Publications

the effects of adenosine and guanosine on the replication of sindbis and vesicular stomatitis viruses in aedes albopictus cells.		1981	6270900
translation of vesicular stomatitis and sindbis virus mrnas in cell-free extracts of aedes albopictus cells.	we have developed a cell-free system from aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells which is able to carry out endogenous protein synthesis and is stable to freezing and thawing. successful preparation of extracts was found to depend on the presence of purified placental rnase inhibitor during cell breakage. micrococcal nuclease-treated extracts translated exogenously added sindbis 26s or vesicular stomatitis virus mrna with a high degree of fidelity, demonstrating that initiation of protein synthesis h ...	1981	6273418
[study on virus yields in igarashi clone of singh's aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with japanese encephalitis virus (2-8 strain)].		1981	6276035
the use of toxorhynchites mosquitoes to detect and propagate dengue and other arboviruses.	both sexes of toxorhynchites amboinensis, an unusually large, non-blood sucking mosquito, were found to be as susceptible to infection with each of the four types of dengue virus by intrathoracic inoculation as aedes albopictus. tx. amboinensis infected with dengue virus could be identified easily by fluorescent antibody staining of head squashes and had advantages of size, hardiness, and safety (for females) as compared with ae. albopictus. tx. amboinensis also were more susceptible to infectio ...	1981	6111230
inhibitors of imp dehydrogenase prevent sindbis virus replication and reduce gtp levels in aedes albopictus cells.		1981	6111860
replication of dengue, yellow fever, st. louis encephalitis and vesicular stomatitis viruses in a cell line (tra-171) derived from toxorhynchites amboinensis.	the replication of seven arboviruses in a cell line (tra-171) derived from a nonhematophagous mosquito was studied. four serotypes of laboratory adapted and three serotypes of unadapted dengue viruses replicated in the tra-171 cell line, inducing syncytia. the sensitivity of tra-171 cells to dengue virus infection was comparable to that of aedes albopictus or a. pseudoscutellaris cells. yellow fever, st. louis encephalitis, and vesicular stomatitis viruses also replicated. all four serotypes of ...	1981	6119288
attempts to obtain oryctes baculovirus replication in three insect cell cultures.	attempts were made to obtain oryctes baculovirus replication in three insect cell cultures. the cell cultures were derived from the dynastine beetle heteronychus arator, the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda, and the mosquito aedes albopictus. the criteria for virus replication were synthesis of virus-specific dna and presence of virus particles within cells. infection occurred in h. arator cells but not in s. frugiperda cells. when a. albopictus cells were inoculated with high concentrations ...	1981	18635075
genetics of glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphoglucomutase in aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).	glucose phosphate isomerase (e.c. 5.3.1.9) and phosphoglucomutase (e.c. 2.7.5.1) were found to be polymorphic in a laboratory colony of aedes albopictus. the glucose phosphate isomerase locus is represented by two alleles resulting in three genotypes, while the phosphoglucomutase locus is represented by at least five alleles giving rise to a total of 15 genotypes. the inheritance of these two enzymes is of the mendelian type with codominant alleles. present data indicate that these genes are not ...	1981	24276567
insect chromosome isolation: a method for metaphase chromosome harvest from cultured cells of the mosquito aedes albopictus.		1981	7332874
isolation and characterization of cycloheximide-resistant mosquito cell clones.	following treatment of cultured mosquito cells (aedes albopictus line of singh) with the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate, we were able to isolate three cycloheximide-resistant clones. on the basis of growth kinetics, plating efficiency, and protein synthesis, these clones are 10- to 30-fold more resistant to cycloheximide than the parent cells. cell-free lysates made from these cells retained 30-65% of their endogenous protein synthesizing ability in the presence of cycloheximide concent ...	1982	7144797
aedes albopictus cells resistant to adenosine because of a defect in nucleoside transport.	by growing aedes albopictus mosquito cells in media containing increasing concentrations of adenosine and subsequently plating low numbers of cells in the presence of ehna (an inhibitor of adenosine deaminase), three clones were obtained which were resistant to adenosine. the adenosine-resistant clones contained level of adenosine and thymidine kinase similar to those in the parental cells, but were unable to incorporate labeled nucleotides (adenosine, uridine, thymidine, or guanosine) into tca- ...	1982	7135163
[preliminary observation of aedes albopictus in relation to its multiple blood sucking].		1982	7185457
isolation and characterization of puromycin-resistant clones from cultured mosquito cells.	we have isolated from an established aedes albopictus (mosquito) cell line clones which are resistant to the antibiotic puromycin. on the basis of growth and plating efficiency, clones pur-8026 and pur-8612 were five- and seven-fold more resistant, respectively, to puromycin than wild-type cells. in vitro protein synthesis was resistant to puromycin only in extracts prepared from pur-8612 cells. measurements of puromycin transport, cross-resistance to colchicine, and sensitivity to tween-80 indi ...	1982	7123454
multiple glucose phosphate isomerase alleles in aedes albopictus (diptera:culicidae) from peninsular malaysia.	1. three natural populations and a laboratory strain of aedes albopictus were analysed for glucose phosphate isomerase by means of horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. 2. the electrophoretic phenotypes were governed by five codominant gpi alleles. 3. the commonest allele in all the four population samples was gpic which encoded an electrophoretic band with intermediate mobility. 4. the distributions of gpi phenotypes were in accordance with hardy-weinberg expectations. 5. the four population s ...	1982	7172625
manipulation with aëdes albopictus cells ii. changes in the karyotype after long-term in vitro cultivation, the effect of the serum concentration, and the influence of baculoviruses (autographa californica).		1982	7148262
cloning of the mitochondrial genome of anopheles quadrimaculatus.	the entire 15 kilobase (kb) anopheles quadrimaculatus mitochondrial dna (mtdna) was cloned as three ecori fragments in a bacteriophage vector and then subcloned into plasmid vectors. the cloned dna was physically mapped with restriction endonucleases, and the maps were compared to the restriction patterns of native a. quadrimaculatus mtdna. several genes were mapped by sequencing the ends of a. quadrimaculatus mtdna subclones and by hybridization with the previously characterized aedes albopictu ...	1982	2134168
dengue virus replication in a polyploid mosquito cell culture grown in serum-free medium.	a subline of a polyploid cell line (tra-284) derived from a nonbiting mosquito, toxorhynchites amboinensis, was adapted to a serum-free medium. the sensitivity of the subline (tra-284-sf) to all serotypes of adapted dengue viruses was generally comparable to that of aedes albopictus (c6/36), and den 3 viruses replicated to higher titers in tra-28f-sf cells than in c6/36 cells. the subline was found to be useful for isolation of dengue viruses from human serum, since isolation rates were higher i ...	1982	6130104
west nile virus in pakistan. iii. comparative vector capability of culex tritaeniorhynchus and eight other species of mosquitoes.	eight species of mosquitoes from pakistan were compared with culex tritaeniorhynchus as experimental vectors of west nile (wn) virus. when fed by the membrane or cotton-pledget methods on a dose of wn virus 100% infective for cx tritaeniorhynchus, 95% and 73% of the females of cx fuscocephala and cx pseudovishnui became infected, respectively. cx quinquefasciatus, cx univittatus, aedes albopictus, ae. caspius, ae. indicus and ae. lineatopennis were all significantly less susceptible than cx trit ...	1982	6134362
analysis of viral and defective-interfering nucleocapsids in acute and persistent infection by rhabdoviruses.	we have isolated and characterized the rna of intracellular virus nucleocapsids recovered from a number of cell cultures persistently infected with rabies virus or vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). vsv persistent infections in bhk21, l cells and aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells generally showed the presence of large amounts of defective-interfering (di) nucleocapsid rna and much smaller amounts of standard (b) nucleocapsid rna. persistent infections of bhk21 cells by two rabies virus strains, c ...	1982	6284869
conditions necessary for inhibition of protein synthesis and production of cytopathic effect in aedes albopictus cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus.	the relationship between the development of cytopathic effect (cpe) and the inhibition of host macromolecular synthesis was examined in a cpe-susceptible cloned line of aedes albopictus cells after infection with vesicular stomatitis virus. to induce rapid and maximal cpe, two conditions were required: (i) presence of serum in the medium and (ii) incubation at 34 degrees c rather than at 28 degrees c. in the absence of serum, incubation of infected cultures at 34 degrees c resulted in a signific ...	1982	6287221
protein synthesis in lysates of aedes albopictus cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus.	aedes albopictus cells (clone lt-c7) showed a marked cytopathic effect and inhibition of protein synthesis (both host and viral) after infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), but only if (i) cultures were incubated at 34 degrees c rather than 28 degrees c and (ii) serum was present in the medium (s. gillies and v. stollar, mol. cell. biol. 2:66-75, 1982). to learn more about how protein synthesis is shut off in vsv-infected a. albopictus cells, we have compared cell-free protein synthes ...	1982	6294498
comparative studies on the growth of australian bluetongue virus serotypes in continuous cell lines and embryonated chicken eggs.	the replication of cell culture passaged australian bluetongue virus (btv) isolates, serotypes 20 (csiro19) and 1 (csiro156), and an untyped btv (csiro154) was assessed in eight continuous cell lines (one derived from baby hamster kidney cells, bhk-21; three derived from monkey kidney cells, vero, llc-mk2 and cv-1p; a foetal ovine lung and a mouse fibroblast cell line, csl503 and l929, respectively, a super-vero-porcine stable cell line, svp; and a mosquito cell line, aedes albopictus cells) and ...	1982	6298990
transient enhanced synthesis of a cellular protein following infection of aedes albopictus cells with sindbis virus.		1982	7039090
mutant identifying a third recombination group in a bunyavirus.	only two recombination groups have been reported in genetic analyses of ts mutants of 10 different bunyaviruses from the bunyamwera and california encephalitis serogroups, although three groups are expected from the tripartite structure of the genome of all members of the family bunyaviridae. we describe now a ts mutant of maguari virus, magts23(iii), which recombined in both vertebrate (bhk-21) and invertebrate (aedes albopictus) cells with mutants representing recombination groups i and ii of ...	1982	7097862
neutralization characteristics of dengue viruses isolated in mosquito cell culture and suckling mouse brain from a case of laboratory dengue infection.	one of the authors (y.o.) of this paper was accidentally infected in the laboratory with dengue type 4 virus, isolated in thailand in 1978 using the c6/36 clone of singh's aedes albopictus cells (sa). two strains of the virus were isolated from y.o.'s serum on the first day of illness using sa and suckling mouse brain (smb). the sa-isolate and the infecting virus were neutralized with high efficiency by y.o.'s convalescent sera, but the smb-isolate was neutralized much less efficiently by the sa ...	1982	7165688
distribution and density of aedes aegypti (l) and aedes albopictus (skuse) in sarawak.		1982	7176997
[isolation of type iii dengue fever virus from aedes albopictus collected at hainan island].		1982	7185456
[dynamic observations on the dengue virus antigen carrying rate of aedes albopictus in foshan district of guangdong province].		1982	6820321
demonstration of interference between dengue virus types in cultured mosquito cells using monoclonal antibody probes.	cultured aedes albopictus cells (clone c6/36), persistently infected (pi) with dengue virus type 1 (dengue-1) were found resistant to superinfection with dengue virus type 3 (dengue-3). this was determined by indirect immunofluorescent (if) staining of cultures using monoclonal antibody against a dengue-3 type-specific antigen. dengue-1 pi cultures stained with this antibody 3 days after superinfection with dengue-3 virus (m.o.i of 2) had dengue-3 antigen in 0.1 to 1.0% of the cells. control cul ...	1982	6176677
mechanism of action of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis insecticidal delta-endotoxin.	bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis delta-endotoxin protein active against mosquitoes was inactivated by prior incubation with lipids extracted from aedes albopictus cells. experiments with lipid dispersions and multilamellar liposomes showed that the toxin binds to phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine provided these lipids contain unsaturated fatty acids. phosphatidyl serine binds toxin less efficiently and phosphatidyl inositol, cardiolipin, cerebroside and chol ...	1983	6832375
bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis crystal delta-endotoxin: effects on insect and mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo.	bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis parasporal crystal delta-endotoxin was purified by ultracentrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. native delta-endotoxin crystals showed no detectable toxicity in the vitro and in vivo systems that are described. by contrast alkali-solubilized crystal delta-endotoxin caused rapid cytological and cytopathological changes in aedes albopictus, choristoneura fumiferana 63 cf1, spodoptera frugiperda and trichoplusia ni cell lines as observed by phase-c ...	1983	6874728
rapid identification of dengue virus isolates by using monoclonal antibodies in an indirect immunofluorescence assay.	type-specific monoclonal antibodies prepared against the four dengue (den) virus serotypes were evaluated for their ability to identify low-passage human and mosquito isolates from jamaica and west africa by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. serotyped human isolates from jamaican dengue fever patients included 12 den-1, two den-2, and five den-4 viruses. viruses from west africa included 84 den-2 mosquito strains as well as two den-1 and one den-2 from humans. results obtained using the immu ...	1983	6401944
multiple alleles and low variability of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae) from peninsular malaysia.	1. a total of 8 samples from three natural populations and a laboratory strain of aedes albopictus were analysed for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase phenotypes by means of horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. 2. the electrophoretic phenotypes were governed by three codominant gpd alleles. 3. there was low variability, with the heterozygosity in the variable samples ranging from 0.02 to 0.12. 4. the commonest allele in all the population samples was gpdb which encoded an electrophoretic band ...	1983	6406135
the mapputta group of arboviruses: ultrastructural and molecular studies which place the group in the bunyavirus genus of the family bunyaviridae.	we have characterized members of the mapputta group of 'bunyavirus-like' viruses in terms of morphology, structure, ultrastructural development and virus-directed rna and protein synthesis. our primary study has been with maprik virus (mpk) as a representative of the group. the mpk virion is uniformly spherical (congruent to 90 nm diameter) and possesses a membrane envelope. virus maturation is by budding into small vesicles in the perinuclear region. during infection of bhk cells which is cytop ...	1983	6411055
defective viral rnas in aedes albopictus c6/36 cells persistently infected with semliki forest virus.	a persistent infection of semliki forest virus (sfv) has been established in aedes albopictus c6/36 cells. only a small number of cells survived the initial infection with this rna virus and gave rise to a persistently infected culture which produced continuously small amounts of infectious virus. to investigate whether defective viral rna was analyzed early and late after infection by blot hybridizations. several defective viral rnas were detected with a common sequence corresponding to the 3' ...	1983	6623928
transovarial transmission of dengue viruses by mosquitoes: aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti.	transovarial transmission of all four dengue serotypes was demonstrated in aedes albopictus mosquitoes. the rates of such transmission varied with the serotype and strain of virus. in general, the highest rates were observed with strains of dengue type 1 and the lowest with dengue type 3. surprisingly, despite the use of viral strains of the four dengue serotypes which gave the highest rates with ae. albopictus, transovarial transmission was observed in aedes aegypti only with dengue type 1, and ...	1983	6625066
sterol-free eukaryotic cells from continuous cell lines of insects.	three cell lines from mamestra brassicae (lepidoptera), one from aedes albopictus (diptera) and one from sarcophaga peregrina (diptera) were continuously cultured in a sterol-free medium and analyzed for sterol content. no sterols were found in any of the cell lines, whereas from cells cultured in a serum-containing medium, cholesterol was detected. this is the first instance of sterol-free animal cells.	1983	6667502
requirement of cell nucleus for sindbis virus replication in cultured aedes albopictus cells.	the ability of sindbis virus to grow in enucleated bhk-21 (vertebrate) and aedes albopictus (invertebrate) cells was tested to determine the dependence of this virus upon nuclear function in these two phylogenetically unrelated hosts. although both cell types could be demonstrated to produce viable cytoplasts (enucleated cells) which produced virus-specific antigen subsequent to infection. bhk cytoplasts produced a significant number of progeny virions, whereas mosquito cytoplasts did not. the p ...	1983	6300436
phenotypic changes in the flavivirus kunjin after a single cycle of growth in an aedes albopictus cell line.	the properties of kunjin virus produced during acute infections of aedes albopictus (aal) mosquito cells were compared with those of the virus progeny from the c6/36 clone of mosquito cells and from vero cells. titres of 10(8) p.f.u./ml or greater were obtained from all cells, but significant haemagglutinin activity was associated only with progeny from vero and c6/36 cells. kunjin virus from aal cells adsorbed to goose erythrocytes and blocked haemagglutination by virus from vero or c6/36 cells ...	1983	6308133
antiviral activity released from aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with semliki forest virus.	aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells persistently infected with semliki forest virus released an agent which inhibited virus production by a. albopictus cells infected with homologous virus. inhibition of virus production was accompanied by a marked reduction in the synthesis of viral rna and viral proteins. expression of the antiviral effect was prevented by pretreatment of cells with actinomycin. no analogous antiviral activity was detected in culture fluids of a. albopictus cells persistently in ...	1983	6312089
isoprene synthesis in isolated embryonic drosophila cells. i. sterol-deficient eukaryotic cells.	since insects are cholesterol auxotrophs, we analyzed the apparent paradox presented by an established cell line (kc cells) from drosophila embryos which grew in media which contained less than 0.05 micrograms/ml of sterols. fresh drosophila embryos contained 3.7 micrograms of 3 beta-hydroxysterols/mg of protein; however, kc cells had maximally 0.50 micrograms of 3 beta-hydroxysterols/mg of protein. kc cells, grown in media which contained cholesterol, showed the presence of sterol in their plas ...	1983	6863298
linkage studies on alpha-glycerophosphate and isocitrate dehydrogenases in aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).	linkage studies were carried out on alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-gpdh) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (idh) in the mosquito aedes (stegomyia) albopictus. only one locus coding for alpha-gpdh was revealed on agar gels by applying adult homogenates. two loci for idh were observed using either fourth-instar larvae, pupae, or adults. this study was restricted to the more anodal idh-2 of the two loci, and alpha-gpdh. both alpha-gpdh and idh-2 encode dimeric enzymes. thirteen backcrosses ...	1984	6497828
a cluster of four transfer rna genes in mosquito mitochondrial dna.	we have sequenced a 342 base-pair segment of mosquito (aëdes albopictus) mitochondrial dna. this segment contains genes corresponding to two of the more unusual of the mosquito mitochondrial trnas that we sequenced earlier, trnaargucg and trnasergcu, as well as genes for trnaalaugc and trnaasnguu and a portion of a gene that is homologous to mammalian mitochondrial unidentified reading frame 3. there are differences in gene order and directions of transcription between the mosquito mitochondrial ...	1984	6477610
antibody response to dengue-2 vaccine measured by two different radioimmunoassay methods.	two different radioimmunoassays were used to detect virus-specific antibodies in sera from human volunteers inoculated with an attenuated dengue type 2 (den-2) vaccine (pr-159/s-1). an indirect radioimmunoassay required purified den-2 virions for optimal reactivity but was 10 to 500 times more sensitive than neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition tests. an antibody capture radioimmunoassay was able to utilize crude antigens from either den-infected mouse brains or aedes albopictus cell cu ...	1984	6330164
human hypersensitivity to a sham vaccine prepared from mosquito-cell culture fluids.	a sham vaccine, prepared with the c6/36 cell line derived from larval aedes albopictus mosquitoes, was skin tested on 12 volunteers. although no reactions were observed after prick tests, three immediate reactions did occur after intradermal tests. subcutaneous administration of the c6/36 sham vaccine was initially performed on the nine subjects who did not demonstrate immediate reactions. five of these subjects developed delayed reactions at the site of the intradermal test within 12 hr after i ...	1984	6150050
[preliminary report on the susceptibility of mosquitoes to brugia pahangi].	a comparative study on the susceptibility of eight species of four genera of mosquitoes to brugia pahangi was carried out. aedes aegypti (liverpool strain), aedes togoi, armigeres subalbatus and mansonia uniformis (taiwan strains) were found with the third-stage larvae 14 days after feeding on infected rats (sprague-dawley). the remaining of aedes aegypti, aedes albopictus, aedes pseudoalbopictus, culex p. fatigans and culex annutus (taiwan strains) were found refractory to infection. to determi ...	1984	6150813
properties of defective interfering particles of sindbis virus generated in vertebrate and mosquito cells.	defective interfering (di) particles of sindbis virus were generated during serial, undiluted passage of a cloned virus stock in both chick embryo fibroblast (cef) cells and aedes albopictus mosquito cells. di particle-containing stocks were identified by their ability to interfere with standard virus replication and to synthesize small di rna species in the cell type in which they were generated. di rna species generated during serial passage in cef cells were able to replicate in both vertebra ...	1984	6693857
regulation of asparagine-linked oligosaccharide processing. oligosaccharide processing in aedes albopictus mosquito cells.	we have examined the synthesis and processing of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides from aedes albopictus c6/36 mosquito cells. these cells synthesized a glucose-containing lipid-linked oligosaccharide with properties identical to that of glc3man9glcnac2-pp-dolichol. results of brief pulse label experiments with [3h]mannose were consistent with the transfer of glc3man9glcnac2 to protein followed by the rapid removal of glucose residues. pulse-chase experiments established that further processing ...	1984	6698972
electron microscopic observation of a newly isolated flavivirus-like virus from field-caught mosquitoes.	of many unidentified virus strains which were isolated from field-caught mosquitoes by using c6/36 cells (a virus-sensitive clone of aedes albopictus cells), three strains which formed small size plaques (sp virus) in c6/36 cells were investigated by electron microscopy. although the sp virus strains did not react with antisera against known arboviruses in serological tests, they closely resembled flaviviruses in morphology. however, when they were compared to japanese encephalitis (je) virus, s ...	1984	6707614
host-dependent mutants of sindbis virus whose growth is restricted in cultured aedes albopictus cells produce normal yields of virus in intact mosquitoes.	two host-dependent (hd), temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of sindbis virus (sv), clones 35 and 58, which are restricted in their ability to grow at 34 degrees in cultured aedes albopictus cells [k.j. kowal and v. stollar (1981). virology 114, 140-148] were not restricted in their ability to grow at 28-34 degrees after intrathoracic inoculation of ae. albopictus, ae. dorsalis, ae. epactius, anopheles freeborni, and culex tarsalis mosquitoes. compared to standard sv (svstd), the growth of sv clo ...	1984	6710871
properties of sindbis virus variants from infected culex tarsalis mosquitoes.	plaque-purified sindbis virus was passed three times in culex tarsalis mosquitoes and progeny viruses were isolated by plaque purification on a cloned line of aedes albopictus cells. nine of ten clones examined differed from wild-type (wt) virus with respect to their plaque morphology characteristics in chick embryo fibroblast (cef) and/or a. albopictus cells. seven clones were temperature-sensitive and failed to replicate or synthesize viral rna in cef cells at 41 degrees c. at 35 degrees c in ...	1984	6726183
a mutant of sindbis virus with a host-dependent defect in maturation associated with hyperglycosylation of e2.	following serial passage of sindbis virus (sv) on aedes albopictus mosquito cells a mutant (svap15/21) was isolated which in chick cells produced small plaques and was temperature sensitive (ts). at 34.5 degrees this mutant replicated normally in mosquito cells, but only poorly in chick or bhk cells. in the vertebrate cells svap15/21 was rna+ at both 34.5 and 40 degrees and on the basis of complementation tests carried out at 40 degrees, was assigned to complementation group e. the block in the ...	1984	6740942
selection of attenuated dengue 4 viruses by serial passage in primary kidney cells. i. attributes of uncloned virus at different passage levels.	attempts were made to attenuate prototype dengue (den) 4 (h-241) virus. the original viremic human serum was passed once in a susceptible monkey and twice in aedes albopictus mosquitoes and then serially passed in primary dog kidney (pdk) and african green monkey kidney (gmk) cells. weekly transfers of undiluted virus were carried to the 50th passage in both primary cell cultures. biological markers were studied at passages 7, 15, 30 and 50. parental den-4 phenotype characteristics included larg ...	1984	6476212
[the natural life cycle and seasonal dynamics of aedes albopictus in boai county, henan province].		1984	6509538
evidence that ribavirin is transported in aedes albopictus cells by the nucleoside transport system.	aedes albopictus cells (cae-3-6) deficient in the transport of nucleosides showed a markedly impaired ability to transport the antiviral compound, ribavirin. furthermore, in order to inhibit either cell growth or viral replication, the transport negative cae-3-6 cells required significantly higher concentrations of ribavirin than were needed for a similar degree of inhibition in the parental c7 cells. although ribavirin did lower the level of gtp in cae-3-6 cells the effect was slower and less s ...	1984	6532319
[laboratory study of the transmission of dengue virus by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus].		1984	6543740
a simplified new method for the identification of arboviruses: virus detection using enzyme immunoassay on cultured cells.	a simple new method is reported for the identification of arbovirus isolates and the titration of arboviruses. horseradish peroxidase conjugated staphylococcus aureus protein a was used for the indirect staining of virus antigens grown in an aedes albopictus cell line, c6/36 cells. thirty-five isolates from culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were examined by this method and 20 of these were identified as japanese encephalitis virus (jev). these results were confirmed by immunofluorescent assay a ...	1984	6094608
detection of chikungunya virus antigen in aedes albopictus mosquitoes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	double-antibody sandwich and modified sandwich systems of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting chikungunya virus antigen present in female mosquitoes, aedes albopictus (oahu strain), were evaluated as simple and rapid methods of selection of a highly susceptible mosquito line. both assays were capable of detecting 3.9 x 10(1) ng (4.0 x 10(6) pfu) or more of the purified antigen. an inhibition system was less sensitive, and a direct system with adsorption of test specimens on the solid ...	1985	3833871
transient expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in cultured mosquito cells.	a recombinant plasmid in which the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene is under the control of the drosophila heat-shock protein (hsp) 70 promoter has been introduced into cultured mosquito (aedes albopictus) cells using 1,5-dimethyl-1,5-diazaundecamethylene polymethobromide (polybrene) and dimethylsulfoxide (dmso). cat activity was induced by incubating transfected cells at 37 degrees c, and high levels of enzyme activity were maintained for more than 24 h after the temperatu ...	1985	3864716
synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins in dengue type 2 virus-infected vero and aedes albopictus cells.	fifteen proteins were detected in vero cells infected by dengue type 2 (den-2) virus that were not observed in mock-infected cells, namely p98, p82, p67, gp60, gp54, gp46, p30, p28, gp22, gp20, p18, gp16, p15, p14 and gp13. with the exceptions of gp54 and gp13, polypeptides corresponding to those listed above were also observed in den-2 virus-infected aedes albopictus c6/36 cells. pulse-chase labelling experiments suggested a possible precursor-product relationship between p30 and p28, and betwe ...	1985	3973563
failure to detect natural transovarial transmission of dengue viruses by aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae).		1985	4009622
growth of epizootic hemorrhagic disease, akabane, and ephemeral fever viruses in aedes albopictus cells maintained at various temperatures.	the growth curves of one epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) virus serotype (reoviridae), two akabane virus strains (bunyaviridae) and three bovine ephemeral fever (bef) group viruses (rhabdoviridae) were determined in aedes albopictus cells maintained at 15, 20, 28 and 33 degrees c. ae albopictus cells supported the growth of all the viruses although not necessarily at all temperatures. because none of the viruses exhibited cytopathic effect in ae albopictus cells, growth was assayed in baby ha ...	1985	4051908
conformational changes at ph 6 on the cell surface of semliki forest virus-infected aedes albopictus cells.	the mechanism of semliki forest virus-induced fusion from within at low ph was studied in aedes albopictus cells. the fusion was found to occur in at least two steps, namely, a fast initial step which is ph dependent and temperature independent, and a second slower process which is ph independent and temperature dependent. the initiation step induced by low ph exposure constitutes an irreversible conformational change of a protein probably of viral origin located at the cell surface.	1985	4060582
sindbis virus mutants able to replicate in methionine-deprived aedes albopictus cells.	previous work from this laboratory has shown that the replication of sindbis virus (sv) in aedes albopictus cells is sensitive to methionine withdrawal. this sensitivity is thought to reflect a diminished concentration of s-adenosylmethionine (ado met) resulting from methionine starvation. serial passage of sv on ae. albopictus cells maintained in low concentrations of methionine gave rise to a population of mutants whose replication in mosquito cells was resistant to methionine starvation. in v ...	1985	4060595
protein synthesis in cells infected by chilo iridescent virus (iridovirus, type 6).	synthesis of the polypeptides induced in civ-infected cells was studied using radiolabelled methionine in a permissive cell line of choristoneura fumiferana. analysis of labelled cell extracts by high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) revealed the sequential appearance of at least 28 structural and non-structural polypeptides in permissive conditions. this was confirmed by analysis of protein synthesis in non-permissive cell lines of lymantria dispar, aedes albopictus or by th ...	1985	4062562
expression of recombinant vaccinia virus-derived alphavirus proteins in mosquito cells.	a recombinant vaccinia virus strain which contains and expresses a 26s cdna insert encoding sindbis virus structural proteins (vv:3s) was used to infect a continuous line of aedes albopictus mosquito cells. there were not visible cytopathic effects due to the virus infection and the cells continued to grow normally. however, examination of the proteins present in the cytoplasm of the infected cells with sindbis virus-specific antisera revealed that sindbis virus proteins were being synthesized a ...	1985	4067584
two monoclonal antibodies against la crosse virus show host-dependent neutralizing activity.	mammalian and arthropod cell cultures were used to assess the neutralizing activity of six monoclonal antibodies specific for the g1 glycoprotein of la crosse virus. four antibodies, two neutralizing and two non-neutralizing, showed no host-dependent differences, giving similar results when post-treatment infectivity was determined using either aedes albopictus cells or bhk-21 cells. for two other antibodies, however, dissimilar activities were observed between the vertebrate and invertebrate ce ...	1985	4067586
one-step separation of the components of semliki forest virus by cation exchange chromatography.	although several procedures for isolating viral proteins have been described, the simultaneous separation of all the viral macromolecules in a single step has not yet been reported. we now describe tua (triton x-100, urea, acetic acid, ph 4.2)-sp (sulphopropyl)-trisacryl cation exchange chromatography, which proved to be ideal for this purpose. optimal conditions for chromatography were established by screening on tua-page (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) using a horizontal linear 0-8.5 m ur ...	1985	4077952
studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever in sentinel cattle. i. virology and serology.	twenty-two sentinel cattle were observed daily during an outbreak of ephemeral fever on a dairy farm in eastern australia in the summer of 1981-82. of the 22 cattle, 9 developed clinical ephemeral fever. none developed sub-clinical infection. the pattern of the epidemic was a single index case followed 10 days later by the main epidemic wave which lasted for 7 days. this wave stopped when there were still 14 uninfected susceptible animals remaining in the sentinel group, and when biting flies we ...	1985	4095897
comparative susceptibility of mosquito species and strains to oral and parenteral infection with dengue and japanese encephalitis viruses.	thirty-four strains of asian and pacific mosquitoes belonging to 22 species of 7 genera were compared for oral and/or parenteral susceptibility to infection with 1 or more strains of each of the 4 dengue serotypes. surprisingly, several species of common man-biting aedes were much more susceptible to oral infection with each of the 4 dengue serotypes than was aedes aegypti. these species included aedes albopictus and members of the scutellaris group of the subgenus stegomyia found on south pacif ...	1985	2860816
comparative sensitivity of three mosquito cell lines for isolation of dengue viruses.	comparative studies were carried out on three mosquito cell lines (c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus, ap-61 from a. pseudoscutellaris, and tra-284 from toxorhynchites amboinensis) to determine their sensitivity to dengue virus isolation, growth, and handling characteristics for immunofluorescent testing. virus isolation rates from human sera were the highest in the tra-284-sf (a line adapted to serum-free medium), followed by the tra-284 parental line and ap-61. virus isolation was the lowest in t ...	1985	2861916
disease-bearing insects brought in by international aircraft into singapore.	fifty-seven (17.3%) of 330 incoming aircraft landing at changi international airport were found to harbour mosquitoes and other insects on board. the frequency of insects detected in aircraft from the southeast asian countries varied from 7.1% to 32.2%. live insects were found in 5 (6.1%) of 82 aircraft disinsectized by the "block away" method. the species of mosquitoes brought in were: culex quinquefasciatus (96), culex tritaeniorhynchus (1), aedes albopictus (2) and aedes aegypti (1). none of ...	1985	2862709
morphology of bluetongue virus-infected aedes albopictus (c6/36) cell culture.	morphological changes observed in bluetongue virus (btv)-infected aedes albopictus (c6/36) suspension cell culture at 28 c were compared to those observed in mammalian stationary cell culture at 37 c. the presence of cytoplasmic macrotubules, viroplasms and progeny virions was confirmed and appears to be the same as seen in mammalian cell culture. in addition progeny virions were observed budding from cell membranes where they appeared to acquire a lipoprotein envelope. intranuclear macrotubules ...	1985	2989866
recent vesicular stomatitis virus infection detected by immunoglobulin m antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that was capable of detecting immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody to vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) in the sera of experimentally and naturally infected cattle and horses. the detection of igm in the sera of these animals permitted an estimate of the recency of infection by vsv serotype new jersey. a vsv serotype new jersey epizootic strain isolated from a horse and passed once in an aedes albopictus cell line was used to infect a horse and ...	1985	3001132
site of suppression of banzi viral replication by an antiviral factor released from aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with banzi virus.	the ability of the antiviral factor present in culture medium of aedes albopictus cells persistently infected with the flavivirus, banzi virus, to inhibit the replication of banzi virus was examined. the anti-banzi viral factor did not inhibit the uncoating of the virion. levels of viral rna were markedly reduced in mosquito cells treated with the antiviral factor. syntheses of negative-strand and of positive-strand viral rna species were inhibited to approximately the same extent. this inhibiti ...	1985	3002069
characterization of the ribosomal proteins from mosquito (aedes albopictus) cells.	proteins from the large and small subunits of aedes albopictus (mosquito) cytoplasmic ribosomes were characterized by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the small subunit contained 28-31 proteins ranging in molecular mass from 10 to 49 kda. the large subunit contained 36-39 proteins that ranged in molecular mass from 11 to 53 kda. the largest protein on the small subunit, s1, was the predominant phosphorylated ribosomal protein. under long-term labelling conditions, l4 and l33 w ...	1985	3926499
[controlled-release tubes containing phoxim in killing larvae of aedes albopictus].		1985	4028153
replication pattern of double minutes derived from an insect cell line.	the dna replication pattern of double minutes derived from an established cell line of aedes albopictus is described. although the vast majority of double minutes replicate semiconservatively once during the s phase, some double minutes appear to exhibit different pattern(s). two theories are suggested as possible explanations of our findings.	1985	3967745
the significance of the introduction of aedes albopictus into the southeastern united states with implications for the caribbean, and perspectives of the pan american health organization.	the introduction and apparent infestation of aedes albopictus into the gulf states of texas and louisiana in the united states is viewed as the most singular medical entomological happening of this decade in the americas. the implications for the caribbean and other countries southward are serious, as the habitat described for this stegomyia cousin of ae. aegypti, is amply available in the windward and leeward islands of the antilles. studies from the pacific and regions of southeast asia indica ...	1986	3507522
aedes albopictus and arboviruses: a concise review of the literature.	aedes albopictus is an efficient vector of the four dengue viruses, and it is also capable of transovarially transmitting these viruses. aedes albopictus can also serve as a host and/or vector of several additional arboviruses, some of which are of considerable medical or veterinary importance. this review compiles previously published studies that have demonstrated an experimental or natural association between ae. albopictus and specific arboviruses.	1986	3333791
the identification of aedes albopictus in the nearctic region.	an introduced, breeding population of aedes albopictus has been established in harris county, texas, and several parishes in louisiana. the problem of its identification and separation from the indigenous nearctic mosquito fauna is addressed. using the keys of darsie and ward (1981), the author offers suggested inserts which will accomplish the identification of adult females and larvae in the nearctic region. additional pointers are given for distinguishing albopictus from the 2 common containe ...	1986	3507508
the discovery and distribution of aedes albopictus in harris county, texas.		1986	3507493
aedes albopictus introduction--texas.		1986	3080671
mosquito mitochondrial transfer rnas for valine, glycine and glutamate: rna and gene sequences and vicinal genome organization.	we report the sequences of 3 transfer rnas from mosquito (aedes albopictus) mitochondria, those for valine (anticodon uac), glutamic acid (anticodon uuc) and glycine (anticodon ucc), as well as sequences for the corresponding genes and for some neighboring mitochondrial genes. trnaval is notable for its high level of psi, trnaglu for its low level of g and c, and trnagly is notable in that it appears as two species widely separated in gel electrophoresis, differing only in modification status. t ...	1986	2452025
reinforcement for ethological isolation in the southeast asian aedes albopictus subgroup (diptera: culicidae).		1986	28563509
study of receptors for vesicular stomatitis virus in vertebrate and invertebrate cells.	early interactions between vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and susceptible cells were examined in cell lines of mammalian (hela), bird (cer), piscine (epc) and arthropod (aedes albopictus) origin showing different permissiveness to vsv growth. the chemical nature of receptors was investigated either by modification of cell surfaces with different enzymes or by competition for vsv binding between extracted membrane components and whole cells. results obtained indicate that in all cell models, me ...	1986	3018449
susceptibility of indonesia colonies of aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitoes to experimental infection with chikungunya virus.		1986	3023740
bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis delta-endotoxin. cloning and expression of the toxin in sporogenic and asporogenic strains of bacillus subtilis.	a plasmid-borne gene from bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis encoding a 27,340 mr insecticidal delta-endotoxin has been cloned on a bifunctional multicopy plasmid in a wild-type sporogenic strain and two asporogenic mutants of bacillus subtilis. the delta-endotoxin gene is expressed at a low level during vegetative growth in all three strains, but the synthesis of the toxin increases markedly during the third hour of stationary phase for both the sporogenic strain and an asporogenic mutant ...	1986	3025453
aedes albopictus infestation--united states, brazil.		1986	3090418
update: aedes albopictus infestation--united states.		1986	3093836
the centers for disease control's perspective of the introduction of aedes albopictus into the united states.	the asian "tiger mosquito" aedes albopictus has become established in the southern united states. the centers for disease control has taken a number of steps to respond to the problem. appropriate state and international agencies have been informed, and data on biology, public health importance and identification have been prepared and distributed to state and local agencies. studies on insecticide susceptibility and vector competence are in progress, as is surveillance throughout the southeast, ...	1986	2853204
genetics of aedes albopictus.	aedes albopictus is an important vector of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever in southeast asia. its distribution extends from madagascar to hawaii and is currently expanding. from its proposed origin in southeast asia, ae. albopictus has migrated as far as mauritius and madagascar to the west and korea, japan, guam, hawaii and other pacific islands to the east. in the continental united states, it was originally reported in the texas area in august 1985 and is now well established in sev ...	1986	3333792
factors affecting polybrene-mediated transfection of cultured aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells.	the polycation 1,5-dimethyl-1,5-diazaundecamethylene polymethobromide (polybrene) is superior to calcium phosphate for the introduction of purified dna into cultured aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells. adsorption of the polybrene-dna complex to mosquito cells was essentially linear for 6 h. however, the rate of adsorption of dna increased when the dna-polybrene mixture was preincubated for several hours prior to addition to cells. a recombinant plasmid carrying an inducible chloramphenicol acetyl ...	1986	3462005
the perspective of aedes albopictus from the administrative viewpoint.	mosquito control administrators should consider a newly introduced species in view of local conditions. aedes albopictus was discovered in harris county while surveying for aedes aegypti. recognizing a potential threat to public health, local and state officials were notified of the discovery. questions posed by the introduction of a foreign species requires a cooperative application of research resources. the centers for disease control (cdc) should serve as the coordinator of this effort.	1986	3507521
fusion of semliki forest virus infected aedes albopictus cells at low ph is a fusion from within.	herein, it is shown for the first time that the mechanism of fusion followed in aedes albopictus cells infected with semliki forest virus induced by low ph exposure is a "fusion from within". several parameters were studied disclosing that the development of the fusion capacity of the cells is directly related to the synthesis of viral specific products. these findings were further substantiated by utilizing various chemicals to inhibit viral specific events during infection, protein synthesis a ...	1986	3521544
use of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex immunocytochemical procedure for detection of rift valley fever virus in paraffin sections of mosquitoes.	the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (abc) immunocytochemical procedure was used to locate rift valley fever (rvf) virus antigen in infected aedes albopictus c6/36 cultured cells and in serial paraffin sections of intrathoracically-injected egyptian culex pipiens. fixation of the cultured cells in formaldehyde or periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde, and fixation of whole mosquitoes with formaldehyde resulted in good preservation of morphology and excellent differential staining between uninfected ...	1986	3532843
isolation of a new rhabdovirus in australia related to tibrogargan virus.	a virus isolated from the blood of a healthy steer and designated dpp53 was shown to have rhabdovirus morphology. although dpp53 virus was antigenically related to tibrogargan virus by reciprocal immunofluorescence and neutralization tests, the viruses were distinguishable by neutralization tests. dpp53 virus contained rna and was sensitive to both ether and chloroform. the geographical distribution of neutralizing antibody to dpp53 virus in australian cattle corresponded to the distribution of ...	1986	3548679
biological and antigenic characterization of netivot virus, an unusual new orbivirus recovered from mosquitoes in israel.	the antigenic and biological characteristics of a new orbivirus, designated netivot virus, are described. this agent was originally recovered in cultures of the c6/36 clone of aedes albopictus cells from a pool of culex pipiens captured in israel. netivot virus is not pathogenic for newborn mice, nor did it initially produce detectable cytopathic effect (cpe) in vero cells. it is closely related antigenically to umatilla and llano seco viruses; these 3 agents appear to constitute a new serogroup ...	1986	2869707
structural proteins of getah virus isolates from japan and malaysia.	purified preparations of getah virus strains have been analysed by sodium-dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) to reveal their structural proteins. two envelope proteins (e1 and e2) and core protein (c) were found with the prototype amm2021 strain both under reducing and nonreducing conditions, while separation of e1 and e2 was observed only under nonreducing conditions for 3 strains isolated in japan. limited digestion by staphylococcus aureus v8 protease revealed diff ...	1986	2873729
virus isolations from mosquitoes collected during the 1982 japanese encephalitis epidemic in northern thailand.	from 16 june to 15 august, 1982 cdc light traps were used to collect mosquitoes in the province of kamphaengphet, n. thailand. 353,042 mosquitoes comprising 59 species were collected and identified, and 345,173 were placed in pools for attempted virus isolation by inoculation of c6/36 aedes albopictus mosquito cell cultures. viruses were isolated from 63 mosquito pools. these comprised 56 flaviviruses, identified as 35 isolates of japanese encephalitis (je) virus strains, 18 strains of tembusu ( ...	1986	2885948