Publications

structure-based classification of 45 fk506-binding proteins.	the fk506-binding proteins (fkbps) are a unique group of chaperones found in a wide variety of organisms. they perform a number of cellular functions including protein folding, regulation of cytokines, transport of steroid receptor complexes, nucleic acid binding, histone assembly, and modulation of apoptosis. these functions are mediated by specific domains that adopt distinct tertiary conformations. using the threading/assembly/refinement (tasser) approach, tertiary structures were predicted f ...	0	18214965
translation of sensory input into behavioral output via an olfactory system.	we investigate the logic by which sensory input is translated into behavioral output. first we provide a functional analysis of the entire odor receptor repertoire of an olfactory system. we construct tuning curves for the 21 functional odor receptors of the drosophila larva and show that they sharpen at lower odor doses. we construct a 21-dimensional odor space from the responses of the receptors and find that the distance between two odors correlates with the extent to which one odor masks the ...	0	18614033
ancient origin of chaperonin gene paralogs involved in ciliopathies.	the bardet-biedl syndrome (bbs) is a human developmental disorder that has been associated with fourteen bbs genes affecting the development of cilia. three bbs genes are distant relatives of chaperonin proteins, a family of chaperones well known for the protein-folding role of their double-ringed complexes. chaperonin-like bbs genes were originally thought to be vertebrate-specific, but related genes from different metazoan species have been identified as chaperonin-like bbs genes based on sequ ...	0	24010126
two novel deg/enac channel subunits expressed in glia are needed for nose-touch sensitivity in caenorhabditis elegans.	neuronal deg/enac (degenerin and epithelial na(+) channel) na(+) channels have been implicated in touch sensation. for example, mec-4 is expressed in touch neurons in caenorhabditis elegans and mediates gentle-touch response. similarly, homologous mammalian asic2 and asic3 are expressed in sensory neurons and produce touch phenotypes when knocked out in mice. here, we show that novel deg/enac subunits delm-1 and delm-2 (degenerin-like channel mechanosensory linked-1 and degenerin-like channel me ...	0	23325233
an unusual arrangement of two 14-3-3-like domains in the smg5-smg7 heterodimer is required for efficient nonsense-mediated mrna decay.	the nonsense-mediated mrna decay (nmd) pathway triggers the rapid degradation of aberrant mrnas containing premature translation termination codons (ptcs). in metazoans, nmd requires three 14-3-3-like proteins: smg5, smg6, and smg7. these proteins are recruited to ptc-containing mrnas through the interaction of their 14-3-3-like domains with phosphorylated upf1, the central nmd effector. recruitment of smg5, smg6, and smg7 causes nmd target degradation. in this study, we report the crystal struc ...	0	23348841
combining malaria vector control interventions: some trial design issues.		0	23432856
advances in genetics and genomics: use and limitations in achieving malaria elimination goals.	success of the global research agenda towards eradication of malaria will depend on the development of new tools, including drugs, vaccines, insecticides and diagnostics. genetic and genomic information now available for the malaria parasites, their mosquito vectors and human host, can be harnessed to both develop these tools and monitor their effectiveness. here we review and provide specific examples of current technological advances and how these genetic and genomic tools have increased our k ...	0	25943157
neuropeptide receptor transcript expression levels and magnitude of ionic current responses show cell type-specific differences in a small motor circuit.	we studied the relationship between neuropeptide receptor transcript expression and current responses in the stomatogastric ganglion (stg) of the crab, cancer borealis. we identified a transcript with high sequence similarity to crustacean cardioactive peptide (ccap) receptors in insects and mammalian neuropeptide s receptors. this transcript was expressed throughout the nervous system, consistent with the role of ccap in a range of different behaviors. in the stg, single-cell qpcr showed expres ...	0	25926455
hybridization, ecological races and the nature of species: empirical evidence for the ease of speciation.	species are generally viewed by evolutionists as 'real' distinct entities in nature, making speciation appear difficult. charles darwin had originally promoted a very different uniformitarian view that biological species were continuous with 'varieties' below the level of species and became distinguishable from them only when divergent natural selection led to gaps in the distribution of morphology. this darwinian view on species came under immediate attack, and the consensus among evolutionary ...	0	18579473
review. the strength and genetic basis of reproductive isolating barriers in flowering plants.	speciation is characterized by the evolution of reproductive isolation between two groups of organisms. understanding the process of speciation requires the quantification of barriers to reproductive isolation, dissection of the genetic mechanisms that contribute to those barriers and determination of the forces driving the evolution of those barriers. through a comprehensive analysis involving 19 pairs of plant taxa, we assessed the strength and patterns of asymmetry of multiple prezygotic and ...	0	18579478
review. sympatric, parapatric or allopatric: the most important way to classify speciation?	the most common classification of modes of speciation begins with the spatial context in which divergence occurs: sympatric, parapatric or allopatric. this classification is unsatisfactory because it divides a continuum into discrete categories, concentrating attention on the extremes, and it subordinates other dimensions on which speciation processes vary, such as the forces driving differentiation and the genetic basis of reproductive isolation. it also ignores the fact that speciation is a pr ...	0	18522915
multiple modular promoter elements drive graded brinker expression in response to the dpp morphogen gradient.	morphogen gradients play fundamental roles in patterning and cell specification during development by eliciting differential transcriptional responses in target cells. in drosophila, decapentaplegic (dpp), the bmp2/4 homolog, downregulates transcription of the nuclear repressor brinker (brk) in a concentration-dependent manner to generate an inverse graded distribution. both dpp and brk are crucial for directing dpp target gene expression in defined domains and the consequent execution of distin ...	0	18506030
control of antagonistic components of the hedgehog signaling pathway by micrornas in drosophila.	hedgehog (hh) signaling is critical for many developmental processes and for the genesis of diverse cancers. hh signaling comprises a series of negative regulatory steps, from hh reception to gene transcription output. we previously showed that stability of antagonistic regulatory proteins, including the coreceptor smoothened (smo), the kinesin-like costal-2 (cos2), and the kinase fused (fu), is affected by hh signaling activation. here, we show that the level of these three proteins is also reg ...	0	18493062
presynaptic calcium channel localization and calcium-dependent synaptic vesicle exocytosis regulated by the fuseless protein.	a systematic forward genetic drosophila screen for electroretinogram mutants lacking synaptic transients identified the fuseless (fusl) gene, which encodes a predicted eight-pass transmembrane protein in the presynaptic membrane. null fusl mutants display >75% reduction in evoked synaptic transmission but, conversely, an approximately threefold increase in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion events. these neurotransmission defects are rescued by a wild-type fusl tr ...	0	18385325
linking fold, function and phylogeny: a comparative genomics view on protein (domain) evolution.	domains are the building blocks of all globular proteins and present one of the most useful levels at which protein function can be understood. through recombination and duplication of a limited set of domains, proteomes evolved and the collection of protein superfamilies in an organism formed. as such, the presence of a shared domain can be regarded as an indicator of similar function and evolutionary history, but it does not necessarily imply it since convergent evolution may give rise to simi ...	0	19440449
nearly neutrality and the evolution of codon usage bias in eukaryotic genomes.	here i show that the mean codon usage bias of a genome, and of the lowly expressed genes in a genome, is largely similar across eukaryotes ranging from unicellular protists to vertebrates. conversely, this bias in housekeeping genes and in highly expressed genes has a remarkable inverse relationship with species generation time that varies by more than four orders of magnitude. the relevance of these results to the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution is discussed.	0	18430960
intron delays and transcriptional timing during development.	the time taken to transcribe most metazoan genes is significant because of the substantial length of introns. developmentally regulated gene networks, where timing and dynamic patterns of expression are critical, may be particularly sensitive to intron delays. we revisit and comment on a perspective last presented by thummel 16 years ago: transcriptional delays may contribute to timing mechanisms during development. we discuss the presence of intron delays in genetic networks. we consider how de ...	0	18331713
transcription factors bind thousands of active and inactive regions in the drosophila blastoderm.	identifying the genomic regions bound by sequence-specific regulatory factors is central both to deciphering the complex dna cis-regulatory code that controls transcription in metazoans and to determining the range of genes that shape animal morphogenesis. we used whole-genome tiling arrays to map sequences bound in drosophila melanogaster embryos by the six maternal and gap transcription factors that initiate anterior-posterior patterning. we find that these sequence-specific dna binding protei ...	0	18271625
u7 snrnas: a computational survey.	u7 small nuclear rna (snrna) sequences have been described only for a handful of animal species in the past. here we describe a computational search for functional u7 snrna genes throughout vertebrates including the upstream sequence elements characteristic for snrnas transcribed by polymerase ii. based on the results of this search, we discuss the high variability of u7 snrnas in both sequence and structure, and report on an attempt to find u7 snrna sequences in basal deuterostomes and non-dros ...	0	18267300
albert chalmers: perpetual honours for a prominent tropical medicine career in the sudan.	this article starts with brief review of albert chalmers' early career in tropical medicine until he was appointed director of the wellcome tropical research laboratories in khartoum (wtrlk) in 1913, succeeding andrew balfour. then the article explores how chalmers faced the challenges and managed to establish a solid research base under very harsh conditions. most of his directorship was during the first world war, with shortage of staff and increased routine work load. in spite of these constr ...	0	27493397
measuring changes in plasmodium falciparum transmission: precision, accuracy and costs of metrics.	as malaria declines in parts of africa and elsewhere, and as more countries move towards elimination, it is necessary to robustly evaluate the effect of interventions and control programmes on malaria transmission. to help guide the appropriate design of trials to evaluate transmission-reducing interventions, we review 11 metrics of malaria transmission, discussing their accuracy, precision, collection methods and costs and presenting an overall critique. we also review the nonlinear scaling rel ...	0	24480314
homing endonucleases: from genetic anomalies to programmable genomic clippers.	homing endonucleases are strong drivers of genetic exchange and horizontal transfer of both their own genes and their local genetic environment. the mechanisms that govern the function and evolution of these genetic oddities have been well documented over the past few decades at the genetic, biochemical, and structural levels. this wealth of information has led to the manipulation and reprogramming of the endonucleases and to their exploitation in genome editing for use as therapeutic agents, fo ...	0	24510256
evolutionarily conserved, multitasking trp channels: lessons from worms and flies.	the transient receptor potential (trp) channel family is comprised of a large group of cation-permeable channels, which display an extraordinary diversity of roles in sensory signaling. trps allow animals to detect chemicals, mechanical force, light, and changes in temperature. consequently, these channels control a plethora of animal behaviors. moreover, their functions are not limited to the classical senses, as they are cellular sensors, which are critical for ionic homeostasis and metabolism ...	0	24961975
gordon wilson lecture: opening doors worldwide through medical science: personal reflections.		0	25125724
malaria immunity in man and mosquito: insights into unsolved mysteries of a deadly infectious disease.	malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasites of the obligate intracellular apicomplexa phylum the most deadly of which, plasmodium falciparum, prevails in africa. malaria imposes a huge health burden on the world's most vulnerable populations, claiming the lives of nearly one million children and pregnant women each year. although there is keen interest in eradicating malaria, we do not yet have the necessary tools to meet this challenge, including an effective malaria vaccine and ade ...	0	24655294
seasonal variation in spatial distributions of anopheles gambiae in a sahelian village: evidence for aestivation.	changes in spatial distribution of mosquitoes over time in a sahelian village were studied to understand the sources of the mosquitoes during the dry season when no larval sites are found. at that time, the sources of anopheles gambiae giles may be local shelters used by aestivating mosquitoes or migrants from distant populations. the mosquito distribution was more aggregated during the dry season, when few houses had densities 7- to 24-fold higher than expected. the high-density houses during t ...	0	24605449
specificity of the receptor for the major sex pheromone component in heliothis virescens.	in a previous study, the drosophila melanogaster or67d(gal4);uas system was used to functionally characterize the receptor for the major component of the sex pheromone in the tobacco budworm, heliothis virescens fabricius (lepidoptera: noctuidae), hvor13. electrophysiological and behavioral assays showed that transgenic flies expressing hvor13 responded to (z)-11-hexadecenal (z11-16:ald). however, tests were not performed to determine whether these flies would also respond to secondary component ...	0	24773407
potential risk of induced malaria by blood transfusion in south-eastern nigeria.	induced malaria by blood transfusion is a potential health hazard but is often neglected in many malaria endemic areas. standard parasitological technique was used to determine the prevalence of malaria among blood donors in the south-eastern nigeria. of the total 325 blood donors (310 males and 15 females) screened, 133 (40.9%, ci 95%: 35.6-46.2%) were infected with malaria parasite, 78 (58.6%) had 1-10 parasites per 100 thick film fields ('+' or 4-40 parasites per mm3) while 55 (41.4%) had 11- ...	0	19529802
an intersubunit lock-and-key 'clasp' motif in the dimer interface of delta class glutathione transferase.	structural investigations of a gst (glutathione transferase), adgstd4-4, from the malaria vector anopheles dirus show a novel lock-and-key 'clasp' motif in the dimer interface of the delta class enzyme. this motif also appears to be highly conserved across several insect gst classes, but differs from a previously reported mammalian lock-and-key motif. the aromatic 'key' residue not only inserts into a hydrophobic pocket, the 'lock', of the neighbouring subunit, but also acts as part of the 'lock ...	0	16225458
self-reported malaria and mosquito avoidance in relation to household risk factors in a kenyan coastal city.	a geographically stratified cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2002 to investigate household-level factors associated with use of mosquito control measures and self-reported malaria in malindi, kenya. a total of 629 households were surveyed. logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. half of all households (51%) reported all occupants using an insecticide-treated bed net and at least one additional mosquito control measure such as insecticides or removal of standing water. forty-ni ...	0	16221324
positive selection of iris, a retroviral envelope-derived host gene in drosophila melanogaster.	eukaryotic genomes can usurp enzymatic functions encoded by mobile elements for their own use. a particularly interesting kind of acquisition involves the domestication of retroviral envelope genes, which confer infectious membrane-fusion ability to retroviruses. so far, these examples have been limited to vertebrate genomes, including primates where the domesticated envelope is under purifying selection to assist placental function. here, we show that in drosophila genomes, a previously unannot ...	0	16244705
the amino-terminal region of drosophila msl1 contains basic, glycine-rich, and leucine zipper-like motifs that promote x chromosome binding, self-association, and msl2 binding, respectively.	in drosophila melanogaster, x chromosome dosage compensation is achieved by doubling the transcription of most x-linked genes. the male-specific lethal (msl) complex is required for this process and binds to hundreds of sites on the male x chromosome. the msl1 protein is essential for x chromosome binding and serves as a central scaffold for msl complex assembly. we find that the amino-terminal region of msl1 binds to hundreds of sites on the x chromosome in normal males but only to approximatel ...	0	16199870
rec, drosophila mcm8, drives formation of meiotic crossovers.	crossovers ensure the accurate segregation of homologous chromosomes from one another during meiosis. here, we describe the identity and function of the drosophila melanogaster gene recombination defective (rec), which is required for most meiotic crossing over. we show that rec encodes a member of the mini-chromosome maintenance (mcm) protein family. six mcm proteins (mcm2-7) are essential for dna replication and are found in all eukaryotes. rec is the drosophila ortholog of the recently identi ...	0	16189551
transcription factor families have much higher expansion rates in plants than in animals.	transcription factors (tfs), which are central to the regulation of gene expression, are usually members of multigene families. in plants, they are involved in diverse processes such as developmental control and elicitation of defense and stress responses. to investigate if differences exist in the expansion patterns of tf gene families between plants and other eukaryotes, we first used arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) tfs to identify tf dna-binding domains. these dna-binding domains were then ...	0	16166257
the growing pre-mrna recruits actin and chromatin-modifying factors to transcriptionally active genes.	in the dipteran chironomus tentans, actin binds to hrp65, a nuclear protein associated with mrnp complexes. disruption of the actin-hrp65 interaction in vivo by the competing peptide 65-2cts reduces transcription drastically, which suggests that the actin-hrp65 interaction is required for transcription. we show that the inhibitory effect of the 65-2cts peptide on transcription is counteracted by trichostatin a, a drug that inhibits histone deacetylation. we also show that actin and hrp65 are ass ...	0	16103215
evolution of cell-autonomous effector mechanisms in macrophages versus non-immune cells.	specialized adaptations for killing microbes are synonymous with phagocytic cells including macrophages, monocytes, inflammatory neutrophils, and eosinophils. recent genome sequencing of extant species, however, reveals that analogous antimicrobial machineries exist in certain non-immune cells and also within species that ostensibly lack a well-defined immune system. here we probe the evolutionary record for clues about the ancient and diverse phylogenetic origins of macrophage killing mechanism ...	0	28087931
the 'unique key' feature of the iap-binding motifs in rhg proteins.		0	15905883
assembly of polymorphic genomes: algorithms and application to ciona savignyi.	whole-genome assembly is now used routinely to obtain high-quality draft sequence for the genomes of species with low levels of polymorphism. however, genome assembly remains extremely challenging for highly polymorphic species. the difficulty arises because two divergent haplotypes are sequenced together, making it difficult to distinguish alleles at the same locus from paralogs at different loci. we present here a method for assembling highly polymorphic diploid genomes that involves assemblin ...	0	16077012
regulation of ecdysteroid signalling during drosophila development: identification, characterization and modelling of ecdysone oxidase, an enzyme involved in control of ligand concentration.	the steroidal moulting hormones (ecdysteroids) mediate developmental transitions in insects, and their regulation is mainly controlled by the production and inactivation of these steroid hormones at the appropriate developmental times. one route of metabolism of ecdysteroids in insects involves eo (ecdysone oxidase)-catalysed conversion into 3-dehydroecdysteroid, which undergoes reduction to the corresponding 3-epiecdysteroid. by a twin-stranded bioinformatics approach, employing both phylogenom ...	0	15813704
structurally and functionally unique complexins at retinal ribbon synapses.	ribbon synapses in retinal sensory neurons maintain large pools of readily releasable synaptic vesicles. this allows them to release several hundreds of vesicles per second at every presynaptic release site. the molecular components that cause this high transmitter release efficiency of ribbon synapses are unknown. in the present study, we identified and characterized two novel vertebrate complexins (cpxs), cpxs iii and iv, that are the only cpx isoforms present in retinal ribbon synapses. cpxs ...	0	15911881
impacts of fever on locust life-history traits: costs or benefits?	fever, like other mechanisms for defence against pathogens, may have positive and negative consequences for host fitness. in ectotherms, fever can be attained through modified behavioural thermoregulation. here we examine potential costs of behavioural fever by holding adult, gregarious desert locusts at elevated temperatures simulating a range of fever intensities. we found no effect of fever temperatures on primary fitness correlates of survival and fecundity. however, flight capacity and mate ...	0	17148161
a new class of glutathione s-transferase from the hepatopancreas of the red sea bream pagrus major.	to elucidate drug deposition and metabolism in cultured marine fishes, in a previous study we isolated and purified the gsts (glutathione s-transferases) from the hepatopancreas of the red sea bream pagrus major that contained 25 and 28 kda gst subunits. the 25 kda gst subunits encoded by two genes (gsta1 and gsta2) have been identified as alpha-class gsts. in the present study, we performed the molecular cloning and characterization of the gstr1 gene encoding the 28 kda gst subunit from the pa. ...	0	15610066
flymine: an integrated database for drosophila and anopheles genomics.	flymine is a data warehouse that addresses one of the important challenges of modern biology: how to integrate and make use of the diversity and volume of current biological data. its main focus is genomic and proteomics data for drosophila and other insects. it provides web access to integrated data at a number of different levels, from simple browsing to construction of complex queries, which can be executed on either single items or lists.	0	17615057
conservation of regulatory sequences and gene expression patterns in the disintegrating drosophila hox gene complex.	homeotic (hox) genes are usually clustered and arranged in the same order as they are expressed along the anteroposterior body axis of metazoans. the mechanistic explanation for this colinearity has been elusive, and it may well be that a single and universal cause does not exist. the hox-gene complex (hom-c) has been rearranged differently in several drosophila species, producing a striking diversity of hox gene organizations. we investigated the genomic and functional consequences of the two h ...	0	15867430
phylodome--visualization of taxonomic distributions of domains occurring in eukaryote protein sequence sets.	the analysis of taxonomic distribution and lineage-specific variation of domains and domain combinations is an important step in the assessment of their functional roles and potential interoperability. in the study of eukaryote sequence sets with many multi-domain proteins, it can become laborious to evaluate the phylogenetic context of the many occurring domains and their mutual relationships. phylodome is an answer to that problem. it provides a fast overview on the taxonomic spreading and pot ...	0	15980439
single-dose microparticle delivery of a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine elicits a long-lasting functional antibody response.	malaria sexual stage and mosquito transmission-blocking vaccines (ssm-tbv) have recently gained prominence as a necessary tool for malaria eradication. ssm-tbvs are unique in that, with the exception of parasite gametocyte antigens, they primarily target parasite or mosquito midgut surface antigens expressed only inside the mosquito. as such, the primary perceived limitation of ssm-tbvs is that the absence of natural boosting following immunization will limit its efficacy, since the antigens are ...	0	23331003
the gene cortex controls mimicry and crypsis in butterflies and moths.	the wing patterns of butterflies and moths (lepidoptera) are diverse and striking examples of evolutionary diversification by natural selection. lepidopteran wing colour patterns are a key innovation, consisting of arrays of coloured scales. we still lack a general understanding of how these patterns are controlled and whether this control shows any commonality across the 160,000 moth and 17,000 butterfly species. here, we use fine-scale mapping with population genomics and gene expression analy ...	0	27251285
walking or waiting? topologies of the breeding ground in malaria control.	few places bear as much historical and scientific significance as the breeding ground, the accumulation of stagnant water where disease-carrying insects lay their eggs. since the turn of the twentieth century, when mosquitoes of the anopheles genus were identified as the vector of malaria transmission, these aquatic habitats have been a key object of epidemiological research and public health intervention against the disease. yet the breeding ground can be incorporated into a number of different ...	0	25937707
fife, a drosophila piccolo-rim homolog, promotes active zone organization and neurotransmitter release.	neuronal communication depends on the precisely orchestrated release of neurotransmitter at specialized sites called active zones (azs). a small number of scaffolding and cytoskeletal proteins comprising the cytomatrix of the active zone (caz) are thought to organize the architecture and functional properties of azs. the majority of caz proteins are evolutionarily conserved, underscoring the fundamental similarities in neurotransmission at all synapses. however, core caz proteins piccolo and bas ...	0	23197698
correlating structure and function during the evolution of fibrinogen-related domains.	fibrinogen-related domains (freds) are found in a variety of animal proteins with widely different functions, ranging from non-self recognition to clot formation. all appear to have a common surface where binding of one sort or other occurs. an examination of 19 completed animal genomes--including a sponge and sea anemone, six protostomes, and 11 deuterostomes--has allowed phylogenies to be constructed that show where various types of frep (proteins containing freds) first made their appearance. ...	0	23076991
comparison of biochemical and molecular tests for detecting insecticide resistance due to insensitive acetylcholinesterase in culex quinquefasciatus.	insecticide resistance to organophosphates and carbamates can be the result of changes in acetylcholinesterase activity conferred by the ace-1 mutation. detection of this altered target site mutation is important in guiding informed decisions for resistance management. in this study we compared a competitive enzyme assay with a polymerase chain reaction assay utilizing a restriction enzyme. both assays detected the ace-1 mutation in culex quinquefasciatus and agreement was 100%. the costs and be ...	0	23393758
sickle cell trait protects against plasmodium falciparum infection.	although sickle cell trait protects against severe disease due to plasmodium falciparum, it has not been clear whether sickle trait also protects against asymptomatic infection (parasitemia). to address this question, the authors identified 171 persistently smear-negative children and 450 asymptomatic persistently smear-positive children in bancoumana, mali (june 1996 to june 1998). they then followed both groups for 2 years using a cohort-based strategy. among the 171 children with persistently ...	0	23035141
genomics of sex determination in drosophila.	drosophilists have identified many, or perhaps most, of the key regulatory genes determining sex using classical genetics, however, regulatory genes must ultimately result in the deployment of the genome in a quantitative manner, replete with complex interactions with other regulatory pathways. in the last decade, genomics has provided a rich picture of the transcriptional profile of the sexes that underlies sexual dimorphism. the current challenge is linking transcriptional profiles with the re ...	0	23023665
sinus microbiome diversity depletion and corynebacterium tuberculostearicum enrichment mediates rhinosinusitis.	persistent mucosal inflammation and microbial infection are characteristics of chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). mucosal microbiota dysbiosis is found in other chronic inflammatory diseases; however, the relationship between sinus microbiota composition and crs is unknown. using comparative microbiome profiling of a cohort of crs patients and healthy subjects, we demonstrate that the sinus microbiota of crs patients exhibits significantly reduced bacterial diversity compared with that of healthy con ...	0	22972842
multiple-insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, southern côte d'ivoire.	malaria control depends on mosquito susceptibility to insecticides. we tested anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from côte d'ivoire for resistance and screened a subset for target site mutations. mosquitoes were resistant to insecticides of all approved classes. such complete resistance, which includes exceptionally strong phenotypes, presents a major threat to malaria control.	0	22932478
effects of anticholinesterases on catalysis and induced conformational change of the peripheral anionic site of murine acetylcholinesterase.	conventional insecticides targeting acetylcholinesterase (ache) typically show high mammalian toxicities and because there is resistance to these compounds in many insect species, alternatives to established ache inhibitors used for pest control are needed. here we used a fluorescence method to monitor interactions between various ache inhibitors and the ache peripheral anionic site, which is a novel target for new insecticides acting on this enzyme. the assay uses thioflavin-t as a probe, which ...	0	24003261
gene duplication, tissue-specific gene expression and sexual conflict in stalk-eyed flies (diopsidae).	gene duplication provides an essential source of novel genetic material to facilitate rapid morphological evolution. traits involved in reproduction and sexual dimorphism represent some of the fastest evolving traits in nature, and gene duplication is intricately involved in the origin and evolution of these traits. here, we review genomic research on stalk-eyed flies (diopsidae) that has been used to examine the extent of gene duplication and its role in the genetic architecture of sexual dimor ...	0	22777023
the habitat disruption induces immune-suppression and oxidative stress in honey bees.	the honey bee is a major insect used for pollination of many commercial crops worldwide. although the use of honey bees for pollination can disrupt the habitat, the effects on their physiology have never been determined. recently, honey bee colonies have often collapsed when introduced in greenhouses for pollination in japan. thus, suppressing colony collapses and maintaining the number of worker bees in the colonies is essential for successful long-term pollination in greenhouses and recycling ...	0	22393496
urban mosquitoes, situational publics, and the pursuit of interspecies separation in dar es salaam.	recent work in anthropology points to the recognition of multispecies entanglements as the grounds for a more ethical politics. in this article, we examine efforts to control mosquitoes in dar es salaam, tanzania, as an example of the laborious tasks of disentanglement that characterize public health interventions. the mosquito surveillance and larval elimination practices of an urban malaria control program offer an opportunity to observe how efforts to create distance between species relate to ...	0	25429167
malaria vaccine: a future hope to curtail the global malaria burden.	it has been estimated that nearly half of the world's population is at the risk of contracting malaria with sub saharan africa being the most risky area. the existing frontline malaria control interventions are not only expensive but also become ineffective owing to the emergence of insecticide and drug resistance. it calls for an innovative approach in terms of potential and reliable vaccine as an additional tool. over centuries, the public health experts have been actively engaged to formulate ...	0	24932383
genetic diversity and complexity of plasmodium falciparum infections in lagos, nigeria.	to analyse the genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum (p. falciparum) using msp-1 and msp-2 as antigenic markers.	0	25183154
evidence of increasing l1014f kdr mutation frequency in anopheles gambiae s.l. pyrethroid resistant following a nationwide distribution of llins by the beninese national malaria control programme.	to determine the susceptibility status to pyrethroid in anopheles gambiae s.l. (an. gambiae), the distribution of kdr "leu-phe" mutation in malaria vectors in benin and to compare the current frequency of kdr "leu-phe" mutation to the previous frequency after long-lasting insecticide treated nets implementation.	0	25182444
cross-modality effects of prey odour during the intraspecific interactions of a mosquito-specialist predator.	one of the predictions from evolutionary game theory is that individuals will increase their willingness (i.e., become primed) to escalate aggression when they detect the presence of a limiting resource. here we test this prediction in the context of prey odour priming escalation decisions during vision-based encounters by evarcha culicivora. this east african jumping spider (salticidae) feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by actively choosing blood-carrying female mosquitoes as preferred prey. ...	0	24839338
recombinant allergens for diagnosis of cockroach allergy.	molecular cloning of cockroach allergens and their expression as recombinant proteins have allowed a better understanding of the mechanisms of cockroach allergic disease. recombinant cockroach allergens have been used for skin testing or in vitro methods to measure ige antibody levels in serum. early studies evaluating selected u.s. patients revealed that a cocktail of four cockroach allergens, bla g 1, bla g 2, bla g 4, and bla g 5, would identify 95 % of cockroach allergic patients. more recen ...	0	24563284
a standard cytogenetic map for anopheles sinensis and chromosome arm homology between the subgenera anopheles and cellia.	anopheles sinensis (diptera: culicidae) is an important vector of plasmodium vivax in southeast asia. to facilitate population genetic and genomic studies of an. sinensis, we developed a standard cytogenetic photomap for this species. the polytene chromosomes were straightened and divided into 39 numbered divisions and 116 lettered subdivisions. the chromosomal localizations of 13 dna probes were determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. a comparison of the physical map for an. sinensis w ...	0	25171604
the role of anopheles gambiae var. melas in the transmission of malaria in the vicinity of freetown estuary, sierra leone, 1943.		1946	20289240
on coelomomyces fungi causing high mortality of anopheles gambiae larvae in rhodesia.		1946	20984389
effect of short contact with ddt residues on anopheles gambiae.		1946	20996712
experimental infection of the larvae of anopheles gambiae (dipt., culicidae) with a coelomomyces fungus.		1946	21065076
on the effect of ddt-treated surfaces on adults of anopheles gambiae and a. funestus.		1947	20240387
the residual action of ddt against anopheles gambiae and funestus.		1947	20243881
on the control of malaria in freetown, sierra leone; plasmodium falciparum and anopheles gambiae in relation to malaria occurring in infants.		1947	18902137
the effects of house spraying with pyrethrum and with ddt on anopheles gambiae and a. melas in west africa.		1947	18918650
studies on anopheles gambiae and anopheles melas in and around lagos.		1948	18907555
the anopheles gambiae problem in brazil and west africa.		1948	18909928
the anopheles gambiae problem in brazil and west africa, 1941-44.		1948	18932890
notes on the bionomics of anopheles gambiae and a. funestus in east africa.		1948	18122257
d.d.t. and gammexane as residual insecticides against anopheles gambiae in african houses.		1948	18122719
the extermination of anopheles gambiae in the wadi halfa area.		1949	18125556
on the control of malaria in freetown, sierra leone; control methods and the effects upon the transmission of plasmodium falciparum resulting from the reduced abundance of anopheles gambiae.		1949	15393585
ddt and gammexane as residual insecticides against anopheles gambiae in african houses.		1950	15404741
[hours of activity of anopheles gambiae in french occidental africa].		1950	14785394
biting activity of anopheles gambiae.		1951	14879114
[reflections on the domestic habits of anopheles gambiae in french west africa].		1951	14918687
the duration of the gonotrophic cycle in anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus, with a note on the efficiency of hand catching.		1953	13060242
inter-relations between filarial and malarial infections in anopheles gambiae.		1953	13087232
a method for maintaining a colony of anopheles gambiae in the laboratory.		1953	13090292
experiments with antimalarial drugs in man. i. the protective effect of proguanil (paludrine) against an east african strain of plasmodium falciparum transmitted by anopheles gambiae.		1953	13090297
[preliminary study on the biology of anopheles gambiae, giles in the forest regions of south cameroon].		1953	13148942
[studies on malaria and on maxillary index in anopheles gambiae giles in brazzaville from dec 1950-feb 1951].		1953	13150104
a method for the numerical study of larval populations of anopheles gambiae and other pool-breeding mosquitoes.		1954	13208155
the recognition of age-groups within populations of anopheles gambiae by the pre-gravid rate and the sporozoite rate.		1954	13149120
environmental influences and the maxillary index in anopheles gambiae.		1954	13144773
anopheles gambiae giles and anopheles melas theobald in a coastal area of liberia, west africa.		1955	13281920
adult behaviour-pattern of anopheles gambiae in mauritius.		1955	14356193
measurement of the ampulla of the oviduct as a means of determining the natural daily mortality of anopheles gambiae.		1955	14362416
the susceptibility of fourthstage larvae of anopheles gambiae to oil solutions of ddt and dieldrin under semi-natural conditions.		1955	14365669
a method of maintaining colonies of east african strains of anopheles gambiae.		1956	13303106
insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae giles.		1956	13321902
normal resistance-levels of anopheles gambiae to various insecticides.		1956	13321903