Publications

the neuronal structure of the substantia nigra in the guinea pig: nissl and golgi study.	the studies were carried out on the mesencephalos of adult guinea pigs. the preparations were made by means of the golgi technique, as well as the nissl and klüver-barrera methods. four types of neurons were distinguished in the substantia nigra (sn) of the guinea pig: 1. bipolar neurons of two kinds: the neurons of the first kind have elongated, fusiform perikarya (25-40 microns), whereas the cells of the second kind have rounded and oval perikarya (15-22 microns). these neurons possess two den ...	2000	11107698
[comparison of the morphology and the reactivity of chlamydia pneumoniae isolated in north-kanto area, ibaraki prefecture, japan].	to compare the morphology among chlamydia pneumoniae (c. pneumoniae), strain tw183 and strains which were isolated in the area of kasumigaura, ibaraki from 1992 to 1995. c. pneumoniae were infected on hl cell monolayers and cultured in 5% co2 at 35.5 degrees c for about 60 hrs. the cells were harvested and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and then the regular procedure for observation of chlamydia in inclusion by transmission electron microscope was performed. immunoblot assay was carried out by ...	2000	11193553
application of clinically recorded icp patterns--an extension of conventional shunt testing.	various methods of laboratory testing are currently being used to explore the hydrodynamic properties of shunts. we constructed a novel shunt-testing rig with a human-like compliance to be able to subject shunts to in-vivo recorded icp patterns. the human-like situation was realized with a pear-shaped glass container with a non-linear, third-order pressure/volume characteristic similar to the csf system. the new device also allows conventional shunt testing. shunt performance in conventional pre ...	2000	11156301
the use of 16s and 16s-23s rdna to easily detect and differentiate common gram-negative orchard epiphytes.	the identification of gram-negative pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria commonly isolated from an orchard phylloplane may result in a time consuming and tedious process for the plant pathologist. the paper provides a simple "one-step" protocol that uses the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify intergenic spacer regions between 16s and 23s genes and a portion of 16s gene in the prokaryotic rrna genetic loci. amplified 16s rdna, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflp) followi ...	2001	11166101
isolation and characterization of five erwinia amylovora bacteriophages and assessment of phage resistance in strains of erwinia amylovora.	phages able to infect the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora were isolated from apple, pear, and raspberry tissues and from soil samples collected at sites displaying fire blight symptoms. among a collection of 50 phage isolates, 5 distinct phages, including relatives of the previously described phages phiea1 and phiea7 and 3 novel phages named phiea100, phiea125, and phiea116c, were identified based on differences in genome size and restriction fragment pattern. phiea1, the phage distribute ...	2001	11133428
reduction in paraquat embryotoxicity by ascorbic acid in xenopus laevis.	the toxicity of herbicide paraquat (pq, 1-1'-dimethyl-4,4'bipyridylium dichloride) in animal cells is related to its rapid reduction and instantaneous reoxidation to produce the reactive oxygen species. recently, the pq evaluation with the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-xenopus (fetax) showed its high embryotoxicity. supposing that the embryos' death was due to pq-related oxidative damage, we used ascorbic acid (aa), a well known antioxidant, to reduce the pq embryotoxicity in xenopus laevis. e ...	2001	11090891
[phylloid hypomelanosis and mosaic trisomy 13: a new etiologically defined neurocutaneous syndrome].	the term phylloid hypomelanosis is proposed to denote a new etiologically defined neurocutaneous syndrome. the hallmark of this trait is a pattern of hypopigmentation consisting of round or oval lesions, large asymmetrical areas reminiscent of the leaves of a begonia, as well as pear-shaped areas or oblong macules. the term phylloid pattern is derived from greek phyllon=leaf and eidos=form. in 5 out of 6 cases in which cytogenetic findings were reported, a mosaic trisomy 13 or translocation tris ...	2001	11220235
surgically treated aortic root aneurysm following aortic valve replacement.	a 65-year-old man with aortic regurgitation underwent aortic valve replacement with a st. jude medical prosthetic valve about 6 years ago. at that time, the aortic root was slightly dilated at about 40 mm in diameter and the ascending aorta was within the normal range. this year, the man was diagnosed with an aortic root aneurysm in regular follow-up echocardiography. chest-enhanced computed tomography and chest aortography at our hospital demonstrated a pear-like aortic root aneurysm about 60 m ...	2001	11233249
types of neurons of the claustrum in the rabbit--nissl, klüver-barrera and golgi studies.	the studies were carried out on the claustrum of 8 adult rabbits. four types of neurons were distinguished: 1. multipolar neurons, which have dendritic trunks either with conus (multipolar polygonal perikarya) or without conus (multipolar rounded perikarya). both subdivisions of the multipolar neurons have 3-6 dendritic trunks. only some branches of these trunks have spines. an axon emerges mainly from the cell body, rarely from the initial part of the dendritic trunk. 2. bipolar neurons with fu ...	2001	11234697
evidence for the involvement of an oxidative stress in the initiation of infection of pear by erwinia amylovora.	involvement of an oxidative burst, usually related to incompatible plant/pathogen interactions leading to hypersensitive reactions, was investigated with erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of maloideae subfamily of rosaceae, in interaction with pear (pyrus communis; compatible situation) and tobacco (nicotiana tabacum; incompatible situation). as expected, this necrogenic bacterium induced in tobacco a sustained production of superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leak ...	2001	11299395
comparison of bioassays and laboratory assays for apple stem grooving virus.	the standard field double-budding assay with the indicator virginia crab and the glasshouse test with the indicator malus micromalus, were compared with elisa and immunocapture pcr for the detection of apple stem grooving virus (asgv) in 102 apple trees and three oriental pear. twenty-two trees were positive for asgv by both elisa and ic-pcr but three of these trees were negative by virginia crab, three were negative by m. micromalus and one was negative by both these bioassays. the infected tre ...	2001	11311355
phylogenetic relationships of xylella fastidiosa strains from different hosts, based on 16s rdna and 16s-23s intergenic spacer sequences.	the phylogenetic relationships of xylella fastidiosa strains isolated from different hosts, including citrus trees, coffee, grapevine, plum and pear, were inferred by sequence analysis of the 16s rdna and 16s-23s intergenic spacer region. a high level of similarity (97.1-100%) was found in the 16s rdna of the xylella fastidiosa strains. the 16s-23s region showed a higher level of variation, with similarity values ranging from 79.8 to 100%. two trnas (trna(ala) and trna(ile)) were encountered wit ...	2001	11321075
candida orba sp. nov., a new cactus-specific yeast species from queensland, australia.	a new species of yeast from decaying cladodes of opuntia cactus, candida orba, is described. this species is a member of a four-species clade of cactophilic yeasts. the new species has only been found in one region of queensland, australia, where it was presumably introduced during attempts to eradicate prickly pear cactus. dna-dna relatedness, phylogenetic analysis, physiological differences, killer-sensitivity profiles and mating reactions establish the distinctness of the taxon as a new speci ...	2001	11321117
analysis of asn-linked glycans from vegetable foodstuffs: widespread occurrence of lewis a, core alpha1,3-linked fucose and xylose substitutions.	the n-glycans from 27 "plant" foodstuffs, including one from a gymnospermic plant and one from a fungus, were prepared by a new procedure and examined by means of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms). for several samples, glycan structures were additionally investigated by size-fractionation and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with exoglycosidase digests and finally also (1)h-nuclear magnetic resonance spe ...	2001	11358875
assessment of the genetic diversity of xylella fastidiosa isolated from citrus in brazil by pcr-rflp of the 16s rdna and 16s-23s intergenic spacer and rep-pcr fingerprinting.	the genetic diversity among twenty three strains of xylella fastidiosa, isolated from sweet orange citrus, was assessed by rflp analysis of the 16s rdna and 16s-23s intergenic spacer and by rep-pcr fingerprinting together with strains isolated from coffee, grapevine, plum and pear. the pcr products obtained by amplification of the 16s rdna and 16s-23s spacer region were digested with restriction enzymes and a low level of polymorphism was detected. in rep-pcr fingerprinting, a relationship betwe ...	2001	11392484
the neuronal structure of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the guinea pig: golgi and klüver-barrera studies.	on the basis of golgi and klüver-barrera preparations we have distinguished four types of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the guinea pig: 1. fusiform neurons with 1-3 thick dendritic trunks arising from each pole of the soma. the dendritic trunks branch twice dichotomically. the branches sometimes show varicosities. 2. pear-shaped cells. from one pole of the perikaryon one or two thick dendritic trunks arise, from the opposite pole an axon emerges. the ends of the dendritic b ...	2001	11407147
pyr c 1, the major allergen from pear (pyrus communis), is a new member of the bet v 1 allergen family.	pear is known as an allergenic food involved in the 'oral allergy syndrome' which affects a high percentage of patients allergic to birch pollen. the aim of this study was to clone the major allergen of this fruit, to express it as bacterial recombinant protein and to study its allergenic properties in relation to homologous proteins and natural allergen extracts. the coding region of the cdna was obtained by a pcr strategy, cloned, and the allergen was expressed as his-tag fusion protein. the f ...	2001	11419719
patient-tailored cloning of allergens by phage display: peanut (arachis hypogaea) profilin, a food allergen derived from a rare mrna.	a peanut cdna phage surface display library was constructed and screened for the presence of ige-binding proteins. we used a serum from a peanut-sensitized individual with a low specific ige level to peanut extract and suffering from mild symptoms after peanut ingestion. a total of 10(11) cdna clones were screened by affinity selection towards serum ige immobilized to solid-phase supports. after five rounds of selective enrichment, sequence determination of 25 inserts derived from different clon ...	2001	11419720
cross-reactivity within the profilin panallergen family investigated by comparison of recombinant profilins from pear (pyr c 4), cherry (pru av 4) and celery (api g 4) with birch pollen profilin bet v 2.	profilin is a panallergen which is recognised by ige from about 20% of birch pollen- and plant food-allergic patients. little is known about epitope diversity among these homologous proteins, and about the correlation between ige-cross-reactivity and allergenic reactivity. plant food profilins from pear (pyr c 4) and cherry (pru av 4) were cloned by polymerase chain reaction and produced in escherichia coli bl21. the profilins were purified as non-fusion proteins by affinity chromatography on po ...	2001	11419723
evaluation of fructans in various fresh and stewed fruits by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.	fructans are food-grade non-digestible carbohydrates that exert beneficial nutritional effects. their characterization and quantification is required for food-labeling purposes. we describe the suitability of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection for the identification and quantification of fructans in fresh fruits (various apple and pear cultivars, plum, banana) as well as in commercial stewed fruits obtained from a local manufacturer. after e ...	2001	11453012
effects of tomato extract on human platelet aggregation in vitro.	among all fruits tested in vitro for their anti-platelet property, tomato had the highest activity followed by grapefruit, melon, and strawberry, whereas pear and apple had little or no activity. tomato extract (20-50 microl of 100% juice) inhibited both adp- and collagen-induced aggregation by up to 70% but could not inhibit arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation and concomitant thromboxane synthesis under similar experimental conditions. the anti-platelet components (mw <1000 da) in tom ...	2001	11454256
development and maturation of taste buds of the palatal epithelium of the rat: histological and immunohistochemical study.	palatal taste buds are intriguing partners in the mediation of taste behavior and their spatial distribution is functionally important for suckling behavior, especially in the neonatal life. their prenatal development has not been previously elucidated in the rat, and the onset of their maturation remains rather controversial. we delineated the development and frequency distribution of the taste buds as well as the immunohistochemical expression of alpha-gustducin, a g protein closely related to ...	2001	11455535
fingerprinting of polysaccharides attacked by hydroxyl radicals in vitro and in the cell walls of ripening pear fruit.	hydroxyl radicals (oh) may cause non-enzymic scission of polysaccharides in vivo, e.g. in plant cell walls and mammalian connective tissues. to provide a method for detecting the action of endogenous oh in vivo, we investigated the products formed when polysaccharides were treated with oh (generated in situ by ascorbate-h(2)o(2)-cu(2+) mixtures) followed by nab(3)h(4). treatment with oh increased the number of nab(3)h(4)-reacting groups present in citrus pectin, homogalacturonan and tamarind ...	2001	11463343
live human germ cells in the context of their spermatogenic stages.	various types of live, dispersed, human testicular cells in vitro were previously compared with the morphologic characteristics of human spermatogenic germ cells in situ within seminiferous tubules. the current study extends those observations by placing live human germ cells in the context of their developmental steps and stages of the spermatogenic cycle.	2001	11473945
allergy to nonspecific lipid transfer proteins in rosaceae: a comparative study of different in vivo diagnostic methods.	lipid transfer proteins (ltps) are the major allergens in patients sensitive to rosaceae (apple, peach, apricot, cherry, plum, and pear) who are not allergic to birch pollen.	2001	11476467
a study of u.s. orchards to identify potential sources of escherichia coli o157:h7.	the association of unpasteurized apple cider with escherichia coli o157:h7 foodborne illness has led to increased interest in potential reservoirs of this pathogen in the orchard. fourteen u.s. orchards were surveyed in autumn 1999 to determine the incidence and prevalence of e. coli o157:h7, e. coli, total aerobic microflora, and yeasts and molds. fruit samples (n = 63) (eight apple and two pear varieties) and soil, water, and fecal samples were collected. samples were plated on (i) tryptic soy ...	2001	11563507
pesticide applications of copper on perennial crops in california, 1993 to 1998.	inorganic copper is used as a broad-spectrum fungicide and bacteriocide on a variety of agricultural crops. after application, the copper residue typically accumulates in the upper 15 cm of soil. data from the california pesticide use reports were used to estimate the augmentation of copper in the soil that resulted from pesticide applications for the six years from 1993 to 1998 on 12 crops that are grown without rotation. the estimated mean mg cu kg(-1) soil added to the upper 15 cm during the ...	2001	11577894
methylamine in human urine.	methylamine is the simplest aliphatic amine found in human urine. in the body it is thought to play a significant part in central nervous system disturbances observed during renal and hepatic disease and also has a role in general toxicity caused by oxidative stress. the present study provides data on the daily urinary excretion of methylamine in a population of unrelated healthy volunteers and investigates a variety of food substances as potential dietary sources.	2001	11580915
a new type of exocrine gland and its function in mass recruitment in the ant cylindromyrmex whymperi (formicidae, cerapachyinae).	workers of the ant cylindromyrmex whymperi display mass trail recruitment. bioassays show that the trail pheromone originates from a unique gland between abdominal sternites 6 and 7. the gland has a hitherto unknown structural organization. upon leaving the secretory cell, the duct cell widens to form a sclerotized pear-shaped reservoir chamber, lined with multiple duct cells. each duct thus forms a miniature reservoir for the secretions of each single secretory cells, a novel structural arrange ...	2001	11688416
a sensory neuron subpopulation with unique sequential survival dependence on nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor during development.	we characterized a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (drg) sensory neurons that were previously identified as preferential targets of enkephalins. this group, termed p-neurons after their "pear" shape, sequentially required nerve growth factor (ngf) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bfgf) for survival in vitro during different developmental stages. embryonic p-neurons required ngf, but not bfgf. ngf continued to promote their survival, although less potently, up to postnatal day 2 (p2). co ...	2001	11698599
molecular comparison of pathogenic bacteria from pear trees in japan and the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora.	several strains of the genus erwinia, which were isolated in japan from pear trees with necrotic symptoms that resembled fire blight, and tentatively identified as erwinia amylovora, were reinvestigated for their relationship to the fire blight pathogen. these isolates produced ooze on slices of immature pears and were mucoid on mm2cu agar plates, but did not synthesize levan and did not give the expected pcr signals with several primer pairs specific for erwinia amylovora. the isolates tested p ...	2001	11700346
trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type i: clinical and molecular characterization of 3 members of a family and 1 sporadic case.	trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type i (trps i) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder clinically characterized by sparse and slow-growing hair, pear-shaped nose, elongated philtrum, thin upper lip, and bone deformities, in particular, cone-shaped epiphyses of the phalanges. very recently, the responsible gene trps1 has been cloned on human chromosome 8q24.	2001	11708946
cellular and humoral mechanisms of osteoclast formation and bone resorption in gorham-stout disease.	gorham-stout disease (gsd) is a rare, massively osteolytic condition which is associated with increased vascularity and an increase in osteoclast numbers. to determine the cellular and humoral mechanisms underlying the increase in osteoclast numbers and osteolysis in gsd, this study analysed circulating osteoclast precursor numbers and sensitivity to osteoclastogenic factors in a gsd patient and age/sex-matched controls. monocytes were cultured with m-csf (25 ng/ml) and rankl (30 ng/ml) and oste ...	2001	11745700
biological control of postharvest pear diseases using a bacterium, pantoea agglomerans cpa-2.	epiphytic microorganisms isolated from the fruits and leaf surfaces of apples and pears were screened for antagonistic activity against penicillium expansum on pears. from 247 microorganisms tested for antagonistic properties against p. expansum, a bacterium strain identified as pantoea agglomerans (cpa-2) was selected. this bacterium was very effective against botrytis cinerea, p. expansum and rhizopus stolonifer. complete control at the three tested concentrations (2 x 10(7), 8 x 10(7) and 1 x ...	2001	11759762
phenological modifications in plants by various edaphic factors.	various mechanical, chemical and physical soil analyses were carried out, in addition to weather observations, for 3 years at several sites along an oceanic-continental gradient in a fjord district in western norway. all the environmental factors observed were correlated with the spring and a few late-season phenophases of many native and cultivated woody plants and some herbs by simple, linear correlations and by stepwise multiple and partial analyses. different techniques were used to try and ...	2001	11769320
evaluation of the antioxidant properties of mediterranean and tropical fruits compared with common food additives.	several mediterranean and tropical fruits have been analyzed in order to assess their antioxidant activity compared with that of common food additives (butylated hydroxyanisole [bha], butylated hydroxytoluene [bht] and propyl gallate). among mediterranean fruits, red grape and plum were more effective (p < 0.05) scavengers of peroxyl radicals than bha, bht, and propyl gallate. of the tropical fruits, banana was the most effective scavenger of peroxyl radicals. mediterranean and tropical fruits s ...	2001	11770635
[epiphytic phase of erwinia amylovora and pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on orchard weeds].	epiphyte phase of phytopathogenic bacteria erwinia amylovora and pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on the fruit garden weeds has been studied. it has been shown that healthy weeds of the fruit-tree stands can be an ecologic niche for erwinia amylovora and pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae which gives them an opportunity to survive as epiphytes. strains of pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were isolated from seven studied weeds (47-49%) during the whole vegetation period (march-october). strains ...	2001	11785263
seasonal occurrence of specialist and generalist insect predators of spider mites and their response to volatiles from spider-mite-infested plants in japanese pear orchards.	in two adjacent japanese pear orchards (orchards i and 2), we studied the seasonal occurrence of the kanzawa spider mite. tetranychus kanzawai, and its predators. also the response of these predators to the volatiles from kidney bean plants infested with t kanzawai was investigated using trap boxes in orchard 1. the mite density in orchard 1 was unimodal. with one peak at the end of august. in this orchard, population development of the specialist insect predators, scolothrips takahashii, oligot ...	2001	11603732
phenylcoumaran benzylic ether and isoflavonoid reductases are a new class of cross-reactive allergens in birch pollen, fruits and vegetables.	we investigated the biochemical function of the birch pollen allergen bet v 6 and its role in the ige-cross-reactivity between birch pollen and plant foods, and characterized pyr c 5, a bet v 6-related food allergen, from pear; the proteins were expressed as his-tag fusion proteins in eschershia coli and purified by ni-chelate affinity chromatography under native conditions. nonfusion proteins were obtained by factor xa protease treatment. the highest degree of amino-acid sequence identity of py ...	2001	11606193
springtime pollinosis and oral allergy syndrome in sapporo.	the purpose of this present study was to investigate pollinosis in the spring and oral allergy syndrome (oas) in sapporo to utilize it for future treatment.	2001	11683343
[effect of nos positive neurons in rats with learning-remembering barrier].	to study the variation of nitric oxide synthase (nos) neurons in rats with learning-remembering barrier by immunohistochemistry and histochemistry. the number of nos neurons decreased apparently in hippocampus ca1-4 of rats with learning-remembering barrier, there were lots of new nos neurons in dentate gyrus granular cell grays and pear-shaped zone's cortex. it is suggested that nos neurons of hippocampus exert very important action in rat's learning remembering; new nos neurons in pear-shaped ...	2001	12536726
expression of antisense snrk1 protein kinase sequence causes abnormal pollen development and male sterility in transgenic barley.	a chimaeric gene was constructed comprising a wheat high molecular weight glutenin subunit gene promoter, a 304-bp sucrose non-fermenting-1-related (snrk1) protein kinase sequence in the antisense orientation, and the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s rna gene terminator. transgenic barley plants containing the antisense snrk1 chimaeric gene were produced by particle bombardment of barley immature embryos with the aim of obtaining plants expressing the antisense snrk1 sequence in the seeds. despite t ...	2001	11737780
overwintering of codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) larvae in apple harvest bins and subsequent moth emergence.	codling moths, cydia pomonella (l.), have long been suspected of emerging from stacks of harvest bins in the spring and causing damage to nearby apple and pear orchards. with increased use of mating disruption for codling moth control, outside sources of infestation have become more of a concern for growers using pheromone based mating disruption systems. studies were designed to provide information on bins as a source of codling moth and the pattern of codling moth emergence from stacks of bins ...	2001	11777057
attractants from bartlett pear for codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.), larvae.	the alkyl ethyl and methyl esters of (2e,4z)-2,4-decadienoic acid found in head-space samples of ripe bartlett pear (pyrus communis l.) stimulated a response from neonate larvae of the codling moth (cm), cydia pomonella (l.), in both static-air petri-plate and in upwind y-tube and straight-tube olfactometer bioassays. in comparison with the known cm neonate attractant, (e,e)-alpha-farnesene, ethyl (2e,4z)-2,4-decadienoate was attractive at 10-fold and 1,000-fold lower threshold dosages in the pe ...	2001	11572015
a pear-derived kairomone with pheromonal potency that attracts male and female codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.).	ethyl (2e, 4z)-2,4-decadienoate, a pear-derived volatile, is a species-specific, durable, and highly potent attractant to the codling moth (cm), cydia pomonella (l.), a serious pest of walnuts, apples, and pears worldwide. this kairomone attracts both cm males and virgin and mated females. it is highly attractive to cm in both walnut and apple orchard contexts, but has shown limited effectiveness in a pear orchard context. rubber septa lures loaded with ethyl (2e, 4z)-2,4-decadienoate remained a ...	2001	11572014
the teleostean (zebrafish) dopaminergic system ascending to the subpallium (striatum) is located in the basal diencephalon (posterior tuberculum).	tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry is used to demonstrate catecholaminergic neuronal populations in the fore- and midbrain of adult zebrafish (danio rerio). while no catecholaminergic neurons are found in the midbrain, various immunoreactive populations were found in the diencephalon (hypothalamus, posterior tuberculum, ventral thalamus, pretectum) and telencephalon (preoptic region, subpallium, olfactory bulb). the posterior tubercular catecholaminergic cells include three cytological ty ...	2001	11166725
diversity of cell lengths in terminal portions of roots: location of the proliferative cell population.	terminal meristems are responsible for all primary growth of roots. it has been asserted that all cells of root meristems are actively dividing and that the stem cell (proliferative) population expands exponentially. lengths of cells in roots just proximal to the root cap/root initial boundary were used to determine the numbers of cortex and stele cells in the meristem. meristem cells were defined as cells that did not have significantly different cell lengths from initial cells at the boundary. ...	2001	11165634
phytophthora infestans enters the genomics era.	summary phytophthora infestans, cause of late-blight, is the most devastating disease of potato world-wide. recent years have seen a dramatic intensification in molecular biological studies of p. infestans, including the development of novel tools for transformation and gene silencing and the resources for genetical, transcriptional and physical mapping of the genome. this review will focus on the increasing efforts to use these resources to discover the genetic bases of pathogenicity, avirulenc ...	2001	20573013
immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characterization of somatolactin cells from the gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata l., teleostei): an ontogenic study (from newly hatched to adults).	for the first time, somatolactin (sl) cells have been ultrastructurally identified and characterized during the ontogeny of gilthead sea bream, sparus aurata, using specimens ranging in age from hatching to 15 months. the sl cells were identified by an immunogold method using anti-cod sl serum. the sl-immunoreactivity was mostly located on the secretory granules of the cells, although some vesicles of variable size and shape with a medium electron-dense content, and some irregular secretory gran ...	2001	11453162
cutaneous and gastrointestinal tract hemangiomas associated with disappearing bones: gorham syndrome.		2001	11737444
iron deficiency-associated changes in the composition of the leaf apoplastic fluid from field-grown pear (pyrus communis l.) trees.	experiments have been carried out with field-grown pear trees to investigate the effect of iron chlorosis on the composition of the leaf apoplast. iron deficiency was associated with an increase in the leaf apoplastic ph from the control values of 5.5-5.9 to 6.5-6.6, as judged from direct ph measurements in apoplastic fluid obtained by centrifugation and fluorescence of leaves incubated with 5-cf. the major organic acids found in leaf apoplastic fluid of iron-deficient and iron-sufficient pear l ...	2001	11457909
[gorham syndrome--massive osteolysis of the cervical vertebrae].		2001	11402871
painless destruction of the shoulder joint: a case report.	a case of painless destruction of the shoulder joint is reported for its rarity and unusual presentation as a neuroarthropathic joint with no evidence of neurological disease. a differential diagntosis of gorham-stout syndrome and avascular necrosis was discussed.	2001	11346229
gorham-stout disease of the shoulder girdle and cervico-thoracic spine: fatal course in a 65-year-old woman.	a case of gorham-stout disease of the shoulder girdle and cervico-thoracic spine in a 65-year-old woman is described. the patient presented with progressive neurologic symptoms, pain, and deformities of the cervico-thoracic spine as well as of her left shoulder following a traumatic shoulder luxation. since the patient had a history of uterine carcinoma, the current disease was clinically difficult to differentiate from osteolytic metastases. the results of the clinical, radiological and histopa ...	2002	12483436
[massive post-traumatic osteolysis of the thorax and cervical spine--gorham-stout syndrome].		2002	12142985
composition of phenolic compounds in a portuguese pear (pyrus communis l. var. s. bartolomeu) and changes after sun-drying.	the composition of phenolic compounds of a portuguese pear cultivar (pyrus communis l. var. s. bartolomeu) was determined by hplc after thioacidolysis. the average concentration of phenolic compounds in pear harvested at commercial maturity stage was 3.7 g per kg of fresh pulp. procyanidins were the predominant phenolics (96%), with a mean degree of polymerization (mdp) of 13-44; hydroxycinnamic acids (2%), arbutin (0.8%), and catechins (0.7%) were also present. the most abundant monomer in the ...	2002	12137473
[massive gorham-stout osteolysis of the temporal bone and the craniocervical transition].	massive osteolysis gorham-stout is a rare, benign but locally aggressive angiomatosis which results in destruction and resorption of bone. the etiology and pathogenesis are undefined. the occurrence of the disease in the skull base is uncommon. a 54-year-old female presented with isolated, one-sided surditas. eight years before the patient underwent surgery and radiation therapy for treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer. a transtemporal biopsy was taken and a highly vascularized, cystic lesion with ...	2002	12063694
genetic linkage maps constructed by using an interspecific cross between japanese and european pears.	genetic linkage maps of the european pear ( pyrus communis l.) cultivar 'bartlett' and the japanese pear ( pyrus pyrifolia nakai) cultivar 'housui' were constructed based on aflps, ssrs from pear, apple and prunus, isozymes and phenotypic traits by using their f(1) progenies. the map of the female parent bartlett consisted of 226 loci including 175 aflps, 49 ssrs, one isozyme and one s locus on 18 linkage groups over a total length of 949 cm, while that for 'housui' contained 154 loci including ...	2002	12582866
modulation of antioxidant compounds in organic vs conventional fruit (peach, prunus persica l., and pear, pyrus communis l.).	despite the increasing interest in organic products, knowledge about how different levels of fertilization affect nutritionally relevant components is still limited. the concentration of polyphenols and the activity of polyphenoloxidase (ppo), together with the content in ascorbic acid, citric acid, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, were assayed in conventional and organic peach (prunus persica l., cv. regina bianca) and pear (pyrus communis l., cv. williams). 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive subst ...	2002	12207491
gorham disease of the orbit.	to report a case of gorham disease, also known as vanishing bone disease, of the orbit.	2002	11992885
comparison of the nutrient content of fresh fruit juices vs commercial fruit juices.	to compare the types and quantities of carbohydrate, electrolytes, ph and osmolarity of fresh fruit juices and commercial fruit juices.	2002	12403253
high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of free amino acids in fruit juices using derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl-chloroformate.	a simple, rapid, and reliable reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of 16 amino acids of main interest in commercial fruit juices (pear, orange, grapefruit, pineapple, peach, and apricot) is described. no sample cleanup is required. the ph of the fruit juices is adjusted to alkaline value (8.5) using 200 mm borate buffer, then amino acid is converted to stable derivatives using 9-fluorenylmethyl-chloroformate. the excess of derivatization reagent is remov ...	2002	11866381
fatty acid content of selected seed oils.	fatty acid content of selected seed oils from world-wide edible fruits, ceratonia ciliqua (carob) from caesalpiniaceae family, diospyros kaki (persimmon) from ebenaceae family, zizyphus jujuba (jujube) from rhamnaceae family, and persea gratissima (avocado pear) from lauraceae family, were determined by capillary gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (gc-ms) to find new natural sources for essential fatty acids. among the seed oils analyzed, ceratonia ciliqua has been found to have the highest e ...	2002	15277087
synthesis of theaflavin from epicatechin and epigallocatechin by plant homogenates and role of epicatechin quinone in the synthesis and degradation of theaflavin.	oxidation products of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin by treatment with homogenates of 62 plants belonging to 49 families were compared. forty-six plants were capable of synthesizing theaflavin, a black tea pigment, regardless of whether they contained catechins. loquat, japanese pear, and blueberry had activities higher than that of fresh tea leaves after 5 h of treatment; furthermore, these plants oxidized theaflavin to theanaphthoquinone. an additional new metabolite, dehydrotheasine ...	2002	11902970
identification of betalains from yellow beet (beta vulgaris l.) and cactus pear [opuntia ficus-indica (l.) mill.] by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.	betaxanthins, the yellow-orange water-soluble pigments from yellow beet (beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris cv. bejo zaden) and cactus pear (opuntia ficus-indica cv. gialla) have been investigated using an hplc system compatible with mass spectrometry. five novel betaxanthins were found and characterized as the immonium adducts of betalamic acid with serine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, valine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine. to enable concentration of betalain samples, desalting was performed by solid-phas ...	2002	11929288
hydrolytic activity and ultrastructural changes in fruit skins from two prickly pear (opuntia sp.) varieties during storage.	the activity of four cell wall hydrolases, pectinmethylesterase (pme), polygalacturonase (pg), cellulase, and beta-galactosidase (beta-gal), was measured in fruit skins of two prickly pear varieties, naranjona and charola, during storage at 18 degrees c and 85-95% relative humidity (rh). in naranjona (opuntia ficus indica), of short postharvest life (ca. 2 weeks), pg, cellulase, and beta-gal increased their activity more than twice, whereas pme activity tended to increase only slightly during st ...	2002	11879058
occurrence and identification of phytophthora spp. pathogenic to pear fruit in irrigation water in the wenatchee river valley of washington state.	abstract seven hundred forty-nine isolates of phytophthora spp. were obtained from irrigation canals in eastern washington state during the 1992 to 1995 and 1999 growing seasons. isolates were retrieved using pear baiting techniques. all isolates were pathogenic to pear and were present in irrigation water beginning early in fruit development. over the course of the 5 year study, 10 and 5% of isolates were identified as p. cactorum and p. citricola, respectively, using morphological criteria. th ...	2002	18944247
a new class of regulatory genes underlying the cause of pear-shaped tomato fruit.	a common, recurring theme in domesticated plants is the occurrence of pear-shaped fruit. a major quantitative trait locus (termed ovate) controlling the transition from round to pear-shaped fruit has been cloned from tomato. ovate is expressed early in flower and fruit development and encodes a previously uncharacterized, hydrophilic protein with a putative bipartite nuclear localization signal, von willebrand factor type c domains, and an approximately equal 70-aa c-terminal domain conserved in ...	2002	12242331
detection of four apple viruses by multiplex rt-pcr assays with coamplification of plant mrna as internal control.	two multiplex rt-pcr assays with specific coamplification of plant mrna as an internal control from total nucleic acids are described for the parallel detection of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, apple stem pitting virus, apple mosaic virus and apple stem grooving virus. all are important economically and common pathogens in commercial apple and pear cultivars, except for apple mosaic virus. four virus specific primer pairs and one primer pair which allows the specific amplification of mrna of ...	2002	11684306
lesions in subclinical paratuberculosis of goats are associated with persistent gut-associated lymphoid tissue.	the organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue (the peyer's patches [pps] of domestic ruminants) is an important site of lesions caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. to investigate the association between pp morphology and the lesions of paratuberculosis in goats, two experiments were performed. five healthy kids aged 4-5 weeks were examined and the morphology of organized lymphoid tissue in the small intestine was described. morphological similarities were observed between the i ...	2002	12354531
a pistil-specific thaumatin/pr5-like protein gene of japanese pear (pyrus serotina): sequence and promoter activity of the 5' region in transgenic tobacco.	the genomic clone encoding the pistil-specific thaumatin/pr5-like protein (pstl1) was isolated from japanese pear (pyrus serotina). sequence analysis showed that the genomic clone contained the 5'-flanking sequence of 2.4 kb, the 3'-flanking sequence of 648 bp and the coding region interrupted by a intron of 351 bp. a sequence motif conserved in some pistil self-incompatibility gene promoters of solanaceous and brassicaceous species was located in the 5'-flanking region of the pstl1 gene. the 2. ...	2002	12369614
distribution of conjugated and free phenols in fruits: antioxidant activity and cultivar variations.	total and free phenolic contents of 16 commonly consumed fruits (comprising 9 apples, 4 pears, and one each of peach, plum, and kiwi fruit cultivars) were measured by folin-ciocalteu assay. total phenol contents varied from 272 to 475 mg of cte/100 g of fresh weight. of the apple cultivars studied, braeburn and empire had the highest and lowest total phenol content, respectively. the apple cultivars ranked in the following decreasing order: braeburn > red delicious > crisp pink > granny smith > ...	2002	12381107
characterization of serracin p, a phage-tail-like bacteriocin, and its activity against erwinia amylovora, the fire blight pathogen.	serratia plymithicum j7 culture supernatant displayed activity against many pathogenic strains of erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the most serious bacterial disease of apple and pear trees, fire blight, and against klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia liquefaciens, serratia marcescens, and pseudomonas fluorescens. this activity increased significantly upon induction with mitomycin c. a phage-tail-like bacteriocin, named serracin p, was purified from an induced culture supernatant of s. plymith ...	2002	12406768
antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits.	consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. phytochemicals, especially phenolics, in fruits and vegetables are suggested to be the major bioactive compounds for the health benefits. however, the phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities in fruits and vegetables were underestimated in the literature, because bound phenolics were not included. this study was designed to investigate the profiles o ...	2002	12452674
genetics of biosynthesis and structure of the capsular exopolysaccharide from the asian pear pathogen erwinia pyrifoliae.	erwinia pyrifoliae is a novel bacterial pathogen, which causes asian pear blight and is related to erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight. e. pyrifoliae produces exopolysaccharide (eps) related to amylovoran in its sugar composition and sugar linkages. this was shown by degradation of the eps with a viral depolymerase, and by methylation analysis and esi/ms. the structure of the repeating units was confirmed by (1)h-nmr spectra. the eps of e. pyrifoliae carried side chains, which ...	2002	12480905
effect of prickly pear (opuntia robusta) on glucose- and lipid-metabolism in non-diabetics with hyperlipidemia--a pilot study.	besides others pectin, a soluble fibre, has been reported to be effective in lowering cholesterol levels in both animals and man with hyperlipidemia as well as being able to slow carbohydrate absorption and hence reduce the postprandial rise in blood glucose and serum insulin in patients with type-ii diabetes. aim of this pilot study was to assess the effect of prickly pear consumption on glucose- and lipid metabolism.	2002	12503475
bacteriocin serratine-p as a biological tool in the control of fire blight erwinia amylovora.	fire blight, caused by the bacterium erwinia amylovora (burill winslow et al.), is the most important bacterial disease in european pear growing. it can cause a lot of damage in some countries on apple and on pear trees in orchards and also in the fruit tree nurseries. in belgium, the disease is present since 1972. control of fire blight in belgian fruit orchards is made on a broad basis of measurements in and around the fruit trees. the use of an antibiotic is allowed for application only durin ...	2002	12701444
the neuronal structure of the medial geniculate body in the pig--nissi and golgi study.	the studies were carried out on the brains of adult pigs. the preparations were made by means of the golgi technique as well as the nissl and klüver-barrera methods. four types of neurons were described in the medial geniculate body (mgb) of the pig: 1. multipolar neurons (perikarya 30-45 microm) with rounded, oval or quadrangular perikarya from which arise 4-7 dendritic trunks. the dendrites divide dichotomically twice, may send out collaterals and give off ramifications. the dendritic branches ...	2002	12725496
presence of thyrotropin-releasing-hormone-immunoreactive (trhir) amacrine cells in the retina of anuran and urodele amphibians.	the presence of thyrotropin-releasing-hormone-immunoreactive (trh-ir) amacrine cells in the retina of amphibians is reported for the first time. the anuran and urodele retinas studied exhibit major differences in the distribution of trh-ir cells. in the two urodele species investigated, most trh-ir amacrine cells were located in the ganglion cell layer (gcl). these pear-shaped cells originate a dense trh-ir dendritic plexus in strata 4-5 of the inner plexiform layer (ipl). a small number of trh- ...	2002	11814410
food consumption and adipose tissue ddt levels in mexican women.	this article analyzes food consumption in relation to levels of dde (the principal metabolite of ddt) in the adipose tissue of 207 mexican women residing in states with high and low exposure to ddt. data on the women's dietary habits and childbearing history were obtained from a personal interview. adipose tissue dde levels were measured by gas-liquid chromatography and compared by analysis of variance (anova) and multiple linear regression. adipose tissue dde levels increased significantly with ...	2002	11923886
natural products used for diabetes.	to review the efficacy and safety of natural products commonly used for diabetes.	2002	11926665
the antioxidant activity of regularly consumed fruit and vegetables reflects their phenolic and vitamin c composition.	recent studies are emphasising the importance and putative modes of action of specific flavonoids as bioactive components of the diet in in vivo and in vitro models. thus, it is important to have a clear idea of the major phenolic families of which fruit and vegetables are comprised and the levels contained therein. regularly consumed fruit and vegetables of mixed varieties available on the uk market were analysed for the composition of the major individual phenolic components. the total phenoli ...	2002	11999391
a conditionally dispensable chromosome controls host-specific pathogenicity in the fungal plant pathogen alternaria alternata.	the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata contains seven pathogenic variants (pathotypes), which produce host-specific toxins and cause diseases on different plants. previously, the gene cluster involved in host-specific ak-toxin biosynthesis of the japanese pear pathotype was isolated, and four genes, named akt genes, were identified. the akt homologs were also found in the strawberry and tangerine pathotypes, which produce af-toxin and act-toxin, respectively. this result is consistent with ...	2002	12019223
neonatal pneumonia caused by trichomonas vaginalis.	the authors present two cases of newborn babies infected by trichomonas vaginalis (hereafter referred to as t. vaginalis) and suffering from severe congenital breathing difficulties and needing artificial respiration. microscopic examination of the tracheal discharge revealed characteristically moving, flagellated, pear-shaped unicellular organisms. cultures on cplm medium proved the presence of t. vaginalis. during pregnancy the mothers' clinical status was negative and both of them mentioned l ...	2002	12073821
characterization of bacillus strains from apple and pear trees in south africa antagonistic to erwinia amylovora.	in order to find reasons for the absence of fire blight in most countries of the southern hemisphere, bark samples from apple and pear trees in orchards of the western cape region in south africa were extracted for bacteria which could be antagonistic to erwinia amylovora. screening was done in the late growth season and mainly gram-positive bacteria were isolated. approximately half of them produced growth inhibition zones on a lawn of e. amylovora. most isolates were classified as bacillus meg ...	2002	12076820
cultivation of babesia and babesia-like blood parasites: agents of an emerging zoonotic disease.	babesia and its close relatives are members of a group of organisms called piroplasms, a name which comes from their pear-shaped outlines. long associated with blood diseases of cattle and other mammals, members of the genus babesia have been recognized since the 1950s as infectious agents in humans. species of this protozoan blood parasite that have routinely been isolated from mice (b. microti) or cattle (b. divergens) have also been isolated from humans. in addition to these familiar species, ...	2002	12097245
remarkable variability of apple mosaic virus capsid protein gene after nucleotide position 141.	eight new sequences of european isolates from almond, apple, hop, prune and pear of the apple mosaic ilarvirus (apmv) capsid protein gene are presented. a consensus sequence was established as having 654 nucleotides (nt) and two american and two european isolates were identified to have insertions 6 to 15 nucleotides after nt position 141. the insertion resulted in the american isolate a inframeshift repaired with two point insertions 17 and 68 nt downstream. the rna around the insertion point c ...	2002	12111408
the role of horizontal categorization in retroactive and proactive interference.	four paired-associate experiments with a total n of 291 participants investigated the effects of horizontal categorization on retroactive and proactive interference. (exclusively) horizontal categorization means that unique categorical relationships hold across the a-b and a-c stimulus-response pairs of successive word lists (e.g., fruit--pear, river--thames, in list 1; and fruit--plum, river--wolga, in list 2). experiment 1 found no significant amounts of interference with this type of list org ...	2002	12152363
an allergen from olea europaea pollen (ole e 7) is associated with plant-derived food anaphylaxis.	several cross-reacting proteins have been identified as responsible of the co-occurrence of pollinosis and plant-derived food allergy. this association has been mainly described in the birch-apple syndrome but other pollens such as olea europaea and other fruits may also contain homologous proteins.	2002	12173271
a novel multiplex rt-pcr probe capture hybridization (rt-pcr-elisa) for simultaneous detection of six viroids in four genera: apscaviroid, hostuviroid, pelamoviroid, and pospiviroid.	a rapid and sensitive assay was developed for the detection and identification of viroids by standard or multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr)-probe capture hybridization (rt-pcr-elisa). the assay was applied successfully for the detection and identification of the following six viroid species from infected tissues: potato spindle tuber viroid (pospiviroid), peach latent mosaic viroid (pelamoviroid), apple scar skin viroid (apscaviroid), apple dimple fruit viroid (ap ...	2002	12176148
pear transformed with a lytic peptide gene for disease control affects nontarget organism, pear psylla (homoptera: psyllidae).	the biology and behavior of pear psylla, cacopsylla pyricola foerster, on a transgenic clone of 'bartlett' pear, pyrus communis l., containing a synthetic antimicrobial gene, d5c1, was compared with that of a nontransgenic parental clone to determine whether there were any nontarget effects. the gene construct also contained the marker gene nptii (aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase ii) that encodes for antibiotic resistance to identify transformed plants. the purpose of the original transforma ...	2002	12216823
alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from the seeds of balsam pear (momordica charantia) and the fruit bodies of grifola frondosa.	alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities were found in aqueous methanol extracts of the seeds of momordica charantia and the fruit bodies of grifola frondosa. an active principle against the enzyme prepared from rat small intestine acetone powders was isolated and characterized. the structure of the isolated compound was identified as d-(+)-trehalose by fdms, 1h-, 13c-nmr, and [alpha]d measurements. the inhibitory activity of trehalose was compared with 1-deoxynojirimycin. trehalose showed 45% in ...	2002	12224646
[favourable effect of a standard elimination diet on the behavior of young children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd): a pilot study].	to determine whether a standard elimination diet can decrease the adhd-symptoms in a heterogeneous group of young children with adhd.	2002	12532668
[inner hair cells isolation and morphological observation].	to set up an effective technique for isolating the single inner hair cells (ihcs) and observe morphological features to distinguish ihcs from other hair cells (ohcs) in vitro.	2002	12966811
the dspb/f protein of erwinia amylovora is a type iii secretion chaperone ensuring efficient intrabacterial production of the hrp-secreted dspa/e pathogenicity factor.	summary erwinia amylovora is a gram-negative bacterium responsible for fire blight, a necrotic disease affecting plants of the rosaceae family. e. amylovora virulence is dependent on a functional type iii secretion system. to date, four proteins have been shown to travel through this secretion system: hrpn, hrpw, hrpa, and dspa/e. next to dspa/e, dspb/f encodes a small acidic protein sharing features similar to those of type iii secretion chaperones described in animal systems. here, we show tha ...	2002	20569339
improved control of postharvest decay of pears by the combination of candida sake (cpa-1) and ammonium molybdate.	abstract the potential enhancement of candida sake (cpa-1) by ammonium molybdate to control blue and gray mold caused by penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea, respectively, on blanquilla pears was investigated. in laboratory trials, improved control of blue and gray molds was obtained with the application of ammonium molybdate (1, 5, 10, and 15 mm) alone or in combination with c. sake at 2 x 10(6) or 2 x 10(7) cfu ml(-1) on blanquilla pears stored at 20 degrees c. in semicommercial trials a ...	2002	18944000
worldwide phylogeography of the citrus brown spot pathogen, alternaria alternata.	abstract sixty-five isolates of alternaria alternata were sampled from brown spot lesions on tangerines and mandarins (citrus reticulata) and tangerine x grapefruit (c. reticulata x c. paradisi) hybrids in the united states, colombia, australia, turkey, south africa, and israel to investigate the worldwide phylogeography of the fungus. genetic variation was scored at 15 putative random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) loci and 465 bp of an endo-polygalacturonase (endo-pg) gene was sequenced for ...	2002	18943277
effect of relative humidity and interrupted wetness periods on brown spot severity of pear caused by stemphylium vesicarium.	abstract field observations in four pear orchards during 5 years from april to october indicated that days with uninterrupted wetness of variable length represented 83.9% of the total days studied. however, days with surface wetness interruptions and with high relative humidity (rh) (>/=90%) without wetness occurred with a frequency of 7.1 and 6.2%, respectively. accordingly, the effect of interruption of 24-h wetness periods by dry periods of high or low rh on infections caused by stemphylium v ...	2002	18944145
antibiosis contributes to biological control of fire blight by pantoea agglomerans strain eh252 in orchards.	abstract fire blight, caused by erwinia amylovora, is the most serious bacterial disease of pear and apple trees. biological control with strains of pantoea agglomerans (syn. erwinia herbicola) may provide an effective disease management strategy for fire blight. most strains of p. agglomerans evaluated for suppression of fire blight produce compounds that inhibit the growth of e. amylovora in culture. the role of these inhibitory compounds in fire blight suppression in orchard environments has ...	2002	18944246
frequency and seasonal distribution of pear psylla infected with the pear decline phytoplasma in california pear orchards.	abstract pear decline (pd) is an important disease of pyrus communis fruiting cultivars in europe, asia, and the americas. pd is caused by a phloem-limited phytoplasma that, in california, is transmitted from diseased to healthy trees by pear psylla, cacopsylla pyricola. the percentage of phytoplasma-infected pear psylla has never been assessed in the united states in field-collected insects. pear psylla were collected monthly from pd-infected trees from three orchards in northern california. in ...	2002	18944248