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the identification of anaplasma spp. isolated from fallow deer (dama dama) on a free-range farm in eastern poland.the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anaplasma spp. in group of 50 fallow deer (dama dama) from free-range farm in eastern poland and determine what species of anaplasma could infect these animals based on pcr gene sequencing. the pcr technique revealed the presence of 16s rna anaplasma spp. genetic material in the blood of 7 out of 50 examined animals. the sequences of the pcr products obtained showed a 100% homology with each other and 100% homology with gu 183908 ...201222844721
development of the permanent mandibular cheek teeth in fallow deer (dama dama).the study describes crown and root formation of the permanent mandibular cheek teeth of fallow deer from a gestational age of 22-23 weeks up to a post-natal age of 33 months. tooth development was recorded using a scoring scheme based on morphological criteria ranging from crypt formation to completion of root growth. the morphological appearance of the enamel surface during three different stages (secretory-stage enamel, maturation-stage enamel and mature enamel) was described, and the approxim ...201222486558
vocal rate as an assessment process during fallow deer contests.two types of model propose that strategic decisions during contests are determined either by (i) a mutual-assessment process or (ii) a self-assessment process. vocal signals are thought to convey information about the competitive abilities of individuals, the ultimate function of which is a reduction in costs associated with fighting consistent with the principle of mutual assessment. nevertheless, the limited evidence that male ungulates engage in mutual assessment of vocal rates during dyadic ...201222820323
effect of selected dairy starter cultures on microbiological, chemical and sensory characteristics of swine and venison (dama dama) nitrite-free dry-cured sausages.the aim of this study was the evaluation of selected lactic acid bacteria (lab) starter culture of dairy origin in the production of nitrite-free low-acid fermented venison (dama dama) sausage (salame di daino) produced in a small-scale plant in umbria (italy), and their effect on microbiological, physico-chemical and sensorial properties of the products. salame di daino was obtained with two different processes: with and without the addition of selected lab starter cultures. microbial counts of ...201222032919
Effect of concentrate feeding on instrumental meat quality and sensory characteristics of fallow deer venison.Venison from twenty four hybrid fallow deer does, 36months old with an initial body condition score (BCS) of 2, was tested to determine the influence of feed type on meat quality. Feeding with concentrates increased BCS (P<0.01) but did not affect ultimate pH (P>0.05). BCS 4 animals had higher intra muscular fat (IMF) (P<0.01), and more tender meat (P<0.05). Venison from does fed over 24weeks exhibited less redness (P<0.01) than those fed for 19weeks regardless of feed type. Panellists evaluated ...201222122988
changes in the geographical distribution and abundance of the tick ixodes ricinus during the past 30 years in sweden.abstract: background: ixodes ricinus is the main vector in europe of human-pathogenic lyme borreliosis (lb) spirochaetes, the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) and other pathogens of humans and domesticated mammals. the results of a previous 1994 questionnaire, directed at people living in central and north sweden (svealand and norrland) and aiming to gather information about tick exposure for humans and domestic animals, suggested that ixodes ricinus ticks had become more widespread in cent ...201222233771
giardia prevalence in wild cervids in poland.a total of 181 faecal samples were collected from wild cervids in two regions of poland. specimens were taken from 65 fallow deer (dama dama), 61 red deer (cervus elaphus), 50 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and five moose (alces alces). giardia cysts were detected in one faecal specimen from the red deer and in two samples from the roe deer. although this study has demonstrated that giardia infection is remarkably rare in wild cervids, it should be emphasized that there are large populations of ...201223914615
quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains representing distinct genotypes and isolated from domestic and wildlife animal species by use of an automatic liquid culture system.quantification of 11 clinical strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from domestic (cattle, sheep, and goat) and wildlife (fallow deer, deer, wild boar, and bison) animal species in an automatic liquid culture system (bactec mgit 960) was accomplished. the strains were previously isolated and typed using is1311 pcr followed by restriction endonuclease analysis (pcr-rea) into type c, s, or b. a strain-specific quantification curve was generated for each m. avium subsp. pa ...201222649014
seroprevalence and risk factors associated to mycobacterium bovis in wild artiodactyl species from southern spain, 2006-2010.the control of bovine tuberculosis (btb) is at a critical point in the last stage of eradication in livestock. wildlife species recently have emerged infected with tb in europe, particularly ungulates in the iberian peninsula. epidemiological information regarding tb in wild ungulates including affected species, prevalence, associated risk factors and appropriate diagnostic methods need to be obtained in these countries. a cross-sectional study was carried out on wild artiodactyl species, includ ...201222523563
capacitation and acrosome reaction induction on thawed dama dama deer spermatozoa: glycine effect as cryopreservation diluent supplement.the aim of this research was to evaluate two different diluents for sperm cryopreservation and to study functional parameters in relation to the response to heparin, lysophosphatidylcholine and progesterone, in frozen-thawed semen of fallow deer (dama dama) during the reproductive season (brama). in this way, fallow deer can be used as a biological model of endangered cervids. semen was obtained by electroejaculation. heparin, progesterone and lysophosphatidylcholine were used as capacitation an ...201324320190
immunopathology of granulomas produced by mycobacterium bovis in naturally infected wild boar.limited information has been published on the wild boar immune response against bovine tuberculosis (btb) and the immunopathogenesis of the pathological hallmark (granuloma) in this species. the main objectives of this study were, on the one hand, to characterize the histopathological features (number of acid-fast bacilli (afb) and multinucleated giant cells (mngcs) and the immunohistochemical distribution of different cell subsets (cd3+, cd79a+ and mac387+) and chemical mediators (inos and ifn- ...201324144683
first detection of schmallenberg virus in elk (alces alces) indicating infection of wildlife in białowieża national park in poland.schmallenberg virus (sbv) rna was detected in the serum of an elk (alces alces) calf captured on the outskirts of białowieża national park (bnp) in december 2012, and shortly afterwards the calf died of acute bronchopneumonia. serum samples from 169 animals, including bison, red and fallow deer, originating from eight locations situated in four polish provinces, were tested for the presence of sbv-specific antibodies between 2011 and 2013. although no antibodies were found in samples collected u ...201324021421
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates from sheep and goats show reduced persistence in bovine macrophages than cattle, bison, deer and wild boar strains regardless of genotype.assessment of the virulence of isolates of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) exhibiting distinct genotypes and isolated from different hosts may help to clarify the degree to which clinical manifestations of the disease in cattle can be attributed to bacterial or to host factors. the objective of this study was to test the ability of 10 isolates of map representing distinct genotypes and isolated from domestic (cattle, sheep, and goat), and wildlife animal species (fallow deer, d ...201323415474
explanations about possible misinterpretation of the terminology regarding to bovine tuberculosis status of one cattle herd in spain, arisen from the paper "reducing eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) population density as a measure for bovine tuberculosis control: effects in wild boar and a sympatric fallow deer (dama dama) population in central spain", [prev. vet. med. 110 (july (3-4)) (2013) 435-446]. 201323962814
reducing eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) population density as a measure for bovine tuberculosis control: effects in wild boar and a sympatric fallow deer (dama dama) population in central spain.research on management of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in wildlife reservoir hosts is crucial for the implementation of effective disease control measures and the generation of practical btb management recommendations. among the management methods carried out on wild species to reduce btb prevalence, the control of population density has been frequently used, with hunting pressure a practical strategy to reduce btb prevalence. however, despite the number of articles about population density control ...201323490145
prevalence of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. in large game animals intended for consumption: relationship with management practices and livestock influence.although wild ruminants have been identified as reservoirs of shiga-toxin producing escherichia coli (stec), little information is available concerning the role of salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. in large game species. we evaluated the presence of these pathogens in faeces (n=574) and carcasses (n=585) sampled from red deer (n=295), wild boar (n=333) and other ungulates (fallow deer, mouflon) (n=9). animal sampling was done in situ from 33 hunting estates during two hunting seasons. salmo ...201323384892
the role of hepatic myofibroblasts in liver cirrhosis in fallow deer (dama dama) naturally infected with giant liver fluke (fascioloides magna).this paper describes liver cirrhosis in 35 fallow deer infected with the giant liver fluke, as well as the distribution, origin, and role of myofibroblasts in its development.201323497565
multilevel d-loop pcr identification of hunting game.the control region of mtdna (d-loop) was used for hair samples of the five hunting game species identification: red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (dama dama), mouflon (ovis aries musimon), and wild boar (sus scrofa). for d-loop multilevel pcr detection scheme was applied in six primers (ce cvzv 1 = 5'-gatcacgagcttgatcacca-3'; ce cvzv 2 = 5'-aggagtgggcgattttaggt-3'; dd cvzv 3 = 5'-cgcgtgaaaccaacaacccgc-3'; dd cvzv 4 = 5'-ccgggtcggggccttagacg-3'; ssw cvzv 5 = 5 ...201327275406
the first detection of nematodes ashworthius sidemi in elk alces alces (l.) in poland and remarks of ashworthiosis foci limitations.ashworthius sidemi, a nematode belonging to the family of trichostrongylidae, is a primary parasite of the asian deer, mainly sika deer (cervus nippon), with which it was introduced to ukraine, as well as slovakia, the czech republic and france. migrating red deer carried this parasite from neighboring countries to polish territory. until now, in poland, this parasite has been recorded in european bison, red deer, roe deer and fallow deer. as a result of post-mortem examinations of 10 elk, 2 of ...201324338312
cross-sectional study of schmallenberg virus seroprevalence in wild ruminants in poland at the end of the vector season of 2013.in view of recurrent schmallenberg virus (sbv) infections all over europe between 2011 and 2013, a lively scientific debate over the importance of the sylvatic transmission cycle of the virus has emerged. the study presents results of serosurvey which included wild ruminants representing species of red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), european bison (bison bonasus), fallow deer (dama dama), mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon) hunted or immobilized at 34 different locations of ...201425528665
unmanned aircraft systems for studying spatial abundance of ungulates: relevance to spatial epidemiology.complex ecological and epidemiological systems require multidisciplinary and innovative research. low cost unmanned aircraft systems (uas) can provide information on the spatial pattern of hosts' distribution and abundance, which is crucial as regards modelling the determinants of disease transmission and persistence on a fine spatial scale. in this context we have studied the spatial epidemiology of tuberculosis (tb) in the ungulate community of doñana national park (south-western spain) by mod ...201425551673
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates induce in vitro granuloma formation and show successful survival phenotype, common anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic responses within ovine macrophages regardless of genotype or host of origin.the analysis of the early macrophage responses, including bacterial growth within macrophages, represents a powerful tool to characterize the virulence of clinical isolates of mycobcaterium avium susbp. paratuberculosis (map). the present study represents the first assessment of the intracellular behaviour in ovine monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) of map isolates representing distinct genotypes (c, s and b), and isolated from cattle, sheep, goat, fallow deer, deer, and wild boar. intracellula ...201425111300
endoparasites of the fallow deer (dama dama) of the antheringer au in salzburg, austria.although the annual harvest of fallow deer increased markedly in austria in the past two decades, only little is known about the parasites of fallow deer in austria. to add current faunistic knowledge on the endoparasites of fallow deer in the country, viscera from six adult males and one male fawn from the game preserve antheringer au, salzburg, were examined in 2009-2010 using standard techniques, and spleen samples were screened for dna of tick-borne pathogens (polymerase chain reaction). inf ...201424535173
identity of rumen fluke in deer.as evidence is growing that in many temperate areas paramphistome infections are becoming more common and widespread, this study was undertaken to determine the role of deer as reservoirs for rumen fluke infections in livestock. a total of 144 deer faecal samples (88 from fallow deer, 32 from red deer and 24 samples from sika, sika/red deer hybrids) were screened for the presence of fluke eggs. based on the its-2 rdna locus plus flanking 5.8s and 28s sequences (its-2+), fluke eggs were identifie ...201425127736
sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting serum antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fallow deer.the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is the diagnostic test most commonly used in efforts to control paratuberculosis in domestic ruminants. however, commercial elisas have not been validated for detecting antibodies against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild animals. in this study, we compared the sensitivities and specificities of five elisas using individual serum samples collected from 41 fallow deer with or without histopathological lesions consistent with paratube ...201424872517
molecular identification of fascioloides magna (bassi, 1875) from red deer from south-western poland (lower silesian wilderness) on the basis of internal transcribed spacer 2 (its-2).the study was conducted in 2012-2013 on 75 fecal samples of red deer from the lower silesian wilderness which were examined to determine the prevalence of fascioloides magna in the game population. finding liver fluke eggs in a single sample which were larger in size than fasciola hepatica eggs indicated that further molecular analysis was necessarily. the partial sequence (116 bp long) of its-2 of the investigated eggs was identical to the sequences of f. magna from red deer (cervus elaphus) (g ...201425286665
wherefrom and whereabouts of an alien: the american liver fluke fascioloides magna in austria: an overview.the giant liver fluke fascioloides magna, an invasive species originating from north america, was recorded in austria in the wild for the first time in 2000. since then, various data concerning the epidemiology in snail intermediate hosts and cervid final hosts have been reported. galba truncatula acts as snail intermediate host, and red deer, roe deer and fallow deer act as final hosts. g. truncatula is abundant throughout the region, especially along muddy shores of slow-flowing branches of th ...201424535172
hematuria and urinary bladder lesions compatible with bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum) intoxication in captive fallow deer (dama dama).hemangiosarcoma, hemangioma, transitional cell carcinoma, and chronic cystitis were diagnosed in the urinary bladder of six captive fallow deer (dama dama). hematuria and thin body condition were observed in the advanced cases. these findings were compatible with chronic enzootic hematuria and were suspected to have been induced by chronic ingestion of bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum) present on the premises. these lesions were similar to those described in bovine enzootic hematuria in cattle. ...201425000702
identification of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins and alpha-fetoprotein in fallow deer (dama dama) placenta.this paper describes the isolation and characterization of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (pag) from fetal cotyledonary tissue (fct) and maternal caruncular tissue (mct) collected from fallow deer (dama dama) pregnant females. proteins issued from fct and mct were submitted to affinity chromatographies by using vicia villosa agarose (vva) or anti-bovine pag-2 (r#438) coupled to sepharose 4b gel. finally, they were characterized by sds-page and n-terminal microsequencing.201424410890
detection of mecc-methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates in river water: a potential role for water in the environmental dissemination.methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a public health concern due to limited treatment options. the recent description of a meca homologue, mecc in human and cattle, led to studies to detect this new variant in human and other animal species. detection of mecc in wild boar and fallow deer in a spanish game estate led us to further investigate the presence of mecc-mrsa at this location. samples from cattle, wild animals, workers and river water were tested. a further three mecc-mr ...201425756123
effect of pelvic suspension on the instrumental meat quality characteristics of red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama) venison.the effect of pelvic and achilles tendon suspension of red and fallow deer carcasses on meat quality parameters were compared. venison was evaluated from red deer stags (n=14), bucks (n=14) and fallow deer does (n=10) between 12 and 36months old. immediately after slaughter, carcasses were split down the dorsal midline and assigned to one of the two hanging methods and ph and core body temperature measured. twenty-four hours post-slaughter muscles were excised. venison from fallow deer and red d ...201424922603
cadmium, lead, and mercury exposure assessment among croatian consumers of free-living game.free-living game can be an important source of dietary cadmium and lead; the question is whether exposure to these two elements is such that it might cause adverse health effects in the consumers. the aim of this study was to estimate dietary exposure to cadmium, lead, and mercury from free-living big game (fallow deer, roe deer, red deer, wild boar, and brown bear), and to mercury from small game (pheasant and hare), hunted in croatia from 1990 to 2012. the exposure assessment was based on avai ...201425205692
campylobacter infection in wild artiodactyl species from southern spain: occurrence, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility.a cross-sectional study was performed to assess the occurrence of campylobacter species and to identify potential associated risk factors for wild artiodactyl species in southern spain. campylobacter species were isolated in 55 of 363 (15.2%) faecal samples. campylobacter was identified in faeces from wild boar (49/126; 38.9%), red deer (5/179; 2.8%) and mouflon (1/13; 7.7%) but not from fallow deer (0/45). the isolated campylobacter species were identified as c. jejuni (2 isolates; 3.6%), c. co ...201424462184
reliable discrimination of 10 ungulate species using high resolution melting analysis of faecal dna.identifying species occupying an area is essential for many ecological and conservation studies. faecal dna is a potentially powerful method for identifying cryptic mammalian species. in new zealand, 10 species of ungulate (order: artiodactyla) have established wild populations and are managed as pests because of their impacts on native ecosystems. however, identifying the ungulate species present within a management area based on pellet morphology is unreliable. we present a method that enables ...201424637802
piroplasmosis in wildlife: babesia and theileria affecting free-ranging ungulates and carnivores in the italian alps.piroplasmosis are among the most relevant diseases of domestic animals. babesia is emerging as cause of tick-borne zoonosis worldwide and free-living animals are reservoir hosts of several zoonotic babesia species. we investigated the epidemiology of babesia spp. and theileria spp. in wild ungulates and carnivores from northern italy to determine which of these apicomplexan species circulate in wildlife and their prevalence of infection.201424533742
female preference and predation risk models can explain the maintenance of a fallow deer (dama dama) lek and its 'handy' location.we tested the predictions of three models (female preference; hotspot; predator avoidance) on lek formation in the fallow deer population of san rossore, tuscany. we collected behavioural observations in two leks and radiotracking data on 67 deer over 7 years. two deer sub-populations were present in the northern and southern sides of the area, respectively, the two sectors being delimited by a river and including one lek each. predictions were tested for one lek (sg), located in the south-side ...201424599036
information gathering during contests: the relationship between lateralisation and contestant behaviour during fallow deer fights.one class of model relating to animal contest behaviour assumes that individuals gather information concerning their opponents' competitive ability; these models argue that such a process allows contestants to avoid engaging in dangerous fighting behaviour with a superior opponent. the brain hemispheres of vertebrates are lateralised in that they are specialised for processing different type of information. within the context of the current study, we might expect that lateralisation would play a ...201424468213
late pleistocene foot infection in dama mesopotamica from tabun b (mount carmel, israel).tabun is one of the most important palaeolithic sites in the near east, with levels dating from the lower through to the upper palaeolithic. the faunal collection from tabun cave (israel) was recovered by dorothy garrod during archaeological excavations carried out during the 1920-30s in mount carmel. since then this collection has been housed at the natural history museum, london. in this brief communication, a frequently occurring pathology in the phalanges of fallow deer (dama mesopotamica) f ...201529539481
sequence analysis of bitter taste receptor gene repertoires in different ruminant species.bitter taste has been extensively studied in mammalian species and is associated with sensitivity to toxins and with food choices that avoid dangerous substances in the diet. at the molecular level, bitter compounds are sensed by bitter taste receptor proteins (t2r) present at the surface of taste receptor cells in the gustatory papillae. our work aims at exploring the phylogenetic relationships of t2r gene sequences within different ruminant species. to accomplish this goal, we gathered a colle ...201526061084
replacement of native by non-native animal communities assisted by human introduction and management on isla victoria, nahuel huapi national park.one of the possible consequences of biological invasions is the decrease of native species abundances or their replacement by non-native species. in andean patagonia, southern argentina and chile, many non-native animals have been introduced and are currently spreading. on isla victoria, nahuel huapi national park, many non-native vertebrates were introduced ca. 1937. records indicate that several native vertebrates were present before these species were introduced. we hypothesize that seven dec ...201526623176
growth in fossil and extant deer and implications for body size and life history evolution.body size variation within clades of mammals is widespread, but the developmental and life-history mechanisms by which this variation is achieved are poorly understood, especially in extinct forms. an illustrative case study is that of the dwarfed morphotypes of candiacervus from the pleistocene of crete versus the giant deer megaloceros giganteus, both in a clade together with dama dama among extant species. histological analyses of long bones and teeth in a phylogenetic context have been shown ...201525887855
chemical immobilization of free-ranging fallow deer (dama dama): effect of needle length on induction time.we evaluated impact of the needle length, sex, and body condition on chemical immobilization induction time in 50 (29 males and 21 females) free-ranging fallow deer (dama dama) in sweden, 2006-11. induction time is probably the single most important factor when immobilizing free-ranging wildlife with the use of a remote drug-delivery system. induction times should be short to minimize stress and risk of injury, and to ensure that immobilized animals can be found and clinically monitored as soon ...201525588014
mitochondrial genomes of giant deers suggest their late survival in central europe.the giant deer megaloceros giganteus is among the most fascinating late pleistocene eurasian megafauna that became extinct at the end of the last ice age. important questions persist regarding its phylogenetic relationship to contemporary taxa and the reasons for its extinction. we analyzed two large ancient cervid bone fragments recovered from cave sites in the swabian jura (baden-württemberg, germany) dated to 12,000 years ago. using hybridization capture in combination with next generation se ...201526052672
intrasexual selection drives sensitivity to pitch, formants and duration in the competitive calls of fallow bucks.mammal vocal parameters such as fundamental frequency (or pitch; f o ) and formant dispersion often provide information about quality traits of the producer (e.g. dominance and body size), suggesting that they are sexually selected. however, little experimental evidence exists demonstrating the importance of these cues in intrasexual competition, particularly f o . male fallow deer (bucks) produce an extremely low pitched groan. bucks have a descended larynx and generate f o well below what is e ...201526279584
effects of selenium supplementation on selenium status of farmed fallow deer in outdoor pens.the study investigated the effects of selenium (se) supplementation on se status in farmed fallow deer. fallow deer were housed on grass pasture and adapted to consume ∼200 g of pelleted grain daily. animals were divided into two groups. one group received pelleted grain enriched with sodium selenate for 12 weeks (se+ group, n = 10). se intake for the first 7 weeks was 0.18 mg/kg dry matter (dm) and 0.32 mg/kg dm for the subsequent 5 weeks. the control group was fed pelleted grain without extra ...201525468192
antipredator strategy of female goitered gazelles (gazella subgutturosa guld., 1780) with hiding fawn.in ungulates, predation is often a major cause of infant mortality and likely plays an important role in shaping maternal care strategies that favor progeny survival. the anti-predator strategies of ungulates can be broadly categorized into two groups, hiding infants and following infants. we studied the maternal behavioral strategies of goitered gazelle, which is a typical representative of a hiding species. we found that shortly after birth, goitered gazelle mothers (1) stayed at the greatest ...201526232263
the arteries of brain base in species of the cervid family.the aim of the article was to describe the pattern of main arteries at the encephalon base, their connections, and varieties. this study included 106 specimens of the head and cerebral arteries of the following eight species of the cervid family: reindeer, chital, eld's deer, wapiti, sika deer, fallow deer, pere david's deer or milu, and reeve's or chinese muntjac. the arteries of the animals under study were filled with acetone-dissolved stained vinyl superchloride or stained latex lbs3060. the ...201525399744
quality attributes and composition of meat from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and aberdeen angus and holstein cattle (bos taurus).the consumption of venison from deer species has increased in recent years owing to presumably positive health effects. therefore a comparison was made of the physical characteristics, chemical composition and sensory attributes of meat obtained from red deer, fallow deer and aberdeen angus and holstein cattle raised under conditions typical for commercial farming practice and slaughtered at similar ages.201525298298
characterization of a virulent dog-originated rabies virus affecting more than twenty fallow deer (dama dama) in inner mongolia, china.rabies has emerged as a serious problem in the most recent years in northern china. a rabies virus (rabv) isolate, imdrv-13, was recovered from brain samples of dog-bitten rabid fallow deer (dama dama) in a farm in hohhot, inner mongolia. we tested the susceptibility of mouse neuroblastoma (mna) cells and bsr cells as well as that of adult mice to imdrv-13. the isolate was found to be a virulent isolate with an equivalent pathogenicity index (0.12) and a slight lower neurotropism index (1.07) co ...201525614955
release of copper from embedded solid copper bullets into muscle and fat tissues of fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and wild boar (sus scrofa) and effect of copper content on oxidative stability of heat-processed meat.when venison with embedded copper bullets was subjected to different culinary processing procedures, the amount of copper released from the embedded bullet was affected more by the retention period of the bullet in the meat during cool storage, than by the different heating protocols. the presence of copper fragments had no significant effect on levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars). conversely, tbars in lean meat (fallow deer, wild boar, roe deer) were significantly affected ...201526005913
authenticity control of game meat products--a single method to detect and quantify adulteration of fallow deer (dama dama), red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (cervus nippon) by real-time pcr.this contribution presents a single real-time pcr assay allowing the determination of the deer content (the sum of fallow deer (dama dama), red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (cervus nippon)) in meat products to detect food adulteration. the pcr assay does not show cross-reactivity with 20 animal species and 43 botanical species potentially contained in game meat products. the limit of quantification is 0.5% for fallow deer and red deer and 0.1% for sika deer. the deer content in meat produ ...201525306377
t-cell lymphocytic leukemia in a fallow deer (dama dama).a 17-yr-old female fallow deer presented with ataxia, inappetence, decreased fecal output, and decreased mentation. a complete blood count demonstrated leukocytosis (24.1×10(3)/μl, n=1.16-7.38×10(3)/μl), characterized by lymphocytosis (22.89×10(3)/μl, n=0.18-3.65×10(3)/μl), anemia (packed cell volume 20%, n=29.0-55.8%), decreased red blood cell count (4.1×10(3)/μl, n=6.86-14.72×10(3)/μl), and decreased hemoglobin (7.5 g/dl, n=9.4-19.2 g/dl). numerous mature, well-differentiated lymphocytes were ...201526352964
extension of occurrence area of the american fluke fascioloides magna in south-western poland.liver fluke fascioloides magna is a typical parasite of american cervids. the reason for f. magna to appear in poland territory was bringing the american wapiti deer to those forests around 1850. along with these deer the aforementioned fluke was also introduced. the aim of this study was to present the case of finding of this species in cervids in bory zielonogórskie. samples of deer feces were collected in february 2015 in forest district krzystkowice. a total of 16 samples of feces were exami ...201526342504
prevalence of hepatitis e virus in populations of wild animals in comparison with animals bred in game enclosures.hepatitis e virus (hev) is now accepted as a zoonotic virus, and domestic pigs, wild boars and deer are recognised as natural reservoirs of the pathogen. in this study, 762 animals (wild boars, fallow deer, red deer, sika deer, roe deer and mouflons) originating from the wild and from game enclosures were tested for the presence of hev rna by qrt-pcr. hev rna was detected in wild boars (96/450), red deer (2/169), roe deer (1/30) and mouflons (5/39). the sequence relationship between hev isolates ...201525771162
hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in wildlife in poland.hepatitis e is an important public health problem mostly in developing but occasionally also in industrialized countries. domestic and wildlife animals are considered reservoirs of the hepatitis e virus (hev). since no information on the prevalence of autochthonous hev infections in human and animal in poland is available, the aim of the study was to investigate the hev seroprevalence of different wildlife species as potential virus reservoirs in the country. no hev antibodies were found in any ...201524655475
fascioloides magna--epizootiology in a deer farm in germany.after initial observations of suspicious cases in 2009, the occurrence of fascioloides (f.) magna in deer of a deer farm located in northeastern bavaria, germany, at the border to the czech republic was confirmed in autumn 2011. in march 2012, the deer were treated for fascioloidosis with triclabendazole. to monitor the epizootiology of fascioloidosis in the farm, 80-100 faecal samples were examined for fascioloides eggs at monthly intervals from june 2012 to june 2013 inclusive. in addition, li ...201526054221
disposition of ceftiofur and its active metabolites in fallow deer (dama dama) following single-dose intravenous and intramuscular administration.septicemia and foot infections associated with fusobacterium necrophorum , pasturella multocida, and streptococcus suis in captive fallow deer (dama dama) are reasonably treated with ceftiofur hydrochloride. this study describes the disposition of ceftiofur after single-dose intravenous and intramuscular administration of 3.65±0.1678 mg/kg in six female adult fallow deer using a nonrandomized crossover design and a 7-day washout period. serial blood samples were collected for 12 hr postdrug admi ...201526056876
parasites of wild animals as a potential source of hazard to humans.the decline in wild animal habitats and the uncontrolled growth of their population make these animals come closer to human settlements. the aim of the study was to identify parasitic infections in wild animals in the selected area, and to specify the hazards they create for humans. in more than 66% of the analysed faecal samples from wild boar, hares, roe deer, deer and fallow deer various developmental forms of parasites were found. these included parasites dangerous for humans: toxocara canis ...201526342506
tick-borne diseases in syntopic populations of fallow deer (dama dama) and axis deer (axis axis) in northern mexico.we harvested 21 fallow deer (dama dama) and 17 axis deer (axis axis) in northern mexico. two fallow deer were positive for babesia bigemina and one for babesia bovis. amplicons had the expected 170 and 291 base pairs and were identical to b. bigemina (s45366) and b. bovis (m38218), respectively.201525647599
[severe purulent and necrotizing glossitis in a fallow deer (dama dama) due to an infection with the involvement of mannheimia granulomatis].post mortem examination of a young fallow deer (dama dama) revealed a severe purulent and necrotizing glossitis as well as a multifocal necrotizing and ulcerative rumenitis and typhlitis. the animal was cachectic. mannheimia (m.) sp. was isolated from the tongue lesions and identified as m. granulomatis by maldi-tof ms and 16s rrna sequencing. mycosis and bvdv infection were excluded. few publications are dealing with similar macroscopic findings associated with the isolation of m. granulomatis ...201526281440
anaplasma phagocytophilum prevalence in ticks and rodents in an urban and natural habitat in south-western slovakia.ixodes ricinus is the principal vector of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the ethiological agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis in europe. anaplasmosis is an emerging zoonotic disease with a natural enzootic cycle. the reservoir competence of rodents is unclear. monitoring of a. phagocytophilum prevalence in i. ricinus and rodents in various habitat types of slovakia may contribute to the knowledge about the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in central europe.201525980768
diversity of staphylococcus aureus isolates in european wildlife.staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer and cause of infection among animals and it has been described from numerous domestic and wild animal species. the aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of s. aureus in a convenience sample of european wildlife and to review what previously has been observed in the subject field. 124 s. aureus isolates were collected from wildlife in germany, austria and sweden; they were characterized by dna microarray hybridizatio ...201627992523
markers for ongoing or previous hepatitis e virus infection are as common in wild ungulates as in humans in sweden.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a human pathogen with zoonotic spread, infecting both domestic and wild animals. about 17% of the swedish population is immune to hev, but few cases are reported annually, indicating that most infections are subclinical. however, clinical hepatitis e may also be overlooked. for identified cases, the source of infection is mostly unknown. in order to identify whether hev may be spread from wild game, the prevalence of markers for past and/or ongoing infection was invest ...201627657108
the role of wild ruminants as reservoirs of besnoitia besnoiti infection in cattle.bovine besnoitiosis, a parasitic disease caused by besnoitia besnoiti, has been reported mainly in beef cattle raised under extensive pastoral systems and is considered to be re-emerging in western europe. horizontal transmission probably occurs either by means of blood sucking arthropods or as a consequence of direct contact between infected and non-infected cattle. however, the role that wild ruminants (e.g., red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus)) may play in the parasit ...201627198769
serologic and molecular survey of hepatitis e virus in german deer populations.hepatitis e virus (hev) is a human pathogen that is primarily transmitted by the fecal-oral route and causes a usually self-limiting acute viral hepatitis. the virus is endemic in developing countries of africa, asia, and latin america and is responsible for sporadic cases in industrialized countries. in western europe, an increasing number of autochthonous cases have been associated with zoonotic transmissions of hev from domestic and wild animals. in germany, animal reservoirs for hev have bee ...201626528571
a genetic structure of novel population of fascioloides magna from poland, podkarpackie province, indicates an expanding second european natural focus of fascioloidosis.the veterinary important parasite of ruminants, giant liver fluke fascioloides magna(trematoda: fasciolidae), isolated from liver of farmed fallow deer (dama dama) from podkarpackie province (southeastern poland) was genotypized by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (cox1) and nicotinamide dehydrogenase (nad1) markers. the data on this newly emerged population were compared with mitochondrial haplotypes of recently detected polish population of f. magna from lower silesian wilderness (southweste ...201627787209
diagnosis and therapy of liver fluke (fascioloides magna) infection in fallow deer (dama dama) in serbia.giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) infection is an important health problem of cervids in southeastern europe. we measured the prevalence and intensity of infection with f. magna in a fenced area near the danube river in the south bačka district of serbia. parasitologic, pathomorphologic, and histopathologic examinations were conducted from november 2007 to february 2008, beginning with a population of 127 adult fallow deer ( dama dama ). after a positive diagnosis, therapy with triclabend ...201626967130
genetic diversity and population genetics of large lungworms (dictyocaulus, nematoda) in wild deer in hungary.dictyocaulus nematode worms live as parasites in the lower airways of ungulates and can cause significant disease in both wild and farmed hosts. this study represents the first population genetic analysis of large lungworms in wildlife. specifically, we quantify genetic variation in dictyocaulus lungworms from wild deer (red deer, fallow deer and roe deer) in hungary, based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequence data, using population genetic and phylogenetic analyses. t ...201627150969
lungworm (nematoda: protostrongylidae) infection in wild and domestic ruminants from małopolska region of poland.the conducted study has focused on domestic, as well as wild ruminant species. the post mortem examination was carried out on 68 animals, including three wild species: roe deer (capreolus capreolus) (25 indyviduals), red deer (cervus elaphus) (6), fallow deer (dama dama) (5) and two domestic: sheep (ovis aries) (14) and cattle (bos taurus) (18). some of the species have also been investigated in the field by the coproscopical analyses. the faecal samples from roe deer (27), fallow deer (20), red ...201627262959
cytotoxicity of ketamine, xylazine and hellabrunn mixture in liver-, heart- and kidney-derived cells from fallow deer.chemical restraint of wild animals is practiced to accomplish intended procedures such as capture, clinical examination, collection of diagnostic samples, treatment and/or transport. extra-label use of animal medicinal drugs is often necessary in wildlife because most approved therapeutics do not list wild species on the labelling. here, we used cellular in vitro models, a cutting-edge tool of biomedical research, to examine cytotoxicity of anaesthetic agents in fallow deer and extrapolate these ...201628263534
effect of storage on quality traits of the semimembranosus muscle of farmed fallow deer (dama dama) bucks and does.a total of 12 farmed fallow deer bucks and 12 does aged 31-32 months were included in a study on the effect of storage in vacuum packaging on the functionality of venison of the semimembranosus muscle. all the analyzed meat quality traits were not affected by sex. the storage of meat in vacuum led to: an increase of ph (by 0.13 units; p = 0.001), l* (by 1.85 units; p = 0.002), a* (by 1.15 units; p = 0.013) and chroma (by 1.16 units; p = 0.016), a decrease of free water (by 6.62 percentage points ...201627935153
quality of meat (longissimus dorsi) from male fallow deer (dama dama) packaged and stored under vacuum and modified atmosphere conditions.this study evaluated the effect of vacuum and modified atmosphere (40% co2+60% n2, ma) packaging on the chemical composition, physicochemical properties and sensory attributes of chill-stored meat from 10 fallow deer (dama dama) bucks at 17 to 18 months of age. the animals were hunter-harvested in the forests of north-eastern poland. during carcass dressing (48 to 54 h post mortem), both musculus longissimus muscles were cut out. each muscle was divided into seven sections which were allocated t ...201627165026
dental defects as a potential indicator of chronic malnutrition in a population of fallow deer (dama dama) from northwestern germany.we studied enamel defects in mandibular cheek teeth of fallow deer from an enclosed population that had grown far beyond the carrying capacity of its habitat. macroscopic inspection revealed a high frequency of pathological enamel alterations in the permanent premolars and the third molar, which form late during dental development, while earlier forming teeth (deciduous premolars and first molar) were generally not affected. macroscopic enamel alterations comprised opacity and posteruptive disco ...201627519058
evaluation of bone marrow with particular consideration of the megakaryocyte lineage and coagulation profile in the pregnant fallow deer (dama dama).the aim of the study was to evaluate the megakaryocyte lineage of bone marrow and coagulation parameters in fallow deer during the last month of pregnancy. the animals were managed in the barn-feeding system. twenty female fallow deer, aged 2-3 years, divided into 2 groups were used in the study. group 1 comprised the females in the last month of pregnancy, and the non-pregnant females were used as the control. all the animals were clinically healthy. coagulation parameters were measured in all ...201627487510
vigilance adjustments in relation to long- and short term risk in wild fallow deer (dama dama).the risk allocation hypothesis predicts that vigilance should be adjusted to the temporal variation in risk. we test this hypothesis in wild fallow deer exposed to short term (disturbance) and long term (presence of a fawn after parturition) changes in risk. we recorded the proportion, frequency and type of vigilance and size of used area before and after parturition, in gps-collared wild female fallow deer. vigilance was divided in two main groups: "non-grazing vigilance" and "grazing vigilance ...201627094230
first report of mycobacterium bovis isolation from a european fallow deer (dama dama dama) in iran.at present, most of iran is free of bovine tuberculosis (tb). the strategy of control and eradication in iran involves a tuberculation test and slaughter of reactors, a procedure transformed the present-day prevalence of tb into a sporadic occurrence. this paper describes the first report of bovine tuberculosis in a european fallow deer (dama dama dama) in iran. the deer was emaciated and found dead in the hoveize provincial zoo park. post-mortem examinations revealed multifocal granulomatous an ...201627648426
an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in a fallow deer herd (dama dama) in sicily.wild ruminants have an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (btb). this study describes an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis occurring in a fallow deer herd in sicily. in 2012 a sicilian herd of 47 animals was referred for cachexia. pathological examination of 2 dead animals revealed disseminated granulomas predominantly involving the skin and subcutaneous tissues. tissue samples were submitted for histological analysis, bacteriological culture, and biomolecular assay. pcr ana ...201627234548
mycobacterium spp. in wild game in slovenia.wildlife species are an important reservoir of mycobacterial infections that may jeopardise efforts to control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis (btb), caused by mycobacterium bovis. slovenia is officially free of btb, but no data on the presence of mycobacteria in wild animals has been reported. in this study, samples of liver and lymph nodes were examined from 306 apparently healthy free-range wild animals of 13 species in slovenia belonging to the families cervidae, suidae, canidae, mustelida ...201626639827
early evidence of stone tool use in bone working activities at qesem cave, israel.for a long while, the controversy surrounding several bone tools coming from pre-upper palaeolithic contexts favoured the view of homo sapiens as the only species of the genus homo capable of modifying animal bones into specialised tools. however, evidence such as south african early stone age modified bones, european lower palaeolithic flaked bone tools, along with middle and late pleistocene bone retouchers, led to a re-evaluation of the conception of homo sapiens as the exclusive manufacturer ...201627886245
diet assessment based on rumen contents: a comparison between dna metabarcoding and macroscopy.dietary choices are central to our understanding of ecology and evolution. still, many aspects of food choice have been hampered by time consuming procedures and methodological problems. faster and cheaper methods, such as dna metabarcoding, have therefore been widely adopted. however, there is still very little empirical support that this new method is better and more accurate compared to the classic methods. here, we compare dna metabarcoding to macroscopic identifications of rumen contents in ...201627322387
challenges in identifying and determining the impacts of infection with pestiviruses on the herd health of free ranging cervid populations.although most commonly associated with the infection of domestic livestock, the replication of pestiviruses, in particular the two species of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), occurs in a wide range of free ranging cervids including white-tailed deer, mule deer, fallow deer, elk, red deer, roe deer, eland and mousedeer. while virus isolation and serologic analyses indicate that pestiviruses are circulating in these populations, little is known regarding their impact. the lack of regular survei ...201627379051
seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in susceptible wildlife in israel.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) epidemics recur in israel almost every year. wild even-toed ungulates are seldom affected during these epidemics. the seroprevalence of fmd in wild ungulates during 2000 and 2005-2013 was estimated using anti-non-structural proteins elisa. overall, 209 samples were tested, comprising sera of 120 wild boar (sus scrofa lybicus), 64 mountain gazelles (gazella gazella gazella), 6 water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis), and 19 persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica). none ...201627200364
phantoms of the forest: legacy risk effects of a regionally extinct large carnivore.the increased abundance of large carnivores in europe is a conservation success, but the impact on the behavior and population dynamics of prey species is generally unknown. in europe, the recolonization of large carnivores often occurs in areas where humans have greatly modified the landscape through forestry or agriculture. currently, we poorly understand the effects of recolonizing large carnivores on extant prey species in anthropogenic landscapes. here, we investigated if ungulate prey spec ...201626865966
post-entry blockade of small ruminant lentiviruses by wild ruminants.small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) infection causes losses in the small ruminant industry due to reduced animal production and increased replacement rates. infection of wild ruminants in close contact with infected domestic animals has been proposed to play a role in srlv epidemiology, but studies are limited and mostly involve hybrids between wild and domestic animals. in this study, srlv seropositive red deer, roe deer and mouflon were detected through modified elisa tests, but virus was not suc ...201626738942
serological survey of coxiella burnetii at the wildlife-livestock interface in the eastern pyrenees, spain.coxiella burnetii is a zoonotic bacterium that infects a wide range of animal species and causes the disease q fever. both wild and domestic ruminants may be relevant in the epidemiology of c. burnetii infection. in order to investigate the significance of the ruminant host community in the alpine and subalpine ecosystems of the eastern pyrenees, northeastern spain, in the epidemiology of q fever, a serological survey was performed on samples from 599 wild and 353 sympatric domestic ruminants.201627121001
molecular detection of tick-borne bacteria and protozoa in cervids and wild boars from portugal.wildlife can act as reservoir of different tick-borne pathogens, such as bacteria, parasites and viruses. the aim of the present study was to assess the presence of tick-borne bacteria and protozoa with veterinary and zoonotic importance in cervids and wild boars from the centre and south of portugal.201627160767
spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting west nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in spanish wild ruminants.during the last decade, the spread of many flaviviruses (genus flavivirus) has been reported, representing an emerging threat for both animal and human health. to further study utility of wild ruminant samples in west nile virus (wnv) surveillance, we assessed spatio-temporal trends and factors associated with wnv and cross-reacting flaviviruses exposure, particularly usutu virus (usuv) and meaban virus (mbv), in wild ruminants in spain. serum samples from 4693 wild ruminants, including 3073 fre ...201627829427
pigmented tumors in fallow deer ( dama dama): 11 cases.pigmented tumors have been reported infrequently in captive deer. we document herein the clinical progression and gross and histopathologic features of pigmented tumors diagnosed as melanoma and pigmented schwannoma in 11 white fallow deer ( dama dama). affected animals were part of a captive herd maintained at a drive-through park in southern oregon and were 5-17 y of age during the study period (2004-2013). primary lesion locations included periocular, perineal, and neck tissues, with cutaneou ...201728467283
reply to arnemo and kreeger: "commentary on 'influence of ambient temperature and confinement on the chemical immobilization of fallow deer ( dama dama )'". 201728453360
commentary on costa et al.: "influence of ambient temperature and confinement on the chemical immobilization of fallow deer ( dama dama )". 201728453359
chronic wasting disease (cwd) in cervids.in april and may of 2016, norway confirmed two cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a wild reindeer and a wild moose, respectively. in the light of this emerging issue, the european commission requested efsa to recommend surveillance activities and, if necessary, additional animal health risk-based measures to prevent the introduction of the disease and the spread into/within the eu, specifically estonia, finland, iceland, latvia, lithuania, norway, poland and sweden, and considering seven ...201732625260
revealing potential bridge vectors for btv and sbv: a study on culicoides blood feeding preferences in natural ecosystems in spain.several species of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens, such as the bluetongue (btv) and schmallenberg (sbv) viruses, which cause important diseases in domestic and wild ruminants. as wild ruminants can contribute to overwintering and epizootics of both diseases, knowledge of the host-feeding behaviour of culicoides in natural ecosystems is important to better understand their epidemiology. blood-engorged culicoides females trapped in natural areas inhabited by differe ...201728857265
deer presence rather than abundance determines the population density of the sheep tick, ixodes ricinus, in dutch forests.understanding which factors drive population densities of disease vectors is an important step in assessing disease risk. we tested the hypothesis that the density of ticks from the ixodes ricinus complex, which are important vectors for tick-borne diseases, is determined by the density of deer, as adults of these ticks mainly feed on deer.201728927432
antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolated from wild animals in poland.antimicrobial resistance was tested in escherichia coli isolated from feces (n = 660) of red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, european bison, and wild boar shot in regional forests in poland during two winter hunting seasons. indicator e. coli (n = 542) was resistant against 11 of 14 tested compounds, mostly sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline (1.3-6.6% range). no significant differences were observed between boar and ruminant isolates. most of deer and bison i ...201729185858
seroprevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 related alphaherpesvirus infections in free-living and captive cervids in poland.to determine the occurrence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) related alphaherpesvirus infections in cervids, 1194 serum samples of wild ruminants originating from 59 forest districts of poland were tested with ibr gb elisa and virus neutralization test (vnt) against bohv-1 and cervid herpesvirus 1 (cvhv-1). the seroprevalence differed significantly between free-living and captive cervids (p<0.001) with a total of 89 out of 498 (17.9%) and 268 out of 696 (38.5%) seropositive animals in each type ...201728532809
x chromosome evolution in cetartiodactyla.the phenomenon of a remarkable conservation of the x chromosome in eutherian mammals has been first described by susumu ohno in 1964. a notable exception is the cetartiodactyl x chromosome, which varies widely in morphology and g-banding pattern between species. it is hypothesized that this sex chromosome has undergone multiple rearrangements that changed the centromere position and the order of syntenic segments over the last 80 million years of cetartiodactyla speciation. to investigate its ev ...201728858207
a survey of free-ranging deer in ireland for serological evidence of exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine herpes virus-1, bluetongue virus and schmallenberg virus.deer are an important wildlife species in both the republic of ireland and northern ireland having colonised most regions across the island of ireland. in comparison to cattle and sheep which represent the main farmed ruminant species on the island, there is a lack of data concerning their exposure, as measured by the presence of antibodies, to important viral pathogens of ruminants. a study was therefore undertaken to investigate the seroprevalence of wild deer to four viruses, namely bovine vi ...201728503294
monitoring of schmallenberg virus in spanish wild artiodactyls, 2006-2015.schmallenberg disease is an emerging disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants in europe. an epidemiological survey was carried out to assess exposure to schmallenberg virus (sbv) in wild artiodactyls in spain between 2006 and 2015. a total of 1751 sera from wild artiodactyls, including 1066 red deer, 304 fallow deer, 192 mouflon, 109 wild boar, 49 roe deer and 31 spanish ibex were tested for antibodies against sbv by elisa and confirmed by virus neutralization test. sbv was not detected ...201728813443
serological survey for west nile virus in wild artiodactyls, southern moravia (czech republic).antibodies to west nile virus (wnv) were examined by plaque-reduction neutralization test in the blood sera of 1023 wild artiodactyls: 105 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 148 red deer (cervus elaphus), 287 fallow deer (dama dama), 71 mouflons (ovis musimon), and 412 wild boars (sus scrofa), sampled in south moravian district of breclav (czech republic) in the years 1990-2008. neutralizing antibodies were detected in 5.9% of wild ruminants (4.8% roe deer, 4.1% red deer, 6.3% fallow deer, 9.9% mou ...201728727516
endoparasites of wild mammals sheltered in wildlife hospitals and rehabilitation centres in greece.wildlife parasitic diseases represent an important field of investigation as they may have a significant impact on wild animals' health and fitness, and may also have zoonotic implications. this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of endoparasites in wild mammals admitted to wildlife hospitals and rehabilitation centres in greece. sixty-five animals belonging to 17 species and originated from various areas of continental and insular greece were included in the survey. the most numerous ani ...201729326954
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