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extrinsic factors affecting cub development contribute to sexual size dimorphism in the european badger (meles meles).sexual size dimorphism (ssd) is common among mammals, with males typically being larger than females, as a product of sex-specific differences in growth rate and growth duration. the musteloidea, however, exhibit a hypo-allometric reduction in ssd with increasing body size (contrary to rensch's rule). a variety of extrinsic factors can affect juvenile growth rates and end body size, where one sex may demonstrate greater vulnerability than the other towards a specific factor, moderating patterns ...201931383294
identification and epidemiological analysis of perostrongylus falciformis infestation in irish badgers.the lungworm, perostrongylus falciformis (fomerly known as aelurostrongylus falciformis) has been identified in badgers (meles meles) in britain, the russian federation, italy, norway, poland, ukraine, bosnia herzegovina and romania, while aelurostrongylus pridhami has been reported from badgers in spain.201931333818
environmental impact assessment of development projects improved by merging species distribution and habitat connectivity modelling.environmental impact assessment (eia) is performed to limit potential impacts of development projects on species and ecosystem functions. however, the methods related to eia actually pay little attention to the landscape-scale effects of development projects on biodiversity. in this study we proposed a methodological framework to more properly address the landscape-scale impacts of a new stadium project in lyon (france) on two representative mammal species exemplary for the endemic fauna, the re ...201930975576
predicting badger visits to farm yards and making predictions available to farmers.the use of agricultural resources or environments by wildlife may result in opportunities for transmission of infections amongst wild animals, livestock and humans. targeted use of biosecurity measures may therefore reduce disease risks, although this requires practical knowledge of where such measures would be most effective, and effective means of communicating risks so that stakeholders can make informed decisions about such investment. in parts of europe, the european badger meles meles may ...201931125349
the late pleistocene european badger meles meles from grotta laceduzza (brindisi, apulia, southern italy): the analysis of the morphological and biometric variability.in the last decades, many studies have focused on the description of fossil badger materials from eurasia and several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed. nevertheless, the debate on taxonomy of the late villafranchian-aurelian european badgers is still far from being solved and several species/subspecies were established over time. herein, we described for the first time the craniodental and postcranial remains of meles meles from grotta laceduzza (apulia, southern italy), representing t ...201930945055
heterochrony of puberty in the european badger (meles meles) can be explained by growth rate and group-size: evidence for two endocrinological phenotypes.puberty is a key stage in mammalian ontogeny, involving endocrinological, physiological and behavioural changes, moderated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. thus, not all individuals within one population achieve sexual maturity simultaneously. here, using the european badger (meles meles) as a model, we describe male testosterone and female oestrone profiles (using enzyme-immunoassays) from first capture (3 months, post-weaning) until 28 months (attaining sexual maturity and final body size), ...201930840618
climate and landscape changes as driving forces for future range shift in southern populations of the european badger.human-induced rapid environmental change (hirec), particularly climate change and habitat conversion, affects species distributions worldwide. here, we aimed to (i) assess the factors that determine range patterns of european badger (meles meles) at the southwestern edge of their distribution and (ii) forecast the possible impacts of future climate and landcover changes on those patterns. we surveyed 272 cells of 5 × 5 km, to assess badger presence and confirmed its occurrence in 95 cells (35%). ...201930816237
the helminth parasite community of european badgers (meles meles) in ireland.the european badger (meles meles) is ireland's largest terrestrial carnivore. since first being identified as a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis in 1974 there has been an increased research focus into the behaviour of these ecologically important mammals in the republic of ireland (roi). however, to date there has never been an assessment of the helminth parasite community of irish badgers. this study of 289 badgers found helminth infection to be endemic within the sample population and ...201930767800
new serological platform for detecting antibodies against mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in european badgers.european badgers (meles meles) have been identified as wildlife reservoirs for mycobacterium bovis in the uk and ireland, and may also have a role in the epidemiology of animal tuberculosis in other european regions. thus, detection of m. bovis-infected badgers may be required for the purposes of surveillance and monitoring of disease levels in infected populations. current serological assays to detect m. bovis infection in live badgers, while rapid and inexpensive, show limited diagnostic sensi ...201930656864
individual variation and the source-sink group dynamics of extra-group paternity in a social mammal.movement of individuals, or their genes, can influence eco-evolutionary processes in structured populations. we have limited understanding of the extent to which spatial behavior varies among groups and individuals within populations. here, we use genetic pedigree reconstruction in a long-term study of european badgers (meles meles) to characterize the extent of extra-group paternity, occurring as a consequence of breeding excursions, and to test hypothesized drivers of variation at multiple lev ...202030971858
assessment of bovine tuberculosis surveillance effectiveness in french wildlife: an operational approach.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is a chronic, zoonotic, bacterial disease mostly caused by mycobacterium bovis, which can affect both domestic and wild species. france was officially declared btb-free in 2001 but faced since 2004 an increase of the prevalence in cattle. since 2001, btb has been detected in several wild species: red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), wild boar (sus scrofa) and badger (meles meles). infected wild species constitute a major threat, because they may co ...202031923750
evaluating the application of the dual path platform vettb test for badgers (meles meles) in the test and vaccinate or remove (tvr) wildlife research intervention project in northern ireland.european badgers (meles meles) are accepted as a wildlife reservoir host for mycobacterium bovis, which causes bovine tuberculosis (btb) in the british isles. the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of dual path platform (dpp) vettb test (chembio diagnostic systems inc., medford, ny, usa) within a test and vaccinate or remove (tvr) wildlife research intervention project. blood samples were collected from 456 individual badgers, trapped in 2015 and 2016, and tested in the field with d ...202032197169
molecular detection of arthropod-borne pathogens in eurasian badgers (meles meles) from the united kingdom.arthropod-borne diseases (abd) are of increasing interest in veterinary and public health. eurasian badgers (meles meles) are known to harbor a wide range of pathogens, but information on their role as abd reservoirs and their potential epidemiological relevance is limited. this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of arthropod-borne pathogens, specifically piroplasmids and the bacteria anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia canis, coxiella burnetii, francisella tularensis and bartonella spp. ...202032155963
gut commensal bacteria show beneficial properties as wildlife probiotics.probiotics are noninvasive, environmentally friendly alternatives for reducing infectious diseases in wildlife species. our aim in the present study was to evaluate the potential of gut commensals such as lactic acid bacteria (lab) as wildlife probiotics. the lab selected for our analyses were isolated from european badgers (meles meles), a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis, and comprised four different genera: enterococcus, weissella, pediococcus, and lactobacillus. the enterococci disp ...202032026493
altitude shapes the environmental drivers of large-scale variation in abundance of a widespread mammal species.habitat quality and heterogeneity directly influence the distribution and abundance of organisms at different spatial scales. determining the main environmental factors driving the variation in species abundance is crucial to understand the underlying ecological processes, and this is especially important for widely distributed species living in contrasting environments. however, the responses to environmental variation are usually described at relatively small spatial scales. here, we studied t ...202031988719
the european badger, meles meles, as a new host for trichinella britovi in romania.the european badger, meles meles (carnivora, mustelidae) is a widespread opportunistic omnivorous mammal. its food spectrum comprises a wide variety of plants and small animals, occasionally including rodents, such as mice or rats. considering that rodents are known to play a key role in the life cycle of trichinella spp., the aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of these parasites in badgers from romania and to identify the species. overall, 61 badgers originating from 14 count ...202033161282
a non-invasive method to assess the reproductive status of the european badger (meles meles) from urinary sex-steroid metabolites.due to their unique reproductive physiology and behaviour, european badgers (meles meles) are often used as a model to study mammalian reproduction. for reproductive endocrinology, circulating hormone levels are conventionally measured directly from blood samples. however, routine blood sampling is often not practical for wild animals and may induce stress affecting measurement accuracy. non-invasive alternatives are thus of interest. circulating hormones are metabolized through different routes ...202033152349
potentially toxic element accumulation in badgers (meles meles): a compositional approach.potentially toxic elements (ptes) in badgers (meles meles), otherwise known as heavy metals, are unique amongst environmental pollutants occurring, both naturally and anthropogenically. ptes have a broad range of negative health and environmental effects, therefore identifying their sources and pathways through the environment is imperative for public health policy. this is difficult in terrestrial systems due to the compositional nature of soil geochemistry. in this study, a compositional stati ...202033131870
estimation of environmental, genetic and parental age at conception effects on telomere length in a wild mammal.understanding individual variation in fitness-related traits requires separating the environmental and genetic determinants. telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that are thought to be a biomarker of senescence as their length predicts mortality risk and reflect the physiological consequences of environmental conditions. the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual variation in telomere length is however unclear, yet important for understanding ...202033113164
underground diversity: uropodina mites (acari: mesostigmata) from european badger (meles meles) nests.badgers can gather huge quantities of organic material to build their nests for winter time and to rear their cubs. moreover, badger burrows (setts) are characterized by specific microclimate with quite stable temperature and humidity. their fauna is poorly studied, especially in respect of saprobiontic uropodina mites. in 2018-2019, we monitored 94 badger setts to search for nest material that had been thrown away during cleaning of the chambers after mating and winter sleep. in the collected m ...202033098499
grazing cattle exposure to neighbouring herds and badgers in relation to bovine tuberculosis risk.bovine tuberculosis (btb) can be spread between and among cattle and wildlife hosts e.g. european badger (meles meles). the majority of cattle in the uk and ireland are grazed during the summer, potentially exposing them to mycobacterium bovis. 18 farms were surveyed (39% dairy, 61% beef; fields n = 697) for one grazing season (may-november 2016, n = 148,461 field days) to quantify the co-occurrence of cattle with badger setts and latrines and adjacency to neighbouring cattle herds. 3% (n = 24) ...202033069429
evaluation of a faecal shedding test to detect badger social groups infected with mycobacterium bovis.bovine tuberculosis (btb) is an economically important disease affecting the cattle industry in england and wales. btb, caused by mycobacterium bovis, also causes disease in the eurasian badger (meles meles), a secondary maintenance host. disease transmission between these two species is bidirectional. infected badgers shed m. bovis in their faeces. the uk animal and plant health agency (apha) organised a comparative trial to determine the performance of tests in detecting m. bovis in badger fae ...202033055185
effects of mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) reactivation in european badger (meles meles) genital tracts on reproductive fitness.reactivation of latent gammaherpesvirus in the genital tract can lead to reproductive failure in domestic animals. nevertheless, this pathophysiology has not received formal study in wild mammals. high prevalence of mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) dna detected in the genital tracts of european badgers (meles meles) implies that this common pathogen may be a sexual transmitted infection. here we used pcr to test musghv-1 dna prevalence in genital swabs collected from 144 wild badgers in ir ...202032962280
estimating wildlife vaccination coverage using genetic methods.vaccination is a useful approach for the control of disease in wildlife populations. however, its effectiveness is dependent in part on delivery to a sufficient proportion of the target population. measuring the proportions of wild animal populations that have been vaccinated is challenging and so there is a need to develop robust approaches that can contribute to our understanding of the likely efficacy of wildlife vaccination campaigns. we used a modified capture mark recapture technique to es ...202032907707
mycobacterium bovis population structure in cattle and local badgers: co-localisation and variation by farm type.bovine tuberculosis surveillance in northern ireland includes multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) to determine the mycobacterium bovis genetic type present in both cattle and the predominant wildlife host, the european badger (meles meles). these data are useful for investigating clusters of infection and understanding the scale at which interspecific transmission may occur. we utilised a comprehensive dataset of routinely sampled isolates from infected cattle and from b ...202032708155
social effects on age-related and sex-specific immune cell profiles in a wild mammal.evidence for age-related changes in innate and adaptive immune responses is increasing in wild populations. such changes have been linked to fitness, and knowledge of the factors driving immune response variation is important for understanding the evolution of immunity. age-related changes in immune profiles may be owing to factors such as immune system development, sex-specific behaviour and responses to environmental conditions. social environments may also contribute to variation in immunolog ...202032673548
reproductive and somatic senescence in the european badger (meles meles): evidence from lifetime sex-steroid profiles.among the carnivora, there is sparse evidence for any substantive fitness benefits of post reproductive lifespan (prls, survival after reproductive cessation, rc). using the european badger (meles meles) as a model species, we analyzed sex-specific cross-sectional endocrinological and morphological data to investigate: 1) age-dependent reproductive decline in sex-steroid levels versus prime reproductive age; 2) age-dependent declines in somatic condition and reproductive advertisement (from subc ...202032574816
extra territorial excursions by european badgers are not limited by age, sex or season.european badgers (meles meles) in medium and high density populations show strong territorial behaviour. territories in these populations are contiguous, well-marked and often unchanging over many years. however, badgers do not always stay within their territorial boundaries. in our medium-density population, most individual badgers made extra-territorial excursions (etes) throughout the year. etes were most frequent between april and september and least frequent in december and january (the per ...202032541685
local lung immune response to mycobacterium bovis challenge after bcg and m. bovis heat-inactivated vaccination in european badger (meles meles).tuberculosis (tb) vaccination could be used as a key part of integrated strategies for the disease's control if an effective and safe vaccine under field conditions is obtained. recent studies in spain have evaluated the protective efficacy of two oral vaccines against experimental challenge with live intra-bronchial mycobacterium bovis in captive badgers: the live-attenuated m. bovis bcg vaccine (danish strain) and a heat-inactivated m. bovis (himb) vaccine. with the objective of increasing the ...202032526872
evaluation of the dual path platform (dpp) vettb assay for the detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers.bovine tuberculosis (btb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, represents a major animal health issue. in the united kingdom and the republic of ireland, european badgers (meles meles) have been shown to act as a reservoir of m. bovis infection, hindering the eradication of btb in livestock. the availability of suitable diagnostic assays, particularly those that may be applied in a "trap-side" setting, would facilitate the implementation of a wider range of disease control strategies. here we evaluat ...202032473415
environmental dna: a promising factor for tuberculosis risk assessment in multi-host settings.attaining and maintaining the official tuberculosis free status continues to be a challenge when several domestic and wild hosts contribute to the maintenance of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtc). local tuberculosis hotspots are sometimes identified in cattle in low-prevalence regions. we have, therefore, studied one such hotspot in depth in order to produce an epidemiological diagnosis. host population size and mtc prevalence were estimated in selected wildlife and in livestock, whil ...202032470035
is moving from targeted culling to bcg-vaccination of badgers (meles meles) associated with an unacceptable increased incidence of cattle herd tuberculosis in the republic of ireland? a practical non-inferiority wildlife intervention study in the republic of ireland (2011-2017).bovine tuberculosis (btb) remains as a costly disease of cattle-herds in the republic of ireland (roi). this persistence is partially attributable to the presence of m. bovis infection in a wildlife reservoir, the european badger (meles meles). thus, both area-wide and limited-area targeted-badger-culling have been part of the roi-btb control/eradication program to help reduce the future incidence of a cattle-herd btb breakdown (i.e. a "new herd-level occurrence of btb"). however, neither badger ...202032361147
subclinical bcg-osis in a captive badger (meles meles) with lymphoma.subclinical systemic dissemination of bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) is described in a captive badger (meles meles) with lymphoma. an adult female european badger was vaccinated per os with bcg and after 8 weeks post-mortem examination identified marked lymphadenomegaly and multinodular hepatic lesions. the histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed a multicentric t-cell lymphoma, associated with high bcg bacterial load in numerous tissues. the histology did not identify bcg-associated le ...202032359639
what lies beneath? population dynamics conceal pace-of-life and sex ratio variation, with implications for resilience to environmental change.life-history and pace-of-life syndrome theory predict that populations are comprised of individuals exhibiting different reproductive schedules and associated behavioural and physiological traits, optimized to prevailing social and environmental factors. changing weather and social conditions provide in situ cues altering this life-history optimality; nevertheless, few studies have considered how tactical, sex-specific plasticity over an individual's lifespan varies in wild populations and influ ...202032243650
molecular survey on vector-borne pathogens in alpine wild carnivorans.in europe, free-ranging wildlife has been linked to the emergence of several vector-borne diseases such as rodents for borrelia burgdorferi s.l. in particular, wild carnivorans are one of the most important sources of emerging zoonotic pathogens worldwide, although little information is available regarding the epidemiology of vector-borne parasites in these animals. thus, the aim of this paper was to investigate the prevalence of babesia spp., anaplasma spp., ehrlichia spp., hepatozoon spp. and ...202032039255
genetic characterization of carnivore parvoviruses in spanish wildlife reveals domestic dog and cat-related sequences.the impact of carnivore parvovirus infection on wild populations is not yet understood; disease signs are mainly developed in pups and assessing the health of litters in wild carnivores has big limitations. this study aims to shed light on the virus dynamics among wild carnivores thanks to the analysis of 213 samples collected between 1994 and 2013 in wild ecosystems from spain. we determined the presence of carnivore parvovirus dna by real-time pcr and sequenced the vp2 gen from 22 positive sam ...202031581349
circulation of diverse protoparvoviruses in wild carnivores, italy.protoparvovirus is a monophyletic viral genus that includes the species carnivore protoparvovirus-1 infecting domestic and wild carnivores. in this paper, the results of an epidemiological survey for carnivore protoparvovirus-1 in wild carnivores in italy are reported. overall, 34 (11.4%) out of 297 tested animals were positive for carnivore protoparvovirus-1, but the frequency of detection was much higher in intestine (54%) than in spleen samples (2.8%), thus suggesting that the intestine is th ...202033176056
spatio-temporal partitioning facilitates mesocarnivore sympatry in the stara planina mountains, bulgaria.the top trophic level in many terrestrial food webs is typically occupied by mammalian carnivores (order carnivora) that broadly affect and shape ecosystems through trophic cascades. their inter-specific interactions can further complicate effects on community dynamics as a consequence of intra-guild competition. the capacity for competitive mammalian carnivores to segregate their hunting and activity regimes is in major part a function of their similarity, in terms of body-size and dietary nich ...202032563175
investigation into the pathology of idiopathic systemic amyloidosis in four captive badgers (meles meles).systemic idiopathic amyloidosis was described in four captive badgers (meles meles). two animals (b1 and b2) were not enrolled in any trial, while animals b3 and b4 took part in a vaccine efficacy study and had been challenged with mycobacterium bovis. a full set of tissues was collected and processed routinely for histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. splenomegaly was found in three out of four animals. histopathological evaluation revealed congophilic, permanganat ...202032359625
protective effect of oral bcg and inactivated mycobacterium bovis vaccines in european badgers (meles meles) experimentally infected with m. bovis.in europe, badgers (meles meles) are recognized as major tuberculosis (tb) reservoir hosts with the potential to transmit infection to associated cattle herds. recent studies in spain have demonstrated that vaccination with a heat-inactivated mycobacterium bovis vaccine (himb) successfully protects captive wild boar and red deer against progressive disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two oral vaccines against tb in a badger model: the live-attenuated m. bovis bacillus ...202032118064
rodents as intermediate hosts of cestode parasites of mammalian carnivores and birds of prey in poland, with the first data on the life-cycle of mesocestoides melesi.rodents constitute an important part of the diet of many carnivore species. this predator-prey food chain is exploited by helminth parasites, such as cestodes, whose larval stages develop in rodents and then mature to the adult stage in predators. the main aim of our study was to use molecular techniques for identification of cestode species recovered from both intermediate and definitive hosts, with a particular focus on the genus mesocestoides.202032087754
quantifying the relative predation pressure on bumblebee nests by the european badger (meles meles) using artificial nests.bumblebee populations are declining. factors that impact the size and success of colonies act by either limiting resource availability (bottom-up regulation) or causing mortality, for example, pesticides, disease, and possibly predation (top-down regulation). the impact of predation has not been quantified, and so, the current study used novel artificial nests as a proxy for wild bumblebee nests to quantify the relative predation pressure from badgers in two habitats: woodland and grassland, and ...202032076538
bioreactor-grown bacillus of calmette and guérin (bcg) vaccine protects badgers against virulent mycobacterium bovis when administered orally: identifying limitations in baited vaccine delivery.bovine tuberculosis (tb) in great britain adversely affects animal health and welfare and is a cause of considerable economic loss. the situation is exacerbated by european badgers (meles meles) acting as a wildlife source of recurrent mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle. vaccination of badgers against tb is a possible means to reduce and control bovine tb. the delivery of vaccine in oral bait holds the best prospect for vaccinating badgers over a wide geographical area. there are practical ...202032824778
mycobacterium bovis infection in red foxes in four animal tuberculosis endemic areas in france.in france, animal tuberculosis (tb) due to mycobacterium bovis (m.bovis) affects a multi-host community that include cattle and wildlife species such as wild boars (sus scrofa), badgers (meles meles), or wild deer (cervus elaphus, capreolus capreolus). the involvement of foxes in the epidemiology of tb is fairly described in countries facing multispecies concerns. after the discovery of grouped cases of tb in foxes in a french tb endemic region, a study was implemented in the core of four tb end ...202032709124
genetic evidence further elucidates the history and extent of badger introductions from great britain into ireland.the colonization of ireland by mammals has been the subject of extensive study using genetic methods and forms a central problem in understanding the phylogeography of european mammals after the last glacial maximum. ireland exhibits a depauperate mammal fauna relative to great britain and continental europe, and a range of natural and anthropogenic processes have given rise to its modern fauna. previous europe-wide surveys of the european badger (meles meles) have found conflicting microsatelli ...202032431911
reproduction success in european badgers, red foxes and raccoon dogs in relation to sett cohabitation.the setts of the european badger meles meles can be cohabited during reproductive season by the red fox vulpes vulpes and raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides. there is no information on the possible impact of both species on the size of badgers' litter. the aim of the study was to show the influence of cohabitation of the same setts by badger, raccoon dog and fox on the litter size. the research was conducted in 2012-2014 and 2018 in the lowland forests of western poland. we conducted the surve ...202032797065
unveiling patterns of viral pathogen infection in free-ranging carnivores of northern portugal using a complementary methodological approach.pathogen surveillance in free-ranging carnivores presents challenges due to their low densitie and secretive nature. we combined molecular and serological assays to investigate infections by viral pathogens (canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine coronavirus (ccov)) in portuguese carnivores (canis lupus, vulpes vulpes, lutra lutra, martes foina, m. martes, meles meles, and genetta genetta) over a period of 16 years. additionally we explored spatio-temporal patterns of v ...202032062189
wild mammals as potential silent reservoirs of leishmania infantum in a mediterranean area.a molecular survey of wild mammals was performed to assess their potential as reservoirs of l. infantum. a total of 156 specimens of wild mammalian fauna were obtained for analysis from areas in catalonia with a reported incidence of canine leishmaniasis. they consisted of 124 small mammals: 35 mus spretus (muridae); 64 erinaceus europaeus (erinaceidae), 25 sciurus vulgaris (sciuridae) and 32 carnivores: 11 vulpes vulpes (canidae), 1 felis catus (felidae), 15 meles meles, 4 martes foina and 1 mu ...202031901603
spillover events of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (recombinant gi.4p-gi.2) from lagomorpha to eurasian badger.rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) is a major threat to domestic and wild european rabbits. presently, in europe, the disease is caused mainly by rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (rhdv2/b or lagovirus europaeus gi.2), the origin of which is still unclear, as no rhdv2 reservoir hosts were identified. after the rhdv2 emergence in 2010, viral rna was detected in a few rodent species. furthermore, rhdv2 was found to cause disease in some hare species resembling the disease in rabbits, evidencing t ...202133683820
patterns of genital tract mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) reactivation are linked to stressors in european badgers (meles meles).gammaherpesvirus reactivation can promote diseases or impair reproduction. understanding reactivation patterns and associated risks of different stressors is therefore important. nevertheless, outside the laboratory or captive environment, studies on the effects of stress on gammaherpesvirus reactivation in wild mammals are lacking. here we used mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (musghv-1) infection in european badgers (meles meles) as a host-pathogen wildlife model to study the effects of a variety o ...202134064759
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