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surgical anatomy of the innervation of pylorus in human and suncus murinus, in relation to surgical technique for pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy.to clarify the innervation of the antro-pyloric region in humans from a clinico-anatomical perspective.200616610023
cloning of putative uncoupling protein 1 cdna in a cold-intolerant mammal, the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).the house musk shrew (suncus murinus), or suncus, is a unique experimental animal. we recently showed that this mammal is cold intolerant and hypothesized that its sensitivity to cold is caused by low thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue (bat). thermogenesis in bat is performed by a unique mitochondrial protein, uncoupling protein 1 (ucp1). interestingly, only eutherians possess ucp1, and some traits in the suncus resemble those in the ucp1-ablated mouse, including cold intolerance, hist ...200617189913
abundance and distribution of xenopsylla cheopis on small mammals collected in west java, indonesia during rodent-borne disease surveys.during february 2004 and september 2005, xenopsylla cheopis were collected from small mammal hosts during rodent-bone disease surveys in jakarta and bandung, indonesia. during 4 trap nights in jakarta, 4 rodent species (rattus exulans, rattus norvegicus, rattus tanezumi and mus musculus) and one shrew species (suncus murinus) were collected. rattus tanezumi had the highest x. cheopis load (128 x. cheopis from 84 r. tanezumi) but r. norvegicus had the highest flea index, 1.8. in bandung, over 6 t ...200617333735
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, but not ondansetron, interfere with conditioned retching reactions elicited by a lithium-paired context in suncus murinus: an animal model of anticipatory nausea and vomiting.chemotherapy patients report not only acute nausea and vomiting during the treatment itself, but also report anticipatory nausea and vomiting upon re-exposure to the cues associated with the treatment. we present a model of anticipatory nausea based on the emetic reactions of the suncus murinus (musk shrew). following three pairings of a novel distinctive contextual cue with the emetic effects of an injection of lithium chloride, the context acquired the potential to elicit conditioned retching ...200616197970
a novel set of microsatellite marker loci linkage-mapped in the house musk shrew, suncus murinus.ten microsatellite dna loci developed for the white-toothed shrew (crocidura russula) were tested for pcr amplification and for utility in linkage studies in the house musk shrew, suncus murinus. four primer pairs successfully yielded pcr amplicons and showed polymorphism between two mutant strains, ban-kc,oeb and wz. cloning and sequencing of the pcr amplicons of all the four loci confirmed the presence of microsatellite sequences. alleles segregating in an f2 resource population constructed fr ...200717283891
purinergic p2x receptor activation induces emetic responses in ferrets and suncus murinus (house musk shrews).despite the rapid progress made in understanding the significant role played by signalling via extracellular atp in physiology and pathology, there has been no clear information generated on its involvement in the emetic response.200717700716
quest for the cause of oligodontia in suncus murinus (soricomorpha, soricidae): morphological re-examination.many mammal species, including humans, exhibit oligodontia, or a lack of certain teeth in their dentition. however, the causes of the condition remain controversial. in the house musk shrew, suncus murinus, both osteological and odontogenetic factors, which are genetically determined, have been implicated as causes of oligodontia. we examined 350 dry cranial specimens of s. murinus, representing seven laboratory strains and two wild populations. oligodontia was observed in the upper third inciso ...200717331463
gross anatomical study of the sympathetic cardiac nerves in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).the sympathetic cardiac nerves originating from the cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus) were examined using macroscopic and whole-mount immunohistochemical methods. based on the results, the nerves were macroscopically classified into the following three groups: nerves innervating the cervical sympathetic ganglia mainly to the arterial porta of the heart; nerves supplying the stellate and thoracic sympathetic ganglia at the level of t2-t5 or t ...200717393537
surgical anatomy of innervation of the gallbladder in humans and suncus murinus with special reference to morphological understanding of gallstone formation after gastrectomy.to clarify the innervation of human gallbladder, with special reference to morphological understanding of gallstone formation after gastrectomy.200717465449
correlation between emetic effect of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and their occupation of the high-affinity rolipram binding site in suncus murinus brain.we employed an ex vivo [(3)h]rolipram binding experiment to elucidate the mechanism of emetic activity of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. in suncus murinus (an insectivore used for evaluation of emesis), emetic potential as well as ability to occupy the high-affinity rolipram binding site in brain membrane fraction in vivo were determined for phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. in vitro, [(3)h]rolipram bound to the membrane fraction of s. murinus brain with high affinity and its value was comparable ...200717658510
thottapalayam virus is genetically distant to the rodent-borne hantaviruses, consistent with its isolation from the asian house shrew (suncus murinus).thottapalayam (tpm) virus belongs to the genus hantavirus, family bunyaviridae. the genomes of hantaviruses consist of three negative-stranded rna segments (s, m and l) encoding the virus nucleocapsid (n), glycoprotein (gn, gc), and polymerase (l) proteins, respectively. the genus hantavirus contains predominantly rodent-borne viruses, with the prominent exception of tpm virus which was isolated in india in 1964 from an insectivore, suncus murinus, commonly referred to as the asian house shrew o ...200717711577
bartonella strains in small mammals from dhaka, bangladesh, related to bartonella in america and europe.ecological and bacteriologic observations of small mammals captured in dhaka, bangladesh, indicated that bartonella infections occurred in high prevalence among lesser bandicoot rats (bandicota bengalensis), black rats (rattus rattus), and house shrews (suncus murinus). sequence analysis of the citrate synthase gene of bartonella isolates showed that small mammals in bangladesh harbored a diverse assemblage of strains. some cultures were genetically related to bartonella elizabethae, a species i ...200717827381
sonic hedgehog expression during early tooth development in suncus murinus.tooth development is a highly organized process characterized by reciprocal interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme. however, the expression patterns and functions of molecules involved in mouse tooth development are unclear from the viewpoint of explaining human dental malformations and anomalies. here, we show the expression of sonic hedgehog (shh), a potent initiator of morphogenesis, during the early stages of tooth development in suncus murinus. initially, symmetrical, elongated expr ...200717845800
thottapalayam virus, a prototype shrewborne hantavirus.thottapalayam virus (tpmv) has been placed in the genus hantavirus of the family bunyaviridae by virtue of its morphologic features and overall genetic similarities to well-characterized rodentborne hantaviruses. this virus has been isolated from the asian house shrew (suncus murinus); however, whether tpmv is naturally harbored by an insectivore host or represents spillover from a rodent reservoir host is unknown. our analysis of published and unpublished data on the experimental host range, ge ...200718214168
development of serological assays for thottapalayam virus, an insectivore-borne hantavirus.thottapalayam virus (tpmv), a member of the genus hantavirus in the family bunyaviridae, was isolated from an insectivore, suncus murinus (musk shrew), captured in southern india in 1964. while the isolation of tpmv predates the discovery of the prototype hantaan virus, little is known about its genetics and biology. to date, preliminary evidence suggests that tpmv differs significantly, both antigenically and genetically, from all known rodent-borne hantaviruses. however, since detailed epizoot ...200717182762
development of heterodont dentition in house shrew (suncus murinus).mammalian heterodont dentition comprises incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. although there has been intensive research, the patterning of these specific tooth types has not yet been elucidated. in order for the gene expression data to be linked with tooth type determination, it is first necessary to determine precisely the incisor-, canine-, premolar-, and molar-forming regions in the jaw primordia. to accomplish this, we studied dentition development in the house shrew (suncus murinus), ...200718028049
changes in ucp1, d2 (dio2) and glut4 (slc2a4) mrna expression in response to short-term cold exposure in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).the house musk shrew (suncus murinus), or so-called suncus, is a cold-intolerant mammal, but it is unclear why it is susceptible to low temperatures. cold-intolerance may be the result of lower thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue (bat). the early phase of severe cold exposure is a critical period for suncus. therefore, we exposed suncus to mildly cold temperatures (10-12 degrees c) for 1 to 48 h to increase non-shivering thermogenesis without causing stress and measured changes in the e ...200717660682
phylogeography of wild musk shrew (suncus murinus) populations in asia based on blood protein/enzyme variation.the musk shrew (suncus murinus) is an insectivore species that inhabits tropical and subtropical asia widely. to clarify the genetic relationship among wild musk shrew populations, we examined the electrophoretic variants of biparentally inherited genetic markers at 10 loci coding for eight blood proteins/enzymes in a total of 639 animals and compared the results obtained from the mitochondrial dna data. the principal-component analysis performed using the allele frequency data revealed that the ...200717551826
action of glp-1 (7-36) amide and exendin-4 on suncus murinus (house musk shrew) isolated ileum.glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) receptor agonists have been reported to modulate gastrointestinal motility but the mechanism is essentially unknown. in the present studies, we investigated the potency and mechanism of action of glp-1 receptor ligands on the isolated ileum of suncus murinus, an insectivore used in anti-emetic research. ileal segments were mounted in organ baths containing kreb's solution. cumulative concentration-response curves to glp-1 (7-36) amide (0.1-300 nm) and exendin-4 (0 ...200717475239
the evaluation of whole-body plethysmography as a semiautomated method for analysis of emesis in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).we analyzed the cisplatin-induced emetic responses of suncus murinus by observation of both videorecorded behavior and changes in peak expiratory flow (pef) as monitored by whole-body plethysmography. analysis of the pef data by use of a macro program revealed emesis-related changes in pef. cisplatin dose-response curves obtained by both methods showed similar emesis profiles. in addition, our pef-based analytical method could be used to assess emesis changes induced by various other emetogens ( ...200717343358
population structure of wild musk shrews (suncus murinus) in asia based on mitochondrial dna variation, with research in cambodia and bhutan.the musk shrew (suncus murinus) is a small mammalian species belonging to insectivora. it is widely distributed in asia. to identify the genetic relationship among wild musk shrew populations and examine its migration route, we investigated the populations of cambodia and bhutan by using mitochondrial dna restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and compared them with other asian populations previously described. four haplotypes were detected in cambodia and eight in bhutan. a total of ...200717318375
action of anti-tussive drugs on the emetic reflex of suncus murinus (house musk shrew).the cough and emetic reflexes involve a synchronized firing of motor neurones involved in respiratory control. tachykinin nk1 receptor antagonists and 5-ht1a receptor agonists are examples of centrally acting drugs that reduce cough and emesis. in the present studies, therefore, we examined the possibility that other classes of drugs known to reducing cough have anti-emetic properties to prevent emesis induced by diverse challenges. we examined the potential of codeine (1-10 mg/kg), baclofen (1- ...200717254564
expression and localization of aquaporins in the kidney of the musk shrew (suncus murinus).expression and localization of members of the aquaporin (aqp) family (aqp1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) in the kidney of the musk shrew (suncus murinus) was examined by immunohistochemistry. aqp1 was expressed in the proximal tubules and in the thin limb of the loops of henle. aqp1 was the only water channel expressed in the proximal nephron examined, indicating that aqp1 may be an independent water transporter in the proximal nephron. aqp2 and aqp5 were localized to the apical cytoplasm of the cortical to ...200817938283
interactions of carotid sinus or aortic input with emetic signals from gastric afferents and vestibular system.this study investigated how baro- and chemoreceptor afferents interact with emetic signals from gastric afferents and the vestibular system, and how these interactions modulate emetic and prodromal responses. we performed splanchnic denervation and abdominal vagotomy in anesthetized shrews (suncus murinus), and then induced emetic responses by gastric distension. next, we investigated the effects of these gastric afferent sections on cardiovascular and emetic responses induced by electrical stim ...200818929515
the effects of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol on motion-induced emesis in suncus murinus.the effect of cannabinoids on motion-induced emesis is unknown. the present study investigated the action of phytocannabinoids against motion-induced emesis in suncus murinus. suncus murinus were injected intraperitoneally with either cannabidiol (cbd) (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg), delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta(9)-thc; 0.5, 3, 5 and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle 45 min. before exposure to a 10-min. horizontal motion stimulus (amplitude 40 mm, frequency 1 hz). in further investigations, the ...200818816298
genetic linkage map of the house musk shrew, suncus murinus, constructed with pcr-based and rflp markers.a genetic linkage map for suncus murinus was previously constructed with 11 marker loci. in this study, we developed 172 new microsatellite and three rflp markers, and re-constructed a new framework map by combining all markers. the new map comprises 42 markers that are distributed into 12 linkage groups, two of which are assigned to chromosomes, and spans 403.5 cm with an average inter-marker distance of 13.5 cm.200818421175
neuropeptide y influences acute food intake and energy status affects npy immunoreactivity in the female musk shrew (suncus murinus).neuropeptide y (npy) stimulates feeding, depresses sexual behavior, and its expression in the brain is modulated by energetic status. we examined the role of npy in female musk shrews, a species with high energetic and reproductive demands; they store little fat, and small changes in energy can rapidly diminish or enhance sexual receptivity. intracerebroventricular infusion of npy enhanced acute food intake in shrews; however, npy had little affect on sexual receptivity. the distribution of npy ...200818191134
immunohistochemical studies on the distribution of lymphocytes in the peripheral and mucosal lymphoid tissues of laboratory musk shrews (suncus murinus).we developed a new monoclonal antibody (mab), named 1e9, which recognizes the immunoglobulin (ig) m-like molecule of the insectivore laboratory animal, the suncus. this mab was developed in order to investigate the distribution of surface ig (sig)-bearing lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissues of this animal. immunohistochemically, the distribution of 1e9+ lymphocytes in the follicles of peripheral lymphoid tissues showed homology with such distribution in rodents. however, the lymphocytes in the f ...20081473597
on the distribution of elastic fibers in the filiform papillae of suncus murinus.the distribution of elastic fibers in the filiform papillae of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 week-old and 6 month-old suncus (suncus murinus; insectivora) was examined by both weigert's resorcin-fuchsin method and ultrastructural means. in the adult suncus (6 months old), elastic fibers in the connective tissue core of the papillae were aligned perpendicularly to the epithelial surface and formed a palisade-like structure which encircled the margin of each connective tissue core. this characteristic structur ...20082519280
development of a laboratory line (sri line) derived from the wild house musk shrew, suncus murinus, indigenous to sri lanka.five male and 9 female house musk shrews (suncus murinus) captured in koralawella, sri lanka were acquired by our laboratory. one male and 3 females alone contributed to the development of a new laboratory line (sri line). the sri line has been maintained as a closed breeding colony consisting of more than 40 shrews. gestation period and litter size at birth averaged 31.2 days (43 cases) and 2.4 (43 litters), respectively. the sri line shrews were uniformly covered with light gray fur. the body ...20082792205
lower axial skeleton of the musk shrew (suncus murinus).macroscopic structure as well as pre- and postnatal development of the lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae of the musk shrew (suncus murinus, insectivora) were observed. the lumbar vertebrae possess two pairs of unusual processes, hyperapophyses and hypapophyses. the hyperapophyses are located on the dorsal surface of the caudal articular processes of all the lumbar vertebrae, whereas the hypapophyses are found on the caudal part of the ventral surface of the bodies in the first few lumbar vert ...20082275332
numerical variation of teeth in the wild house musk shrew suncus murinus captured from nagasaki, japan.wild populations of suncus murinus from nagasaki were thought to be extinct, although specimens from nagasaki are kept at the national science museum, tokyo. variation in the number of teeth, including both congenital and postnatal absence, was observed in 25 of 85 individuals. all 25 abnormal individuals were checked using a micro-ct unit to document the presence or absence of embedded teeth and any traits of postnatal absence. four of these had congenitally absent teeth, whereas the rest showe ...200818314092
relationships of basal metabolic rate, relative testis size and cycle length of spermatogenesis in shrews (mammalia, soricidae).the aim of the present study was to determinate the cycle length of spermatogenesis in three species of shrew, suncus murinus, sorex coronatus and sorex minutus, and to assess the relative influence of variation in basal metabolic rate (bmr) and mating system (level of sperm competition) on the observed rate of spermatogenesis, including data of shrew species studied before (sorex araneus, crocidura russula and neomys fodiens). the dynamics of sperm production were determined by tracing 5-bromod ...200818402763
[study on the epidemiological significance related to community-structural difference of the rat plague host and vectors in western yunnan, china].to study the epidemiological significance of community-structural difference regarding both small mammal and flea communities on rattus flavipectus in dehong and baoshan areas, yunnan province, during 1982 to 1996.200818843991
predictors for presence and abundance of small mammals in households of villages endemic for commensal rodent plague in yunnan province, china.ninety-one rodent plague epidemics have occurred in lianghe county, yunnan province, china, between 1990 and 2006. this study aimed to identify predictors for the presence and abundance of small mammals in households of villages endemic for rodent plague in lianghe county.200819068139
recent discoveries of new hantaviruses widen their range and question their origins.hantaviruses belong to the bunyaviridae family. while usually hosted by wild mammals, they are potentially pathogenic for humans, and several serologically distinct groups associated with different syndromes have been identified. yet, investigations have mostly been conducted where human infections by hantaviruses constitute a real and well-identified public health problem, i.e., the holarctic and neotropical areas. some hantaviruses have also been described from a suncus murinus in india and a ...200819120180
postnatal lung and metabolic development in two marsupial and four eutherian species.two marsupial species (monodelphis domestica, macropus eugenii) and four eutherian species (mesocricetus auratus, suncus murinus, tupaia belangeri and cavia aperea) were examined to compare and contrast the timing of lung and metabolic development during the postnatal maturation of the mammalian respiratory apparatus. using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the lung structural changes were correlated with indirect calorimetry to track the metabolic development. marsupial and ...200818179474
gonadotropin-releasing hormone ii: a multi-purpose neuropeptide.close to 30 forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) and at least five gnrh receptors have been identified in a wide variety of vertebrates and some invertebrates. one form, now called gnrh ii, has the broadest distribution and the most ancient and conserved phylogeny. the distribution of the neurons that produce this peptide are completely nonoverlapping with any other gnrh forms. fibers that project from these neurons overlap with gnrh i cells and/or fibers in a few regions, but are prim ...200821669818
oculocutaneous albinism in suncus murinus: establishment of a strain and identification of its responsible gene.the house musk shrew suncus murinus (insectivora, soricidae) is referred to as suncus in a laboratory context. although the capture of albino-like shrews (wild suncus) has been reported previously, albino-like strains have never been established, and the molecular basis of the character has remained elusive. we have established an ocao mutant strain (oculocutaneous albinism okinawa), from a wild suncus with a white coat and red eyes, which was captured in 2002. during the course of establishing ...200919151509
lung development of monotremes: evidence for the mammalian morphotype.the reproductive strategies and the extent of development of neonates differ markedly between the three extant mammalian groups: the monotremata, marsupialia, and eutheria. monotremes and marsupials produce highly altricial offspring whereas the neonates of eutherian mammals range from altricial to precocial. the ability of the newborn mammal to leave the environment in which it developed depends highly on the degree of maturation of the cardio-respiratory system at the time of birth. the lung s ...200919051249
surveillance of endoparasitic infections and the first report of physaloptera sp. and sarcocystis spp. in farm rodents and shrews in central taiwan.a total of 95 rodents and shrews including 82 rattus norvegicus, 7 rattus rattus, and 6 suncus murinus were trapped from different localities of taichung, taiwan. the overall prevalence of parasites was 93.7%. the infection rates for r. norvegicus, r. rattus, and s. murinus were 93.9%, 85.7%, and 100%, respectively. the rats were infected with four cestodes, taenia taeniaeformis (48.4%), hymenolepis diminuta (38.9%), hymenolepis nana (5.3%), and raillietina celebensis (45.3%); ten nematodes, ang ...200919194075
chemotherapy agent cisplatin induces 48-h fos expression in the brain of a vomiting species, the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).cancer chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, potently produce nausea and vomiting. acute effects of these treatments are partly controlled by antiemetic drugs, but the delayed effects (>24 h), especially nausea, are more difficult to treat. it is unknown what brain pathways produce this delayed sickness. our prior data show that brain fos expression is increased for at least 48 h after cisplatin treatment in the rat, a nonvomiting species. here, we extend these observations by using house musk ...200919225146
characterization of imjin virus, a newly isolated hantavirus from the ussuri white-toothed shrew (crocidura lasiura).until recently, the single known exception to the rodent-hantavirus association was thottapalayam virus (tpmv), a long-unclassified virus isolated from the asian house shrew (suncus murinus). robust gene amplification techniques have now uncovered several genetically distinct hantaviruses from shrews in widely separated geographic regions. here, we report the characterization of a newly identified hantavirus, designated imjin virus (mjnv), isolated from the lung tissues of ussuri white-toothed s ...200919357167
house musk shrew (suncus murinus, order: insectivora) as a new model animal for motilin study.although many studies have demonstrated the action of motilin on migrating motor complex by using human subjects and relatively large animals, the precise physiological mechanisms of motilin remain obscure. one reason for the lack of progress in this research field is that large animals are generally not suitable for molecular-level study. to overcome this problem, in this study, we focused on the house musk shrew (suncus murinus, order: insectivora, suncus named as laboratory strain) as a small ...200918996160
enteric co-innervation of esophageal striated muscle fibers: a phylogenetic study.enteric co-innervation of striated muscle fibers in the esophagus occurs in several mammalian species including humans. however, the functional significance is still unknown. phylogenetic data may be instrumental in gaining further insight. we examined the bat glossophaga soricina and the shrew suncus murinus as representatives for phylogenetically old mammals. as ruminants the antelope tragelaphus imberbis, the he-goat capra falconeri and the sheep ovis aries were selected. as non-mammals the c ...200919748835
[study on the prevalence and genotypes of bartonella species in rodent hosts from fujian coastal regions].to investigate bartonella infection in rodent hosts from different environments and types of climate in fujian coastal regions. genetypes of the bartonella strains was also studied to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of the correlated diseases.200920193373
identification of ghrelin in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus): cdna cloning, peptide purification and tissue distribution.ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone (gh) secretagogue receptor, and the sequence of ghrelin has been determined in many species from fish to mammals. in the present study, to reveal the production of ghrelin in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus, order: insectivora, suncus is used as a laboratory name), we determined the cdna sequence and structure of suncus ghrelin and also demonstrated the ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract. results of cdna cloning and ...200919428777
involvement of hypothalamic glutamate in cisplatin-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).we investigated the effect of cisplatin on glutamate release in the hypothalamus of suncus murinus measured by brain microdialysis. dialysis samples were collected every 20 min for 1 h before and 3 h after the cisplatin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) administration with the animals also being observed for the development of emesis. cisplatin increased glutamate levels within 1 h and this was closely associated with the occurrence of emesis. pretreatment with the 5-ht(3)-receptor antagonist ondansetron (2 mg/k ...200919352072
the faah inhibitor urb-597 interferes with cisplatin- and nicotine-induced vomiting in the suncus murinus (house musk shrew).considerable evidence implicates the endocannabinoid system as a neuromodulator of nausea and vomiting. the action of anandamide (aea) can be prolonged by inhibiting its degradation, through the use of urb597 (urb), a fatty acid amide hydrolase (faah) enzyme inhibitor. here we present evidence that the faah inhibitor, urb, interferes with cisplatin- and nicotine-induced vomiting in the suncus murinus. in experiment 1, shrews were injected with urb (0.9 mg/kg) or vehicle 120 min prior to the beha ...200919239915
effect of tzp-201, a novel motilin receptor antagonist, in the colon of the musk shrew (suncus murinus).motilin is the main gut peptide that stimulates propulsive motility in the upper gastrointestinal (gi) tract. motilin receptors exist in the colon but little is known about their functional role, and species-dependent differences present a major obstacle to understanding the physiological significance and potential therapeutic implications of motilin receptors in the colon. our study aimed to define whether a motilin receptor is functionally expressed in the colon of the asian musk (or house) sh ...200919222910
microchip-associated sarcoma in a shrew (suncus murinus).a 16-mo-old female house musk shrew (suncus murinus) with a 1-wk history of a rapidly growing subcutaneous mass in the interscapsular region was euthanized and submitted for necropsy. macroscopic examination identified an irregular, well-demarcated, solid, tan-white subcutaneous mass. a small cavity containing a microchip device was present at the center of the mass. in addition, massive splenomegaly was evident grossly. histologically, the subcutaneous mass comprised spindle cells arranged in a ...201020858367
distribution of ghrelin-producing cells in stomach and the effects of ghrelin administration in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).to investigate the distribution of ghrelin, an important appetite regulatory factor related to obesity, in the stomach of suncus murinus, and attempted to elucidate the ghrelin-mediated regulatory effect in this animal.201020588248
simultaneous determination of amino acids in discrete brain areas in suncus murinus by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.an improved and simple reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography method with electrochemical detection for the simultaneous determination of amino acids in brain tissue of suncus murinus was developed. homogenates from 5 different brain areas were derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde in the presence of sodium sulphite. subsequent separation was achieved using linear gradient elution over 30 min. the derivatives were stable for up to 20 h at 4 degrees c. the method was accurate, reproduc ...201020427143
systematic relationships and taxonomy of suncus montanus and s. murinus from sri lanka.here we use nuclear and mitochondrial dna sequence data, combined with morphometric analyses, to clarify the systematic relationships and taxonomy of two complex species of shrews, suncus montanus and s. murinus, in sri lanka. we find that subspecies of s. murinus, suncus murinus murinus from anuaradhapura and s. m. caerulescens from colombo, show little or no genetic difference in the mitochondrial (cytochrome-b and 16srrna) and nuclear (rag 1, aldolase c and ef-1 alpha intron) genes, confirmin ...201020138225
development of deciduous and permanent dentitions in the upper jaw of the house shrew (suncus murinus).the diphyodont tooth replacement in mammals is characterized by a single replacement of a deciduous dentition by a permanent dentition. despite its significance in mammalian biology and paleontology, little is known about the developmental mechanisms regulating the diphyodont replacement. because the mouse never replaces its teeth, this study used the house shrew, suncus murinus, as a model to investigate the control of the diphyodont replacement of a deciduous dentition by successions and addit ...201020303065
[survey on the focus of angiostrongylus cantonensis in guangdong province].to understand the distribution of angiostrongylus cantonensis foci in guangdong province for making surveillance program.201020411741
hantaviruses in small mammals and humans in the coastal region of zhejiang province, china.to gain more insights into the epidemiology of hantaviruses in the coastal region of zhejiang province, china, the morbidity and mortality of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs) were analyzed in two coastal areas: cixi (hilly terrain) and wenzhou (mountainous terrain). more hfrs cases have been reported in cixi than in wenzhou. annual incidence rate of hfrs in cixi had been on the level of approximately 1.5/100,000 from 1968 (when the first hfrs case was reported) to 2007, with the high ...201020419812
sex difference in onuf's nucleus homologue in the asian musk shrew.perineal muscles essential for copulatory functioning are innervated by onuf's nucleus in humans and the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (snb) and dorsolateral nucleus (dln) in rats. these structures sexually differentiate as a result of developmental androgen exposure in most species examined. the homologous structure in the asian musk shrew (suncus murinus) is a single cluster in the lateral dln/onuf's position in the ventral horn of the spinal cord; these motoneurons innervate both the ...201020510680
physiological characteristics of gastric contractions and circadian gastric motility in the free-moving conscious house musk shrew (suncus murinus).although many studies have demonstrated the physiological action of motilin on the migrating motor complex, the precise mechanisms remain obscure. to obtain new insights into the mechanisms, we focused on the house musk shrew (suncus murinus, suncus used as a laboratory name) as a small model animal for in vivo motilin study, and we studied the physiological characteristics of suncus gastrointestinal motility. strain gauge transducers were implanted on the serosa of the gastric body and duodenum ...201020686171
first isolation and direct evidence for the existence of large small-mammal reservoirs of leptospira sp. in madagascar.leptospirosis has long been a major public health concern in the southwestern indian ocean. however, in madagascar, only a few, old studies have provided indirect serological evidence of the disease in humans or animals.201021124843
rickettsial infections of fleas collected from small mammals on four islands in indonesia.ectoparasites were sampled from small mammals collected in west java, west sumatra, north sulawesi, and east kalimantan, indonesia, in 2007-2008 and were screened for evidence of infection from bacteria in the rickettsaceae family. during eight trap nights at eight sites, 208 fleas were collected from 96 of 507 small mammals trapped from four orders (379 rodentia; 123 soricomorpha; two carnivora; three scandentia). two species of fleas were collected: xenopsylla cheopis (n = 204) and nosopsyllus ...201021175069
morphological and sequence analysis of mycoplasma sp. isolated from the oral cavity of a house musk shrew (suncus murinus).mycoplasma sp. strain eds-4 was isolated from the oral cavity of eds line of a house musk shrew (suncus murinus) originated from bangladesh, and was distinguished from all previously described mollicutes. it lacks a cell wall; ferments glucose; does not produce film and spots; and does not hydrolyse arginine and urea. the strain could be distinguished from all previously described mollicutes by 16s rrna gene sequence comparisons. the results suggest that the isolate is new species of mollicutes ...201019915329
detection of bartonella species in small mammals from zhejiang province, china.to estimate the prevalence of bartonella in small mammals of different species, during different seasons, and at different study sites, and to provide baseline data for the risk assessment of human bartonella infection, we captured small mammals using snap traps in zhejiang province, china. bartonella species were detected in small-mammal samples by polymerase chain reaction and positive amplicons were sequenced. bartonella dna was detected in 47% (90/192) of apodemus agrarius, 31% (14/45) of ra ...201020090031
effects of prolactin and bromocriptine on physiological status of testis of the musk shrew (suncus murinus l.).this investigation was undertaken to study the effects of prolactin and bromocriptine on the testis of the musk shrew. none of these treatments had any effect on the weight of testis or on the accessory sex organs. treatment of prolactin or bromocriptine failed to induce any change in esterified and free cholesterol content of the testis. no significant alterations were also recorded in the levels of macromolecules and in the levels of enzymes of the testis and the prostate gland. on the other h ...20102974686
suncus murinus as a new experimental model for motion sickness.characteristics of motion sickness and effects of possible prophylactic drugs were studied using suncus murinus (house musk shrew) for its potential use as an experimental model in motion sickness. mild reciprocal shaking (amplitude: 10-40 mm; frequency: 0.5-3.0 hz) induced vomiting in most of suncus murinus within 2 min. adaptation was observed when the motion stimulus was repeated with an interval of 2 to 3 days. during the repetitive motion training, both the ratio of sensitive animals and th ...20102899827
epidemiology of bartonella infection in rodents and shrews in taiwan.during the period of august 2002 and november 2004, an epidemiological investigation for bartonella infection was conducted in small mammals in taiwan. using whole blood culture on chocolate agar plates, bartonella species were successfully isolated from 41.3% of the 310 animals tested. the isolation rate of bartonella species varied among different animal species, including 52.7% of the 169 rattus norvegicus, 28.6% of the 126 sucus murinus, 10% of the 10 rattus rattus and 66.7% of the three rat ...201019538457
telemetry in a motion-sickness model implicates the abdominal vagus in motion-induced gastric dysrhythmia.in humans, motion sickness is associated with disruption of normal gastric myoelectric activity, and it has been proposed that this results from an imbalance of autonomic nervous system activity. we used the established suncus murinus (house musk shrew) model of motion-induced emesis to investigate the effect of horizontal motion on gastric myoelectric activity (recorded using telemetry) and the involvement of the abdominal vagi. surgical vagotomy increased baseline dysrhythmia and reduced the d ...201020360423
two new eimerians (apicomplexa) from insectivorous mammals in madagascar.fecal samples from 126 insectivorous mammals in madagascar were collected between spring 1999 and fall 2001. in the afrosoricida, 21 species in 5 genera were sampled, including 17 species of microgale (31/96, 32% infected), hemicentetes semispinosus (1/2, 50%), oryzorictes hova (1/5, 20%), setifer setosus (8/13, 61.5%), and tenrec ecaudatus (5/8, 62.5%); in the soricomorpha, only suncus murinus was examined and 1/2 (50%) were infected. two morphotypes of eimeriid oocysts, representing 2 presumpt ...201121506791
emesis induced by cancer chemotherapeutic agents in the suncus murinus: a new experimental model.acute emetic responses to seven cancer chemotherapeutic agents (adriamycin, bleomycin, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, mitomycin c) were studied in the suncus murinus. intravenous injection of the drugs caused vomiting with various latency. cisplatin-induced emesis was prevented by the pretreatment with metoclopramide or chlorpromazine but not with domperidone. these results indicate that the suncus murinus is a useful animal for testing emetic activities of cancer che ...20113210455
interaction between non-psychotropic cannabinoids in marihuana: effect of cannabigerol (cbg) on the anti-nausea or anti-emetic effects of cannabidiol (cbd) in rats and shrews.the interaction between two non-psychotropic cannabinoids, cannabidiol (cbd) and cannabigerol (cbg), which have been reported to act as a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1a (5-ht(1a)) agonist and antagonist, respectively, was evaluated.201121243485
epidemiological survey of angiostrongylus cantonensis in the west-central region of guangdong province, china.the study was to understand the angiostrongylus cantonensis infectious situation of rodent definitive host, snail intermediate host, and local residents in the west-central region of guangdong province in china. the snails achatina fulica and pomacea canaliculata collected from the survey place were digested with artificial gastric juice, and the third-stage larvae of a. cantonensis in the snails were examined under microscope. the heart and lung of rats captured from the survey place were taken ...201121301874
predictors for abundance of host flea and floor flea in households of villages with endemic commensal rodent plague, yunnan province, china.from 1990 to 2006, fifty-five natural villages experienced at least one plague epidemic in lianghe county, yunnan province, china. this study is aimed to document flea abundance and identify predictors in households of villages with endemic commensal rodent plague in lianghe county.201121468306
the magl inhibitor, jzl184, attenuates licl-induced vomiting in the suncus murinus and 2ag attenuates licl-induced nausea-like behavior in rats.background and purpose: to evaluate the role of 2ag in the regulation of nausea and vomiting using a shrew (suncus murinus) model of vomiting and a rat model of nausea-like behavior, conditioned gaping. experimental approach: shrews were pretreated with jzl184, a selective magl inhibitor which elevates endogenous 2ag activity, one hr prior to treatment with the emetogenic drug, licl. the potential of exogenously administered 2ag, as well as its downstream metabolite arachadonic acid (aa), to reg ...201121470205
immunolocalization of spetex-1 at the connecting piece in spermatozoa of the musk shrew (suncus murinus).spetex-1, which has been isolated by differential display and rat cdna library screening as a haploid spermatid-specific gene, encodes a protein with two coiled-coil motifs that locates at both the segmented column in the connecting piece and outer dense fibers-affiliated satellite fibrils in rat sperm flagella. orthologs of spetex-1 are identified in many animal species, including human, chimpanzee, macaque, cow, dog, african clawed frog, green spotted puffer, and zebrafish. in this study, we u ...201121627455
a new subtype of thottapalayam virus carried by the asian house shrew (suncus murinus) in china.recently, many novel hantavirus species carried by insectivore had been found. in order to know whether the insectivore-associated hantaviruses exist in china, asian house shrew (suncus murinus) were analyzed for the presence of hantaviruses. 362 asian house shrews were captured in wenzhou of zhejiang province. hantavirus-specific rna was detected by rt-pcr in lung tissue samples of six shrews. the complete hantavirus s and m segment sequences and also partial l segment sequences were successful ...201121801855
molecular evolution of azagny virus, a newfound hantavirus harbored by the west african pygmy shrew (crocidura obscurior) in cote d'ivoire.abstract: background: tanganya virus (tgnv), the only shrew-associated hantavirus reported to date from sub-saharan africa, is harbored by the therese's shrew (crocidura theresae), and is phylogenetically distinct from thottapalayam virus (tpmv) in the asian house shrew (suncus murinus) and imjin virus (mjnv) in the ussuri white-toothed shrew (crocidura lasiura). the existence of myriad soricid-borne hantaviruses in eurasia and north america would predict the presence of additional hantaviruses ...201121798050
cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic component of cannabis, attenuates vomiting and nausea-like behaviour via indirect agonism of 5-ht(1a) somatodendritic: autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus.background and purpose: to evaluate the hypothesis that agonism of somatodentdritic 5-ht(1a) autoreceptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus (drn) produces the anti-emetic/anti-nausea effects of cannabidiol (cbd), a primary non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis. experimental approach: the potential of systemic and intra-drn administration of 5-ht(1a) receptor antagonists (way100135 or way100635) to prevent the anti-emetic effect of cbd (in shrews-suncus murinus) and the anti-nausea-like effec ...201121827451
First provincial survey of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Guangdong Province, China.The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a zoonotic nematode with a wide distribution. We report the first provincial survey of the prevalence of A. cantonensis infection among wild rodents and snails in Guangdong Province, China. A total of 2929 Pomacea canaliculata and 1354 Achatina fulica were collected from fields in 22 survey sites with a larval infection rates ranging from 0-26.6% to 0-45.4%. In addition, 114 Cipangopaludina sp and 252 Bellamya sp were bought from markets; larvae we ...201121906215
Kisspeptin neurons mediate reflex ovulation in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus).The present study investigated whether kisspeptin-G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) signaling plays a role in mediating mating-induced ovulation in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus), a reflex ovulator. For this purpose, we cloned suncus Kiss1 and Gpr54 cDNA from the hypothalamus and found that suncus kisspeptin (sKp) consists of 29 amino acid residues (sKp-29). Injection of exogenous sKp-29 mimicked the mating stimulus to induce follicular maturation and ovulation. Administration of several ki ...201121987818
Emergence of Schoengastiella ligula as the vector of scrub typhus outbreak in Darjeeling: has Leptotrombidium deliense been replaced?Following a suspected outbreak of scrub typhus in Kurseong, Darjeeling, the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune was requested by the National Institute of Epidemiology and the State authorities to undertake investigation of the ongoing scrub typhus outbreak and suggest containment measures.201121941043
Short report: Genetic diversity of Thottapalayam virus, a Hantavirus harbored by the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) in Nepal.Despite the recent discovery of genetically divergent hantaviruses in shrews of multiple species in widely separated geographic regions, data are unavailable about the genetic diversity and phylogeography of Thottapalayam virus (TPMV), a hantavirus originally isolated from an Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) captured in southern India more than four decades ago. To bridge this knowledge gap, the S, M, and L segments of hantavirus RNA were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain rea ...201121896819
myenteric neural network activated by motilin in the stomach of suncus murinus (house musk shrew).it has been shown in human and canine studies that motilin, a gastroprokinetic hormone, induces gastric phase iii contractions via the enteric nervous; however, the center of motilin action in the stomach has not been clearly revealed. in the present study, we investigated the neural pathway of motilin-induced gastric contraction by using suncus murinus, a new animal model for motilin study.201122029733
the pituitary gland of the musk shrew. suncus murinus l. (insectivora), with special reference to the cytology of the adenohypophysis. 20114114309
the effects of cannabidiolic acid and cannabidiol on contractility of the gastrointestinal tract of suncus murinus.cannabidiol (cbd) has been shown to inhibit gastrointestinal (gi) transit in pathophysiologic in vivo models, while having no effect in physiologic controls. the actions of the precursor of cbd, cannabidiolic acid (cbda), have not been investigated in the gi tract. the actions of these phytocannabinoids on the contractility of the gi tract of suncus murinus were investigated in the current study. the effects of cbda and cbd in resting state and pre-contracted isolated intestinal segments, and on ...201121975813
the distribution of t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, and dendritic-like cells of the anal tonsil in the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus.we investigated the distribution of t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, and s-100 protein-immunoreactive dendritic-like in the anal tonsil of the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus. in adult animals, t lymphocytes were located mainly at the periphery of the anal tonsil, especially around small blood vessels. b lymphocytes were located in the central and subepithelial region of the anal tonsil, which includes primary lymphoid follicles, and in which there are small numbers of scattered t lymphocytes. b a ...201123939669
a physiological role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors in the central nervous system of suncus murinus (house musk shrew).glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (glp-1) is released from the gut as an incretin hormone to stimulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. glp-1 is also produced in the central nervous system (cns) as a neurotransmitter that regulates feeding behaviour. by using polyclonal antiserum against glp-1 and glp-1 receptors, we identified the distribution of glp-1 immunoreactive fibres and glp-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the ventromedial hypothalamus of suncus murinus (house musk shrew). in func ...201121756894
effect of daily linear acceleration training on the hypergravity-induced vomiting response in house musk shrew (suncus murinus).the effects of repeated linear acceleration training and the antimotion sickness drug, promethazine, on hypergravity-induced motion sickness were examined in musk shrew (suncus murinus), which is known to show a vomiting response to motion stimulation. animals were assigned into five groups: vestibular intact, untreated animals (sham), vestibular lesioned (vl) animals, vestibular intact animals with promethazine hydrochloride administered as daily drinking water (prom), vestibular intact animals ...201121741451
guamanian suncus murinus responsiveness to emetic stimuli and the antiemetic effects of 8-oh-dpat.the japanese suncus murinus, the house musk shrew, is a small insectivore commonly used in emetic research. the guamanian s. murinus has not had extensive testing as an emetic model, but it is readily available for use in emetic experiments in the united states, unlike the japanese suncus. this study determined that guamanian s. murinus is an acceptable model for emesis research and its differences from the japanese strain were examined. motion and nicotine were used as emetic stimuli and compar ...201121624388
immunolocalization of the pp family and its receptors in the gastrointestinal tract of house musk shrew, suncus murinus.to investigate the immunolocalization of the pancreatic polypeptide (pp)-fold peptide family, important regulatory factors for food intake, in the gastrointestinal tract of suncus murinus, and to discuss the relation with the obesity-resistance, visceral fat accumulation-resistance phenomenon in suncus murinus.201121552195
ghrelin and gastrointestinal movement.ghrelin is a potent stimulant for gastric emptying and gastrointestinal (gi) movement. clinically, it has been reported that the intravenous administration of ghrelin accelerates the rate of gastric emptying and induces gastric phase iii contractions of the migrating motor complex in healthy volunteers. recent technical advances in the measurement of gi motility in conscious small animals, including rats, mice, and the house musk shrew (suncus murinus), have helped to elucidate the precise mecha ...201222975060
conditioned flavor preference and the us postexposure effect in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).the house musk shrew (suncus murinus) is the only species of mammalian insectivore that can be domesticated and used as a laboratory animal, and is an interesting subject in terms of evolutionary and comparative aspects. the present study on the learning faculties of shrews examines the possibility of acquiring a conditioned flavor preference and the effects of us postexposure. subjects were allowed to a drink sucrose solution with flavor a and tap water with flavor b during training. two extinc ...201222811673
neural regulation of esophageal striated muscle in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).in the present study, we characterized the neural regulation of esophageal striated muscle in suncus murinus (a house musk shrew; "suncus" used as a laboratory name), which was compared with that in the rat. the tunica muscularis consists of striated muscle in the suncus esophagus. an isolated segment of the suncus esophagus was placed in an organ bath and the contractile responses were recorded using a force transducer. electrical stimulations to vagus nerves induced contractile responses in th ...201222285704
scent marking in the musk shrew (suncus murinus).the hormonal regulation of scent marking was examined in male and female musk shrews. in males castration depressed flank, perineal, and throat marking frequencies, and a physiological dose of testosterone restored perineal and throat marking to intact levels. females exhibited high levels of marking whether tested in a non-pregnant state, late in gestation, or when post-partum. moreover, ovariectomy had no influence on marking behavior. adrenalectomy, in addition to ovariectomy, caused a signif ...20123602119
small mammal investigation in spotted fever focus with dna-barcoding and taxonomic implications on rodents species from hainan of china.although mammals are a well-studied group of animals, making accurate field identification of small mammals is still complex because of morphological variation across developmental stages, color variation of pelages, and often damaged osteological and dental characteristics. in 2008, small mammals were collected for an epidemiological study of a spotted fever outbreak in hainan, china. ten species of small mammals were identified by morphological characters in the field, most using pelage color ...201222952689
staphylococcal enterotoxin a has potent superantigenic and emetic activities but not diarrheagenic activity.staphylococcal enterotoxins (ses) produced by staphylococcus aureus are pyrogenic superantigenic toxins that are involved in human diseases including food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. although the superantigenic activity of ses has been well characterized, its role and mechanism in clinical symptoms of food poisoning remain poorly understood. in this study, house musk shrews (suncus murinus), a small emetic animal model, were used to study the role of ses in clinical manifestations of foo ...201222424598
experimental infection of three laboratory mouse stocks with a shrew origin bartonella elizabethae strain: an evaluation of bacterial host switching potential.bartonella elizabethae has been reported as a causative agent of human illnesses and strains of this bacterium are commonly isolated from commensal small mammals in asia.201222957127
novel serological tools for detection of thottapalayam virus, a soricomorpha-borne hantavirus.we developed serological tools for the detection of hantavirus-specific antibodies and hantavirus antigens in shrews. the work was focussed to generate thottapalayam virus (tpmv)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and anti-shrew immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies. the mabs against tpmv nucleocapsid (n) protein were produced after immunization of balb/c mice with recombinant tpmv n proteins expressed in escherichia coli, baculovirus and saccharomyces cerevisiae-mediated expression systems. in t ...201222828778
studies on hantavirus infection in small mammals captured in southern and central highland area of vietnam.to investigate the distribution of hantaviruses among animals in southern and central highland area of vietnam, a total of 1311 serum samples were obtained from rats and asian house shrews (suncus murinus) captured at 11 locations between 2006 and 2009. a total of 1066 serum samples from rats were examined for igg antibodies against hantaan virus, and there were 30 antibody-positive serum samples from rats that had been captured mainly in a port area and urban area in ho chi minh city (hcmc) (2. ...201222673720
molecular identification of ghs-r and gpr38 in suncus murinus.we previously identified ghrelin and motilin genes in suncus murinus (suncus), and also revealed that motilin induces phase iii-like strong contractions in the suncus stomach in vivo, as observed in humans and dogs. moreover, repeated migrating motor complexes were found in the gastrointestinal tract of suncus at regular 120-min intervals. we therefore proposed suncus as a small laboratory animal model for the study of gastrointestinal motility. in the present study, we identified growth hormone ...201222579813
coordination of motilin and ghrelin regulates the migrating motor complex of gastrointestinal motility in suncus murinus.motilin and ghrelin are the gastrointestinal (gi) hormones released in a fasting state to stimulate the gi motility of the migrating motor complex (mmc). we focused on coordination of the ghrelin/motilin family in gastric contraction in vivo and in vitro using the house musk shrew (suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. to measure the contractile activity of the stomach in vivo, we recorded gi contractions either in the free-moving conscious or anesthetized s. murinus and exam ...201222383491
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