Publications

stomatal and pavement cell density linked to leaf internal co2 concentration.	stomatal density (sd) generally decreases with rising atmospheric co2 concentration, ca. however, sd is also affected by light, air humidity and drought, all under systemic signalling from older leaves. this makes our understanding of how ca controls sd incomplete. this study tested the hypotheses that sd is affected by the internal co2 concentration of the leaf, ci, rather than ca, and that cotyledons, as the first plant assimilation organs, lack the systemic signal.	2014	24825295
calcaridorylaimus castaneae sp. n. (nematoda, dorylaimidae) from bulgaria with an identification key to the species of the genus.	an unknown species belonging to the genuscalcaridorylaimus andrássy, 1986 was collected from the litter of broadleaf forests dominated by castanea sativa mill. and mixed with quercus daleshampii ten. and fagus sylvatica l. on belasitsa mountain, south-western bulgaria. calcaridorylaimus castaneae sp. n. is characterised by its long body (1.4-2.1 mm), lip region practically not offset, vulva transverse, short odontostyle (14.5-16 μm) and tail (75.5-110.5 μm, c=14.7-23.6; c'=2.9-4.4) in females an ...	2014	24899849
fungal planet description sheets: 281-319.	novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from south africa: alanphillipsia aloeicola from aloe sp., arxiella dolichandrae from dolichandra unguiscati, ganoderma austroafricanum from jacaranda mimosifolia, phacidiella podocarpi and phaeosphaeria podocarpi from podocarpus latifolius, phyllosticta mimusopisicola from mimusops zeyheri and sphaerulina pelargonii from pelargonium sp. furthermore, barssia maroccana is described from cedrus atlantica (morocco), codinae ...	2014	25737601
climate change induces shifts in abundance and activity pattern of bacteria and archaea catalyzing major transformation steps in nitrogen turnover in a soil from a mid-european beech forest.	ongoing climate change will lead to more extreme weather events, including severe drought periods and intense drying rewetting cycles. this will directly influence microbial nitrogen (n) turnover rates in soil by changing the water content and the oxygen partial pressure. therefore, a space for time climate change experiment was conducted by transferring intact beech seedling-soil mesocosms from a northwest (nw) exposed site, representing today's climatic conditions, to a southwest (sw) exposed ...	2014	25462589
network analysis reveals ecological links between n-fixing bacteria and wood-decaying fungi.	nitrogen availability in dead wood is highly restricted and associations with n-fixing bacteria are thought to enable wood-decaying fungi to meet their nitrogen requirements for vegetative and generative growth. we assessed the diversity of nifh (dinitrogenase reductase) genes in dead wood of the common temperate tree species fagus sylvatica and picea abies from differently managed forest plots in germany using molecular tools. by incorporating these genes into a large compilation of published n ...	2014	24505405
comparison of δ(18)o and δ(13)c values between tree-ring whole wood and cellulose in five species growing under two different site conditions.	we investigated the applicability of tree-ring whole-wood material for δ(18)o and δ(13)c analysis in comparison with the more time- and resource-intensive use of cellulose, by considering possible variability between (i) five different tree species (fagus sylvatica, quercus robur, picea abies, abies alba, pseudotsuga menziesii), (ii) two sites that differ in soil moisture, and (iii) climate conditions within a 10-year period.	2015	26522315
influence of catchment vegetation on mercury accumulation in lake sediments from a long-term perspective.	organic matter (om) cycling has a large impact on the cycling of mercury (hg) in the environment. hence, it is important to have a thorough understanding on how changes in, e.g., catchment vegetation - through its effect on om cycling - affect the behavior of hg. to test whether shifts in vegetation had an effect on hg-transport to lakes we investigated a sediment record from herrenwieser see (southern germany). this lake has a well-defined holocene vegetation history: at ~8700years bp corylus a ...	2015	26363145
planting sentinel european trees in eastern asia as a novel method to identify potential insect pest invaders.	quarantine measures to prevent insect invasions tend to focus on well-known pests but a large proportion of the recent invaders were not known to cause significant damage in their native range, or were not even known to science before their introduction. a novel method is proposed to detect new potential pests of woody plants in their region of origin before they are introduced to a new continent. since asia is currently considered to be the main supplier of insect invaders to europe, sentinel t ...	2015	25993342
tree mineral nutrition is deteriorating in europe.	the response of forest ecosystems to increased atmospheric co2 is constrained by nutrient availability. it is thus crucial to account for nutrient limitation when studying the forest response to climate change. the objectives of this study were to describe the nutritional status of the main european tree species, to identify growth-limiting nutrients and to assess changes in tree nutrition during the past two decades. we analysed the foliar nutrition data collected during 1992-2009 on the intens ...	2015	24920268
ozone induces stomatal narrowing in european and siebold's beeches: a comparison between two experiments of free-air ozone exposure.	stomata tend to narrow under ozone (o(3)) impact, leading to limitation of stomatal o(3) influx. here, we review stomatal response under recently conducted free-air o(3) exposure experiments on two species of the same tree genus: fagus sylvatica at kranzberg forest (germany) and f. crenata at sapporo experimental forest (japan). both beeches exhibited reduction in stomatal conductance (gs) by 10-20% under experimentally enhanced o(3) regimes throughout the summer relative to ambient-air controls ...	2015	25156633
modifying solubility of polymeric xylan extracted from eucalyptus grandis and sugarcane bagasse by suitable side chain removing enzymes.	α-l-arabinofuranosidase (abfb) and novel α-d-glucuronidase (agu1b) enzymes were applied for selective hydrolysis of beechwood (fagus sylvatica) xylan (sigma-aldrich) as well as xylans extracted from eucalyptus grandis and sugarcane (saccharum officinarum l.) bagasse, leading to precipitation of these carbohydrate biopolymers. hemicellulose extraction was performed with two mild-alkali methods, höije and pinto. precipitation occurred after removal of 67, 40 and 16% 4-o-methyl-d-glucuronic acid (m ...	2015	26256174
stem co2 efflux in six co-occurring tree species: underlying factors and ecological implications.	stem respiration plays a role in species coexistence and forest dynamics. here we examined the intra- and inter-specific variability of stem co2 efflux (e) in dominant and suppressed trees of six deciduous species in a mixed forest stand: fagus sylvatica l., quercus petraea [matt.] liebl, quercus pyrenaica willd., prunus avium l., sorbus aucuparia l. and crataegus monogyna jacq. we conducted measurements in late autumn. within species, dominants had higher e per unit stem surface area (es ) main ...	2015	25292455
perception of photoperiod in individual buds of mature trees regulates leaf-out.	experimental data on the perception of day length and temperature in dormant temperate zone trees are surprisingly scarce. in order to investigate when and where these environmental signals are perceived, we carried out bagging experiments in which buds on branches of fagus sylvatica, aesculus hippocastanum and picea abies trees were exposed to natural light increase or kept at constant 8-h days from december until june. parallel experiments used twigs cut from the same trees, harvesting treated ...	2015	26096967
forest management type influences diversity and community composition of soil fungi across temperate forest ecosystems.	fungal communities have been shown to be highly sensitive toward shifts in plant diversity and species composition in forest ecosystems. however, little is known about the impact of forest management on fungal diversity and community composition of geographically separated sites. this study examined the effects of four different forest management types on soil fungal communities. these forest management types include age class forests of young managed beech (fagus sylvatica l.), with beech stand ...	2015	26635766
functional characterization of a dehydrin protein from fagus sylvatica seeds using experimental and in silico approaches.	a strong increase in the level of dehydrin/response aba transcripts expression reported from the 14th week after flowering coincident with the accumulation of 26 and 44 kda dehydrins in the embryonic axes of developing beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seeds. both transcript and protein levels were strongly correlated with maturation drying. these results suggest that the 44-kda dehydrin protein is a putative dimer of dehydrin/response aba protein migrating as a 26-kda protein. dehydrins and dehydrin-l ...	2015	26492132
decomposition of beech (fagus sylvatica) and pine (pinus nigra) litter along an alpine elevation gradient: decay and nutrient release.	litter decomposition is an important process for cycling of nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. the objective of this study was to evaluate direct and indirect effects of climate on litter decomposition along an altitudinal gradient in a temperate alpine region. foliar litter of european beech (fagus sylvatica) and black pine (pinus nigra) was incubated in litterbags during two years in the hochschwab massif of the northern limestone alps of austria. eight incubation sites were selected followi ...	2015	26240437
does reduced precipitation trigger physiological and morphological drought adaptations in european beech (fagus sylvatica l.)? comparing provenances across a precipitation gradient.	global warming and associated decreases in summer rainfall may threaten tree vitality and forest productivity in many regions of the temperate zone in the future. one option for forestry to reduce the risk of failure is to plant genotypes which combine high productivity with drought tolerance. growth experiments with provenances from different climates indicate that drought exposure can trigger adaptive drought responses in temperate trees, but it is not well known whether and to what extent reg ...	2015	26209617
combining stable isotope and carbohydrate analyses in phloem sap and fine roots to study seasonal changes of source-sink relationships in a mediterranean beech forest.	carbon isotope composition (δ(13)c) and carbohydrate content of phloem sap and fine roots were measured in a mediterranean beech (fagus sylvatica l.) forest throughout the growing season to study seasonal changes of source-sink relationships. seasonal variations of δ(13)c and content of phloem sap sugars, collected during the daylight period, reflected the changes in soil and plant water status. the correlation between δ(13)c and content of phloem sap sugars, collected from plants belonging to d ...	2015	26093372
effects of rhizopheric nitric oxide (no) on n uptake in fagus sylvatica seedlings depend on soil co2 concentration, soil n availability and n source.	rhizospheric nitric oxide (no) and carbon dioxide (co2) are signalling compounds known to affect physiological processes in plants. their joint influence on tree nitrogen (n) nutrition, however, is still unknown. therefore, this study investigated, for the first time, the combined effect of rhizospheric no and co2 levels on n uptake and n pools in european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seedlings depending on n availability. for this purpose, roots of seedlings were exposed to one of the nine combin ...	2015	26093371
ectomycorrhizal communities on the roots of two beech (fagus sylvatica) populations from contrasting climates differ in nitrogen acquisition in a common environment.	beech (fagus sylvatica), a dominant forest species in central europe, competes for nitrogen with soil microbes and suffers from n limitation under dry conditions. we hypothesized that ectomycorrhizal communities and the free-living rhizosphere microbes from beech trees from sites with two contrasting climatic conditions exhibit differences in n acquisition that contribute to differences in host n uptake and are related to differences in host belowground carbon allocation. to test these hypothese ...	2015	26092464
responses of beech and spruce foliage to elevated carbon dioxide, increased nitrogen deposition and soil type.	although enhanced carbon fixation by forest trees may contribute significantly to mitigating an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (co2), capacities for this vary greatly among different tree species and locations. this study compared reactions in the foliage of a deciduous and a coniferous tree species (important central european trees, beech and spruce) to an elevated supply of co2 and evaluated the importance of the soil type and increased nitrogen deposition on foliar nutrient concentrat ...	2015	26092041
age-related changes in protein metabolism of beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seeds during alleviation of dormancy and in the early stage of germination.	the long-term storage of seeds generally reduces their viability and vigour. the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of long-term storage on beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seeds at optimal conditions, over 9 years, on the total and soluble protein levels and activity of proteolytic enzymes, including endopeptidases, carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases, as well as free amino acid levels and protein synthesis, in dry seeds, after imbibition and during cold stratification leading to dormancy ...	2015	26071872
conversion of mountain beech coppices into high forest: an example for ecological intensification.	converting beech coppices into high forest stands has been promoted in the last decades as a management goal to attenuate the negative effects that frequent clearcutting may have on soil, landscape, and biodiversity conservation. the silvicultural tool usually adopted is the gradual thinning of shoots during the long span of time required to complete the conversion, that also allows the owner to keep harvesting some wood. this research reports and discusses, in the light of the ecological intens ...	2015	26070895
competition for nitrogen between fagus sylvatica and acer pseudoplatanus seedlings depends on soil nitrogen availability.	competition for nitrogen (n), particularly in resource-limited habitats, might be avoided by different n acquisition strategies of plants. in our study, we investigated whether slow-growing european beech and fast-growing sycamore maple seedlings avoid competition for growth-limiting n by different n uptake patterns and the potential alteration by soil n availability in a microcosm experiment. we quantified growth and biomass indices, (15)n uptake capacity and n pools in the fine roots. overall, ...	2015	25983738
tree species composition and harvest intensity affect herbivore density and leaf damage on beech, fagus sylvatica, in different landscape contexts.	most forests are exposed to anthropogenic management activities that affect tree species composition and natural ecosystem processes. changes in ecosystem processes such as herbivory depend on management intensity, and on regional environmental conditions and species pools. whereas influences of specific forest management measures have already been addressed for different herbivore taxa on a local scale, studies considering effects of different aspects of forest management across different regio ...	2015	25938417
allocation dynamics of recently fixed carbon in beech saplings in response to increased temperatures and drought.	the response of carbon allocation to drought has often been studied in terms of short-term transport velocity of recently fixed carbon from leaves to roots and root respiration. however, its dynamic response to other environmental conditions, e.g., to changes in temperature, is less clear. here, we investigated the effects of drought, increased temperatures and their combination on transport velocity as well as on distribution of recent photoassimilates for different compounds, such as sugars, s ...	2015	25877767
does long-term cultivation of saplings under elevated co2 concentration influence their photosynthetic response to temperature?	plants growing under elevated atmospheric co2 concentrations often have reduced stomatal conductance and subsequently increased leaf temperature. this study therefore tested the hypothesis that under long-term elevated co2 the temperature optima of photosynthetic processes will shift towards higher temperatures and the thermostability of the photosynthetic apparatus will increase.	2015	25851132
a pyrosequencing insight into sprawling bacterial diversity and community dynamics in decaying deadwood logs of fagus sylvatica and picea abies.	deadwood is an important biodiversity hotspot in forest ecosystems. while saproxylic insects and wood-inhabiting fungi have been studied extensively, little is known about deadwood-inhabiting bacteria. the study we present is among the first to compare bacterial diversity and community structure of deadwood under field conditions. we therefore compared deadwood logs of two temperate forest tree species fagus sylvatica and picea abies using 16s rdna pyrosequencing to identify changes in bacterial ...	2015	25851097
the high-performance liquid chromatography/multistage electrospray mass spectrometric investigation and extraction optimization of beech (fagus sylvatica l.) bark polyphenols.	the aim of the present work was the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and multistage mass spectrometric characterization of the polyphenolic compounds of beech bark, as well as the extraction optimization of the identified compounds. beech is a common and widely used material in the wood industry, yet its bark is regarded as a by-product. using appropriate extraction methods these compounds could be extracted and utilized in the future. different extraction methods (stirring, so ...	2015	25840663
facilitative-competitive interactions in an old-growth forest: the importance of large-diameter trees as benefactors and stimulators for forest community assembly.	the role of competition in tree communities is increasingly well understood, while little is known about the patterns and mechanisms of the interplay between above- and belowground competition in tree communities. this knowledge, however, is crucial for a better understanding of community dynamics and developing adaptive near-natural management strategies. we assessed neighbourhood interactions in an unmanaged old-growth european beech (fagus sylvatica) forest by quantifying variation in the int ...	2015	25803035
priority effects during fungal community establishment in beech wood.	assembly history of fungal communities has a crucial role in the decomposition of woody resources, and hence nutrient cycling and ecosystem function. however, it has not been clearly determined whether the fungal species that arrive first may, potentially, dictate the subsequent pathway of community development, that is, whether there is a priority effect at the species level. we used traditional culture-based techniques coupled with sequencing of amplified genetic markers to profile the fungal ...	2015	25798754
patterns of late spring frost leaf damage and recovery in a european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) stand in south-eastern germany based on repeated digital photographs.	damage by late spring frost is a risk deciduous trees have to cope with in order to optimize the length of their growing season. the timing of spring phenological development plays a crucial role, not only at the species level, but also at the population and individual level, since fresh new leaves are especially vulnerable. for the pronounced late spring frost in may 2011 in germany, we studied the individual leaf development of 35 deciduous trees (mainly european beech fagus sylvatica l.) at a ...	2015	25759707
phenological plasticity will not help all species adapt to climate change.	concerns are rising about the capacity of species to adapt quickly enough to climate change. in long-lived organisms such as trees, genetic adaptation is slow, and how much phenotypic plasticity can help them cope with climate change remains largely unknown. here, we assess whether, where and when phenological plasticity is and will be adaptive in three major european tree species. we use a process-based species distribution model, parameterized with extensive ecological data, and manipulate pla ...	2015	25752508
the influence of masting phenomenon on growth-climate relationships in trees: explaining the influence of previous summers' climate on ring width.	tree growth is frequently linked to weather conditions prior to the growing season but our understanding of these lagged climate signatures is still poorly developed. we investigated the influence of masting behaviour on the relationship between growth and climate in european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) using a rare long-term dataset of seed production and a new regional tree ring chronology. fagus sylvatica is a masting species with synchronous variations in seed production which are strongly li ...	2015	25721369
stable hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of methoxyl groups during plant litter degradation.	stable hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios of methoxyl groups (δ(2)hmethoxyl and δ(13)cmethoxyl values, respectively) in plant material have been shown to possess characteristic signatures. these isotopic signatures can be used for a variety of applications such as constraining the geographical origin and authenticity of biomaterials. recently, it has also been suggested that δ(2)hmethoxyl values of sedimentary organic matter of geological archives might serve as a palaeoclimate/-hydrology proxy. ...	2015	25706484
stomatal ozone flux and visible leaf injury in native juvenile trees of fagus sylvatica l.: a field study from the jizerske hory mts., the czech republic.	the study was carried out at six sites in the jizerskehory mts. in the north of the czech republic. at all these sites, ranging in altitude between 460 and 962 m a. s. l., and during the period from june to september in 2008, o3 concentrations and environmental parameters important for accumulated stomatal o3 flux (afst) into fagus sylvatica leaves were measured. at five sites, visible injury on fagus sylvatica l. juvenile tree leaves was observed. a combination of actual o3 levels in the jizerk ...	2015	25677787
tree species affect cation exchange capacity (cec) and cation binding properties of organic matter in acid forest soils.	soil organic matter (som) in forest soil is of major importance for cation binding and acid buffering, but its characteristics may differ among soils under different tree species. we investigated acidity, cation exchange properties and al bonding to som in stands of scots pine, pedunculate oak, norway spruce, european beech and common hornbeam in southern poland. the content of total carbon (ct) was by far the major contributor to total cation exchange capacity (cect) even in loamy soils and a s ...	2015	25596350
a unigene set for european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and its use to decipher the molecular mechanisms involved in dormancy regulation.	systematic sequencing is the method of choice for generating genomic resources for molecular marker development and candidate gene identification in nonmodel species. we generated 47,357 sanger ests and 2.2m roche-454 reads from five cdna libraries for european beech (fagus sylvatica l.). this tree species of high ecological and economic value in europe is among the most representative trees of deciduous broadleaf forests. the sequences generated were assembled into 21,057 contigs with mira soft ...	2015	25594128
raman spectroscopic investigation of 13co 2 labeling and leaf dark respiration of fagus sylvatica l. (european beech).	an important issue, in times of climate change and more extreme weather events, is the investigation of forest ecosystem reactions to these events. longer drought periods stress the vitality of trees and promote mass insect outbreaks, which strongly affect ecosystem processes and services. cavity-enhanced raman gas spectrometry was applied for online multi-gas analysis of the gas exchange rates of o2 and co2 and the labeling of fagus sylvatica l. (european beech) seedlings with (13)co2. the rapi ...	2015	25577365
morphological, biochemical and physiological traits of upper and lower canopy leaves of european beech tend to converge with increasing altitude.	the present work has explored for the first time acclimation of upper versus lower canopy leaves along an altitudinal gradient. we tested the hypothesis that restrictive climatic conditions associated with high altitudes reduce within-canopy variations of leaf traits. the investigated beech (fagus sylvatica l.) forest is located on the southern slope of the hrubý jeseník mountains (czech republic). all measurements were taken on leaves from upper and lower parts of the canopy of mature trees (>8 ...	2015	25576757
variation in photosynthetic performance and hydraulic architecture across european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) populations supports the case for local adaptation to water stress.	the aim of this study was to provide new insights into how intraspecific variability in the response of key functional traits to drought dictates the interplay between gas-exchange parameters and the hydraulic architecture of european beech (fagus sylvatica l.). considering the relationships between hydraulic and leaf functional traits, we tested whether local adaptation to water stress occurs in this species. to address these objectives, we conducted a glasshouse experiment in which 2-year-old ...	2015	25536961
non-targeted metabolomic profile of fagus sylvatica l. leaves using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry.	fagus sylvatica l. is one of the most widely distributed broad-leaved tree species in central and western europe, important to the forest sector and an accurate biomarker of climate change.	2015	25516018
survival of norway spruce remains higher in mixed stands under a dryer and warmer climate.	shifts in tree species distributions caused by climatic change are expected to cause severe losses in the economic value of european forestland. however, this projection disregards potential adaptation options such as tree species conversion, shorter production periods, or establishment of mixed species forests. the effect of tree species mixture has, as yet, not been quantitatively investigated for its potential to mitigate future increases in production risks. for the first time, we use surviv ...	2015	25242342
do variations in leaf phenology affect radial growth variations in fagus sylvatica?	we used a dendrochronological and leaf phenology network of european beech (fagus sylvatica) in slovenia, a transitional area between mediterranean, alpine and continental climatic regimes, for the period 1955-2007 to test whether year to year variations in leaf unfolding and canopy duration (i.e. time between leaf unfolding and colouring) influence radial growth (annual xylem production and tree ring widths) and if such influences are more pronounced at higher altitudes. we showed that variabil ...	2015	25239517
effects of elevated atmospheric co2 on microbial community structure at the plant-soil interface of young beech trees (fagus sylvatica l.) grown at two sites with contrasting climatic conditions.	soil microbial community responses to elevated atmospheric co2 concentrations (eco2) occur mainly indirectly via co2-induced plant growth stimulation leading to quantitative as well as qualitative changes in rhizodeposition and plant litter. in order to gain insight into short-term, site-specific effects of eco2 on the microbial community structure at the plant-soil interface, young beech trees (fagus sylvatica l.) from two opposing mountainous slopes with contrasting climatic conditions were in ...	2015	25370887
how climate, migration ability and habitat fragmentation affect the projected future distribution of european beech.	recent efforts to incorporate migration processes into species distribution models (sdms) are allowing assessments of whether species are likely to be able to track their future climate optimum and the possible causes of failing to do so. here, we projected the range shift of european beech over the 21st century using a process-based sdm coupled to a phenomenological migration model accounting for population dynamics, according to two climate change scenarios and one land use change scenario. ou ...	2015	25330385
contrasting carbon allocation responses of juvenile european beech (fagus sylvatica) and norway spruce (picea abies) to competition and ozone.	allocation of recent photoassimilates of juvenile beech and spruce in response to twice-ambient ozone (2 × o(3)) and plant competition (i.e. intra vs. inter-specific) was examined in a phytotron study. to this end, we employed continuous (13)co(2)/(12)co(2) labeling during late summer and pursued tracer kinetics in co(2) released from stems. in beech, allocation of recent photoassimilates to stems was significantly lowered under 2 × o(3) and increased in spruce when grown in mixed culture. as to ...	2015	25315225
the production, localization and spreading of reactive oxygen species contributes to the low vitality of long-term stored common beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seeds.	the common beech (fagus sylvatica l.) is propagated by seeds, but the seed set is irregular with five to ten years in between crops. it is therefore necessary to store the seeds. however, beech seeds lose germinability during long-term storage. in this study, beech seeds were stored at -10°c under controlled conditions for 2, 5, 8, 11 and 13 years. our results show that beech seeds lose germinability during storage in proportion to the duration of storage. the decrease in germinability correlate ...	2015	25462977
contributing factors in foliar uptake of dissolved inorganic nitrogen at leaf level.	we investigated the influence of leaf traits, rainwater chemistry, and pedospheric nitrogen (n) fertilisation on the aqueous uptake of inorganic n by physiologically active tree leaves. leaves of juvenile silver birch and european beech trees, supplied with nh₄no₃ to the soil at rates from 0 to 200 kg n ha(-1)y(-1), were individually exposed to 100 μl of artificial rainwater containing (15)nh₄(+) or (15)no₃(-) at two concentration levels for one hour. in the next vegetative period, the experimen ...	2015	25461099
can rove beetles (staphylinidae) be excluded in studies focusing on saproxylic beetles in central european beech forests?	monitoring saproxylic beetle diversity, though challenging, can help identifying relevant conservation sites or key drivers of forest biodiversity, and assessing the impact of forestry practices on biodiversity. unfortunately, monitoring species assemblages is costly, mainly due to the time spent on identification. excluding families which are rich in specimens and species but are difficult to identify is a frequent procedure used in ecological entomology to reduce the identification cost. the s ...	2015	25434278
explaining the variability of the photochemical reflectance index (pri) at the canopy-scale: disentangling the effects of phenological and physiological changes.	assessing photosynthesis rates at the ecosystem scale and over large regions is important for tracking the global carbon cycle and remote sensing has provided new and useful approaches for performing this assessment. the photochemical reflectance index (pri) is a good estimator of short-term light-use efficiency (lue) at the leaf scale; however, confounding factors appear at larger temporal and spatial scales. in this study, canopy-scale pri variability was investigated for three species (fagus ...	2015	26295453
how to spend the summer? free-living dormice (glis glis) can hibernate for 11 months in non-reproductive years.	edible dormice are arboreal rodents adapted to yearly fluctuations in seed production of european beech, a major food source for this species. in years of low beech seed abundance, dormice skip reproduction and non-reproductive dormice fed ad libitum in captivity can display summer dormancy in addition to winter hibernation. to test whether summer dormancy, that is, a very early onset of hibernation, actually occurs in free-living dormice, we monitored core body temperature (tb) over ~12 months ...	2015	26293446
canopy-level stomatal narrowing in adult fagus sylvatica under o3 stress - means of preventing enhanced o3 uptake under high o3 exposure?	spatio-temporally consistent o(3) doses are demonstrated in adult fagus sylvatica from the kranzberg forest free-air fumigation experiment, covering cross-canopy and whole-seasonal scopes through sap flow measurement. given o(3)-driven closure of stomata, we hypothesized enhanced whole-tree level o(3) influx to be prevented under enhanced o(3) exposure. although foliage transpiration rate was lowered under twice-ambient o(3) around noon by 30% along with canopy conductance, the hypothesis was fa ...	2015	25062776
whole-tree seasonal nitrogen uptake and partitioning in adult fagus sylvatica l. and picea abies l. [karst.] trees exposed to elevated ground-level ozone.	the effect of long-term exposure of twice-ambient o(3) (2 × o(3)) on whole-tree nitrogen (n) uptake and partitioning of adult beech and spruce was studied in a mixed forest stand, se-germany. n uptake as (15)n tracer and n pools were calculated using n concentrations and biomass of tree compartments. whole-tree n uptake tended to be lower under 2 × o(3) in both species compared to trees under ambient o(3) (1 × o(3)). internal partitioning in beech showed significantly higher allocation of new n ...	2015	25042482
1h, 13c and 15n resonance assignments and second structure information of fag s 1: fagales allergen from fagus sylvatica.	fagales allergens belonging to the bet v 1 family account responsible for the majority of spring pollinosis in the temperate climate zones in the northern hemisphere. among them, fag s 1 from beech pollen is an important trigger of fagales pollen associated allergic reactions. the protein shares high similarity with birch pollen bet v 1, the best-characterized member of this allergen family. of note, recent work on bet v 1 and its homologues found in fagales pollen demonstrated that not all alle ...	2016	26289775
acclimation of fine root respiration to soil warming involves starch deposition in very fine and fine roots: a case study in fagus sylvatica saplings.	root activities in terms of respiration and non-structural carbohydrates (nsc) storage and mobilization have been suggested as major physiological roles in fine root lifespan. as more frequent heat waves and drought periods within the next decades are expected, to what extent does thermal acclimation in fine roots represent a mechanism to cope with such upcoming climatic conditions? in this study, the possible changes in very fine (diameter < 0.5 mm) and fine (0.5-1 mm) root morphology and physi ...	2016	26263877
interactive effects of juvenile defoliation, light conditions, and interspecific competition on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of fagus sylvatica and pinus sylvestris seedlings.	seedlings of forest tree species are exposed to a number of abiotic (organ loss or damage, light shortage) and biotic (interspecific competition) stress factors, which may lead to an inhibition of growth and reproduction and, eventually, to plant death. growth of the host and its mycorrhizal symbiont is often closely linked, and hence, host damage may negatively affect the symbiont. we designed a pot experiment to study the response of light-demanding pinus sylvestris and shade-tolerant fagus sy ...	2016	26003665
substrate influences ecophysiological performance of tree seedlings.	unfavourable soil conditions frequently limit tree regeneration in mountain forests on calcareous bedrock. rocky, shallow organic soils on dolomite pose a particular problem for tree regeneration due to commonly restricted water and nutrient supplies. moreover, an often dense layer of understorey vegetation competes for the limited resources available. hence, an array of interacting factors impairs tree seedlings' performance on dolomite, but there is little information on the ecophysiological m ...	2016	26446268
mc icp-ms δ(34)s(vcdt) measurement of dissolved sulfate in environmental aqueous samples after matrix separation by means of an anion exchange membrane.	analysis of (34)s/(32)s of sulfate in rainwater and soil solutions can be seen as a powerful tool for the study of the sulfur cycle. therefore, it is considered as a useful means, e.g., for amelioration and calibration of ecological or biogeochemical models. due to several analytical limitations, mainly caused by low sulfate concentration in rainwater, complex matrix of soil solutions, limited sample volume, and high number of samples in ecosystem studies, a straightforward analytical protocol i ...	2016	26438477
an epidemiological assessment of stomatal ozone flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in southern european forests.	southern forests are at the highest ozone (o3) risk in europe where ground-level o3 is a pressing sanitary problem for ecosystem health. exposure-based standards for protecting vegetation are not representative of actual field conditions. a biologically-sound stomatal flux-based standard has been proposed, although critical levels for protection still need to be validated. this innovative epidemiological assessment of forest responses to o3 was carried out in 54 plots in southeastern france and ...	2016	26437347
site-adapted admixed tree species reduce drought susceptibility of mature european beech.	some forest-related studies on possible effects of climate change conclude that growth potential of european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) might be impaired by the predicted increase in future serious drought events during the growing season. other recent research suggests that not only multiyear increment rates but also growth resistance and recovery of beech during, respectively, after dry years may differ between pure and mixed stands. thus, we combined dendrochronological investigations and woo ...	2016	26426801
modification of the tree root electrical capacitance method under laboratory conditions.	for many years, scientists have been searching for nondestructive methods for the measurement of plant root system parameters. the measurement of electrical capacitance (ec) across the root has been proposed as one such nondestructive method. this article presents a study on the determination of relationships between ec measurement and the shape and size of the electrodes immersed in medium that are used for measurement. measurement of ec and the parameters characterizing root systems of 1-year- ...	2016	26420794
the influence of the soil on spring and autumn phenology in european beech.	tree phenology is a key discipline in forest ecology linking seasonal fluctuations of photoperiod and temperature with the annual development of buds, leaves and flowers. temperature and photoperiod are commonly considered as main determinants of tree phenology while little is known about interactions with soil chemical characteristics. seedlings of 12 european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) provenances were transplanted in 2011 to model ecosystems and grown for 4 years on acidic or calcareous fores ...	2016	26420791
soil parameters drive the structure, diversity and metabolic potentials of the bacterial communities across temperate beech forest soil sequences.	soil and climatic conditions as well as land cover and land management have been shown to strongly impact the structure and diversity of the soil bacterial communities. here, we addressed under a same land cover the potential effect of the edaphic parameters on the soil bacterial communities, excluding potential confounding factors as climate. to do this, we characterized two natural soil sequences occurring in the montiers experimental site. spatially distant soil samples were collected below f ...	2016	26370112
location, location, location: priority effects in wood decay communities may vary between sites.	priority effects are known to have a major influence on fungal community development in decomposing wood, but it has not yet been established whether these effects are consistent between different geographical locations. here, beech (fagus sylvatica) wood disks that had been pre-colonized with three wood decay basidiomycetes were placed in seven woodland sites with similar characteristics for 12-24 months, and the successor communities profiled using culture-based techniques coupled with amplico ...	2016	26626102
investigating the european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) leaf characteristics along the vertical canopy profile: leaf structure, photosynthetic capacity, light energy dissipation and photoprotection mechanisms.	forest functionality and productivity are directly related to canopy light interception and can be affected by potential damage from high irradiance. however, the mechanisms by which leaves adapt to the variable light environments along the multilayer canopy profile are still poorly known. we explored the leaf morphophysiological and metabolic responses to the natural light gradient in a pure european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) forest at three different canopy heights (top, middle and bottom). s ...	2016	27217526
strong coupling of shoot assimilation and soil respiration during drought and recovery periods in beech as indicated by natural abundance δ(13)c measurements.	drought down-regulates above- and belowground carbon fluxes, however, the resilience of trees to drought will also depend on the speed and magnitude of recovery of these above- and belowground fluxes after re-wetting. carbon isotope composition of above- and belowground carbon fluxes at natural abundance provides a methodological approach to study the coupling between photosynthesis and soil respiration (sr) under conditions (such as drought) that influence photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimi ...	2016	27909442
segregation of nitrogen use between ammonium and nitrate of ectomycorrhizas and beech trees.	here, we characterized nitrogen (n) uptake of beech (fagus sylvatica) and their associated ectomycorrhizal (em) communities from nh4(+) and no3(-) . we hypothesized that a proportional fraction of ectomycorrhizal n uptake is transferred to the host, thereby resulting in the same uptake patterns of plants and their associated mycorrhizal communities. (15) n uptake was studied under various field conditions after short-term and long-term exposure to a pulse of equimolar nh4(+) and no3(-) concentra ...	2016	27569258
nitrogen addition enhances drought sensitivity of young deciduous tree species.	understanding how trees respond to global change drivers is central to predict changes in forest structure and functions. although there is evidence on the mode of nitrogen (n) and drought (d) effects on tree growth, our understanding of the interplay of these factors is still limited. simultaneously, as mixtures are expected to be less sensitive to global change as compared to monocultures, we aimed to investigate the combined effects of n addition and d on the productivity of three tree specie ...	2016	27499761
variation in ecophysiological traits and drought tolerance of beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seedlings from different populations.	frequency and intensity of heat waves and drought events are expected to increase in europe due to climate change. european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) is one of the most important native tree species in europe. beech populations originating throughout its native range were selected for common-garden experiments with the aim to determine whether there are functional variations in drought stress responses among different populations. one-year old seedlings from four to seven beech populations were ...	2016	27446118
climate change impairs nitrogen cycling in european beech forests.	european beech forests growing on marginal calcareous soils have been proposed to be vulnerable to decreased soil water availability. this could result in a large-scale loss of ecological services and economical value in a changing climate. in order to evaluate the potential consequences of this drought-sensitivity, we investigated potential species range shifts for european beech forests on calcareous soil in the 21st century by statistical species range distribution modelling for present day a ...	2016	27410969
intraspecific variation in wood anatomical, hydraulic, and foliar traits in ten european beech provenances differing in growth yield.	in angiosperms, many studies have described the inter-specific variability of hydraulic-related traits and little is known at the intra-specific level. this information is however mandatory to assess the adaptive capacities of tree populations in the context of increasing drought frequency and severity. ten 20-year old european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) provenances representing the entire distribution range throughout europe and differing significantly in aboveground biomass increment (abi) by ...	2016	27379112
desiccation and mortality dynamics in seedlings of different european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) populations under extreme drought conditions.	european beech (fagus sylvatica l., hereafter beech), one of the major native tree species in europe, is known to be drought sensitive. thus, the identification of critical thresholds of drought impact intensity and duration are of high interest for assessing the adaptive potential of european beech to climate change in its native range. in a common garden experiment with one-year-old seedlings originating from central and marginal origins in six european countries (denmark, germany, france, rom ...	2016	27379105
a slight recovery of soils from acid rain over the last three decades is not reflected in the macro nutrition of beech (fagus sylvatica) at 97 forest stands of the vienna woods.	rigorous studies of recovery from soil acidification are rare. hence, we resampled 97 old-growth beech stands in the vienna woods. this study exploits an extensive data set of soil (infiltration zone of stemflow and between trees area at different soil depths) and foliar chemistry from three decades ago. it was hypothesized that declining acidic deposition is reflected in soil and foliar chemistry. top soil ph within the stemflow area increased significantly by 0.6 units in both h2o and kcl extr ...	2016	27344089
specific impacts of beech and norway spruce on the structure and diversity of the rhizosphere and soil microbial communities.	the impacts of plant species on the microbial communities and physico-chemical characteristics of soil are well documented for many herbs, grasses and legumes but much less so for tree species. here, we investigate by rrna and its amplicon sequencing the diversity of microorganisms from the three domains of life (archaea, bacteria and eukaryota:fungi) in soil samples taken from the forest experimental site of breuil-chenue (france). we discovered significant differences in the abundance, composi ...	2016	27302652
a precise study on effects that trigger alkaline hemicellulose extraction efficiency.	the conversion of paper-grade pulps into dissolving pulps requires efficient strategies and process steps to remove low-molecular noncellulosic macromolecules generally known as hemicelluloses. current strategies include alkaline extractions and enzymatic treatments. this study focused on the evaluation of extraction efficiencies in alkaline extractions of three economically interesting hardwood species: beech (fagus sylvatica), birch (betula papyrifera), and eucalyptus (eucalyptus globulus). su ...	2016	27163434
erratum: a pyrosequencing insight into sprawling bacterial diversity and community dynamics in decaying deadwood logs of fagus sylvatica and picea abies.		2016	27162103
seasonal dynamics of δ(13) c of c-rich fractions from picea abies (norway spruce) and fagus sylvatica (european beech) fine roots.	the (13/12) c ratio in plant roots is likely dynamic depending on root function (storage versus uptake), but to date, little is known about the effect of season and root order (an indicator of root function) on the isotopic composition of c-rich fractions in roots. to address this, we monitored the stable isotopic composition of one evergreen (picea abies) and one deciduous (fagus sylvatica), tree species' roots by measuring δ(13) c of bulk, respired and labile c, and starch from first/second an ...	2016	27155532
a field-to-desktop toolchain for x-ray ct densitometry enables tree ring analysis.	disentangling tree growth requires more than ring width data only. densitometry is considered a valuable proxy, yet laborious wood sample preparation and lack of dedicated software limit the widespread use of density profiling for tree ring analysis. an x-ray computed tomography-based toolchain of tree increment cores is presented, which results in profile data sets suitable for visual exploration as well as density-based pattern matching.	2016	27107414
linking xylem water storage with anatomical parameters in five temperate tree species.	the release of water from storage compartments to the transpiration stream is an important functional mechanism that provides the buffering of sudden fluctuations in water potential. the ability of tissues to release water per change in water potential, referred to as hydraulic capacitance, is assumed to be associated with the anatomy of storage tissues. however, information about how specific anatomical parameters determine capacitance is limited. in this study, we measured sapwood capacitance ...	2016	27083523
diversity and composition of the leaf mycobiome of beech (fagus sylvatica) are affected by local habitat conditions and leaf biochemistry.	comparative investigations of plant-associated fungal communities (mycobiomes) in distinct habitats and under distinct climate regimes have been rarely conducted in the past. nowadays, high-throughput sequencing allows routine examination of mycobiome responses to environmental changes and results at an unprecedented level of detail. in the present study, we analysed illumina-generated fungal its1 sequences from european beech (fagus sylvatica) originating from natural habitats at two different ...	2016	27078859
living on the edge: contrasted wood-formation dynamics in fagus sylvatica and pinus sylvestris under mediterranean conditions.	wood formation in european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) was intra-annually monitored to examine plastic responses of the xylem phenology according to altitude in one of the southernmost areas of their distribution range, i.e., in the moncayo natural park, spain. the monitoring was done from 2011 to 2013 at 1180 and 1580 m a.s.l., corresponding to the lower and upper limits of european beech forest in this region. microcores containing phloem, cambium and xylem ...	2016	27047534
forest understory plant and soil microbial response to an experimentally induced drought and heat-pulse event: the importance of maintaining the continuum.	drought duration and intensity are expected to increase with global climate change. how changes in water availability and temperature affect the combined plant-soil-microorganism response remains uncertain. we excavated soil monoliths from a beech (fagus sylvatica l.) forest, thus keeping the understory plant-microbe communities intact, imposed an extreme climate event, consisting of drought and/or a single heat-pulse event, and followed microbial community dynamics over a time period of 28 days ...	2016	26946456
the antiviral potency of fagus sylvatica 4ome-glucuronoxylan sulfates.	herpes simplex virus belongs to herpesviridae family and causes infection of humans from ancient times. 4ome-glucuronoxylans as the renewable biopolymers can be promising glycomaterials for various applications in pharmacy. control enzymatic degradation of the native 4ome-glucuronoxylan (gx1) followed by targeted sulfation procedure afforded a range of 4ome-glucuronoxylan sulfates differed in the degree of sulfation (10-16%) and molecular mass (21,000-5000g/mol; gxs1>gxs2>gxs3>gxs4). antiviral a ...	2016	26902895
fast acclimation of freezing resistance suggests no influence of winter minimum temperature on the range limit of european beech.	low temperature extremes drive species distribution at a global scale. here, we assessed the acclimation potential of freezing resistance in european beech (fagus sylvatical.) during winter. we specifically asked (i) how do beech populations growing in contrasting climates differ in their maximum freezing resistance, (ii) do differences result from genetic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity to preceding temperatures and (iii) is beech at risk of freezing damage in winter across its distrib ...	2016	26888891
phosphorus resorption by young beech trees and soil phosphatase activity as dependent on phosphorus availability.	motivated by decreasing foliar phosphorus (p) concentrations in fagus sylvatica l. forests, we studied p recycling depending on p fertilization in mesocosms with juvenile trees and soils of two contrasting f. sylvatica l. forests in a greenhouse. we hypothesized that forests with low soil p availability are better adapted to recycle p than forests with high soil p availability. the p resorption efficiency from senesced leaves was significantly higher at the p-poor site (70 %) than at the p-rich ...	2016	26875186
high-resolution isotope measurements resolve rapid ecohydrological dynamics at the soil-plant interface.	plants rely primarily on rainfall infiltrating their root zones - a supply that is inherently variable, and fluctuations are predicted to increase on most of the earth's surface. yet, interrelationships between water availability and plant use on short timescales are difficult to quantify and remain poorly understood. to overcome previous methodological limitations, we coupled high-resolution in situ observations of stable isotopes in soil and transpiration water. we applied the approach along w ...	2016	26864434
forest trees filter chronic wind-signals to acclimate to high winds.	controlled experiments have shown that trees acclimate thigmomorphogenetically to wind-loads by sensing their deformation (strain). however, the strain regime in nature is exposed to a full spectrum of winds. we hypothesized that trees avoid overreacting by responding only to winds which bring information on local climate and/or wind exposure. additionally, competition for light dependent on tree social status also likely affects thigmomorphogenesis. we monitored and manipulated quantitatively t ...	2016	26790391
genome-environment association study suggests local adaptation to climate at the regional scale in fagus sylvatica.	the evolutionary potential of long-lived species, such as forest trees, is fundamental for their local persistence under climate change (cc). genome-environment association (gea) analyses reveal if species in heterogeneous environments at the regional scale are under differential selection resulting in populations with potential preadaptation to cc within this area. in 79 natural fagus sylvatica populations, neutral genetic patterns were characterized using 12 simple sequence repeat (ssr) marker ...	2016	26777878
how adaptable is the hydraulic system of european beech in the face of climate change-related precipitation reduction?	climate warming will increase the drought exposure of many forests world-wide. it is not well understood how trees adapt their hydraulic architecture to a long-term decrease in water availability. we examined 23 traits characterizing the hydraulic architecture and growth rate of branches and the dependent foliage of mature european beech (fagus sylvatica) trees along a precipitation gradient (855-594 mm yr(-1) ) on uniform soil. a main goal was to identify traits that are associated with xylem e ...	2016	26720626
in situ marker-based assessment of leaf trait evolutionary potential in a marginal european beech population.	evolutionary processes are expected to be crucial for the adaptation of natural populations to environmental changes. in particular, the capacity of rear edge populations to evolve in response to the species limiting conditions remains a major issue that requires to address their evolutionary potential. in situ quantitative genetic studies based on molecular markers offer the possibility to estimate evolutionary potentials manipulating neither the environment nor the individuals on which phenoty ...	2016	26679342
tree age effects on fine root biomass and morphology over chronosequences of fagus sylvatica, quercus robur and alnus glutinosa stands.	there are few data on fine root biomass and morphology change in relation to stand age. based on chronosequences for beech (9-140 years old), oak (11-140 years) and alder (4-76 years old) we aimed to examine how stand age affects fine root biomass and morphology. soil cores from depths of 0-15 cm and 16-30 cm were used for the study. in contrast to previously published studies that suggested that maximum fine root biomass is reached at the canopy closure stage of stand development, we found almo ...	2016	26859755
impact of interspecific competition and drought on the allocation of new assimilates in trees.	in trees, the interplay between reduced carbon assimilation and the inability to transport carbohydrates to the sites of demand under drought might be one of the mechanisms leading to carbon starvation. however, we largely lack knowledge on how drought effects on new assimilate allocation differ between species with different drought sensitivities and how these effects are modified by interspecific competition. we assessed the fate of (13) c labelled assimilates in above- and belowground plant o ...	2016	27061772
seasonal variation in n uptake strategies in the understorey of a beech-dominated n-limited forest ecosystem depends on n source and species.	in forest ecosystems, species use different strategies to increase their competitive ability for nitrogen (n) acquisition. the acquisition of n by trees is regulated by tree internal and environmental factors including mycorrhizae. in this study, we investigated the n uptake strategies of three co-occurring tree species [european beech (fagus sylvatica l.), sycamore maple (acer pseudoplatanus l.) and norway maple (acer platanoides l.)] in the understorey of a beech-dominated, n-limited forest on ...	2016	26786538
transpiration of urban trees and its cooling effect in a high latitude city.	an important ecosystem service provided by urban trees is the cooling effect caused by their transpiration. the aim of this study was to quantify the magnitude of daytime and night-time transpiration of common urban tree species in a high latitude city (gothenburg, sweden), to analyse the influence of weather conditions and surface permeability on the tree transpiration, and to find out whether tree transpiration contributed to daytime or nocturnal cooling. stomatal conductance and leaf transpir ...	2016	26048702
negative effects of density on space use of small mammals differ with the phase of the masting-induced population cycle.	home range size generally decreases with increasing population density, but testing how this relationship is influenced by other factors (e.g., food availability, kin structure) is a difficult task. we used spatially explicit capture-recapture models to examine how home range size varies with population density in the yellow-necked mouse (apodemus flavicollis). the relationship between population density and home range size was studied at two distinct phases of population fluctuations induced by ...	2016	28031794
advantages of masting in european beech: timing of granivore satiation and benefits of seed caching support the predator dispersal hypothesis.	the predator satiation and predator dispersal hypotheses provide alternative explanations for masting. both assume satiation of seed-eating vertebrates. they differ in whether satiation occurs before or after seed removal and caching by granivores (predator satiation and predator dispersal, respectively). this difference is largely unrecognized, but it is demographically important because cached seeds are dispersed and often have a microsite advantage over nondispersed seeds. we conducted rodent ...	2016	26612728
acclimation of leaf water status and stem hydraulics to drought and tree neighbourhood: alternative strategies among the saplings of five temperate deciduous tree species.	adjustment in leaf water status parameters and modification in xylem structure and functioning can be important elements of a tree's response to continued water limitation. in a growth trial with saplings of five co-occurring temperate broad-leaved tree species (genera fraxinus, acer, carpinus, tilia and fagus) conducted in moist or dry soil, we compared the drought acclimation in several leaf water status and stem hydraulic parameters. considering the extremes in the species responses, fraxinus ...	2016	27881798
coordination between growth, phenology and carbon storage in three coexisting deciduous tree species in a temperate forest.	in deciduous trees growing in temperate forests, bud break and growth in spring must rely on intrinsic carbon (c) reserves. yet it is unclear whether growth and c storage occur simultaneously, and whether starch c in branches is sufficient for refoliation. to test in situ the relationships between growth, phenology and c utilization, we monitored stem growth, leaf phenology and stem and branch nonstructural carbohydrate (nsc) dynamics in three deciduous species: carpinus betulus l., fagus sylvat ...	2016	27126226
fine spatial scale variation of soil microbial communities under european beech and norway spruce.	the complex interactions between trees and soil microbes in forests as well as their inherent seasonal and spatial variations are poorly understood. in this study, we analyzed the effects of major european tree species (fagus sylvatica l. and picea abies (l.) karst) on soil bacterial and fungal communities. mineral soil samples were collected from different depths (0-10, 10-20 cm) and at different horizontal distances from beech or spruce trunks (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 m) in early summer and autumn. ...	2016	28066384