Publications

venom constituents of notechis scutatus scutatus (australian tiger snake) from differing geographic regions.	column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of notechis scutatus scutatus venom showed that the venoms from different geographical locations had variations in their constituents. the venom collected from south australia region contained both notexin and notechis ii-5. the relative quantity of notechis ii-5 was about three times that of notexin. on the other hand, the venom from victoria region contained large amounts of notexin, but lacked notechis ii-5. instead, an unknown nont ...	1991	1814009
tiger assault: an unusual mode of head injury.		1991	1652402
dual effect of glycine on horizontal cells of the tiger salamander retina.	1. the effects of glycine on horizontal cells have been examined by microelectrode recording from superfused retinas isolated from the salamander. 2. low concentrations of glycine (less than 50 microm) hyperpolarized horizontal cells and increased the magnitude of their light responses. millimolar concentrations produced the opposite effect of depolarizing these cells and reducing their light response amplitudes. 3. in the presence of co2+ and mg2+ at concentrations sufficient to suppress the li ...	1991	1812231
a double-label study demonstrating that enkephalin and somatostatin are localized in separate populations of amacrine cells in the larval tiger salamander retina.	previous studies have localized enkephalin and somatostatin to amacrine cell populations in the larval tiger salamander retina. double-label immunocytochemistry was utilized to examine if enkephalin- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities are colocalized to tiger salamander amacrine cells. of the more than 2000 labelled cells observed in double-labelled preparations, none were found to express both enkephalin and somatostatin immunoreactivity. therefore, these studies demonstrate that in the l ...	1991	1686484
double-label analyses demonstrating the non-coexistence of enkephalin and glycine in amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina.	enkephalin immunocytochemistry was combined with either glycine immunocytochemistry or autoradiography of high-affinity glycine uptake to examine for colocalization of enkephalin and glycine in amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina. a total of 995 enkephalin-immunoreactive amacrine cells were visualized in double-label preparations. none of the enkephalin-labelled cells was observed to co-label for markers of glycinergic activity.	1991	1799867
amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina: morphology, physiology, and neurotransmitter identification.	amacrine cells of the vertebrate retina comprise multiple neurochemical types. yet details of their electrophysiological and morphology properties as they relate to neurotransmitter content are limited. this issue of relating light responsiveness, dendritic projection, and neurotransmitter content has been addressed in the retinal slice preparation of the tiger salamander. amacrine cells were whole-cell clamped and stained with lucifer yellow (ly), then processed to determine their immunoreactiv ...	1991	1683878
cgmp-gated conductance in retinal bipolar cells is suppressed by the photoreceptor transmitter.	transmitter release from photoreceptors is decreased by light, resulting in a conductance increase in depolarizing bipolar cells. addition of exogenous cgmp through a patch pipette to depolarizing bipolar cells from slices of dark-adapted tiger salamander retina resulted in an enhancement of the light response. this enhancement was blocked by gtp-gamma-s and dipyridamole, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. gtp-gamma-s and dipyridamole also blocked responses to exogenously applied 2-amino-4-phosp ...	1991	1681833
coexistence and function of glutamate receptor subtypes in the horizontal cells of the tiger salamander retina.	effects of the major glutamate receptor agonists, kainate (ka), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (ampa), quisqualate (qa), n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda), l-alpha-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (l-ap4), and trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (acpd) on horizontal cells (hcs) were studied in superfused larval tiger salamander retina. 20 microm of ka, ampa, and qa mimicked the action of 3 mm glutamate in the absence and presence of 1 mm co2+. 20 microm 6-cyano-7-nitroqu ...	1991	1661137
reciprocal latitudinal clines in oviposition behavior ofpapilio glaucus andp. canadensis across the great lakes hybrid zone: possible sex-linkage of oviposition preferences.	the eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly,papilio glaucus, is the most polyphagous of all papilionidae species. while diverse larval detoxication abilities are known for bothpapilio glaucus and the closely relatedp. canadensis, the factors affecting oviposition preferences in adult females are unknown. these congeneric species were studied to determine the extent of oviposition mistakes on toxic plants. we were also interested in comparing the geographic patterns of variation in oviposition prefer ...	1991	28313263
a cultural psychiatric study on tattoos of young korean males.	in 2, 178 tattooed male conscripts in ages of 19-24 years, the most frequent tattoo was a heart mark or a mark of heart and arrow. the chinese characters which mean "one mind," eagles, dragons, some of 12 zodiacal animals, flowers, and flowers and butterflies or birds were also frequent. the ten korean symbols of long life and symbols which have been traditionally believed as having evil-repelling powers, for example, blue dragon or white tiger were also found. the frequency of images were diffe ...	1991	1781185
fatal cerebral haemorrhage after tiger snake bite.		1991	1875858
fatal cerebral haemorrhage after tiger snake bite.		1991	2067450
a re-examination of enkephalin's coexistence with gamma-aminobutyric acid in amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina.	double-label immunocytochemistry was utilized to re-examine the colocalization of enkephalin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) in amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina. a total of 465 enkephalin-immunoreactive amacrine cells were identified and in all cases these cells were gaba-immunoreactive. this finding corroborates a previous study that showed greater than 96% of enkephalin-amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina to specifically accumulate [3h]gaba and provides additio ...	1991	1913167
dissociation of lethal toxicity and enzymic activity of notexin from notechis scutatus scutatus (australian-tiger-snake) venom by modification of tyrosine residues.	notexin from notechis scutatus scutatus snake venom was subjected to tyrosine modification with p-nitrobenzenesulphonyl fluoride (nbsf), and four modified derivatives were separated by h.p.l.c. the results of amino acid analysis and sequence determination revealed that only tyr-7, tyr-70 and tyr-77 were modified in notexin. modification of tyr-7 resulted in decreases in lethal toxicity and enzymic activity by 70.2% and 22.7% respectively. conversely, modification of tyr-77 caused a 1.8-fold incr ...	1991	1764038
control of retinal information coding by gabab receptors.	the directional selectivity of amacrine and ganglion cells was studied using conventional intracellular recording techniques and drug application in the superfused retina-eyecup preparation of the tiger salamander. baclofen, a gabab receptor agonist, enhanced normal directional responses in some directionally selective third-order neurons. in about 30% of the cells that were not normally directional, baclofen induced direction-selective responses. this effect was particularly marked when 2-amino ...	1991	1646300
a double-label study demonstrating that all serotonin-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the larval tiger salamander retina express gaba-like immunoreactivity.	a previous study localized serotonin-like immunoreactivity to amacrine cell populations in the larval tiger salamander retina. the present double-label immunocytochemical analysis of the tiger salamander retina was performed to determine if gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba)-like immunoreactivity is expressed by serotonin-immunoreactive amacrine cells. more than 3,000 serotonin-amacrine cells were observed in double-label preparations, and all were found to express gaba-like immunoreactivity. this f ...	1992	1504841
intracellular injection of vital dyes into single cells in the salamander olfactory epithelium.	intracellular vital dye injection was used to examine the morphology of single sustentacular and receptor cells and the developmental fate of individual basal cells in the olfactory epithelium of the tiger salamander. in acute experiments, lucifer yellow injections were used to identify single basal, receptor or sustentacular cells on the basis of their overall morphology. dye-coupling between a number of the different epithelial cells was observed. progeny of basal cells were examined by follow ...	1992	1380147
hypoprebetalipoproteinemia, acanthocytosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and pallidal degeneration (harp syndrome).	we describe the clinical and laboratory studies of an 11-year-old girl with prominent orofacial dyskinesia, dystonia, and progressive dementia. investigations revealed hypoprebetalipoproteinemia, acanthocytosis, atypical retinitis pigmentosa, and evidence of iron deposition in the pallidal nuclei. electroneuromyography and skin and sural nerve biopsies were normal. the "eye-of-the-tiger" sign, used to describe the pallidal nuclei in hallervorden-spatz syndrome, was present on t2-weighted mris (g ...	1992	1734303
neuronal ectopia in tiger retina.	ocular pathology in a ten week-old tiger is described. in the retinae of both glaucomatous eyes, venous congestion and scattered hemorrhages were observed; rare perivascular infiltrates were seen. the basal lamina of the inner limiting membrane was considerably thickened, and serous exudates were widely distributed within the vitreous body. the retina was studied with a series of specific antibodies. müller (glial) cells were well developed and could be immuno-labelled by antibodies against both ...	1992	1479197
a double-label analysis demonstrating the non-coexistence of tyrosine hydroxylase-like and gaba-like immunoreactivities in amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina.	previous studies have localized tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) to amacrine cell populations in the larval tiger salamander retina. double-label immunocytochemistry was used to examine if tyrosine hydroxylase-like and gaba-like immunoreactivities colocalize in tiger salamander amacrine cells. a total of 2,162 tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive amacrine cells were observed in double-labelled sections. none of ...	1992	1363755
ionic selectivity of ih channels of rod photoreceptors in tiger salamanders.	ionic selectivity of ih channels of tiger salamander rod photoreceptors was investigated using whole-cell voltage clamp. measured reversal potentials and the goldman-hodgkin-katz voltage equation were used to calculate permeability ratios with 20 mm k+ as a reference. in the absence of external k+, ih is small and hard to discern. hence, we defined ih as the current blocked by 2 mm external cs+. some small amines permeate ih channels, with the following permeability ratios (px/pk):nh4+, 0.17; me ...	1992	1282144
hallervorden-spatz disease: clinical and mri study of 11 cases diagnosed in life.	the diagnosis of hallervorden-spatz disease (hsd) has usually been made post mortem, although the recent description of characteristic abnormalities in the globus pallidus has suggested the possibility of an in vivo diagnosis. we present the clinical histories, neurological features and mri findings of 11 patients, diagnosed as having hsd. generalized dystonia with predominance of oromandibular involvement, behavioural changes followed by dementia and retinal degeneration were present in all the ...	1992	1447570
tigers in jeopardy.		1992	17841157
contribution of ca and ca-activated cl channels to regenerative depolarization and membrane bistability of cone photoreceptors.	1. cone photoreceptors in several vertebrate species generate ca-dependent regenerative depolarizations (e.g., ca spikes lasting up to 2 s) in response to current injection or surround illumination and may remain in a state of prolonged depolarization (e.g., a permanent plateau near 0 mv) after these stimuli. this paper, while confirming the role of ca channels in the regenerative depolarization, demonstrates that ca-activated cl channels either enhance or hinder prolonged depolarization, depend ...	1992	1331354
calcium homeostasis in the outer segments of retinal rods from the tiger salamander.	1. the processes regulating intracellular calcium in the outer segments of salamander rods have been investigated. the main preparation used was the isolated rod loaded with the ca(2+)-sensitive photoprotein aequorin, from which outer segment membrane current and free [ca2+]i could be recorded simultaneously. two other preparations were also used: outer segment membrane current was recorded from intact, isolated rods using a suction pipette, and from detached outer segments using a whole-cell pi ...	1992	1282928
pharmacological properties of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors on ganglion cells of an amphibian retina.	1. the pharmacological characteristics of the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptors on amphibian retinal ganglion cells were studied to determine their similarities or differences from nmda receptors found in mammalian central nervous system (cns) cells. cells were tested with a variety of nmda antagonists acting at sites on the nmda receptor/ion channel complex. 2. whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from ganglion cells of the larval tiger salamander with a retinal slice preparati ...	1992	1382121
the spatial relationship between müller cell processes and the photoreceptor output synapse.	glutamate is the neurotransmitter released by photoreceptors in the retina. the postsynaptic action of glutamate is terminated partly by uptake into glial (müller) cells. the anatomical distribution of müller cell processes around the synaptic terminals of photoreceptors was investigated electron microscopically in the tiger salamander retina. müller cells wrap around the synaptic terminals of both rods and cones and come within 1-3 microns of the sites of glutamate release, close enough to cont ...	1992	1325248
research, education, caries, and care--taming and turning the restorative tiger.		1992	1587968
cation interactions within the cyclic gmp-activated channel of retinal rods from the tiger salamander.	1. the ionic dependence of current through the 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic gmp)-activated channels of salamander rods was studied in excised inside-out membrane patches from isolated outer segments. voltage-clamp experiments on transducing rods were performed so that the channels in intact cells could be compared with those in excised patches. 2. the reversal potential of the cyclic gmp-induced patch current was close to the na+ equilibrium potential when the concentration of na ...	1992	1381754
two types of glutamate receptors differentially excite amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina.	1. excitatory inputs to amacrine cells in the salamander retinal slice preparation were examined using whole-cell patch pipette voltage-clamp techniques. in strychnine (500 nm) and bicuculline (100 microm), two types of amacrine cell were easily distinguished by their light-evoked excitatory responses: transient and sustained. 2. in transient amacrine cells the current-voltage (i-v) relation for the peak light-evoked current was non-linear with a negative slope region between -50 and -70 mv. res ...	1992	1355793
catecholamine effects on dissociated tiger salamander muller (glial) cells.	dissociated muller (glial) cells from the neotenous tiger salamander retina respond electrogenically and rheogenically to three putative catecholamine (ca) neurotransmitters, epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. all 3 cas stimulate a net inward current and an increase in input resistance (rn). the muller cell response to the cas is concentration dependent. at high concentrations ascorbate, an antioxidant used to protect the cas from oxidation, stimulated a net outward current and a decrease ...	1992	1571780
the comparative myology of the thigh and crus in the salamanders ambystoma tigrinum and dicamptodon tenebrosus.	variation in myology of the hind limb among salamanders has been poorly characterized. nineteen major hind limb muscles of ambystoma tigrinum (ambystomatidae) and dicamptodon tenebrosus (dicamptodontidae) were studied to provide baseline descriptive data on hind limb myology in salamanders and to generate hypotheses of hind limb muscle function. most superficial muscles of the hind limbs span multiple joints, including a unique three-joint muscle, the ischioflexorius, that extends from the pelvi ...	1992	29865579
properties of depolarizing bipolar cell responses to central illumination in salamander retinal slices.	the voltage and current responses of depolarizing bipolar cells to central illumination were studied by means of whole-cell recording in retinal slices of the larval tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. to stabilize the responses, it was necessary to limit exchanges between the cytosol and the solution in the patch pipette by reducing the diameter of the pipette tip opening. the current-voltage relationship of the cell membrane in darkness displayed a strong outward rectification, and the inwar ...	1992	1515915
neurofilaments are prominent in bullfrog olfactory axons but are rarely seen in those of the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	bullfrog olfactory axons show variable numbers (0-29) of structurally typical neurofilaments (nfs) about 10 nm in diameter. in studies tracking these nfs through serial sections of axons in cross section, they were found to be discontinuous, with a calculated average length of about 118 microns. in contrast to olfactory axons in bullfrogs, those of the tiger salamander ambystoma trigrinum rarely show nfs. to be certain that the absence of nfs is a specific characteristic of olfactory axons, piec ...	1992	1578003
site of action potential initiation in amphibian retinal ganglion cells.	1. we applied morphological, pharmacological, electrophysiological, and computer simulation techniques to analyze the origin of impulse initiation in amphibian retinal ganglion cells. 2. morphological studies of retinal ganglion cells in the mudpuppy (necturus maculosus) and larval tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) were carried out with the use of either retrograde or intracellular labeling with horseradish peroxidase. these studies identified a characteristic thinning of the axon that begin ...	1992	1569462
effects of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid on cells in the distal layers of the tiger salamander's retina.	1. we studied the effects of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (apb) on the response properties of rods, horizontal cells and bipolar cells in the isolated, perfused retina of the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. a concentration of 100 microm was found to be sufficient to elicit maximal effects. 2. rods hyperpolarized slightly upon exposure to 100 microm-apb and their response amplitudes were slightly reduced. the amplitude of the cone-generated component of the rod's response to 700 nm light ...	1992	1501153
ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of the neuroepithelial bodies in the lung of the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum (urodela, amphibia).	light and electron microscopy of the lungs of ambystoma tigrinum (urodela) revealed a relatively complex pattern of the neuroendocrine (ne) cells. in the apical parts of smaller septa single ne cells not associated with nerve fibres were covered and surrounded by pneumocytes. the larger septa possessed small areas of ciliated epithelium, in which the ne cells were grouped in a form of neuroepithelial bodies (neb) consisting of 3-5 cells and covered by goblet cells. ne cells possessed a large nuc ...	1992	1443667
light-dependent delay in the falling phase of the retinal rod photoresponse.	using suction electrodes, photocurrent responses to 100-ms saturating flashes were recorded from isolated retinal rods of the larval-stage tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum). the delay period (tc) that preceded recovery of the dark current by a criterion amount (3 pa) was analyzed in relation to the flash intensity (if), and to the corresponding fractional bleach (r0/rtot) of the visual pigment; r0/rtot was compared with r*s/rtot, the fractional bleach at which the peak level of activated t ...	1992	1739680
synapse-specific expression of acetylcholine receptor genes and their products at original synaptic sites in rat soleus muscle fibres regenerating in the absence of innervation.	to test the hypothesis that synaptic basal lamina can induce synapse-specific expression of acetylcholine receptor (achr) genes, we examined the levels mrna for the alpha- and epsilon-subunits of the achr in regenerating rat soleus muscles up to 17 days of regeneration. following destruction of all muscle fibres and their nuclei by exposure to venom of the australian tiger snake, new fibres regenerated within the original basal lamina sheaths. northern blots showed that original mrna was lost du ...	1992	1282861
localization of gabaa receptor subtypes in the tiger salamander retina.	dry autoradiography was used to determine the distribution of gabaa binding sites in tiger salamander retina. high-affinity binding of [3h]-flunitrazepam [( 3h]-fnz) was used to localize benzodiazepine receptors (bzr) and [3h]-muscimol was used to localize the gabaa recognition site. specific [3h]-fnz binding was present only in the inner retina, primarily in the inner plexiform layer (ipl). co-incubation with gaba enhanced [3h]-fnz binding by 20-50%. [3h]-muscimol binding was found throughout t ...	1992	1310871
retrovirus infections in non-domestic felids: serological studies and attempts to isolate a lentivirus.	an african lioness from the zoo of zurich had to be euthanized because of an inoperable tumor. the serum tested negative for feline leukemia virus (felv) p27 antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) but was strongly positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) antibodies by elisa and western blot. when her only offspring and mate were tested for fiv, high antibody titers to fiv were also found in their serum. lymphocytes were prepared from these two lions on different occasions a ...	1992	1337398
ability of thawed tiger (panthera tigris) spermatozoa to fertilize conspecific eggs and bind and penetrate domestic cat eggs in vitro.	electroejaculates from tigers were collected and half was used fresh to inseminate tiger eggs in vitro and domestic cat eggs stored in a hypertonic salt solution. the remainder was pelleted, frozen in a solution of 20% egg yolk, 11% lactose and 4% glycerol, thawed and cultured with tiger and domestic cat eggs. the motility index ((sperm % motility)+(status rating x 20))/2 for thawed spermatozoa was about 86% of that in fresh aliquots. of the 49 tiger oocytes inseminated in vitro with fresh sperm ...	1992	1339836
bi-directional transmission of molecular information by photon or electron beams passing in the close vicinity of specific molecules, and its clinical and basic research applications: 1) diagnosis of humans or animal patients without any direct contact; 2) light microscopic and electron microscopic localization of neuro-transmitters, heavy metals, oncogen c-fos (ab2), etc. of intracellular fine structures of normal and abnormal single cells using light or electro-microscopic indirect bi-digital o-ring test.	in 1985, omura, y. discovered that, when specific molecules were placed anywhere in the close vicinity of the path of a light beam (laser), their molecular information, as well as information on electrical & magnetic fields, is transmitted bi-directionally along the path of this light beam. namely, this information is transmitted in the direction the light beam is projected and towards the direction from which the light beam is coming. this finding was applied to the following clinical and basic ...	1992	1351338
changes in carbohydrate metabolism of pila globosa in response to crustacean hyperglycemic hormone.	hyperglycemia was caused in the snail pila globosa by the injection of the hyperglycemic hormones obtained from fresh water crabs (oziotelphusa senex senex) and marine tiger prawns (penaeus monodon). tissue glycogen and total carbohydrates presented a significant decrease which indicated that the source of hyperglycemia was the tissue carbohydrates. the hyperglycemic principles also increased the tissue phosphorylase activity and provided evidence for a possible action of the crustacean hypergly ...	1992	1382680
correlation of sperm viability with gamete interaction and fertilization in vitro in the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).	sperm-oocyte interaction in vitro was studied in the cheetah, a species known to produce poor quality ejaculates and to experience low rates of fertility. twelve female cheetahs were injected (i.m.) with ecg followed by hcg 84 h later. twenty-four to 26 h post hcg, each was subjected to laparoscopic oocyte aspiration. a sperm motility index (smi) was calculated for each of 9 cheetah sperm donors that produced ejaculates averaging 41.3 +/- 22.9 x 10(6) motile sperm and 28.4 +/- 4.9% structurally ...	1992	1391303
[immunological identification of tiger-bone].	anti-tiger sera were prepared by using tiger serum proteins to immunize the rabbits. tiger-bone can be identified by the specific serological reaction between the anti-tiger sera and the tiger-bone proteins.	1992	1418546
deaths from snake bite in australia, 1981-1991.	to obtain and analyse data relating to snake bite fatalities in australia.	1992	1453996
antinutrients content of some locally available legumes and cereals in nigeria.	plant protein is the cheapest source of protein available to mankind but unfortunately the protein is accompanied by antinutrients. the quantity of oxalate and tannin in acha, bambara groundnut, guinea corn, millet, sesame seed, soybean and tiger nut were chemically analyzed. the white variety of sesame seed and soybean have the highest oxalate and tannin contents of 8.25 mg/g and 0.15 mg/g respectively. among the cereals the black and brown varieties of millet have the highest oxalate and tanni ...	1992	1455533
carnivora: the primary structure of the major hemoglobin component from adult european lynx (lynx lynx, felidae).	the complete primary structure of the major hemoglobin component from the adult european lynx (lynx lynx) is presented. presence of two hemoglobin components and three chains, beta a, beta b, and alpha, identified by gel electrophoresis. the purification of the globin chains achieved by ion-exchange chromatography. the globin chains were digested with trypsin. the peptide generated were purified by reversed-phase hplc. sequencing of the native chains up to 42 cycles and of the tryptic peptides w ...	1992	1515033
the fate of dystrophin during the degeneration and regeneration of the soleus muscle of the rat.	immunocytochemistry and western blotting were used to monitor the fate of dystrophin in the soleus muscle of the rat during a cycle of degeneration and regeneration induced by inoculation of the muscle with the venom of notechis scutatus scutatus (the australian tiger snake). in control muscle dystrophin was localised close to the plasma membrane. dystrophin began to break down 3-6 h after venom inoculation, giving a characteristic discontinuous labelling pattern. at 12 h dystrophin was absent f ...	1992	1557946
a slowly inactivating k+ current in retinal ganglion cells from postnatal rat.	the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique was used to study voltage-gated k+ conductances in retinal ganglion cells from postnatal rat. retinal ganglion cells were fluorescently labeled in situ, dissociated from the retina, and maintained in culture. with physiological solutions in the bath and the pipette, depolarizing voltage steps from physiological holding potentials activated na(+)-(ina), ca2+ (ica), and k(+)-currents studied previously in retinal ganglion cells. here we rep ...	1992	1558829
species differences in amphibian olfactory neuron reactivity to a monoclonal antibody.	a monoclonal antibody immunostained a subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in cryostat sections of the olfactory mucosa of the grass frog, rana pipiens, and the bullfrog, rana catesbeiana. however, in the olfactory tissues of the african clawed frog, xenopus laevis, only mucus and mucus-secreting components were stained, and no cell-specific immunoreactivity was seen in the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum. this antibody is a useful marker of olfactory neuronal subpopulations in some a ...	1992	1617462
axial motor organization in postmetamorphic tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum): a segregation of epaxial and hypaxial motor pools is not necessarily associated with terrestrial locomotion.	the axial motor column has undergone a major reorganization during the evolution of vertebrates. in aquatic anamniotes including lampreys, goldfish, and mudpuppies, epaxial and hypaxial motoneurons are intermingled in the column. in contrast, epaxial and hypaxial motoneurons are spatially segregated in water snakes, rats, and monkeys, apparently as a consequence of an isomorphic mapping of motoneuron location onto the position of innervated muscle in the embryonic myotome. the presence of these ...	1992	1633553
aedes albopictus in europe: a new challenge for dermatologists.	a patient is reported who was bitten by aedes albopictus, commonly known as tiger mosquito. the biology of the insect, originally living in the forests of southeastern asia, and its role in transmitting exotic infectious agents is discussed. up to this day, only albania and northern italy have been colonized, but the biologic characteristics of the insect make its spreading all over europe highly probable, unless serious attempts to eradicate it are quickly undertaken. dermatologists should thin ...	1993	8324281
notechis scutatus venom increases the yield of proliferating muscle cells from biopsies of normal and dystrophic canine muscle--a possible source for myoblast transfer studies.	the injection of 1 micrograms notechis scutatus (australian tiger snake) venom (notexin) induces localized necrosis in the muscles of normal and dystrophic dogs. biopsies taken from the muscles on the second day of postnecrotic regeneration provide about 8-16 x 10(6) cells capable of proliferation per g tissue, about 100 fold more than the untreated adult dog muscles. muscle specific markers, such as the capacity of the cells to fuse, surface labelling with n-cam antibodies (leu-19 and 5.1.h11), ...	1993	8329886
effects of prolactin, growth hormone, and triiodothyronine on prolactin receptors in larval and adult tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum).	the effects of porcine growth hormone (pgh) or ovine prolactin (oprl) alone and in combination with triiodothyronine (t3) on renal prl receptors were determined in both pre- and post-metamorphic tiger salamanders (ambystoma tigrinum). the protein hormones were given at a dose of 1.0 micrograms/gm body weight/day and the t3 was given at 10.0 ng/gm body weight/day. the duration of treatment was 7 days. effects on growth, and plasma thyroid hormone levels were also determined. ovine prl increased g ...	1993	8354992
peripheral projections of nervus terminalis lhrh-containing neurons in the tiger salamander, ambystoma tigrinum.	the peripheral projections of the nervus terminalis (nt) have been difficult to examine due to the weak immunoreactivity of the processes to various antibodies. we performed two experimental manipulations in the tiger salamander in an attempt to increase the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive (lhrh-ir) labelling in the peripheral processes of the nt:1) the nt was sectioned centrally, or 2) a 100 mg melatonin pellet was embedded subcutaneously for 3 days prior to sacrifice. foll ...	1993	8364959
aedes albopictus: the tyre-travelling tiger.		1993	8370933
hallervorden-spatz disease: mr and pathologic findings.	to compare the mr findings of eight cases with clinical diagnosis of hallervorden-spatz disease (hsd) with the pathologic findings of two other cases of hsd.	1993	8427079
mammalian spinal biomechanics. i. static and dynamic mechanical properties of intact intervertebral joints.	four-point bending was used to apply pure extension and flexion moments to the ligamentous lumbosacral spine and pelvic girdle of monkey (macaca fascicularis), rabbit (domestic and wild, oryctolagus cuniculus), badger (meles meles), wallaby (wallabia rufogrisea frutica), sheep (ovis aries), seal (phoca vitulina) and tiger (panthera tigris). the absolute ranges of angular change in lumbar-lumbar joints (from x-radiographs) were considerable and similar in monkey and wallaby (greater in flexion) a ...	1993	8440968
mammalian spinal biomechanics. ii. intervertebral lesion experiments and mechanisms of bending resistance.	three-point cyclic bending was applied to intervertebral joint complexes (three vertebrae with two intervertebral discs) of monkey (macaca fascicularis), wallaby (wallabia rufogrisea frutica), tiger (panthera tigris), jaguar (panthera onca) and seal (halichoerus grypus). force-displacement loops were recorded for intact specimens in both extension and flexion. reductions in peak forces at given displacements were measured, following lesions of ventral ligaments, superspinous ligaments, interspin ...	1993	8440969
[chronic gastritis caused by ollulanus tricuspis (leuckart, 1865) in a tiger].	a chronic gastritis caused by an infestation with o. tricuspis is described. the differential-diagnostic importance of this parasitosis in chronic maldigestive diseases is emphasized. conventional coproscopic diagnostic procedures fail as the life cycle of the parasite is confined to the gastrum of the host.	1993	8457185
proteins isolated from the venom of the common tiger snake (notechis scutatus scutatus) promote hypotension and hemorrhage.	notechis scutatus scutatus venom contains several toxic acidic proteins called hta-i which promote hypotension and hemorrhage in mice. they have apparent mol. wts in the 18,000-21,000 range, i.v. ld50 values between 0.5 and 1.5 micrograms/g, and no detectable phospholipase, arginine esterase, proteolytic or hemolytic activities. a polyclonal antibody raised against htg binds to other purified proteins, suggesting that they are isoforms of the same protein. many other elapid crude venoms contain ...	1993	8503133
toxic effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on the tiger prawn, penaeus monodon.	the toxic effects of linear alkybenzene sulfonate (las) on the larvae and juveniles of tiger prawn penaeus monodon were tested. the 24-hr lc50 values of las were 0.06, 0.10, and 3.11 ppm for the zoea 2nd substage, mysis 2nd substage (m2), and postlarva 12th substage (pl12) of the tiger prawn, respectively. the 48-hr lc50 values of las were 0.07, 1.03, and 4.36 ppm for m2, pl12, and postlarva 15th substage of the tiger prawn, respectively. the hepatopancreatic glutathione (gsh) in juvenile tiger ...	1993	7507819
chronic cryptosporidiosis in australian elapid snakes: control of an outbreak in a captive colony.	an outbreak of chronic cryptosporidiosis resulting in hypertrophic gastritis occurred in a captive colony of australian elapid snakes. two species of the genus notechis were involved: notechis ater (black tiger snake) and notechis scutatus (eastern or mainland tiger snake). the infection was eventually fatal in all 9 affected snakes. typical histopathological findings of the stomach included mucosal thickening with cystic dilatation of gastric glands, moderate oedema and fibrosis of the lamina p ...	1993	8216094
measurements of faecal oestradiol and progesterone in non-pregnant and pregnant domestic and exotic cats.	faecal samples collected for variable periods from 12 animals and five species of cats were assayed for progesterone and oestradiol content by application of standard radioimmunoassays to aliquots (50 microliters) of methanol extracts (4 ml) of a mixture of 0.5 g sample, 0.5 ml water and 1 g aluminium oxide, following partitioning of the total extract with petroleum ether (3 ml), further dilution of assay aliquots and drying. recoveries averaged 100 and 72% for oestradiol and progesterone, respe ...	1993	8229917
a comparative study on the biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult common tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venoms.	1. the biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult common tiger snakes (notechis scutatus) were compared. 2. the lethality, procoagulant activity and enzymatic activities of the juvenile venom were not substantially different from those of the adult venom. 3. electrophoretic studies, however, indicated some minor differences in the protein composition of the juvenile and adult venoms.	1993	8281760
tiger cubs and little flowers.	short vignettes are related to show the conditions for girls and women in morocco. descriptions are given for child labor, literacy, the government's education campaign, youth group efforts to enhance family planning (fp) knowledge, the impact of fp outreach in rural areas, and unmarried mothers. in morocco's cities, young boys can be seen hawking cigarettes and working in market stalls; in the countryside, boys herd goats or do other farm work. in rural areas girls are hidden by having them ...	1993	12318178
modulation of transmission gain by protons at the photoreceptor output synapse.	synaptic transmission of the light response from photoreceptors to second-order cells of the retina was studied with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) retinal slices. synaptic strength is modulated by extracellular ph in a striking manner: light-sensitive postsynaptic currents in horizontal and bipolar cells were found to be exponential functions of ph, exhibiting an e-fold increase per 0.23 ph unit over the ph range from 7 to 8. calcium channel curren ...	1993	7694280
the relation between stimulus and response in olfactory receptor cells of the tiger salamander.	1. olfactory receptor cells were isolated from the adult tiger salamander ambystoma tigrinum and the current in response to odorant stimuli was measured with the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique while odorants at known concentrations were rapidly applied for controlled exposure times. 2. three odorants, cineole, isoamyl acetate and acetophenone, were first applied at 5 x 10(-4) m. out of forty-nine cells tested, 53% responded to one odorant only, 22% to two odorants and 25% to all three odoran ...	1993	8254501
distribution and morphology of motoneurons innervating different muscle fiber types in an amphibian muscle complex.	the distribution and morphology of motoneurons innervating specific types of muscle fibers in the levator scapulae superior (lss) muscle complex of the bullfrog (rana catesbeiana) and tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) were studied by retrograde labelling with cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (ct-hrp). the lss muscle complex in both of these amphibians has a segregated pattern of muscle-fiber types (tonic; fast oxidative-glycolytic twitch [fog]; fast glycolytic twitch [fg]) alo ...	1993	8315651
divalent cations block the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel of olfactory receptor neurons.	1. the effects of external divalent cations on odor-dependent, cyclic amp-activated single-channel currents from olfactory receptor neurons of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) were studied in inside-out membrane patches taken from dendritic regions of freshly isolated sensory cells. 2. channels were reversibly activated by 100 microm cyclic amp. in the absence of divalent cations, the channel had a linear current-voltage relation giving a conductance of 45 ps. with increasing concentrat ...	1993	7685377
kinship affects morphogenesis in cannibalistic salamanders.	inclusive fitness theory predicts that organisms can often increase their fitness by helping relatives. indeed, many animals modify their behaviour towards kin in a fashion consistent with theory. morphogenesis may also be sensitive to kinship environment, especially in species that facultatively produce distinct morphs that differ in their ability to harm relatives, such as those that produce alternative cannibalistic and non-cannibalistic phenotypes. we tested this hypothesis by examining whet ...	1993	8479520
fine structure of the retinal photoreceptors of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum).	the retinal photoreceptors of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) have been studied by light and electron microscopy in both light- and dark-adaptation. rods and cones are present in this duplex retina in a ratio of about 20:1. as in other urodele species these photoreceptors are very large cells. the rod outer segment is composed of bi-membranous discs of uniform diameter displaying several very deep incisures. the rod inner segment displays an ellipsoid of mitochondria and a myoid region ...	1993	8490253
fine structure of the retinal epithelium of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum).	the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) of the tiger salamander (ambystoma tigrinum) consists of a single layer of large squamous-shaped cells. these rpe cells are but minimally infolded basally (sclerally) but show numerous apical (vitreal) processes that interdigitate with the photoreceptor cells. a series of apically-located tight junctions joins the rpe cells to form part of the blood-ocular barrier. internally the rpe nucleus is large, vesicular and flattened. smooth endoplasmic reticulum pred ...	1993	8490252
carnivore fecal chemicals suppress feeding by alpine goats (capra hircus).	the efficacy of carnivore and ungulate fecal chemicals in suppressing the feeding behavior of alpine goats (capra hircus) was examined. in the first four experiments, goats were offered food covered with paper strips treated with fecal extracts of the bengal tiger, siberian tiger, african lion, and brown bear, respectively; food covered with solvent-treated and untreated (plain) papers served as controls in each experiment. goats made fewer head entries into, and ate less food from, buckets cont ...	1993	24248787
structural description of agrammatic comprehension.	the trace-deletion hypothesis (grodzinsky, 1990) holds that the comprehension deficit apparent in most agrammatic aphasics results from the absence of traces at the level of s-structure. this paper reports a test of this hypothesis in a case study of an agrammatic aphasic. two experiments--one using a sentence-picture matching task, one using the truth-value judgment task-examined the comprehension of the matrix clause in center-embedded relatives such as, the tiger that chased the lion is big. ...	1993	8269331
using molecular and ecological data to diagnose endangered populations of the puritan tiger beetle cicindela puritana.	populations of the puritan tiger beetle cicindela puritana in the eastern united states were found to be highly threatened at the connecticut river, whereas several large populations on the western shore and newly discovered populations on the eastern shore of the chesapeake bay appeared to be less endangered. we assessed if the disjunct c. puritana subgroups are genetically distinct and therefore should be treated as separate units for conservation purposes. a total of 13 individuals from the c ...	1993	7909261
national project aimed at making it the leading tiger.		1993	17789929
interfacing u.s. census map files with statistical graphics software: application and use in epidemiology.	in 1990, the united states bureau of the census released detailed geographic map files known as tiger/line (topologically integrated geographic encoding and referencing). the tiger files, accessible through purchase or federal repository libraries, contain 24 billion characters of data describing various geographic features including coastlines, hydrography, transportation networks, political boundaries, etc. for the entire united states. many of these physical features are of potential interest ...	1993	8272673
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist binding in tiger salamander nasal cavity.	binding of the iodinated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) agonist, buserelin, was examined in the nasal cavities of tiger salamanders using in vitro autoradiography. binding of [125i]buserelin was seen within the chemosensory epithelium of the main nasal cavity and jacobson's (vomeronasal) organ. highest levels of binding were observed over the chemosensory neuron dendrites. given the apparent lack of gnrh-immunoreactive fibers within the chemosensory epithelium as we have observed in a pre ...	1993	8247354
phylogeographic patterns in coastal north american tiger beetles (cicindela dorsalis say) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences.	genetic variation was assessed in the tiger beetle, cicindela dorsalis, by sequencing of three regions of the mtdna genome. populations of four morphologically distinguishable subspecies were sampled from 28 representative locations covering almost the entire geographic range of the species in coastal north america. in 78 individuals analyzed for 656 base pairs from four different genes, 17 different haplotypes could be distinguished. a cladistic analysis grouped the haplotype sequences into two ...	1993	28564287
double-label analyses of the coexistence of somatostatin with gaba and glycine in amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina.	to investigate the possible gabaergic nature of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons of the larval tiger salamander retina, somatostatin immunocytochemistry was combined with either gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) immunocytochemistry or autoradiography of gaba high-affinity uptake. a total of 1,062 somatostatin cells were visualized in these studies. double-label immunocytochemistry revealed that 96.3% of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells expressed gaba immunoreactivity. double-label studies combi ...	1993	8104080
effects of gaba on horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina.	application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) slows down the horizontal cell response time course (hcrrt) and induces membrane depolarization in horizontal cells (hcs) after synaptic inputs are blocked by co2+. we present evidence that suggests both effects are probably mediated by gabaa receptors which open chloride channels in the hc membrane. in any given concentration of gaba, ranged from 0 to 100 microm, the hc membrane potential (vhc) in saturating light and in the presence of 100 microm c ...	1993	8333157
neutralization of tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom by serum from other australian elapids.	sera from four australian elapids and one boidid (python) were tested for their ability to protect neonatal mice against the toxic action of tiger snake (notechis scutatus) venom. of the five serum samples tested, only serum from pseudechis australis and pseudechis porphyriacus were capable of neutralizing the tiger snake venom. in addition, neutralization was shown to be highly variable within serum taken from individual snakes of the same species (p. porphyriacus). previously, only viperid and ...	1993	8212036
synaptic transmission from rods to rod-dominated bipolar cells in the tiger salamander retina.	synaptic transmission between photoreceptors and bipolar cells was studied in dark-adapted tiger salamander retinas. based on the relative light sensitivity, bipolar cells, either depolarizing (dbc) or hyperpolarizing (hbc), fell into two groups: one receives inputs primarily from rods (rod-dominated bipolar cells, dbcr and hbcr) and the other receives inputs primarily from cones (cone-dominated bipolar cells, dbcc and hbcc). the input-output relations of the rod-dbcr and rod-hbcr synapses were ...	1993	8186975
relative contribution of rod and cone inputs to bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the tiger salamander retina.	1. the relative contribution of rod and cone inputs to bipolar and ganglion cells were studied by comparing the response-irradiance relations, spectral sensitivities, and response waveforms of these neurons recorded from the isolated, flat-mounted tiger salamander retina under dark-adapted conditions. 2. bipolar cells could be differentiated both on the basis of the polarity of the light response and on their relative rod/cone input. thus some depolarizing bipolar cells appeared more strongly in ...	1993	8350133
identification of glutamate receptor subtypes mediating inputs to bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the tiger salamander retina.	1. the effects of glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists on bipolar cells and ganglion cells were studied with the use of intracellular and extracellular recording in the superfused, isolated, flat-mounted tiger salamander retina. the goal of the experiments was to correlate glutamate receptor subtypes with their localization at specific synaptic sites in the tiger salamander retina. the drugs tested were the kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (ampa) receptor a ...	1993	7688801
taming the paper tiger.		1993	8334400
contribution of the ciliary cyclic nucleotide-gated conductance to olfactory transduction in the salamander.	1. flash photolysis of caged cyclic nucleotides was used to examine the contribution of the ciliary cyclic nucleotide-gated conductance to olfactory transduction in the tiger salamander. brief illumination of solitary olfactory receptor cells loaded with 100 microm caged cyclic amp caused a large inward current (peak amplitude 355 +/- 200 pa; mean +/- s.d. for eleven cells) under whole-cell voltage clamp at -50 mv. 2. the photolysis response was initiated after a latency of 4-12 ms, whereas an o ...	1993	8392566
synaptic organization of dopaminergic amacrine cells in the larval tiger salamander retina.	the ultrastructural features and synaptic interactions of tyrosine hydroxylase-like-immuno-reactive amacrine cells in the larval tiger salamander retina were examined using routine immunoelectron microscopy. the somas of tyrosine hydroxylase-like-immunoreactive amacrine cells were immunostained evenly throughout their cytoplasm. their nuclei were generally unstained and possessed indented nuclear membranes. the processes of tyrosine hydroxylase-like-immunoreactive amacrine cells were homogeneous ...	1993	8098517
quantitative analyses of the coexistence of gamma-aminobutyric acid in substance p-amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina.	the present study was performed as part of a systematic examination of gamma-aminobutyric acid's (gaba) coexistence with other classical transmitters and neuropeptides in neuronal populations of the larval tiger salamander retina. substance p immunocytochemistry was combined with either gaba immunocytochemistry or autoradiography of high-affinity gaba uptake to examine for the presence of gaba in substance p-amacrine cells of the larval tiger salamander retina. double-label analyses revealed two ...	1993	7680935
[contribution of nuclear magnetic imaging in the diagnosis of hallervorden-spatz syndrome].	the manifestations of the hallervorden-spatz disease (hsd) usually appear during childhood or in adults. they are not specific and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) has improved its diagnosis.	1993	8507137
a new case of isolated trichothiodystrophy.	we describe a new case of isolated trichothiodystrophy. this entity is characterized by sparse and brittle hair, low sulfur hair content, tiger tail pattern of the hair under polarizing microscopy, clean transverse fractures through the hair shaft and absent or defective hair cuticles. to our knowledge there are only two reported cases of isolated trichothiodystrophy without associated additional ectodermal or neuroectodermal dysplasias. polarized microscopy of cut hair showed transverse fractur ...	1993	8453147
characterization of the glutamate transporter in retinal cones of the tiger salamander.	l-glutamate elicits an inwardly rectifying current at hyperpolarized potentials in isolated retinal cones of the tiger salamander, as measured under whole-cell patch clamp. evidence presented in this article supports the notion that cones possess a high-affinity glutamate transporter. this glutamate-elicited current shows no desensitization over a period of several minutes, and has an affinity (km) of 10 microm. the inward current is mimicked by the amino acids l-aspartate, d-aspartate, l-cystea ...	1993	8093715
the permeability of the cgmp-activated channel to organic cations in retinal rods of the tiger salamander.	1. the permeability of the channel activated by guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cgmp) to many organic monovalent cations was determined by recording macroscopic currents in excised inside-out patches of plasma membrane from isolated retinal rod outer segments of the tiger salamander. 2. current-voltage relations were measured when the nacl of the bathing medium was replaced by salts of organic cations. permeability ratios relative to na+ ions were calculated with the goldman-hodgkin-katz p ...	1993	7683718
effects of different leaf traits on growth rates of insect herbivores on willows.	we examined relative effects of traits of leaf quality of ten willow species (salix: salicaceae) on growth rates of five species of insect herbivores found in interior alaska (a willow sawfly, nematus calais; the tiger swallowtail butterfly, papilio canadensis; and three species of chrysomelid beetles, gonioctena occidentalis, calligrapha verrucosa, and chrysomela falsa). leaf traits examined were water content, toughness, total nitrogen contnet, pubescence, and presence or absence of phenolic g ...	1994	28307038
a novel gaba receptor modulates synaptic transmission from bipolar to ganglion and amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina.	we investigated the mechanisms underlying the modulation of transmitter release from bipolar cells. three currents, measured under whole-cell patch clamp in the tiger salamander retinal slice, were used to identify the sites of modulation and to establish their pharmacological profile. (1) a light-elicited inhibitory current was measured in bipolar cells that could be blocked by picrotoxin. this input probably arrives via gabaergic amacrine cells since there is high gaba sensitivity at the bipol ...	1994	7907138
dopamine enhances a glutamate-gated ionic current in off bipolar cells of the tiger salamander retina.	the transmitter glutamate is thought to be used by all vertebrate photoreceptors to drive the second-order neurons of the retina, horizontal and bipolar neurons. dopamine, an endogenous retinal neurotransmitter localized to amacrine and interplexiform cells, has previously been shown to enhance glutamate-gated currents in retinal horizontal cells. in the present study we demonstrate that bipolar cells, like horizontal cells, possess glutamate receptors that are modulated by dopamine. we then ide ...	1994	7931565
a metrical template account of children's weak syllable omissions from multisyllabic words.	young children learning english as well as many other languages frequently omit weakly stressed syllables from multisyllabic words. in particular, they are more likely to omit weak syllables from word-initial positions than from word-internal or -final positions. for example, the weak syllable of a weak-strong (ws) word like giraffe is much more likely to be omitted than the weak syllable of a sw word like tiger. three hypotheses for this omission pattern have been offered. in two, children's we ...	1994	7852473