h2 (lp-h2) from phanerochaete chrysosporium oxidized 4-chloroaniline to form several oligomers. included among the compounds identified were: 4,4'-dichloroazobenzene, 2-(4-chloroanilino)-5-hydroxybenzoquinone-di-4-chloroanil and 2-amino-5-(4-chloroanilino) benzoquinone-di-4-chloroanil. in contrast to results by others, we showed that oligomers of 4-chloroaniline were also formed by the fungus in vivo. it was also demonstrated that, although these potentially toxic intermediates ...19938472915
the spectrum of non-candida fungal infections following bone marrow transplantation.we evaluated a consecutive series of patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation (bmt) at a single institution between 1974 and 1989 for the occurrence of a non-candida fungal infection in the first 180 days after bmt. of the 1186 patients, 129 (11%) patients developed a total of 138 significant non-candida fungal infections in this period. eight patients had multiple distinct infections. the most common isolate was aspergillus spp. (n = 97), followed by fusarium (n = 10), and alternaria ...19938479326
degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (btex) by the lignin-degrading basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium.degradation of the btex (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylenes) group of organopollutants by the white-rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium was studied. our results show that the organism efficiently degrades all the btex components when these compounds are added either individually or as a composite mixture. degradation was favored under nonligninolytic culture conditions in malt extract medium, in which extracellular lignin peroxidases (lips) and manganese-dependent perox ...19938481002
disseminated adiaspiromycosis in a patient with aids.a case of disseminated adiaspiromycosis in an aids patient is described. the most notable characteristic of the infection was the extensive osteomyelitis exhibited by the patient. positive cultures for chrysosporium parvum var. parvum were obtained from pus taken from a lesion of the wrist during surgery as well as from sputum samples and a bone marrow aspirate. treatment with amphotericin b controlled the fungal infection.19938483061
plasma membrane dependent reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by phanerochaete chrysosporium.a plasma membrane redox system of phanerochaete chrysosporium was found to reduce 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt). reduction required intact, live mycelia. no reduction was observed with either supplemented (nadph, nadh or atp) or unsupplemented extracellular or intracellular fractions, either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. reduction was inhibited by potassium ferricyanide, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone, 2,4-dinitro ...19938484759
metabolism and detoxification of tnt by phanerochaete chrysosporium.several lines of evidence suggest that tnt detoxification by phanerochaete chrysosporium is through reduction. rates of tnt reduction were directly correlated with mycelial mass and tnt concentration. toxicity was inversely related to the amount of fungus. tnt toxicity was identical in both ligninolytic and nonligninolytic cultures. rapid disappearance of the reduced metabolites coincided with production of the manganese-dependent peroxidases and mineralization of tnt was not observed until the ...19938484760
spatial and temporal accumulation of mrnas encoding two common lignin peroxidases in phanerochaete chrysosporium.accumulation of peroxidases and their mrnas was localized in colonies of phanerochaete chrysosporium sandwiched between perforated polycarbonate membranes. northern (rna) blot analyses of colonial rings and in situ hybridizations with specific probes for manganese(ii)-dependent peroxidase (mnp-1) and lignin peroxidase (lip h8) mrnas indicated that the expression of mnp-1 and lip h8 genes started simultaneously in the central area of 3-day-old colonies. with time the signals for both transcripts ...19938501073
ligninolysis by a purified lignin peroxidase.the lignin peroxidases (lips) of white-rot basidiomycetes are generally thought to catalyze the oxidative cleavage of polymeric lignin in vivo. however, direct evidence for such a role has been lacking. in this investigation, 14c- and 13c-labeled synthetic lignins were oxidized with a purified isozyme of phanerochaete chrysosporium lip. gel permeation chromatography of the radiolabeled polymers showed that lip catalyzed their cleavage to give soluble lower-m(r) products. to a lesser extent, the ...19938509364
evidence for the existence of independent chloromethane- and s-adenosylmethionine-utilizing systems for methylation in phanerochaete chrysosporium.o methylation of acetovanillone at 4 position by c2h3cl and s-adenosyl[methyl-2h3]methionine was monitored in whole mycelia of phanerochaete chrysosporium in the presence and absence of s-adenosylhomocysteine. both the amount of the methylation product, 3,4-dimethoxyacetophenone, and the percent c2h3 incorporation into the 4-methoxyl group of the compound were determined. the results strongly suggest the presence of biochemically distinct systems for o methylation of acetovanillone utilizing s-a ...19938517739
methods to investigate the expression of lignin peroxidase genes by the white rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium.two methods allowing the analysis of expression of specific lignin peroxidase (lpo) genes from white rot fungi are presented. in the first method, degenerate oligonucleotide primers derived from amino acid sequence motifs held in common among all members of the lpo gene family are used to prime the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of lpo-related nucleotide sequences from cdna prepared by using rna from ligninolytic cultures. the pcr products are cloned and analyzed by restriction cl ...19938215362
lignin and veratryl alcohol are not inducers of the ligninolytic system of phanerochaete chrysosporium.phanerochaete chrysosporium is a white rot fungus which secretes a family of lignin-degrading enzymes under nutrient limitation. in this work, we investigated the roles of veratryl alcohol and lignin in the ligninolytic system of p. chrysosporium bkm-f-1767 cultures grown under nitrogen-limited conditions. cultures supplemented with 0.4 to 2 mm veratryl alcohol showed increased lignin peroxidase activity. addition of veratryl alcohol had no effect on mn-dependent peroxidase activity and inhibite ...19938215363
reductive activity of a manganese-dependent peroxidase from phanerochaete chrysosporium.a manganese-dependent peroxidase (mnp) from phanerochaete chrysosporium catalyzed the reduction of cytochrome c in a reaction mixture containing h2o2, mn(ii)-tartrate, and p-hydroquinone. electron spin resonance studies have shown that the hydroquinone-dependent reductive activity of mnp is due to the benzosemiquinone formed upon the one-electron oxidation of p-hydroquinone by mn(iii)-tartrate, which is formed upon the oxidation of mn(ii) by mnp. the reductive activity increased linearly with an ...19938215423
identification of the heat shock protein of neurospora crassa corresponding to the stress-inducible peroxidase.heat shock and other stress treatments, resulting in thermotolerance in neurospora crassa cells, stimulate the induction of a peroxidase at a high level. the putative gene encoding this heat shock-induced peroxidase (hspp) has been cloned, using a cdna clone of the manganese peroxidase of phanerochaete chrysosporium, as a probe. northern blot analysis of total rna from heat-shocked cell showed the stress-dependent accumulation of a approximately 10 kb transcript. the identity of the hsp, corresp ...19938240345
molecular biology of the lignin-degrading basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium.the white rot basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium completely degrades lignin and a variety of aromatic pollutants during the secondary metabolic phase of growth. two families of secreted heme enzymes, lignin peroxidase (lip) and manganese peroxidase (mnp), are major components of the extracellular lignin degradative system of this organism. mnp and lip both are encoded by families of genes, and the lip genes appear to be clustered. the lip genes contain eight or nine short introns; the mnp ...19938246842
a preliminary survey of cycloheximide-resistant airborne fungi in turin, italy.numbers and type of the cycloheximide-resistant part of the aerially transmitted mycoflora of turin were studied. samples from three areas characterized by differing human usage were taken in the first week of march. during each sampling, 12 m3 of air were aspirated, using an one-stage volumetric sieve sampler. fifty-two mesophilic species and eight thermotolerant were isolated. propagule load varied from 2.92 to 120.31 cfu m-3. the following species appear not to have been reported previously f ...19938247094
identification of the gene encoding the major cellobiohydrolase of the white rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium.previous studies have shown that the cellobiohydrolases of the white rot basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium are encoded by a family of structurally related genes. in this investigation, we identified and sequenced the most highly transcribed gene, cbh1-4. evidence suggests that in this fungus the dominant isozyme, cbh1, is encoded by chb1-4.19938250570
nmr investigation of isotopically labeled cyanide derivatives of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase.the 1h nmr spectroscopy was used to study lignin peroxidase (lip) and manganese peroxidase (mnp) containing deuterated histidines. lip and mnp were obtained from a histidine auxotroph of the fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium grown in the presence of deuterated histidines. the derivatives with deuterated histidines have allowed a firm assignment of the protons of the distal and proximal histidines. we have also found that the lip from this strain exhibits different orientations of the 2-vinyl gr ...19938257683
temporal expression of the major lignin peroxidase genes of phanerochaete chrysosporium.dna probes specific for the genes encoding major lignin peroxidase (lip) isozymes h2, h8, and h10 of phanerochaete chrysosporium were constructed. these probes were used to study the temporal expression of the three lip genes in defined low-nitrogen medium. h2 gene transcripts were produced at high levels on days 4, 5, and 7 and at low levels on day 6, while the h8 gene transcripts peaked on day 4 and were produced in substantially lower amounts thereafter. h10 transcripts, on the other hand, pe ...19938285698
ubiquity of lignin-degrading peroxidases among various wood-degrading fungi.phanerochaete chrysosporium is rapidly becoming a model system for the study of lignin biodegradation. numerous studies on the physiology, biochemistry, chemistry, and genetics of this system have been performed. however, p. chrysosporium is not the only fungus to have a lignin-degrading enzyme system. many other ligninolytic species of fungi, as well as other distantly related organisms which are known to produce lignin peroxidases, are described in this paper. in this study, we demonstrated th ...19938285705
aberrant histoplasma capsulatum. confirmation of identity by a chemiluminescence-labeled dna probe.a cottony, light tan, filamentous fungus with pear-shaped microconidia and lacking tuberculated macroconidia was isolated from a bronchial lavage specimen. subculture on several media at 37 degrees c failed to convert the fungus to a yeast form after several weeks; attempts at in vivo conversion in mice were also unsuccessful. sera obtained several months apart showed m bands with histoplasma capsulatum (hc) antigen by immunodiffusion and an increase in complement fixation titers with mycelial a ...19938112034
biopulping process design and kinetics.biopulping is the solid-state fermentation of wood chips as a pretreatment for mechanical pulping processes. the two organisms that are currently of the greatest interest for biopulping are the white-rot fungi, phanerochaete chrysosporium and ceriporiopsis subvermispora. p. chrysosporium has been shown to successfully biopulp wood (33% energy savings; 39% improvement in tear index) without the need for sterilization of the wood or nutrient supplementation. demonstrating the practical and economi ...199314545684
crystal structure of lignin peroxidase.the crystal structure of lignin peroxidase (lip) from the basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium has been determined to 2.6 a resolution by usine multiple isomorphous replacement methods and simulated annealing refinement. of the 343 residues, residues 3-335 have been accounted for in the electron density map, including four disulfide bonds. the overall three-dimensional structure is very similar to the only other peroxidase in this group for which a high-resolution crystal structure is avail ...199311607355
purification and properties of an s-adenosylmethionine: 2,4-disubstituted phenol o-methyltransferase from phanerochaete chrysosporium.an enzyme catalyzing the o-methylation of acetovanillone (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyacetophenone) by s-adeno-sylmethionine was isolated from phanerochaete chrysosporium and purified 270-fold by ultrafiltration, anion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. the enzyme exhibited a ph optimum between 7 and 9 and was rapidly denatured at temperatures above 55 degrees c. the k(m) values for acetovanillone and s-adenosylmethionine were 34 and 99 mum, respectively. s-adenosylhomocysteine acted as a power ...199316348886
enantiomeric composition of the trans-dihydrodiols produced from phenanthrene by fungi.the trans-dihydrodiols produced during the metabolism of phenanthrene by cunninghamella elegans, syncephalastrum racemosum, and phanerochaete chrysosporium were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the enantiomeric compositions and optical purities of the trans-dihydrodiols were determined to compare interspecific differences in the regio- and stereoselectivity of the fungal enzymes. circular dichroism spectra of the trans-dihydrodiols were obtained, and the enantiomeric co ...199316348991
mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) and mixtures of 2,4-d and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by phanerochaete chrysosporium.evidence is presented for mineralization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) in nutrient-rich media (high-nitrogen and malt extract media) by wild-type phanerochaete chrysosporium and by a peroxidase-negative mutant of this organism. mass balance analysis of [u-ring-c]2,4-d mineralization in malt extract cultures showed 82.7% recovery of radioactivity. of this, 38.6% was released as co(2) and 27.0, 11.2, and 5.9% were present in the aqueous, methylene chloride, and mycelial fractions, resp ...199316349039
decolorization of azo, triphenyl methane, heterocyclic, and polymeric dyes by lignin peroxidase isoenzymes from phanerochaete chrysosporium.the ligninolytic enzyme system of phanerochaete chrysosporium decolorizes several recalcitrant dyes. three isolated lignin peroxidase isoenzymes (lip 4.65, lip 4.15, and lip 3.85) were compared as decolorizers with the crude enzyme system from the culture medium. lip 4.65 (h2), lip 4.15 (h7), and lip 3.85 (h8) were purified by chromatofocusing, and their kinetic parameters were found to be similar. ten different types of dyes, including azo, triphenyl methane, heterocyclic, and polymeric dyes, w ...199316349103
stimulation of ligninolytic peroxidase activity by nitrogen nutrients in the white rot fungus bjerkandera sp. strain bos55.bjerkandera sp. strain bos55, a newly isolated wild-type white rot fungus, produced lignin peroxidase (lip) in nitrogen (n)-sufficient glucose-peptone medium, whereas no lip was detectable in n-limited medium. the production of lip was induced by the peptide-containing components of this medium and also by soy bean protein. furthermore, the production of manganese-dependent peroxidase was stimulated by organic n sources, although lower production was also evident in n-limited medium. further res ...199316349104
analysis of fungal pellets by uv-visible spectrum diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.the application of the uv-visible spectrum diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the determination of intracellular ph in vivo, for determination of cytochrome content, and for the noninvasive in vivo detection of the redox state of fungal mitochondrial cytochromes in filamentous fungi is introduced. the time course of the intracellular ph values, mitochondrial cytochromes, and co-binding pigments content and the correlations between the actual redox state of cytochrome aa(3) and saturation of gr ...199316349122
microbial delignification with white rot fungi improves forage digestibility.three wild-type white rot fungi and two cellulase-less mutants developed from phanerochaete chrysosporium k-3 (formerly sporotrichum pulverulentum) were tested for their ability to delignify grass cell walls and improve biodegradation by rumen microorganisms. fungal-treated and control stems of bermuda grass were analyzed for their content of ester- and ether-linked aromatics by using alkali extraction and gas chromatography, for in vitro dry weight digestion and production of volatile fatty aci ...199316349123
heat shock induction of manganese peroxidase gene transcription in phanerochaete chrysosporium.the expression of manganese peroxidase (mnp) in nitrogen-limited cultures of phanerochaete chrysosporium is regulated by heat shock at the level of gene transcription. nitrogen limitation and manganous ion [mn(ii)] previously have been shown to regulate mnp gene transcription. northern (rna) blot analysis demonstrates that 45 degrees c heat shock results in the accumulation of mnp mrna, even in cells grown in the absence of mn. heat shock induces mnp gene transcription in 4- or 5-day-old cells, ...199316349125
toward a control of lignin and manganese peroxidases hypersecretion by phanerochaete chrysosporium in agitated vessels: evidence of the superiority of pneumatic bioreactors on mechanically agitated bioreactors.phanerochaete chrysosporium and cultivated both mechanically agitated and pneumatic bioreactors. in the pneumatic devices, the yields of lignin and manganese peroxidases as well as extracellular protein, were considerably increased as compared with mechanically agitated bioreactors. lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase activities as high as 4500 u x l(-1) and 1812 u x l(-1) respectively, were produced in an airlift bioreactor. by using enzyme markers, the secretion pathway and the respirat ...199318609572
production of lignin peroxidase by phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on porous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) carrier and its application to the degrading of 2-chlorophenol.porous poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) carriers, for the immobilization of white rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium have been prepared by the concentrated emulsion polymerization method. the concentrated emulsion consists of a mixture of styrene and divinylbenzene containing a suitable surfactant and an initiator as the continuous phase, and water as the dispersed phase. the polymerization of the monomers of the continuous phase generated the polymer carrier with a porcus structure. the white r ...199418618449
lignin peroxidase oxidation of aromatic compounds in systems containing organic solvents.lignin peroxidase from phanerochaete chrysosporium was used to study the oxidation of aromatic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocyclic compounds, that are models of moieties of asphaltene molecules. the oxidations were done in systems containing water-miscible organic solvents, including methanol, isopropanol, n, n-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran. of the 20 aromatic compounds tested, 9 were oxidized by lignin peroxidase in the presence of hydro ...199416349176
secretion of ligninolytic enzymes and mineralization of c-ring-labelled synthetic lignin by three phlebia tremellosa strains.production of ligninolytic enzymes by three strains of the white rot fungus phlebia tremellosa (syn. merulius tremellosus) was studied in bioreactor cultivation under nitrogen-limiting conditions. the mn(ii) concentration of the growth medium strongly affected the secretion patterns of lignin peroxidase and laccase. two major lignin peroxidase isoenzymes were expressed in all strains. in addition, laccase and glyoxal oxidase were purified and characterized in one strain of p. tremellosa. in cont ...199416349186
physiological aspects of biosynthesis of lignin peroxidases by phanerochaete chrysosporium.methods based on uv-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were used to study the physiological aspects of lignin-peroxidase biosynthesis by phanerochaete chrysosporium. here we introduce the use of cytochrome aa(3) as an indicator of active fungal biomass and of its redox state to calculate the oxygen mass transport coefficient between the growth medium and the fungal cell interior. when lignin peroxidase biosynthesis was enhanced by the addition of tween 80 or tween 20 to the growth medium, ...199416349189
biotransformation of the herbicide atrazine by the white rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium.biotransformation of atrazine by the white rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium was demonstrated by a 48% decrease of the initial herbicide concentration in the growth medium within the first 4 days of incubation, which corresponded to the mycelium-growing phase. results clearly established the mineralization of the ethyl group of the herbicide. analysis of the growth medium showed the formation of hydroxylated and/or n-dealkylated metabolites of atrazine during fungal degradation.199416349196
biosynthetic pathway for veratryl alcohol in the ligninolytic fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium.veratryl alcohol (va) is a secondary metabolite of white-rot fungi that produce the ligninolytic enzyme lignin peroxidase. va stabilizes lignin peroxidase, promotes the ability of this enzyme to oxidize a variety of physiological substrates, and is accordingly thought to play a significant role in fungal ligninolysis. pulse-labeling and isotope-trapping experiments have now clarified the pathway for va biosynthesis in the white-rot basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium. the pulse-labeling da ...199416349197
in vitro bleaching of hardwood kraft pulp by extracellular enzymes excreted from white rot fungi in a cultivation system using a membrane filter.to clarify the role of excreted extracellular enzymes during long-term incubation in a pulp biobleaching system with white rot fungi, we developed a cultivation system in which a membrane filter is used; this membrane filter can prevent direct contact between hyphae and kraft pulp, but allows extracellular enzymes to attack the kraft pulp. phanerochaete sordida yk-624 brightened the pulp 21.4 points to 54.0% brightness after a 5-day in vitro treatment; this value was significantly higher than th ...199416349219
lipid peroxidation by the manganese peroxidase of phanerochaete chrysosporium is the basis for phenanthrene oxidation by the intact fungus.the manganese peroxidase (mnp) of phanerochaete chrysosporium supported mn(ii)-dependent, h(2)o(2)-independent lipid peroxidation, as shown by two findings: linolenic acid was peroxidized to give products that reacted with thiobarbituric acid, and linoleic acid was peroxidized to give hexanal. mnp also supported the slow oxidation of phenanthrene to 2,2'-diphenic acid in a reaction that required mn(ii), oxygen, and unsaturated lipids. phenanthrene oxidation to diphenic acid by intact cultures of ...199416349285
pyranose oxidase, a major source of h(2)o(2) during wood degradation by phanerochaete chrysosporium, trametes versicolor, and oudemansiella mucida.the production of the h(2)o(2)-generating enzyme pyranose oxidase (pod) (ec 1.1.3.10) (synonym, glucose 2-oxidase), two ligninolytic peroxidases, and laccase in wood decayed by three white rot fungi was investigated by correlated biochemical, immunological, and transmission electron microscopic techniques. enzyme activities were assayed in extracts from decayed birch wood blocks obtained by a novel extraction procedure. with the coupled peroxidase-chromogen (3-dimethylaminobenzoic acid plus 3-me ...199416349330
fungal degradation of recalcitrant nonphenolic lignin structures without lignin peroxidase.lignin peroxidases (lips) are likely catalysts of ligninolysis in many white-rot fungi, because they have the unusual ability to depolymerize the major, recalcitrant, non-phenolic structures of lignin. some white-rot fungi have been reported to lack lip when grown on defined medium, but it is not clear whether they exhibit full ligninolytic competence under these conditions. to address this problem, we compared the abilities of a known lip producer, phanerochaete chrysosporium, with those of a r ...199411607502
new pathway for degradation of sulfonated azo dyes by microbial peroxidases of phanerochaete chrysosporium and streptomyces chromofuscus.pathways for the degradation of 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-azobenzene-4'-sulfonic acid (i) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyazobenzene-4'-sulfonamide (ii) by the manganese peroxidase and ligninase of phanerochaete chrysosporium and by the peroxidase of streptomyces chromofuscus have been proposed. twelve metabolic products were found, and their mechanisms of formation were explained. preliminary oxidative activation of the dyes resulted in the formation of cationic species, making the molecules vulnerable to ...19948113173
inhibition of the lignin peroxidase of phanerochaete chrysosporium by hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluene, an early intermediate in the degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.the ability of the white rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium to mineralize 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) was studied in the concentration range of 0.36 to 20.36 mg/liter. the initial rate of 14co2 formation was 30% in 4 days at 0.36 mg of [14c]tnt per liter and decreased to 5% in 4 days at 20.36 mg of [14c]tnt per liter. such a pronounced inhibition was not observed when a mixture of [14c]2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and [14c]4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene was used as a substrate. 2-hydroxylamino-4,6 ...19948117077
diversity in phenol-metabolizing capability of 809 strains of micromycetes.the property of 809 strains of micromycetes to grow in the presence of phenol (0.5 g/l) was investigated on solid media. toxicity was determined on malt extract agar medium. growth of the fungal strains on synthetic solid medium with phenol as the sole carbon source allowed evaluation of phenol consumption. only 61 strains (8% of the whole) grew well under both conditions, which reflects the toxicity of 0.5 g/l of phenol upon micromycetes. finally, phanerochaete chrysosporium was chosen and cult ...19948127230
electron transfer from phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiose oxidase to equine cytochrome c and pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551.the electron-transfer reactions of cellobiose oxidase (cbo) have been investigated by conventional and by rapid-scan stopped-flow spectroscopy at ph 6.0. analysis of the absorbance/time/wavelength matrix by singular value decomposition (svd) confirms earlier studies showing that cellobiose rapidly reduces the flavin group (7.7 s-1; cellobiose, 100 microm) which in turn slowly (0.2 s-1) reduces the cytochrome b moiety. in the presence of cbo, cellobiose reduces cytochromes c in a reaction that do ...19948135738
crystal structure of the fungal peroxidase from arthromyces ramosus at 1.9 a resolution. structural comparisons with the lignin and cytochrome c peroxidases.the crystal structure of the peroxidase (donor: h2o2 oxidoreductase, ec 1.11.1.7) from the hyphomycete arthromyces ramosus (arp) has been determined by the multiple isomorphous replacement method and refined by the simulated annealing method to a crystallographic r-factor of 17.4% for the 19,191 reflections with f > 2 sigma f between 7.0 and 1.9 a resolution. the model includes residues 9 to 344, the heme group, two n-acetylglucosamine residues, two calcium ions and 246 water molecules. the root ...19948289254
[the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in the polluted environment of the labedy district in gliwice].this study was undertaken to find relationships between the degree of bacteriological contamination with qualitative composition of potentially pathogenic keratinolytic fungal population in soil, sediment and air samples from the labedy district in gliwice (poland). the examined soil samples were characterized by the predominance of botryotrichum piluliferum, chrysosporium anamorph of arthroderma curreyi, myceliophthora anamorph of ctenomyces serratus, chrysosporium pannicola and trichphyton aje ...19947792523
a phanerochaete chrysosporium beta-d-glucosidase/beta-d-xylosidase with specificity for (1-->3)-beta-d-glucan linkages.phanerochaete chrysosporium is the best studied organism with respect to lignin degradation, but its degradation of the xylan component of lignocellulose is only now being studied. when grown on oat spelt xylan (mainly arabinoxylan), it produces an enzyme with beta-d-xylosidase and beta-d-glucosidase activity. this enzyme was purified by ultrafiltration followed by ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography using deae biogel and mono q, and gel filtration using superose 12. i ...19948156553
transcription of ligninase h8 by phanerochaete chrysosporium under nutrient nitrogen sufficient conditions.dot blot analyses showed that more ligninase h8 mrna was present in ammonium sufficient cultures of phanerochaete chrysosporium than in ammonium limited cultures. reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing verified that h8 mrna was present under both conditions. fast protein liquid chromatography profiles indicated that h8 was present but lacked heme in ammonium sufficient cultures. these data indicated that h8 was transcribed and translated by day 5 under amm ...19948166678
physiology and molecular biology of the lignin peroxidases of phanerochaete chrysosporium.the white-rot basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium produces lignin peroxidases (lips), a family of extracellular glycosylated heme proteins, as major components of its lignin-degrading system. up to 15 lip isozymes, ranging in m(r) values from 38,000 to 43,000, are produced depending on culture conditions and strains employed. manganese-dependent peroxidases (mnps) are a second family of extracellular heme proteins produced by p. chrysosporium that are also believed to be important in ligni ...19948167033
phanerochaete chrysosporium and its natural substrate.we seek to define more fully how phanerochaete chrysosporium degrades its natural substrate, lignocellulose. this contribution concerns several relevant topics. mineralisation of [14c]dhp, as a model for lignin degradation, showed that a set of genetically defined meiotically derived products of strain me446 differed in their degradative ability and also that, under optimum conditions for mineralisation, extracellular lignin peroxidase activity was absent. xylanolytic and xylosidase/beta(1-->3) ...19948167034
oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by lignin peroxidase.we demonstrate direct oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by lignin peroxidase (lip) from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete, phanerochaete chrysosporium. steady-state kinetic data fit a peroxidase ping-pong mechanism rather than an ordered bi-bi ping-pong mechanism, suggesting that the reductions of lip compounds i and ii by ferrocytochrome c are irreversible. the ph dependence of the overall reaction apparently is controlled by two factors, the ph dependence of the electron-transfer rate and the ph ...19948180177
preliminary crystallographic analysis of manganese peroxidase from phanerochaete chrysosporium.manganese peroxidase from the white rot basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium has been crystallized in a form suitable for high-resolution x-ray structure determination. crystals were grown from solutions containing 30% polyethylene glycol 8000, ammonium sulfate and cacodylate buffer at ph 6.5, using macroseeding techniques. a complete data set has been obtained to 2.06 a resolution. the data can be indexed in space group p1 with a = 45.96 a, b = 53.77 a, c = 84.87 a, alpha = 97.01 degrees, ...19948182752
characterization of the mnp2 gene encoding manganese peroxidase isozyme 2 from the basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium.the nucleotide (nt) sequence of a gene (mnp2) encoding manganese peroxidase isozyme 2 (mnp-2) from phanerochaete chrysosporium was determined. the sequence of 3297 bp includes 1287 bp of 5'-flanking sequence and 490 bp 3' to the stop codon. comparison of cdna and genomic sequences indicates seven introns varying in size from 50-55 bp. the 5' upstream region of the mnp2 gene contains a tataa element, three inverted ccaat elements (attgg), six putative heat-shock elements (hse) and three putative ...19948194756
a histone h4 promoter for expression of a phleomycin-resistance gene in phanerochaete chrysosporium.in this study, two transformation vectors (pmg101 and pmg103) for phanerochaete chrysosporium were constructed, based on the ble phleomycin-resistance-encoding gene and a homologous histone h4 promoter. transformation frequencies were 6-10 per micrograms of dna. transformed vector dna could either exist as an unstable replicating plasmid or could be stably integrated. integrated vector dna from pmg101, which also contains a histone-encoding h3 gene in the promoter fragment, becomes methylated, r ...19948194757
the crystal structure of manganese peroxidase from phanerochaete chrysosporium at 2.06-a resolution.the crystal structure of manganese peroxidase (mnp) from the lignin-degrading basidiomycetous fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium has been solved using molecular replacement techniques and refined to r = 0.20 at 2.0 a. the overall structure is similar to that of two other fungal peroxidases, lignin peroxidase from p. chrysosporium and arthromyces ramosus peroxidase. like the other fungal peroxidases, mnp has two structural calcium ions. mnp also has two n-acetylglucosamine residues n-linked to as ...19947806497
homologous expression of recombinant manganese peroxidase in phanerochaete chrysosporium.the promoter region of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd) was used to drive expression of mnp1, the gene encoding mn peroxidase isozyme 1, in primary metabolic cultures of phanerochaete chrysosporium. a 1,100-bp fragment of the p. chrysosporium gpd promoter region was fused upstream of the mnp1 gene to construct plasmid pagm1, which contained the schizophyllum commune ade5 gene as a selectable marker. pagm1 was used to transform a p. chrysosporium ade1 auxotroph to prototrop ...19947811070
isolation, characterization, and analysis of the expression of the cbhii gene of phanerochaete chrysosporium.two cdna sequences representing putative allelic variants of the phanerochaete chrysosporium cbhii gene were isolated by hybridization to the trichoderma reesei cbhii gene. both of the equivalent genomic sequences were subsequently isolated by the inverse pcr technique. dna sequencing showed that the cbhii open reading frame of 1,380 bp codes for a putative polypeptide of 460 amino acids which is interrupted by six introns. the domain structure found in t. reesei cbhii is conserved in the equiva ...19947811079
preferential degradation of phenolic lignin units by two white rot fungi.the differential biodegradation of phenolic and nonphenolic (c-4-etherified) lignin units in wheat straw treated with the white rot fungi pleurotus eryngii and phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated under solid-state fermentation conditions. two analytical techniques applied to permethylated straw were used for this purpose, i.e., alkaline cuo degradation and analytical pyrolysis (both followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for product identification). despite differences in the ...19947811086
[a fungus-derived novel nucleoside transport inhibitor potentiates the activity of antitumor drugs].antibiotic c3368-b (cb), identified as 3,9-dihydroxy-1-methoxy-7-methylanthraquinone, is produced by a fungus strain, chrysosporium verrucosum tubaki, isolated from a soil sample collected from antarctica. cb was found to be a highly-active nucleoside transport inhibitor. by radiolabelled nucleoside assay, cb was shown to markedly inhibit thymidine and uridine transport in ehrlich carcinoma cells, with ic50 values of 7.5 and 9.6 mumol.l-1 respectively. cb showed fairly low cytotoxicity to tumor ...19947900536
characterization of a cdna encoding a manganese peroxidase from phanerochaete chrysosporium: genomic organization of lignin and manganese peroxidase-encoding genes.two heme proteins, manganese peroxidase (mnp) and lignin peroxidase (lip), play key roles in the fungal depolymerization of lignin. many cdna and genomic clones encoding these peroxidases have been published. we report here on the cdna lambda mp-2 encoding the mnp isozyme h3 from phanerochaete chrysosporium strain bkm-f-1767. we also demonstrate that the mnp-encoding gene, lambda mp-1, encoding isozyme h4, and lambda mp-2 reside on separate chromosomes from each other and from the lip-encoding g ...19947926830
biodegradation of lignocellulose in bermuda grass by white rot fungi analyzed by solid-state 13c nuclear magnetic resonance.following the solid-state fermentation of bermuda grass by two lignin-degrading white rot fungi, compositional changes have been observed in situ by utilization of cross-polarization and magic angle spinning 13c nuclear magnetic resonance difference spectra and interrupted decoupling spectra. intensity differences in the 13c resonances assigned to specific components of the cell wall were used to observe these changes. bermuda grass treated with phanerochaete chrysosporium k-3 exhibited losses p ...19947944358
nitrogen regulation of lignin peroxidase gene transcription.western blot (immunoblot) analysis with a polyclonal antibody to lignin peroxidase (lip) isozyme h8 from the white rot basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium demonstrates that lip protein is detectable in the extracellular media of 5- and 6-day-old nitrogen-limited, but not nitrogen-sufficient, cultures. northern (rna) blot analysis demonstrates that lip mrna is detectable from 5- and 6-day old cells grown in nitrogen-limited, but not nitrogen-sufficient, cultures. these results indicate that ...19947944376
h2o2 recycling during oxidation of the arylglycerol beta-aryl ether lignin structure by lignin peroxidase and glyoxal oxidase.oxidative c alpha-c beta cleavage of the arylglycerol beta-aryl ether lignin model 1-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-2-phenoxypropane-1,3-diol (i) by phanerochaete chrysosporium lignin peroxidase in the presence of limiting h2o2 was enhanced 4-5-fold by glyoxal oxidase from the same fungus. further investigation showed that each c alpha-c beta cleavage reaction released 0.8-0.9 equiv of glycolaldehyde, a glyoxal oxidase substrate. the identification of glycolaldehyde was based on 13c nmr spectrometry of ...19947947743
mineralization of alachlor by lignin-degrading fungi.white rot fungi were able to mineralize the aromatic ring carbon of alachlor to co2. after 122 days, 14 and 12% of the alachlor that was initially present in malt extract cultures supplemented with a wood substrate was mineralized at room temperature by ceriporiopsis subvermispora and phlebia tremellosa, respectively. although phanerochaete chrysosporium mineralized alachlor at 25 degrees c, it did so more slowly than the other two white rot fungi. the brown rot fungus fomitopsis pinicola did no ...19947954113
aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase from the white-rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium. gene cloning, sequence analysis, expression, and purification of the recombinant enzyme.a cdna clone encoding a ligninolytic aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (aad; ec 1.1.1.91) from the white-rot basidiomycete fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium was isolated and characterized. the nucleotide sequence obtained reveals an open reading frame encoding a protein of 385 amino acids. substantial homology (49.3% identity and 67.3% similarity, respectively) was observed between aad and an open reading frame sequence present on chromosome iii of saccharomyces cerevisiae. a southern blot analysis sh ...19947961751
oxalate-dependent reductive activity of manganese peroxidase from phanerochaete chrysosporium.the mechanism of oxalate-dependent reductive activity of a manganese-dependent peroxidase (mnp) from phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated. ferric iron reduction was demonstrated in reaction mixtures containing mn-peroxidase, mn2+, oxalate, h2o2, ferric chloride, and 1,10-phenanthroline. only catalytic amounts of h2o2 were required. oxygen consumption was also observed in reaction mixtures containing mn-peroxidase, mn2+, oxalate, and h2o2 and was inhibited by the addition of ferric iron. ...19947979369
the role of oxalate in lignin peroxidase-catalyzed reduction: protection from compound iii accumulation.reduction may be an important step in the degradation of some highly oxidized environmental pollutants by phanerochaete chrysosporium. lignin peroxidases (lip) from p. chrysosporium are able to catalyze reductive reactions using veratryl alcohol (va) as a mediator and either oxalate or edta as electron donors. reduction of oxygen to superoxide, monitored by oxygen consumption, was used as a measure of the reductive activity of lip. in the presence of edta, the rate of o2 reduction catalyzed by l ...19947986067
aromatic nitroreductase from the basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium.a membrane-associated aromatic nitroreductase activity was identified in cell-free extracts of the lignin-degrading fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium. the enzyme catalyzed the nitro group reduction of 1,3-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and 2,4-dichloro-1-nitrobenzene. the corresponding hydroxylamines and/or amines were identified as reaction products by hplc and/or gc-ms. 1-nitroso-3-nitrobenzene and 1-hydroxylamino-3-nitrobenzene also we ...19947999039
a reporter gene construct for studying the regulation of manganese peroxidase gene expression.the orotidylate decarboxylase (odase) gene (ura1) from schizophyllum commune was utilized as a reporter for studying mn regulation of the manganese peroxidase (mnp) gene (mnp) from the lignin-degrading basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium. a 1,500-bp fragment of the mnp1 promoter was fused upstream of the coding region of the odase gene in a plasmid (pamo) containing the s. commune ade5 gene as a selectable marker. pamo was used to transform a p. chrysosporium ade1 ura11 mutant lacking endo ...19948017922
comparative evaluation of chemiluminescent dna probe assays and exoantigen tests for rapid identification of blastomyces dermatitidis and coccidioides immitis.chemiluminescent dna probe (accuprobe) assays developed by gen-probe, inc. (san diego, calif.), for the rapid identification of blastomyces dermatitidis and coccidioides immitis were evaluated and compared with the exoantigen test by using 74 mycelial cultures of b. dermatitidis and 72 mycelial cultures of c. immitis. seventeen isolates of the dimorphic pathogen paracoccidioides brasiliensis were included because of their gross morphologic and antigenic relatedness to b. dermatitidis. the hetero ...19948027336
role of mycelium and extracellular protein in the biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by phanerochaete chrysosporium.the biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-tcp) by phanerochaete chrysosporium was studied in batch systems. in experiments with mycelial suspension, the degradation of 2,4,6-tcp was found to occur in the absence of ligninase. chloride ion was recovered in nearly stoichiometric amounts at the end of the process. the microorganism did not retain its degradation ability for more than 6 days under substrate-deficient conditions. neither the mycelium nor the extracellular protein alone could ...19948031074
peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of azo dyes: mechanism of disperse yellow 3 degradation.disperse yellow 3 [2-(4'-acetamidophenylazo)-4-methylphenol] (dy3) (i) is an important yellow dye used in industry and is also a carcinogen. earlier we demonstrated that lignin-degrading cultures of white-rot basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium degrade dy3 to co2. in this report, we have examined the degradation of dy3 and its naphthol analog, 1-(4'-acetamidophenylazo)-2-naphthol (ndy3) (ii) by lignin peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and mn(iii)-malonate complex (a manganese peroxidase ...19948031141
mechanism of manganese peroxidase compound ii reduction. effect of organic acid chelators and ph.the effect of oxalate, malonate, lactate, and succinate chelators on the reduction of phanerochaete chrysosporium manganese peroxidase compound ii by mnii was investigated using stopped-flow techniques. all rate data were collected from single-turnover experiments under pseudo-first-order conditions. with oxalate, the reduction of compound ii by mnii exhibited saturation behavior when the observed pseudo-first-order rate constants were plotted against oxalate concentration. the plots passed thro ...19948038159
chrysosporium tropicum as a probable cause of mycosis of poultry in india.chrysosporium tropicum was isolated from comb lesions in two different breeds of chickens in india and subcultures were shown to be pathogenic when inoculated onto prepared skin of guinea pigs. this report provides additional evidence to consider ch. tropicum as a pathogenic fungus and a probable cause of a dermatomycosis in chickens.19948047104
tandem lignin peroxidase genes of the fungus trametes versicolor.a dna fragment containing two lignin peroxidase genes (lpg i and lpg ii) has been isolated from a genomic library of the white-rot fungus trametes versicolor. the genes are separated by 2.2 kbp and have the same direction of transcription. conserved elements preceding the translation start have been identified. in addition to the tata box, a stretch of 11 identical nucleotides is found 23-24 bp downstream of the tata box. the putative mature peroxidases encoded by lpg i and lpg ii are 87% identi ...19948049266
purification and characterization of a 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene 1,2-dioxygenase from the basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium.1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene (thb) is an intermediate in the phanerochaete chrysosporium degradation of vanillate and aromatic pollutants. a p. chrysosporium intracellular enzyme able to oxidatively cleave the aromatic ring of thb was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic and ion-exchange chromatographies, and native gel electrophoresis. the native protein has a molecular mass of 90 kda and a subunit mass of 45 kda. the enzyme catalyzes an intradiol cleavage of the substrate aromati ...19948050996
differential expression of multiple exo-cellobiohydrolase i-like genes in the lignin-degrading fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium.the genome of phanerochaete chrysosporium strain me446 contains multiple, non-allelic, cellobiohydrolase i (cbhi)-like sequences, at least two of which are expressed in a cellulose-dependent manner. each of the expressed genes contains two identically positioned introns within its coding region. the lengths and sequences of these introns are different and one is not excised from all transcripts, raising the possibility that subtly different protein products may be expressed from a common gene. i ...19948057846
detection of rodlets in the outer wall region of conidiospores of phanerochaete chrysosporium.the surface morphology of the conidiospores of phanerochaete chrysosporium was investigated using freeze-etching. a multilayered structure composed of rodlets was detected. the rodlets had a diameter of 10.2 +/- 0.5 nm and were organised as long parallel fibres. granules, smooth materials, and bark-like structures were found to cover part of this rodlet layer. during germination, the outer pellicle of the spore wall became fragmented and residual aggregates with rodlets were disseminated on the ...19948069785
detection of phanerochaete chrysosporium in soil by pcr and restriction enzyme analysis.a nonradioactive method to detect phanerochaete chrysosporium grown in a soil matrix was developed. this method involved dna extraction, pcr amplification, and restriction enzyme analysis. amplification of ligninase h8 dna from pure cultures of p. chrysosporium was not as sensitive as amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (its) of the highly repetitive nuclear ribosomal dna. amplified its dna was digested with restriction enzymes for analysis. the restriction enzyme pattern of pcr-amp ...19948074515
a novel type of peroxidase gene from the white-rot fungus trametes versicolor.the wood-decaying fungus trametes versicolor secretes a large number of peroxidase isozymes, presumed to partake in the degradation of lignin. from enzymic studies, two types of peroxidases have been distinguished: lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases. we here report the finding of a t. versicolor peroxidase gene, pg v, which displays several features not observed in previously studied peroxidase genes from white-rot fungi, such as a high number of introns (12). eight of the 12 introns h ...19948075158
direct 1h nmr evidence for conversion of beta-d-cellobiose to cellobionolactone by cellobiose dehydrogenase from phanerochaete chrysosporium.the alpha- and beta-anomers of d-cellobiose were resolved by 1h nmr spectroscopy. addition of cellobiose dehydrogenase purified from the white-rot p. chrysosporium led to selective conversion of beta-d-cellobiose. the product was identical to cellobionolactone as synthesized from ca-cellobionate. overnight incubation of the product led to an altered nmr spectrum, which was also obtained by incubation of cellobionolactone. the new spectrum matched that for ca-cellobionate. the instability of cell ...19948076681
oxidation of dibenzo-p-dioxin by lignin peroxidase from the basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium.dibenzo-p-dioxin (i) was rapidly degraded in ligninolytic cultures of the basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium. lignin peroxidase (lip) oxidized i to generate the following products: catechol (v), dibenzo-p-dioxin-2,3-quinone (viii), 2-hydroxy-5-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,4-benzoquinone (ix), 4,5-dihydroxy-1,2-benzoquinone (x), 2-(2-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,4-benzoquinone (xi), 4-hydroxy-1,2-benzoquinone (xii), and 1,2-benzoquinone (xiii). identical products were formed when the reaction was conducted u ...19948086414
simultaneous biodegradation of p-cresol and phenol by the basidiomycete phanerochaete chrysosporium.the fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium bkm-f-1767 was able to degrade high concentrations of p-cresol (up to 150 mg l-1) provided that glucose was added as a carbon and energy source and conditions favourable to ligninolytic enzyme activities were used, i.e. a nitrogen-limited medium. the fungus also simultaneously degraded p-cresol (50 mg l-1) and phenol (50 mg l-1) in a mixture at similar rates. kinetics of p-cresol biodegradation were almost identical whether the compound was tested individua ...19947765370
establishment of genetic linkage by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction: application to the lignin peroxidase gene family of phanerochaete chrysosporium.determining linkage is problematic for genes lacking easily identifiable phenotypes and for organisms without well-defined genetic recombination systems. phanerochaete chrysosporium with its lignin peroxidase (lip) gene family typifies these difficulties. we describe an experimental approach whereby the segregation of specific alleles is directly monitored during sexual fruiting. the method establishes linkage relationships among genes for which there are no mutations, and it is applicable to a ...19947765568
keratinolysis and its morphological expression in hair digestion by airborne fungi.the morphological expression of keratinolysis in fungi isolated from the air of torino (98 isolates belonging to 36 species) was studied. light microscopy on whole material and on semithin sections, as well as scanning electron microscopy was used. there were 19 keratinolytically active species, with seven in the genus chrysosporium (c. indicum, c. keratinophilum, c. pannicola, c. tropicum, c. an. arthroderma cuniculi, c. an. pectinotrichum llanense, c. an. renispora flavissima), four in the gen ...19947527126
screening of different keratin baits for isolation of keratinophilic fungi.twenty different keratin-rich substrates were screened as keratin baits for isolation of keratinophilic fungi from different soil sample of chhindwara district, india. fungi easily formed colonies on different baits. however, hair, feathers and horns were found to be more suitable than nails, fish fins and fish scales.19947537862
the effect of manganese on the oxidation of chemicals by lignin peroxidase.it has recently been discovered that lignin peroxidase isozyme h2 (liph2) has the ability to oxidize mn2+ (khindaria et al., 1995). furthermore, at ph 4.5, the physiological ph of phanerochaete chrysosporium, liph2 oxidizes mn2+ at a much faster rate (25 times) than veratryl alcohol (va). the ability of mn2+ to act as a redox mediator for indirect oxidations catalyzed by liph2 was therefore investigated. in the presence of physiologically relevant levels of oxalate and mn2+, the rate of liph2-ca ...19957548012
x-ray absorption spectroscopy comparison of the active site structures of phanerochaete chrysosporium lignin peroxidase isoenzymes h2, h3, h4, h5, h8, and h10.the iron heme and its immediate environment can provide information that is pivotal to our understanding of the structural and mechanistic features that confer unusual properties to the heme peroxidases. x-ray absorption spectroscopy (xas), which is ideally suited for the investigation of the local environment and electronic structure of the heme iron of hemeproteins, has been used to characterize a variety of lignin peroxidase and manganese-dependent peroxidase isoenzymes produced by the white ...19957548080
a report on the predominant occurrence of a dermatophyte species in cultivated soil from kuwait.from several soil samples screened for the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi, soils cultivated with ornamental plants were found to contain strains of the dermatophytic fungus microsporum gypseum. one soil sample was dominated by this species.19957566069
correlation of brightening with cumulative enzyme activity related to lignin biodegradation during biobleaching of kraft pulp by white rot fungi in the solid-state fermentation system.biobleaching of hardwood unbleached kraft pulp (ukp) by phanerochaete chrysosporium and trametes versicolor was studied in the solid-state fermentation system with different culture media. in this fermentation system with low-nitrogen and high-carbon culture medium, pulp brightness increased by 15 and 30 points after 5 days of treatment with t. versicolor and p. chrysosporium, respectively, and the pulp kappa number decreased with increasing brightness. a comparison of manganese peroxidase (mnp) ...19957574600
mineralization of mono- and dichlorobenzenes and simultaneous degradation of chloro- and methyl-substituted benzenes by the white rot fungus phanerochaete chrysosporium.phanerochaete chrysosporium extensively degraded and mineralized chlorobenzene and o-, m-, and p-dichlorobenzenes. the rate of degradation was in the following order: monochlorobenzene > m-dichlorobenzene > o-dichlorobenzene > p-dichlorobenzene. net level of degradation was generally higher than mineralization. maximal degradation and mineralization of chlorobenzenes were observed in malt extract cultures in which the lignin peroxidases and manganese peroxidases are not known to be produced. the ...19957574605
new polymeric model substrates for the study of microbial ligninolysis.lignin model dimers are valuable tools for the elucidation of microbial ligninolytic mechanisms, but their low molecular weight (mw) makes them susceptible to nonligninolytic intracellular metabolism. to address this problem, we prepared lignin models in which unlabeled and alpha-14c-labeled beta-o-4-linked dimers were covalently attached to 8,000-mw polyethylene glycol (peg) or to 45,000-mw polystyrene (ps). the water-soluble peg-linked model was mineralized extensively in liquid medium and in ...19957574649
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