Publications

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chromosomal organization of simple sequence repeats in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas): (ggat)(4), (gt)(7) and (ta)(10) chromosome patterns.chromosome identification is essential in oyster genomic research. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) offers new opportunities for the identification of oyster chromosomes. it has been used to locate satellite dnas, telomeres or ribosomal dna sequences. however, regarding chromosome identification, no study has been conducted with simple sequence repeats (ssrs). fish was used to probe the physical organization of three particular ssrs, (ggat)(4), (gt)(7) and (ta)(10) onto metaphase chromo ...200818776639
influence of oyster culture practices and environmental conditions on the ecological status of intertidal mudflats in the pertuis charentais (sw france): a multi-index approach.the ecological quality status (ecoq) of intertidal mudflats constrained by pacific oyster farming was assessed by single (h', ambi, bentix and bopa) and multimetric (m-ambi and average score) index approaches in the pertuis charentais (sw france). fifteen sampling stations were monitored seasonally for sedimentological features and macrozoobenthos in 2004. sediments affected by oyster biodeposits showed organic matter enrichment, and sediments from off-bottom culture sites had higher organic mat ...200818752811
association among growth, food consumption-related traits and amylase gene polymorphism in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.to examine further a previously reported association between amylase gene polymorphism and growth in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas, ecophysiological parameters and biochemical and molecular expression levels of alpha-amylase were studied in pacific oysters of different amylase genotypes. genotypes that previously displayed significantly different growth were found to be significantly different for ingestion and absorption efficiency. these estimated parameters, used in a dynamic energy bu ...200818717666
oyster sperm bindin is a combinatorial fucose lectin with remarkable intra-species diversity.sperm of the oyster, crassostrea gigas, have ring-shaped acrosomes that, after exocytosis, bind the sperm to the egg vitelline layer. isolated acrosomal rings contain proteins of various sizes: 35-, 48-, 63-, 75- and 88-kda. these proteins, called bindins, have identical 24-residue signal peptides and conserved 97-residue n-terminal sequences, and they differ in mass because of the presence of between 1 and 5 tandemly repeated 134-residue fucose-binding lectin (f-lectin) domains. southern blots ...200818649288
effects of the coastal sediment elutriates containing persistent organic pollutants (pops) on early reproductive outputs of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.we previously found that embryonic development of the bivalve species was highly vulnerable to xenobiotic chemicals, damaging the coastal ecosystem integrity to further assess their potential damage to ecosystem, the xenobiotic composition of the sediment elutriates from two representative industrialized korean coasts, pohang and ulsan, were determined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms). the presumed critical dilution of the elutriate was then exposed to early life stages of the p ...200819195389
induced gene expression in oyster crassostrea gigas exposed to sewage.pacific oysters, crassostrea gigas, were exposed to untreated sewage diluted in seawater. after 48h of exposure, the expression of genes associated to biotransformation pathways (cyp356a1, gsto, mdr, fabp and alas) were analyzed in gills through semi-quantitative rt-pcr. a significant induction in all genes analyzed in the sewage-exposed oysters was observed. these genes are related to phase i (cyp356a1), phase ii (gsto) and phase iii (mdr) biotransformation systems, to the uptake and transport ...200821791389
molecular cloning of a new member of the p53 family from the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas and seasonal pattern of its transcriptional expression level.like other sessile filter-feeding molluscs, oysters may be exposed in the natural environment to a variety of contaminants. long-term exposure to pollutants may be one factor affecting prevalence of cancerous-like disorders, such as neoplasia. environmentally induced alterations in p53 protein expression, in relation to leukemia, have been reported in various mollusc species inhabiting polluted water, suggesting that p53 proteins can also be used as a marker for environmental research. this work ...200818556058
a coalescent process with simultaneous multiple mergers for approximating the gene genealogies of many marine organisms.we describe a forward-time haploid reproduction model with a constant population size that includes life history characteristics common to many marine organisms. we develop coalescent approximations for sample gene genealogies under this model and use these to predict patterns of genetic variation. depending on the behavior of the underlying parameters of the model, the approximations are coalescent processes with simultaneous multiple mergers or kingman's coalescent. using simulations, we apply ...200818554676
distribution of multiple peptidoglycan recognition proteins in the tissues of pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are pattern recognition receptors that specifically bind to peptidoglycans, a major component of bacterial cell wall. generally, pgrps are responsible for recognition of bacterial invasion in invertebrates. full length cdnas of pgrp, designated as cgpgrp-s1s, -s1l, -s2 and -s3, were identified from the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas. homology and domain searches classified these cgpgrps as short-type pgrps for extracellular pgn recognition. amidase a ...200818538602
effects of 16 pure hydrocarbons and two oils on haemocyte and haemolymphatic parameters in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas (thunberg).the in vitro effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) on haemocyte and haemolymphatic parameters of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, were tested using field concentrations (10(-7) and 10(-9) mg ml(-1)) observed in the marennes-oleron basin (charente-maritime, france) and high concentrations (10(-3) and 10(-5) mg ml(-1)) observed during oil spills. as a first step, the effects of pollutants, after a 24 h contamination period, were monitored on individual and pooled haemolymph samp ...200818524534
sequence polymorphism can produce serious artefacts in real-time pcr assays: hard lessons from pacific oysters.since it was first described in the mid-1990s, quantitative real time pcr (q-pcr) has been widely used in many fields of biomedical research and molecular diagnostics. this method is routinely used to validate whole transcriptome analyses such as dna microarrays, suppressive subtractive hybridization (ssh) or differential display techniques such as cdna-aflp (amplification fragment length polymorphism). despite efforts to optimize the methodology, misleading results are still possible, even when ...200818492266
butyltin accumulation in two marine bivalves along a pollution gradient.in the present study, we describe a field survey regarding the effect of ambient water conditions in the accumulation of tributyltin (tbt) and its metabolites in green mussels (perna viridis) and pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas). the results showed that following the changes in tbt pollution levels, the accumulation of butyltins exhibited clear differences between oysters and mussels. the ratio of tbt to total butyltin (tbt:sigmabt) decreased from 0.87 to 0.31 with increasing tbt burdens in t ...200818444696
differential gene expression in oyster exposed to sewage.in order to investigate the influence of domestic sewage on the gene expression of pacific oysters crassostrea gigas, suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) method was employed. oysters were sampled at a farming area and, after 10 days of acclimation in the laboratory, were exposed to untreated domestic sewage diluted 33% for 48 h. gills of male oysters were excised for total rna extraction. mrna was purified and the differential gene expression was analyzed by ssh. we obtained 61 cdna sequ ...200818395788
cloning a new cytochrome p450 isoform (cyp356a1) from oyster crassostrea gigas.we have cloned the full-length cdna of the first member of a new cytochrome p450 (cyp) family from the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas. this new cyp gene was obtained based on an initial 331bp fragment previously identified among the list of the differentially expressed genes in oysters exposed to untreated domestic sewage. the full-length cyp has an open reading frame of 1500bp and based on its deduced amino acid sequence was classified as a member of a new subfamily, cyp356a1. a phylogenetic ...200818395786
maternal inheritance of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas): a preliminary study using mtdna sequence analysis with evidence of random distribution of mitotracker-stained sperm mitochondria in fertilized eggs.in many bivalve species, paternal and maternal mitochondrial dna (mtdna) from sperm and eggs is transmitted to the offspring. this phenomenon is known as doubly uniparental inheritance (dui). in these species, sperm mtdna (m type) is inherited by the male gonad of the offspring. egg mtdna (f type) is inherited by both male and female somatic cells and female gonadal cells. in mytilidae, sperm mitochondria are distributed in the cytoplasm of differentiating male germ cells because they are transm ...200818393561
uptake of cadmium from pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) in british columbia oyster growers.pacific oysters along the north american coast from washington to alaska contain concentrations of cadmium (cd) that are high by comparison with atlantic oysters, frequently exceeding 2mug/g wet weight, but it is unclear whether this cd is absorbed by consumers.200818358470
bioinformatic mining of est-ssr loci in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.a set of expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (est-ssr) markers of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, was developed through bioinformatic mining of the genbank public database. as of june 30, 2007, a total of 5132 est sequences from genbank were downloaded and screened for di-, tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeats, with criteria set at a minimum of 5, 4 and 4 repeats for the three categories of ssrs respectively. seventeen polymorphic microsatellite markers were characterized. allele n ...200818307582
fine structure of the early stages of spermatogenesis in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas (mollusca, bivalvia).the aim of this study is to describe the early stages of spermatogenesis of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas using both light and electron microscopy. the gonad is formed by gonadal tubules invaginated in a connective tissue constituting a storage tissue. myoepithelial cells surround each gonadal tubule and are associated with an acellular matrix delimiting the outer part of the tubule, the inner part is composed by intragonadal somatic cells associated with germinal lineage. two types of sp ...200818294667
extraordinary intraspecific diversity in oyster sperm bindin.in free-spawning invertebrates sperm-egg incompatibility is a barrier to mating between species, and divergence of gamete recognition proteins (grps) can result in reproductive isolation. of interest are processes that create reproductive protein diversity within species, because intraspecific variants are potentially involved in mate choice and early speciation. sperm acrosomes of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas contain the protein bindin that bonds sperm to egg during fertilization. oyste ...200818268333
role of dissolved and particulate cadmium in the accumulation of cadmium in cultured oysters (crassostrea gigas).pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) collected on the coast of british columbia, canada have occasionally shown cadmium (cd) concentrations at or above 2 microg g(-1) (wet weight), which has resulted in the loss of some international markets. this study investigated the source and transfer of cd to oysters by focusing on the role of dissolved and particulate cd in seawater. parameters monitored for 1 year at two oyster farm sites on vancouver island included: oyster tissue mass and shell length, ...200818258281
exploiting est databases for the development and characterization of est-ssrs in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas).a total of 147 microsatellite-containing expressed sequence tags (ests) (3.63%) were detected from 4053 ests of the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) in genbank. the average density of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) was 1 per 8.25 kb of est after redundancy elimination. dinucleotide repeat motifs appeared to be the most abundant type. sixteen new polymorphic est-ssrs were developed. the number of alleles per locus varied from 3 to 12, with an average of 5.9 alleles per locus. marker transferabi ...200818238783
in-situ microcosms, a tool for assessment of pesticide impacts on oyster spat (crassostrea gigas).effects of the herbicide basamaïs (bentazon) and the fungicide opus (epoxiconazole) on oyster spat (crassostrea gigas) were assessed using in-situ microcosms in a field experiment lasting 13 days. six-week-old hatchery spat (mean size 1.1 mm), previously collected on pvc plates, was immersed in glass bottles filled with 200 mum filtered seawater. bottles were maintained underwater at 6 m depth and their water content changed every other day. growth, measured as shell area index increase, was 126 ...200818236155
characterization of a gonad-specific transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member differentially expressed during the reproductive cycle of the oyster crassostrea gigas.through differential screening between oyster families selected for high and low summer survival, we have characterized a new transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) superfamily member. this novel factor, named oyster-gonadal-tgfbeta-like (og-tgfbeta-like), is synthesized as a 307 amino acid precursor and displays 6 of the 7 characteristic cysteine residues of the c-terminal, mature peptide. sequence comparison revealed that og-tgfbeta-like has a low percentage of identity with other known tg ...200818234456
heavy metal levels in suspended sediments, crassostrea gigas, and the risk to humans.wild pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) and sediment, both resuspended and suspended (rss) samples (<53 microm), were collected over an 8-month period from a coastal estuary in baynes sound, bc, canada. stable isotope analysis (delta(13)c, delta(15)n) was used to determine, first, if rss sediments was an important dietary source to c. gigas and, second, if so, whether it served as a significant dietary exposure route for cd, cu, pb, and zn. although rss sediments were high in trace metals such a ...200818219517
condition-specific competition allows coexistence of competitively superior exotic oysters with native oysters.1. trade-offs between competitive ability and tolerance of abiotic stress are widespread in the literature. thus, condition-specific competition may explain spatial variability in the success of some biological invaders and why, in environments where there is small-scale environmental variability, competitively inferior and superior species can coexist. 2. we tested the hypothesis that differences in abiotic stress alter the outcome of competitive interactions between the native sydney rock oyst ...200818177325
determination of the membrane permeability characteristics of pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, oocytes and development of optimized methods to add and remove ethylene glycol.in order for cryopreservation to become a practical tool for aquaculture, optimized protocols must be developed for each species and cell type. knowledge of a cell's osmotic tolerance and membrane permeability characteristics can assist in optimized protocol development. in this study, these characteristics were determined for pacific oyster oocytes and modified methods for loading and unloading ethylene glycol (eg) were tested. oocytes were found to behave as ideal osmometers and their osmotica ...200818155687
cg-ikappab, a new member of the ikappab protein family characterized in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.inhibitors of nf-kappab (ikappabs) have been implicated as major components of the rel/nf-kappab signaling pathway, which is an important mediator of immune responses throughout much of the animal kingdom. here we report the first characterization of a bivalve mollusc cdna that encodes a novel ikappab member called cg-ikappab showing the conservation of most ikappab protein characteristics. sequences as well as phylogenetic analyses reveal a high level of identity between not only cg-ikappab and ...200817675231
cloning, characterization and expression analysis of the gene for a putative lipopolysaccharide-induced tnf-alpha factor of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.lipopolysaccharide-induced tnf-alpha factor (litaf) is an important transcription factor that mediates the expression of inflammatory cytokines, including tnf-alpha, in lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced processes. in the present study, the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas litaf (cg-litaf) gene was cloned and characterized. the full-length cg-litaf cdna consists of 906bp and encodes a polypeptide of 115 amino acids. the cg-litaf gene consists of three exons and two introns, with a length of approx ...200817980621
heavy metal concentrations in marine molluscs from the moroccan coastal region.mussels (mytilus galloprovincialis), clams (venerupis decussatus) and oysters (crassostrea gigas) were sampled seasonally during 2004-2005, from different coastal environments of morocco in order to measure their accumulated heavy metal concentrations. the concentrations of hg and pb were determined by afs and icp-ms methods, respectively, whilst the remaining metals (cd, cr, cu, mn, zn and ni) were quantified by aas. the soft tissue concentrations of the mussels were on average 7.2 mg kg(-1) (c ...200817822817
nano-structured biogenic calcite: a thermal and chemical approach to folia in oyster shell.the thin sheets of calcite in oyster shell in crassostrea gigas are termed folia and comprise much of the oyster shell. the folia are covered by a layer of discrete globules that has been proposed to consist of aggregations of an organic matrix and minerals. a continuous organic framework divides each tablet into nanograins. their shape is globular with a mean extension from 30 to 40 nm. chemical and thermal treatments to correlate between the organic matrix and the minerals are considered using ...200817498963
oyster hemocytes express a proline-rich peptide displaying synergistic antimicrobial activity with a defensin.a cdna sequence that encodes a 61-amino acid polypeptide precursor with homologies to proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (amps) was identified in the oyster crassostrea gigas. after release of a hydrophobic signal peptide, the resulting 37-amino acid peptide, cg-prp, is composed of an acidic region and a cationic proline-rich region. to evaluate the biological properties of cg-prp, multiple proline-rich peptides corresponding to putative processing of the full-length cg-prp were synthesized. a ...200918962895
survey of levels of cadmium in oysters, mussels, clams and scallops from the pacific northwest coast of canada.field and retail collections of bivalves from the pacific northwest, canada, were analysed for cadmium concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (aas). both collections of varnish (nuttallia obscurata) and manila (venerupis philippinarum) clams contained cadmium concentrations of less than 0.5 µg g(-1), well below international safety guidelines of 1 and 2 µg g(-1) wet weight cadmium for the european and hong kong markets, respectively, as well as the 2 µg g(-1) safety guideline set ...200924785175
detection of phenoloxidase activity in early stages of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas (thunberg).the presence of phenoloxidase (po) activity was detected in different developmental stages of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas. a significant reduction in po activity was observed from the 6h embryo stage to the day 11 larvae by spectrophotometry. a progressive increase was also observed from the day 13 larvae right through to the juvenile stage. the microscopy studies with '6h embryo' and adult samples confirmed the presence of po activity. various modulators of po activity were used to st ...200919101590
transcriptional expression levels of cell stress marker genes in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas exposed to acute thermal stress.during the annual cycle, oysters are exposed to seasonal slow changes in temperature, but during emersion at low tide on sunny summer days, their internal temperature may rise rapidly, resulting in acute heat stress. we experimentally exposed oysters to a 1-h acute thermal stress and investigated the transcriptional expression level of some genes involved in cell stress defence mechanisms, including chaperone proteins (heat shock proteins hsp70, hsp72 and hsp90 (hsp)), regulation of oxidative st ...200919002605
sex-, gametogenesis, and tidal height-related differences in levels of hsp70 and metallothioneins in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.pacific oysters, crassostrea gigas, living at a range of tidal heights, routinely encounter large fluctuations in temperature. we demonstrate that levels of heat shock proteins (hsp) and other stress proteins (metallothioneins, mts) quantified by elisa, remained similar in gills, mantle and digestive gland between oysters inhabiting low and high tidal heights. in contrast, endogenous hsps and mts levels in gonad changed significantly during gametogenesis. in female gonads, the constitutive form ...200918973820
analysis of genes isolated from plated hemocytes of the pacific oyster, crassostreas gigas.a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid library was constructed from hemocytes of crassostrea gigas that had been plated on poly-lysine plates for 24 h. from this library, 2,198 expressed sequence tags (ests) of greater than or equal to 100 bp were generated and analyzed. a large number of genes that potentially could be involved in the physiology of the oyster hemocyte were uncovered. they included proteins involved in cytoskeleton rearrangement, proteases and antiproteases, regulators of transcr ...200918622569
identification and expression of a factor of the dm family in the oyster crassostrea gigas.the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas is a successive not systematic protandric hermaphrodite. searching for an ortholog to dmrt1, a conserved sex determinism factor, we have identified the first complete cdna of a dm factor in lophotrochozoa which we have called cg-dml (crassostrea gigas dmrt-like). it is 359aa long, with the dm domain common to all the family factors, and one dma domain specific to members such as dmrt4 and dmrt5. its gene presents one intron of 598 bp. real time pcr and in sit ...200918854223
identification and characterization of a chitinase-coding gene from lamprey (lampetra japonica) with a role in gonadal development and innate immunity.chitinases (e.3.2.1.14) are ubiquitous hydrolases capable of cleaving the beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds in chitin polymers. the physiological significance of these enzymes in the development and immunity of various animals has recently been reported [badariotti f, thuau r, lelong c, dubos mp, favrel p. characterization of an atypical family 18 chitinase from the oyster crassostrea gigas: evidence for a role in early development and immunity. dev comp immunol 2007;31(6):559-70]. lampreys are regarded ...200918845181
organochlorine compounds in blue mussels, mytilus edulis, and pacific oysters, crassostrea gigas, from seven sites in the lower saxonian wadden sea, southern north sea.blue mussels (mytilus edulis) and pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) collected at seven locations in the lower saxonian wadden sea in january and february 2007 were analysed for organochlorine compounds. contaminants were present in all samples, albeit with variable amounts and composition. the highest values were found in the jade bay. congener pcb 153 was the contaminant which had the highest content of all organochlorines tested (475.75-937.39 ng/g lipid). ddt was detected in one sample only ...200919760344
characterization of 20 single nucleotide polymorphism markers in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas). 200919754850
organotin accumulation in oysters and rock shells under field conditions.this study characterises the accumulation of organotin in oysters (crassostrea gigas) and rock shells (thais clavigera and thais rufotincta) under different field conditions. the bioaccumulation of tributyltin and triphenyltin in oysters and rock shells was less efficient during the winter, when higher levels of tributyltin pollution were not reflected in rock shell concentrations. the accumulations of tributyltin and triphenyltin were higher in t. clavigera than in t. rufotincta, while less dif ...200919724828
generation and analysis of a 29,745 unique expressed sequence tags from the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) assembled into a publicly accessible database: the gigasdatabase.although bivalves are among the most-studied marine organisms because of their ecological role and economic importance, very little information is available on the genome sequences of oyster species. this report documents three large-scale cdna sequencing projects for the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas initiated to provide a large number of expressed sequence tags that were subsequently compiled in a publicly accessible database. this resource allowed for the identification of a large number o ...200919640306
metal accumulation in marine bivalves under various tributyltin burdens.in the present study, a field survey was conducted to measure the accumulation of butyltin, cu, zn, and cd in green mussels (perna viridis) and pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) at the regions along a tributyltin pollution gradient. a negative correlation was found between the tributyltin/total butyltin ratio (0.87-0.31) and tributyltin content (114-5,817 ng/g as tin dry wt) in oysters, while the cu content (44.2-381 mg/kg dry wt) was positively correlated with the logarithm of tributyltin con ...200919606913
influence of storage methods, refrigeration or freezing, on the toxicity of wastewater samples to oyster embryos.one of the main concerns in wastewater whole effluent assessment is the sampling phase and the sample chain of custody before any toxicity evaluation. the major problem is related to establishing the correct method for sample storage in order to perform toxicity bioassays. the toxicity of some domestic and glass factory industrial wastewater samples stored both by refrigeration at 4 +/- 1 degrees c for no more than three days, and freezing at -18 +/- 1 degrees c for no more than one month was co ...200919603701
proteomic clues to the identification of qx disease-resistance biomarkers in selectively bred sydney rock oysters, saccostrea glomerata.the sydney rock oyster, saccostrea glomerata, is susceptible to infection by the protozoan parasite, marteilia sydneyi, the causative agent of qx disease. m. sydneyi infection peaks during summer when qx disease can cause up to 95% mortality. the current study takes a proteomic approach using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to identify markers of qx disease resistance among sydney rock oysters. proteome maps were developed for qx disease-resistant and -susceptible oysters. si ...200919573631
molecular cloning and gene expression of cg-foxl2 during the development and the adult gametogenetic cycle in the oyster crassostrea gigas.a foxl2 ortholog has been identified in a lophotrochozoa, the pacific oyster, which is a successive irregular hermaphrodite mollusc. its cdna has been called cg-foxl2 (crassostrea gigas foxl2) and the deduced protein sequence is 367aa long. this sequence contains the conserved domain forkhead box and its gene is devoid of intron at least in the first 926 bp of the cdna, as found for foxl2 factors. real time pcr and in situ hybridization have shown a gonadic male and female cg-foxl2 expression wh ...200919481171
in vivo rna interference in oyster--vasa silencing inhibits germ cell development.this study investigated the potential of rna interference, which is technically challenging in bivalve mollusc species, to assess gene function in the oyster crassostrea gigas. we designed dsrna targeting the oyster vasa-like gene (oyvlg), specifically expressed in oyster germ cells. in vivo injection of oyvl-dsrna into the gonad provokes a knockdown phenotype corresponding to germ cell underproliferation and prematurely arrested meiosis througout the organ. the most severe phenotype observed is ...200919476495
sources of dietary cadmium to the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.oysters from the pacific north-west coast contain high cadmium concentrations (greater than 13.5 microg g(-1) dry weight), which exceed consumer guidelines for international markets. oysters are selective filter-feeders and attempts which have focused on suspended particulate matter (spm) as a means to assess the importance of diet as a route of cadmium exposure have met with limited success. here we use actual gut contents as an alternate to spm to assess if this is a better predictor of cadmiu ...200919457550
immune effects of hfo on european sea bass, dicentrarchus labrax, and pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.the european sea bass, dicentrarchus labrax, and the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, were exposed to a soluble fraction of heavy fuel oil for 5 and 9 days, respectively. the organisms were then transferred to non-contaminated seawater for 1 month. the bioaccumulation and elimination of pahs in contaminated tissues were dissimilar between species. in fish, acenaphthene and naphthalene were detected and naphthalene was still detectable 30 days after the beginning of the recovery period. in oyst ...200919406476
spatial and temporal variations in cadmium concentrations and burdens in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) sampled from the pacific north-west.oysters from the north-west coast of canada contain high levels of cadmium, a toxic metal, in amounts that exceed food safety guidelines for international markets. a first required step to determine the sources of cadmium is to identify possible spatial and temporal trends in the accumulation of cadmium by the oyster. to meet this objective, rather than sample wild and cultured oysters of unknown age and origin, an oyster "grow-out" experiment was initiated. cultured oyster seed was suspended in ...200919406438
identification and characterization of 18 novel polymorphic microsatellite makers derived from expressed sequence tags in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.we report the development of 18 new polymorphic microsatellite dna markers derived from crassostrea gigas expressed sequences tags. genotyping of 48 wild adult oysters sampled from marennes-oléron bay (france) revealed 12 to 48 alleles per locus. observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.64 to 1 and from 0.77 to 0.97, respectively. the development of these new markers creates a useful complementary tool for population genetics studies, parentage analysis and mapping in pacific oy ...200921564767
structural and functional characterizations of an activin type ii receptor orthologue from the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.members of the transforming growth factor beta (tgf-beta) superfamily of cell signalling polypeptides are known to play important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation during development and in various physiological processes of most animal clades. recent findings in the mollusc crassostrea gigas demonstrate the occurrence of a diversity of tgf-beta signalling components including various ligands, three type i receptors but only a single type ii receptor. this report describes the char ...200919393178
ostreid herpes virus 1 infection in families of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, during a summer mortality outbreak: differences in viral dna detection and quantification using real-time pcr.ostreid herpes virus 1 (oshv-1) infections, notably reported in europe and the usa, are closely associated with significant mortalities of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, especially during its early stages of life. in summer 2006, we monitored mortality by strict daily verification of three full-sib families of oysters reared under common conditions. we quantified oshv-1 using real-time pcr in dead and living individuals during and after a mortality event. mortality events were severe and ...200919428752
transcriptome profiling of selectively bred pacific oyster crassostrea gigas families that differ in tolerance of heat shock.sessile inhabitants of marine intertidal environments commonly face heat stress, an important component of summer mortality syndrome in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas. marker-aided selection programs would be useful for developing oyster strains that resist summer mortality; however, there is currently a need to identify candidate genes associated with stress tolerance and to develop molecular markers associated with those genes. to identify candidate genes for further study, we used cdna ...200919205802
use of frna bacteriophages to indicate the risk of norovirus contamination in irish oysters.male-specific (f) rna bacteriophages have been proposed as indicators for human enteric viruses in shellfish. this study compared the use of escherichia coli and frna bacteriophages to indicate the presence and level of noroviruses in crassostrea gigas. a total of 167 samples from category a and b shellfish harvesting areas were analyzed for e. coli and frna bacteriophages by standard methods and for noroviruses (nov) by using a previously described real-time pcr assay. frna bacteriophage and no ...200919903400
performance assessment of as-sbr and uf-mbr for hotel wastewater treatment.a large number of tourist structures in venice (italy) have small sized on-site treatment systems for their wastewater. due to its historical characteristics, the city has no public sewerage system and untreated hotel wastewater represents a serious hazard for its lagoon environment. this study focused on the wastewater facilities installed in two hotels adopting an activated sludge sequencing batch reactor (as-sbr) and an ultra-filtration membrane biological reactor (uf-mbr). their performance ...200919809133
tetr-type transcriptional regulator vtpr functions as a global regulator in vibrio tubiashii.vibrio tubiashii, a causative agent of severe shellfish larval disease, produces multiple extracellular proteins, including a metalloprotease (vtpa), as potential virulence factors. we previously reported that vtpa is toxic for pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) larvae. in this study, we show that extracellular protease production by v. tubiashii was much reduced by elevated salt concentrations, as well as by elevated temperatures. in addition, v. tubiashii produced dramatically less protease in ...200919837838
detection of viruses and virus-like particles in four species of wild and farmed bivalve molluscs in alaska, u.s.a., from 1987 to 2009.the u.s. alaska department of fish and game has regulatory oversight of the mariculture industry that is partially administered through a statewide shellfish health policy. possession and transport of bivalve molluscs require development of indigenous pathogen histories from diagnostic examinations of wild and farmed populations. these examinations have resulted in the detection of various infectious agents and parasites including viruses: an aquareovirus and aquabirna-like virus isolated by fis ...200920183960
norovirus in bivalve molluscs: a study of the efficacy of the depuration system.noroviruses are the most common viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in humans and are often associated with the consumption of either fresh or undercooked live bivalve molluscs. the aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the water depuration systems in the presence of norovirus contamination a total of 96 shellfish samples was examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, as follows: 58 mussel samples (mytilus galloprovincialis), 35 manila clam samples (tapes decussatu ...200920391417
heavy metal concentrations of the soldier crab (mictyris brevidactylus) along the inshore area of changhua, taiwan.in order to compare with and assess the metal-accumulating ability of the soldier crab (mictyris brevidactylus), the concentrations of copper (cu), zinc (zn), nickel (ni), lead (pb) and cadmium of ambient water and the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) were investigated. seawater, soldier crabs and pacific oysters were simultaneously collected from the changhua coastal area, located in west-central taiwan. the pacific oyster and stream results proved that site b is contaminated by cu, zn and pb ...200918600467
real-time pcr assay for rapid detection and quantification of vibrio aestuarianus in oyster and seawater: a useful tool for epidemiologic studies.because vibrio aestuarianus is known to cause serious infections in pacific oyster crassostrea gigas, a real-time pcr assay was developed targeting the dnaj gene of this bacterium. only v. aestuarianus strains isolated from c. gigas mortality events in different geographic areas and the reference strain tested positive, whereas no amplification products was obtained with type strains belonging to 23 other species of vibrio. sensitivity and reproducibility of the method were assessed using either ...200919318049
changes in microbial flora of pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) during refrigerated storage and its shelf-life extension by chitosan.changes in microbial flora of pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) during storage at 5+/-1 degrees c were analyzed and the antimicrobial activity of chitosan was studied to identify its potential in shelf-life extension. the dominant microorganisms were found to be pseudomonas (22%) and vibrionaceae (20%) in raw oysters. during storage, proportion of pseudomonas increased significantly and reached 73% at the end of storage, while vibrionaceae preserved a level of approximate 20%. wide-spectrum an ...200919339074
viral gametocytic hypertrophy of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas in ireland.viral gametocytic hypertrophy (vgh) was detected during an investigation of mortalities in pacific oysters crassostrea gigas from 2 separate irish production sites. the basophilic inclusions were observed in the gonad tissue of oysters sampled in august and october 2007. the oysters involved did not show any macroscopic disease signs. transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of viral particles in these intranuclear inclusions. the particles were small, non-enveloped, icosahedra ...200919402451
transcriptome response of the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) to infection with vibrio tubiashii using cdna aflp differential display.we used qualitative complementary dna-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cdna-aflp) differential display analysis and real-time, quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr) to identify genes in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas, whose transcription either changes in response to exposure to a pathogenic bacterium (vibrio tubiashii) or varies between families known to differ in sensitivity to heat stress, before and at 12 and 36 h after bacterial exposure at a temperature of 25 degrees c. these conditions ...200919456319
molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of peroxiredoxin 6 from disk abalone haliotis discus discus and the antioxidant activity of its recombinant protein.peroxiredoxins (prxs) play an important role against various oxidative stresses and intra-cellular signal transduction. peroxiredoxin 6 (prxvi) was identified from the disk abalone haliotis discus discus cdna library and named hdprxvi. the full length cdna of hdprxvi was 1457 bp with a 654 bp open reading frame (orf) encoding 218 amino acids. the predicted molecular mass and estimated isoelectric point (pi) of hdprxvi were 24 kda and 7.3, respectively. the deduced amino acid sequence demonstrate ...200919460442
evidence indicating the existence of a novel family of serine protease inhibitors that may be involved in marine invertebrate immunity.a new serine protease inhibitor, designated cvsi-2, was purified and characterized from the plasma of the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. cvsi-2 inhibited the serine protease subtilisin a in a slow-tight binding manner, with an overall dissociation constant ki* of 0.18 nm. it also inhibited perkinsin, the major extracellular protease of the oyster protozoan parasite perkinsus marinus. sequencing of cvsi-2 cloned cdna revealed an open reading frame of 258 bp encoding a polypeptide of 85 am ...200919464375
tenacibaculum crassostreae sp. nov., isolated from the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.a rod-shaped, yellow-pigmented, aerobic, gram-negative bacterium, designated strain jo-1(t), was isolated from an apparently healthy pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, collected at wan island, korea. it grew at 15-37 degrees c (optimum 30 degrees c) only in the presence of sea salts. strain jo-1(t) hydrolysed casein, tween 80 and starch. the major fatty acids were iso-c(15 : 0) (23.8 %), summed feature 3 (comprising c(16 : 1)omega7c and/or iso-c(15 : 0) 2-oh; 14.5 %) and iso-c(15 : 1) g (14.1 %) ...200919542127
cdna cloning and expression of grp94 in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.the 94-kda glucose-regulated protein (grp94) is an endoplasmic reticulum (er) chaperone. we cloned the first mollusk grp94 from a cdna library of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas. analysis of c. gigas grp94 (cggrp94) clone containing 3212 bp dna revealed that the cdna contains a 2391 bp open reading frame that encodes a 797 amino acid protein of 91.6 kda. the deduced amino acid sequence of cggrp94 is 67%, 68%, and 67% homologous to the grp94 of homo sapiens, gp96 of strongylocentrotus purpur ...200919595786
molecular cloning, characterization, and the response of manganese superoxide dismutase from the antarctic bivalve laternula elliptica to pcb exposure.manganese superoxide dismutase (lemnsod) cdna was cloned from the antarctic bivalve laternula elliptica. the full-length cdna of lemnsod is 1238 bp in length and contains an open reading frame of 681 bp encoding 226 amino acid residues including a putative mitochondrial targeting peptide of 26 amino acids in the n-terminal region. the calculated molecular mass is 24.8 kda with an estimated isoelectric point of 6.75. lemnsod signatures from 185 to 192 (dvwehayy) and four conserved amino acids (h5 ...200919628043
use of caged nucella lapillus and crassostrea gigas to monitor tributyltin-induced bioeffects in irish coastal waters.caging studies have been previously reported to be useful for providing valuable information on biological effects of mollusks over short periods of time where resident species are absent. the degree of imposex in caged dog whelk (nucella lapillus), was measured using the vas deferens sequence index (vsdi) and the relative penis size index (rpsi) and the extent of shell thickening in caged pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas) was investigated at t = 0 and t = 18 weeks. nucella lapillus, when provi ...200919642828
inactivation and elimination of human enteric viruses by pacific oysters.to investigate the comparative elimination of three different human enterically transmitted viruses [i.e. hepatitis a virus (hav), norovirus (nov) and poliovirus (pv)] and inactivation of hav and pv by pacific oysters.200919674189
brominated dioxins (pbdd/fs) and pbdes in marine shellfish in the uk.the occurrence of brominated dioxins (pbdd/fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) was investigated in commonly consumed species of marine shellfish in the uk. individual samples of pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas), native oysters (ostrea edulis), mussels (mytilus edulis), scallops (pecten maximus), and cockles (cerastoderma edule) were collected from different coastal regions between 2006 and 2007. samples of a particular species from each site were composited and 60 samples were anal ...200919680967
development of a high pressure processing inactivation model for hepatitis a virus.high pressure processing (hpp) inactivation data were obtained for hepatitis a virus (hav) suspended in buffered growth medium containing salt at either 15 or 30 g/liter. pressures between 300 and 500 mpa were applied for treatment times of 60 to 600 s. in medium containing 15 g/liter salt, the hav titer was reduced by approximately 1 and 2 log 50% tissue culture infectious dose units (tcid50) per ml after 600 s of treatment with 300 and 400 mpa, respectively. under the same treatment conditions ...200919681266
localization of norovirus and poliovirus in pacific oysters.to examine the uptake and tissue distribution of norovirus (nov) and poliovirus (pv) experimentally bioaccumulated in feeding pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas).200919187161
effects of flash freezing, followed by frozen storage, on reducing vibrio parahaemolyticus in pacific raw oysters (crassostrea gigas).this study investigated the effects of flash freezing, followed by frozen storage, on reducing vibrio parahaemolyticus in pacific raw oysters. raw pacific oysters were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of v. parahaemolyticus at a total level of approximately 3.5 x 10(5) most probable number (mpn) per gram. inoculated oysters were subjected to an ultralow flash-freezing process (-95.5 degrees c for 12 min) and stored at -10, -20, and -30 degrees c for 6 months. populations of v. parahaemolyt ...200919205481
a novel peptidoglycan recognition protein containing a goose-type lysozyme domain from the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.peptidoglycan recognition protein (pgrp) is considered an essential molecule for effective immunity in invertebrates by its detection and clarification of invading bacteria. bivalve mollusks also possess pgrp systems for self-defense, however, their functions in bivalves remain to be understood. in the present study, cdna of a novel pgrp was identified from the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, using est-based race pcr. this novel pgrp is homologous to short pgrps and the presence of a signal p ...200919246096
novel omega glutathione s-transferases in disk abalone: characterization and protective roles against environmental stress.omega glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are a newly identified class of gsts with unique properties compared to other members in gst superfamily. this present study reports the cloning, characterization and stress-induced expression analysis of two omega gst genes in disk abalone, haliotis discus discus. two disk abalone omega gst genes, hdgsto1 and hdgsto2, encode two polypeptides with calculated molecular mass of 27.4 and 26.9 kda, respectively. their deduced amino acid sequences showed highes ...200919689930
virulence of metalloproteases produced by vibrio species on pacific oyster crassostrea gigas larvae.vibrio tubiashii, a pathogen of shellfish larvae and juveniles, produces several extracellular products. here, we document that culture supernatants of several marine vibrio species showed toxicity to oyster larvae. treatment of these supernatants with edta not only severely diminished proteolytic activities, but also dramatically reduced toxicity to the larvae. culture supernatants of metalloprotease-deficient mutants of v. tubiashii, v. cholerae, and v. splendidus were impaired in their abilit ...200919694172
porewater as a matrix in toxicity bioassays with sea urchins and bivalves: evaluation of applicability to the venice lagoon (italy).porewater plays an important role in sediment toxicity assessment using bioassays, but the most reliable extracting method and the potential contribution of confounding factors to the real toxicity need to be studied. the applicability of bioassays with the early life stages of paracentrotus lividus, mytilus galloprovincialis and crassostrea gigas on porewaters extracted by centrifugation from the venice lagoon (italy) is evaluated and demonstrated: toxicity tests can discriminate the toxicity o ...200918976812
sequential toxicity identification evaluation (tie) for characterizing toxicity of venice lagoon sediments: comparison of two different approaches.a toxicity identification evaluation phase-i (tie-1) procedure was carried out on five pore water samples extracted from sediments of the venice lagoon previously investigated to assess both chemical contamination and toxic effects on the biota. two different sequential tie procedures were tested. a first sequence (tie-1) provided for adding na2s2o3, adding na-edta, filtering, elution through a c18-spe column and removing ammonia using the macroalgae ulva rigida agardh 1823, while a second proce ...200918722012
chitinase of bacillus licheniformis from oyster shell as a probe to detect chitin in marine shells.bacillus licheniformis cbfos-03 is a chitinase producing bacteria isolated from oyster (crassostrea gigas) shell waste. we have cloned and expressed the chi18b gene of b. licheniformis cbfos-03, which encodes a glycohydrolase family 18 chitinase (gh18). chi18b is a predicted 598 amino acid protein that consists of a catalytic domain (gh18), a fibronectin type iii domain (fn3), and a chitin binding domain (cbd). purified chi18b showed optimum chitinase activity at ph 9 and 55 degrees c, and activ ...201019756579
rising water temperatures, reproduction and recruitment of an invasive oyster, crassostrea gigas, on the french atlantic coast.the recent appearance and invasion of feral oysters (crassostrea gigas) along the northern european atlantic coast, underscores the necessity to investigate the relationship between environmental variables, reproductive physiology, larval development and recruitment. we studied these relationships at both high (ht) and intermediate (it) - turbidity sites, through historical data on water temperatures, multi-parameter environmental probes, histological analyses, and field collections of planktoni ...201019682738
detection of white spot syndrome virus (wssv) in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas.oysters crassostrea gigas were placed at water supply canals of three shrimp farms in guasave, mexico where wssv outbreaks occur. animals were sampled through april-august and september-december to detect wssv dna. by using three different pcr protocols, only oysters from a farm undergoing a wssv outbreak were found wssv-positive in gills and digestive gland. two wssv amplicons were sequenced and they corresponded over 99% to wssv genome segments. results showed that oysters can capture wssv par ...201020398672
gill erosion and herpesvirus in crassostrea gigas cultured in baja california, mexico.recurrent episodes of mortality of crassostrea gigas cultured in northwestern mexico have been occurring since 1997. previous studies on bacteria, protozoans, and metazoans as presumptive causal agents have been inconclusive. however, erosions in the marginal indentation of gills have been frequently observed in oysters from areas affected by mortality events, and in 2000 those lesions were associated with the detection of a herpes-like virus. the present study aimed to describe the histological ...201020402231
a novel monoclonal antibody that binds to hemocytes from shrimps and oysters.the monoclonal antibody (mab) lito-1 was produced from a stable hybridoma cell line generated by the fusion of ns1 myeloma cells with spleen cells isolated from balb/c mice immunized with a paraformaldehyde-fixed hemocyte suspension of litopenaeus vannamei. this mab reacted with all three hemocyte subtypes, but no reaction was observed with components of plasma. immunohistochemistry assays demonstrated that lito-1 was very effective in specifically distinguishing hemocytes infiltrated in several ...201020443709
haplosporidium nelsoni and h. costale in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas from china's coasts.we examined 220 pacific oysters crassostrea gigas obtained from 11 locations along china's coasts for the presence of the 2 protistan parasites haplosporidium nelsoni (msx; multinucleated sphere x) and h. costale (sso; seaside organism). haplosporidium-like plasmodia were histologically observed in 9 oysters (4.09%) from 7 locations. five oysters had mixed infections, and 4 oysters were infected only with h. nelsoni as determined by in situ hybridization (ish) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ...201020481089
perkinsus marinus in crassostrea gigas in the gulf of california.to determine the agent responsible for the massive mortalities of the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas in northwest mexico, 30 oysters were sampled after a severe mortality event in 2006 along the sonoran coast. histological analyses revealed the presence of a protozoan and ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (rftm) assays showed the presence of perkinsus sp., identified as p. marinus from the dna sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (its) of the ribosomal rna (rrna) gene complex. pcr analy ...201020481094
a 1-year investigation of the parasite haplosporidium nelsoni (msx) in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas from dayaowan bay, china.the infection prevalence of the protozoan parasite haplosporidium nelsoni (msx) in pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas), collected from dayaowan bay on the north coast of the yellow sea, china, was investigated in 2007. the traditional histological method of diagnosing h. nelsoni infection in oysters was compared to that of polymerase chain reaction (pcr). histology and the first pcr analysis detected infection in 21 (a total of 240 oysters) (8.75%) oysters, and the second pcr revealed infection ...201020369255
pathogenic vibrio species in dutch shellfish destined for direct human consumption.vibrio parahaemolyticus is a common cause of shellfish-related gastroenteritis all over the world. v. parahaemolyticus and vibrio alginolyticus have previously been detected in water samples from the oosterschelde, a large inlet on the north sea, which is used for both recreational purposes and shellfish production. in 2006, oysters (crassostrea gigas) from a noncommercial oyster bed in the oosterschelde and oysters bought in dutch fish shops were tested for the presence of pathogenic vibrio spe ...201020377964
observations raise the question if the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, can act as either a carrier or a reservoir for bonamia ostreae or bonamia exitiosa.this study investigated the ability of the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas, to act as a carrier or reservoir of the protistan bonamia ostreae. studies were carried out independently in ireland and in spain. naïve c. gigas were exposed to b. ostreae both in the field and in the laboratory via natural exposure or experimental injection. naïve flat oysters, ostrea edulis, were placed in tanks with previously exposed c. gigas. oysters were screened for b. ostreae by examination of ventricular hear ...201020388237
oyster (crassostrea gigas) hydrolysates produced on a plant scale have antitumor activity and immunostimulating effects in balb/c mice.oyster extracts have been reported to have many bioactive peptides. but the function of oyster peptides produced by proteolysis is still unknown. in this study, the oligopeptide-enriched hydrolysates from oyster (crassostrea gigas) were produced using the protease from bacillus sp. sm98011 at laboratory level, and scaled up to pilot (100 l) and plant (1,000 l) levels with the same conditions. and the antitumor activity and immunostimulating effects of the oyster hydrolysates in balb/c mice were ...201020390104
in silico cloning, expression of rieske-like apoprotein gene and protein subcellular localization in the pacific oyster, crassostrea gigas.rieske protein gene in the pacific oyster crassostrea gigas was obtained by in silico cloning for the first time, and its expression profiles and subcellular localization were determined, respectively. the full-length cdna of cgisp is 985 bp in length and contains a 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of 35 and 161 bp, respectively, with an open reading frame of 786 bp encoding a protein of 262 amino acids. the predicted molecular weight of 30 kda of cgisp protein was verified by prokaryotic express ...201019876765
retention of vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues after chlorine dioxide treatment.vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important food-borne bacterium that is closely related to food poisoning from consumption of raw or lightly-cooked oysters. therefore, intensive efforts must be taken to depurate the contaminated oysters. chlorine dioxide (clo2) is considered to be a safe and effective disinfectant and is routinely applied for treatment of drinking water and seafood. however, the retention of v. parahaemolyticus in oyster tissues has not yet been explored after using clo2 as a disin ...201019939486
a large-scale epidemiological study to identify bacteria pathogenic to pacific oyster crassostrea gigas and correlation between virulence and metalloprotease-like activity.a 4-year bacteriological survey (2003-2007) of four molluscs cultivated in france and faced with mortality episodes was performed by the french shellfish pathology network. the more abundant bacteria isolated during 92 mortality episodes, occurring mainly in pacific oyster crassostrea gigas, were identified by genotyping methods. it allowed us both to confirm the representativeness of vibrio splendidus and vibrio aestuarianus bacterial strains and to identify both a large number of vibrio harvey ...201020012275
the major outer membrane protein ompu of vibrio splendidus contributes to host antimicrobial peptide resistance and is required for virulence in the oyster crassostrea gigas.vibrio splendidus, strain lgp32, is an oyster pathogen associated with the summer mortalities affecting the production of crassostrea gigas oysters worldwide. vibrio splendidus lgp32 was shown to resist to up to 10 microm cg-def defensin and cg-bpi bactericidal permeability increasing protein, two antimicrobial peptides/proteins (amps) involved in c. gigas immunity. the resistance to both oyster cg-def and cg-bpi and standard amps (polymyxin b, protegrin, human bpi) was dependent on the ompu gen ...201020074236
comparison between quantitative real-time reverse transcription pcr results for norovirus in oysters and self-reported gastroenteric illness in restaurant customers.norovirus is the principal agent of bivalve shellfish-associated gastroenteric illness worldwide. numerous studies using pcr have demonstrated norovirus contamination in a significant proportion of both oyster and other bivalve shellfish production areas and ready-to-eat products. by comparison, the number of epidemiologically confirmed shellfish-associated outbreaks is relatively low. this study attempts to compare norovirus rna detection in pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas) by quantitative r ...201020132676
vibriosis induced by experimental cohabitation in crassostrea gigas: evidence of early infection and down-expression of immune-related genes.the understanding of reciprocal interactions between crassostrea gigas and vibrio sp., whether these be virulent or avirulent, is vital for the development of methods to improve the health status of cultured oysters. we describe an original non-invasive experimental infection technique using cohabitation, designed to explore these interactions. using real-time pcr techniques we examined the dynamics of virulent and avirulent vibrio sp. in oyster hemolymph and tank seawater, and made a parallel s ...201021195769
a crassostrea gigas toll-like receptor and comparative analysis of tlr pathway in invertebrates.toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling pathway was an important and evolutionarily conserved innate immune pathway. evolutionary lineage of this pathway in the lophotrochozoans is still less understood. in this study, we cloned a novel tlr, a key component of tlr pathway, from crassostrea gigas, and named it cgtoll-1. the 4343 base pairs full-length cdna was assembled with the 3' and 5' race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) pcr results, and containing a 3540 bp open reading frame, which encoding a ...201021195773
human norovirus rna persists in seawater under simulated winter conditions but does not bioaccumulate efficiently in pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas).norovirus (nov) is the principal agent of bivalve molluscan shellfish-associated gastroenteric illness worldwide. currently, noncultivable human novs can be detected in bivalve molluscan shellfish by using molecular methods such as real-time reverse transcription pcr assays (qrt-pcr). in addition to infectious viruses, this methodology may also detect noninfectious nov, including fragments of the nov genome. this study addresses, in part, the implications of qrt-pcr results for the detection of ...201021219729
dna methylation patterns provide insight into epigenetic regulation in the pacific oyster (crassostrea gigas).dna methylation is an epigenetic mechanism with important regulatory functions in animals. while the mechanism itself is evolutionarily ancient, the distribution and function of dna methylation is diverse both within and among phylogenetic groups. although dna methylation has been well studied in mammals, there are limited data on invertebrates, particularly molluscs. here we characterize the distribution and investigate potential functions of dna methylation in the pacific oyster (crassostrea g ...201020799955
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