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crustacean molt-inhibiting hormone: structure, function, and cellular mode of action.in crustacea, secretion of ecdysteroid molting hormones by y-organs is regulated, at least in part, by molt-inhibiting hormone (mih), a polypeptide neurohormone produced by neurosecretory cells of the eyestalks. this article reviews current knowledge of mih, with particular emphasis on recent findings regarding the (a) structure of the mih peptide and gene, (b) levels of mih in eyestalks and hemolymph, (c) cellular mechanism of action of mih, and (d) responsiveness of y-organs to mih. at least 2 ...200919000932
biochemical responses of the shore crab (carcinus maenas) in a eutrophic and metal-contaminated coastal system (obidos lagoon, portugal).a eutrophic and metal-contaminated coastal system (obidos lagoon, portugal) was monitored combining water/sediment quality parameters and carcinus maenas biomarkers (accumulated metals, oxidative stress and biotransformation responses). two confined branches (barrosa and bom-sucesso) were surveyed and compared with a reference area. both crab genders from barrosa exhibited activation of hepatopancreas cat, gpx and gst, pointing out this area as the major impacted in the lagoon. females captured ...200919187961
novel use of a whole cell e. coli bioreporter as a urinary exposure biomarker.bacterial bioreporters have substantial potential for contaminant assessment but their real world application is currently impaired by a lack of sensitivity. here, we exploit the bioconcentration of chemicals in the urine of animals to facilitate pollutant detection. the shore crab carcinus maenas was exposed to the organic contaminant 2-hydroxybiphenyl, and urine was screened using an escherichia coli-based luciferase gene (luxab) reporter assay specific to this compound. bioassay measurements ...200919238974
molecular cloning of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh) precursor from the x-organ and the identification of the neuropeptide from sinus gland of the alaskan tanner crab, chionoecetes bairdi.crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh) secreted from sinus glands primarily elicits hyperglycaemia in crustaceans. chh is particularly important for energy metabolism during environmental and physiological stress as animals switch to anaerobiosis. chh has been purified from multiple brachyuran crab species to date, but not from the cold water tanner crab, chionoecetes bairdi, a species found in alaskan coastal waters. the purpose of molecular cloning the c. bairdi chh precursor and identificatio ...200919332072
spontaneous alternation in marine crabs: invasive versus native species.organisms ranging from paramecia to humans tend to explore places that have been least recently explored, which is referred to as spontaneous alternation. although organisms rely on different sources of information in alternating between places, the emergent behavioral pattern is likely advantageous during exploration and foraging. under this rationale, continuous spontaneous alternation performance of the invasive green crab, carcinus maenas was assessed and compared with the native blue crab, ...200919379799
contaminant effects in shore crabs (carcinus maenas) from ria formosa lagoon.defence and damage biomarkers signals were studied in female and male shore crabs carcinus maenas transplanted between two sites at ria formosa lagoon (south of portugal). the cross transplantation occurred during 6 days at a hypothetical reference site (ramalhete), and a contaminated site (olhão). dna unwinding technique was used for dna integrity measurement. general enzymatic antioxidant responses in gills and hepatopancreas (catalase and gills glutathione peroxidase activities increase) show ...200919426829
development and application of microsatellites in carcinus maenas: genetic differentiation between northern and central portuguese populations.carcinus maenas, the common shore crab of european coastal waters, has recently gained notoriety due to its globally invasive nature associated with drastic ecological and economic effects. the native ubiquity and worldwide importance of c. maenas has resulted in it becoming one of the best-studied estuarine crustacean species globally. accordingly, there is significant interest in investigating the population genetic structure of this broadly distributed crab along european and invaded coastlin ...200919789651
molecular cloning and characterization of crustin from mud crab scylla paramamosain.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are important components of the host innate immune response against microbial invasion. in the present study, we report the identification and characterization of a crustin (crussp) from the hemocyte of mud crab, scylla paramamosain using an expressed sequence tag (est) and rapid amplification cdna end (race) approaches. analysis of the nucleotide sequence revealed seven different variances of the crussp cdna in mud crab. the open reading frame encodes a protein of ...200918425600
characterization of a membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme isoform in crayfish testis and evidence for its release into the seminal fluid.in the present study, an isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme was characterized from the testis of a decapod crustacean, the crayfish astacus leptodactylus. angiotensin-converting enzyme cdna, obtained by 3'- to 5' race of testis rnas, codes for a predicted one-domain protein similar to the mammalian germinal isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme. all amino acid residues involved in enzyme activity are highly conserved, and a potential c-terminus transmembrane anchor may be predicted from ...200919656189
acute effects of chlorpyryphos-ethyl and secondary treated effluents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in carcinus maenas.the acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl (dursban) and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent (stiue) exposure on acetylcholinesterase (ache) and butyrylcholinesterase (buche) activities in hepatopancreas and gills of mediterranean crab carcinus maenas were investigated. after 2 d of exposure to chlorpyriphos-ethyl, the ache activity was inhibited in both organs at concentrations of 3.12 and 7.82 microg/l, whereas the buche was inhibited only at higher concentra ...200920000004
functions of ion transport peptide and ion transport peptide-like in the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum.ion transport peptide (itp) and itp-like (itpl) are highly conserved neuropeptides in insects and crustaceans. we investigated the alternatively spliced variants of itp/itpl in tribolium castaneum to understand their functions. we identified three alternatively spliced transcripts named itp, itpl-1, and itpl-2. expression patterns of the splice variants investigated by exon-specific in situ hybridization were somewhat different from those previously reported in other insect species. most importa ...200919715761
structural study of carcinus maenas hemocyanin by native esi-ms: interaction with l-lactate and divalent cations.the interaction of l-lactate and divalent cations with carcinus maenas hemocyanin has been probed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry under conditions preserving noncovalent interactions (native esi-ms). c. maenas native hemocyanin in the hemolymph occurs mainly as dodecamers and to a lesser extent as hexamers. a progressive acidification with formic acid after alkaline dissociation resulted in the preferential recruitment of the two lightest subunits into light dodecamers, a molecular ...200919544565
characterization of the carcinus maenas neuropeptidome by mass spectrometry and functional genomics.carcinus maenas, commonly known as the european green crab, is one of the best-known and most successful marine invasive species. while a variety of natural and anthropogenic mechanisms are responsible for the geographic spread of this crab, its ability to adapt physiologically to a broad range of salinities, temperatures and other environmental factors has enabled its successful establishment in new habitats. to extend our understanding of hormonal control in c. maenas, including factors that a ...200919523386
consumers that are not 'ideal' or 'free' can still approach the ideal free distribution using simple patch-leaving rules.1. the ideal free distribution (ifd) has been widely used to determine whether consumers distribute themselves optimally. however, this theory is based on three assumptions that are clearly violated in many systems. the theory assumes that all individuals know the quality of each available site, are equally free to move between all sites, and have equal competitive abilities. 2. i examine the utility of this theory to predict the distribution of the invasive european green crab carcinus maenas, ...200919486205
the use of a kinetic biomarker approach for in situ monitoring of littoral sediments using the crab carcinus maenas.caged, transplanted, intermoult, female shore crabs (carcinus maenas) were exposed to sediments from the port of cadiz (sw, spain); the port of huelva (sw, spain), the port of pasajes (ne, spain) and the port of bilbao (nw, spain) for a period of 28 days. organisms were sampled on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 allowing examination of different biomarkers to exposure to metals and organic compounds; metallothioneins (mts), ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (erod), glutathione-s-transferase (gst) and glutat ...200919443024
behavioral, physiological, and cellular responses following trophic transfer of toxic monoaromatic hydrocarbons.the trophic transfer of monoaromatic hydrocarbons to predatory organisms feeding upon contaminated marine animals is not well reported within the scientific literature. branched alkylbenzenes (babs) unresolved by gas chromatography have been reported to be principal toxic components of bioaccumulated hydrocarbons in the tissues of some wild mussel, mytilus edulis, populations with poor health status. mussels, m. edulis, contaminated with a commercial mixture of babs were fed to shore crabs, carc ...200919378460
application of biomarkers to assess the condition of european marine sites.a series of european marine sites has been designated as special areas of conservation (sac) in england. the aim of this study was to develop a practical methodology to assess the condition of sacs by applying a suite of biomarkers. biomarkers were applied to the blue mussel mytilus edulis and the shore crab carcinus maenas from the fal and helford sac (cornwall). individual biomarkers provided useful diagnostic information on the activity of certain classes of contaminants and an integrated bio ...200919359075
an intertidal snail shows a dramatic size increase over the past century.changes in the shell architecture of marine snails enhance defenses and greatly improve survival against predators. in the northwest atlantic ocean, shorter and thicker shells have been reported for several species following the introduction of predatory carcinus maenas crabs early in the 20th century. but we report that the shell lengths of nucella lapillus actually increased by an average of 22.6% over the past century, with no evidence of shell thickening after correcting for shell length. th ...200919307561
elucidating cellular and behavioural effects of contaminant impact (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pahs) in both laboratory-exposed and field-collected shore crabs, carcinus maenas (crustacea: decapoda).monitoring effects of contaminants at lower levels of biological organisation (e.g. biochemical and cellular) allows for mechanistic evaluation of effects of contaminant exposure through laboratory exposures. however, higher level organism effects (e.g. physiological and behavioural) are deemed more ecologically-relevant. in the present study, cellular (cell viability and immune function), physiological (cardiac activity) and behavioural (foraging behaviour) responses were evaluated in field-col ...201020727579
physiological responses of three crustacean species to infection by the dinoflagellate-like protist hematodinium (alveolata: syndinea).this is the first study comparing physiological responses of three decapod species to infection by parasites of the genus hematodinium, which belongs to the dinoflagellate-like syndinea. responses varied profoundly between the crabs carcinus maenas and cancer pagurus (brachyura), but also differed to those of hermit crabs, pagurus bernhardus (anomura). osmoregulatory capacity was reduced significantly in hematodinium-infected c. maenas, haemolymph ph increased in parasitised c. pagurus and p. be ...201020600085
assessment of the multispecies freshwater biomonitor (mfb) in a marine context: the green crab (carcinus maenas) as an early warning indicator.the multispecies freshwater biomonitor is an online continuous biomonitor which utilises impedance conversion to quantitatively record behavioural responses of vertebrates and invertebrates to environmental change. here, we extend the use of the mfb into the marine aquaculture environment using the green crab (carcinus maenas) as a biological monitor. as a ubiquitous and abundant species, c. maenas can be used in applications such as aquaculture and monitoring of diffuse and point source marine ...201020585707
relationships between habitat conditions, larval traits, and juvenile performance in a marine invertebrate.environmental effects on sets of traits of organisms can have important consequences on populations. in marine species with complex life cycles, plastic responses in larval traits can affect size at metamorphosis and juvenile growth. these traits can ultimately affect survival and recruitment. here, i evaluate links between pelagic conditions, natural variations in larval physiological traits (duration of development, size of the megalopa stage), size at metamorphosis, and juvenile growth in the ...201020503872
'take-away' foraging spatially uncouples predator and prey-attack distributions.1. ideal-free distribution theory assumes that in a patchy environment foragers maximize fitness and hence their feeding rate by balancing gains from more food against losses from more competition. ultimately, individuals cannot increase their feeding rate by moving to another patch and they distribute themselves over patches in proportion to prey density per patch. 2. in our experiments with shore crabs carcinus maenas foraging on two adjacent patches with mussels mytilus edulis, the implicit a ...201020443987
monitoring pah contamination in the field (south west iberian peninsula): biomonitoring using fluorescence spectrophotometry and physiological assessments in the shore crab carcinus maenas (l.) (crustacea: decapoda).polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are ubiquitous pollutants of the marine environment, arising predominantly from petrochemical contamination and pyrogenic sources. a biomarker of pah exposure was employed in a field study (south west, spain) in both captured (indigenous) and deployed (caged) shore crabs (carcinus maenas) in the chronic pah-exposed bays of algeciras and gibraltar (from associated harbour and boating activity) compared to a relatively 'clean' site (cadiz). metabolite fluore ...201020347130
the effects of diclofenac on the physiology of the green shore crab carcinus maenas.in recent years there has been increasing concern regarding the influx of pharmaceuticals into aquatic environments. one group of pharmaceuticals that has been identified as being of particular concern are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids). this study examined the effects of one of the most commonly reported nsaid contaminants, diclofenac, on the physiology of carcinus maenas. two environmentally realistic concentrations were examined in this study (10 ng/l and 100 ng/l) at two ...201019954835
a membrane-bound hemoglobin from gills of the green shore crab carcinus maenas.most hemoglobins serve for the transport or storage of o(2). although hemoglobins are widespread in "entomostracan" crustacea, malacostracans harbor the copper-containing hemocyanin in their hemolymph. usually, only one type of respiratory protein occurs within a single species. here, we report the identification of a hemoglobin of the shore crab carcinus maenas (malacostraca, brachyura). in contrast to the dodecameric hemocyanin of this species, c. maenas hemoglobin does not reside in the hemol ...201021118803
identification and immunocytochemical localization of proctolin in pericardial organs of the shore crab, carcinus maenas.the occurrence of proctolin (arg-tyr-leu-pro-thr) in crab neurohemal pericardial organs (pos) has been demonstrated by isolation of the pentapeptide by hplc and manual microsequencing according to the dabitc-pitc double coupling technique. from one pair of pos approximately 5.4 pmol were obtained (= 45 pmol/mg protein). immunocytochemically, an extensive system of positive structures was found in both whole mount preparations and semithin sections, consisting of numerous varicose fibres of varyi ...20102872661
environmental monitoring of domingo rubio stream (huelva estuary, sw spain) by combining conventional biomarkers and proteomic analysis in carcinus maenas.element load, conventional biomarkers and altered protein expression profiles were studied in carcinus maenas crabs, to assess contamination of "domingo rubio" stream, an aquatic ecosystem that receives pyritic metals, industrial contaminants, and pesticides. lower antioxidative activities - glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases, catalase - were found in parallel to higher levels of damaged biomolecules - malondialdehyde, oxidized glutathione -, due to oxidative lesions promo ...201019815320
crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh) neuropeptidesfamily: functions, titer, and binding to target tissues.the removal of the eyestalk (s) induces molting and reproduction promoted the presence of regulatory substances in the eyestalk (es), particularly medulla terminalis x-organ and the sinus gland (mtxo-sg). the pcr-based cloning strategies have allowed for isolating a great number of cdnas sequences of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh) neuropeptides family from the eyestalk and non-eyestalk tissues, e.g., pericardial organs and fore- and hindguts. however, the translated corresponding neurope ...201020026335
combining capillary electrophoresis matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and stable isotopic labeling techniques for comparative crustacean peptidomics.herein we describe a sensitive and straightforward off-line capillary electrophoresis (ce) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (maldi-ms) interface in conjunction with stable isotopic labeling (sil) technique for comparative neuropeptidomic analysis in crustacean model organisms. two sil schemes, including a binary h/d formaldehyde labeling technique and novel, laboratory-developed multiplexed dimethylated leucine-based isobaric tagging reagents, have been evaluated in ...201020334868
bioaccumulation and biochemical markers in feral crab (carcinus maenas) exposed to moderate environmental contamination-the impact of non-contamination-related variables.moderate contamination is a challenging scenario for ecotoxicologists because of the occurrence of subtle biomarker responses and the increased relevance of non-contamination related variables. this investigative biomonitoring study was performed in a moderately contaminated coastal system (obidos lagoon, portugal) to examine winter-summer variations on biochemical responses and accumulated metals in carcinus maenas, searching for associations with environmental and biological factors. males and ...201020725935
predicted sub-populations in a marine shrimp proteome as revealed by combined est and cdna data from multiple penaeus species.abstract:201021067619
milky hemolymph syndrome (mhs) in spiny lobsters, penaeid shrimp and crabs.black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon, european shore crab carcinus maenas and spiny lobster panulirus spp. can be affected by milky hemolymph syndrome (mhs). four rickettsia-like bacteria (rlb) isolates of mhs originating from 5 geographical areas have been identified to date. the histopathology of the disease was characterized and a multiplex pcr assay was developed for detection of the 4 bacterial isolates. the 16s rrna gene and 16-23s rrna intergenic spacer region (isr) were used to examine the ...201021387989
morphological and molecular study of microphallus primas (digenea: microphallidae) metacercaria, infecting the shore crab carcinus maenas from northern portugal.the present study describes the anatomy and surface topography of the metacercaria of microphallusprimas (jägerskiöld, 1909) infecting the shore crab carcinus maenas (l.) in aveiro estuary, northern portugal. the metacercaria species identification resulted from the combined use of morphological and molecular data, particularly the 28s rdna gene. the metacercariae encysted preferentially in the host's hepatopancreas and also in the gonads. isolated cysts were present in two distinct forms, spher ...201121539138
effects of elevated seawater pco(2) on gene expression patterns in the gills of the green crab, carcinus maenas.the green crab carcinus maenas is known for its high acclimation potential to varying environmental abiotic conditions. a high ability for ion and acid-base regulation is mainly based on an efficient regulation apparatus located in gill epithelia. however, at present it is neither known which ion transport proteins play a key role in the acid-base compensation response nor how gill epithelia respond to elevated seawater pco(2) as predicted for the future. in order to promote our understanding of ...201121978240
asymmetric dispersal allows an upstream region to control population structure throughout a species' range.in a single well-mixed population, equally abundant neutral alleles are equally likely to persist. however, in spatially complex populations structured by an asymmetric dispersal mechanism, such as a coastal population where larvae are predominantly moved downstream by currents, the eventual frequency of neutral haplotypes will depend on their initial spatial location. in our study of the progression of two spatially separate, genetically distinct introductions of the european green crab (carcin ...201121876126
susceptibility to predation affects trait-mediated indirect interactions by reversing interspecific competition.numerous studies indicate that the behavioral responses of prey to the presence of predators can have an important role in structuring assemblages through trait-mediated indirect interactions. few studies, however, have addressed how relative susceptibility to predation influences such interactions. here we examine the effect of chemical cues from the common shore crab carcinus maenas on the foraging behavior of two common intertidal gastropod molluscs. of the two model consumers studied, littor ...201121857993
biochemical and locomotor responses of carcinus maenas exposed to the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine.the aim of this study was to assess the effects of the widely used anti-depressant fluoxetine on behaviour (locomotion), moulting, neuromuscular transmission, energy production and anti-oxidant defences' efficiency of the epibenthic crab carcinus maenas. crabs were individually exposed to fluoxetine concentrations for 7d. effects on locomotion were assessed at the end of the exposure using an open field test adapted to c. maenas in the present study. tissue samples were later collected to evalua ...201121745678
molecular cloning and sequence of retinoid x receptor in the green crab carcinus maenas: a possible role in female reproduction.retinoid x receptor (rxr) belongs to an ancient superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, and plays an important role in reproduction of vertebrates. however, the reproductive role of rxr has not been clarified in crustaceans. in this investigation, we first report the cloning of two alternative splice variants of rxr cdna from green crab ovarian rna. rxr mrna levels were quantified in different vitellogenic stages of the crab hepatopancreas (hp) and ovary. the expression of rxr mrna relative to ...201121730047
functions of duplicated genes encoding ccap receptors in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum.crustacean cardioactive peptide (ccap) is a nonapeptide originally isolated from the shore crab, carcinus maenas, based on its cardioacceleratory activity. this peptide is highly conserved in insects and other arthropods. in insects ccap also has an essential role in ecdysis behavior. we previously identified two homologous genes, ccapr-1 and ccapr-2, encoding putative ccap receptors in the red flour beetle, tribolium castaneum. in contrast, some insects, including drosophila melanogaster, carry ...201121708161
green crab (carcinus maenas) foraging efficiency reduced by fast flows.predators can strongly influence prey populations and the structure and function of ecosystems, but these effects can be modified by environmental stress. for example, fluid velocity and turbulence can alter the impact of predators by limiting their environmental range and altering their foraging ability. we investigated how hydrodynamics affected the foraging behavior of the green crab (carcinus maenas), which is invading marine habitats throughout the world. high flow velocities are known to r ...201121687742
crustacean hyperglycemic hormone from the tropical land crab, gecarcinus lateralis: cloning, isoforms, and tissue expression.crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh) regulates carbohydrate metabolism, molting, and ion and water transport. cdnas encoding four chh isoforms (designated eg-chh-a, -b, -c, and -d) were cloned from eyestalk ganglia (eg) from land crab, gecarcinus lateralis. the isoforms differed in the 3' region of the open reading frame and/or the length of the 3' untranslated region. all encoded essentially identical preprohormones containing a 28-amino acid (aa) signal peptide, a 42-aa precursor related pep ...201117586505
landscape of fear influences the relative importance of consumptive and nonconsumptive predator effects.predators can initiate trophic cascades by consuming and/or scaring their prey. although both forms of predator effect can increase the overall abundance of prey's resources, nonconsumptive effects may be more important to the spatial and temporal distribution of resources because predation risk often determines where and when prey choose to forage. our experiment characterized temporal and spatial variation in the strength of consumptive and nonconsumptive predator effects in a rocky intertidal ...201122352165
modeling the impacts of the european green crab on commercial shellfisheries.coastal resource managers are often tasked with managing coastal ecosystems that are stressed by overexploitation, climate change, contaminants, and habitat loss, as well as biological invasions. therefore, managers increasingly need better economic data to help them prioritize their management strategies and distribute their increasingly limited resources to those strategies. despite frequent pronouncements about the substantial ecological and economic impacts of invasive species, there have be ...201121639054
the ghost of social environments past: dominance relationships include current interactions and experience carried over from previous groups.dominance hierarchies pervade animal societies. within a static social environment, in which group size and composition are unchanged, an individual's hierarchy rank results from intrinsic (e.g. body size) and extrinsic (e.g. previous experiences) factors. little is known, however, about how dominance relationships are formed and maintained when group size and composition are dynamic. using a fusion-fission protocol, we fused groups of previously isolated shore crabs (carcinus maenas) into large ...201121561961
neuronal processing of translational optic flow in the visual system of the shore crab carcinus maenas.this paper describes a search for neurones sensitive to optic flow in the visual system of the shore crab carcinus maenas using a procedure developed from that of krapp and hengstenberg. this involved determining local motion sensitivity and its directional selectivity at many points within the neurone's receptive field and plotting the results on a map. our results showed that local preferred directions of motion are independent of velocity, stimulus shape and type of motion (circular or linear ...201121490266
interspecific hybridization and mitochondrial introgression in invasive carcinus shore crabs.interspecific hybridization plays an important role in facilitating adaptive evolutionary change. more specifically, recent studies have demonstrated that hybridization may dramatically influence the establishment, spread, and impact of invasive populations. in japan, previous genetic evidence for the presence of two non-native congeners, the european green crab carcinus maenas and the mediterranean green crab c. aestuarii, has raised questions regarding the possibility of hybridization between ...201121423759
salinity regulates n-methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine in euryhaline crustaceans hepatopancreas and exchange of newly-formed phosphatidylcholine with hemolymph.phosphatidylcholine (pc), the main phospholipid in eukaryotes, is synthesized via two different routes, the phosphatidylethanolamine n-methyl transferase (pemt) and the cdp-choline pathways. we previously showed in euryhaline fish that salinity impacts the relative contribution of the two pathways for pc biosynthesis, with pemt pathway being activated in the liver of sea water (sw)-adapted animals. to address the occurrence of such phenomenon in other animals we performed in vivo metabolic studi ...201121416254
no evidence of morphine analgesia to noxious shock in the shore crab, carcinus maenas.a number of criteria have been suggested for testing if pain occurs in animals, and these include an analgesic effect of opiates (bateson, 1991). morphine reduces responses to noxious stimuli in crustaceans but also reduces responsiveness in a non-pain context. here we use a paradigm in which shore crabs receive a shock in a preferred dark shelter but not if they remain in an unpreferred light area. analgesia should thus enhance movement to the preferred dark area because they should not experie ...201121324350
microarray-detected changes in gene expression in gills of green crabs (carcinus maenas) upon dilution of environmental salinity.the interaction between environmental salinity and gene expression was studied in gills of the euryhaline green shore crab carcinus maenas. a 4462-feature oligonucleotide microarray was used to analyze changes in transcript abundance in posterior ion-transporting gills at 8 time periods following transfer of animals from 32 to 10 or 15 ppt salinity. transcripts encoding na(+)/k(+)-atpase α-subunit and cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase were upregulated with significant changes between 6 and 24h post ...201121220218
integrated assessment of biochemical responses in mediterranean crab (carcinus maenas) collected from monastir bay, tunisia.the biochemical response of mediteranean crab (carcinus maenas) collected at five stations of monastir bay and from kuriat station as control was studied using a set of complementary biomarkers. the catalase, glutathione s-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, acetycholinesterase activities; and metallothionein and malonediladehyde levels in gills were evaluated. results revealed differences among sites in relation to each specific biomarker. hence, a suite of biomarkers can be used to discriminat ...201122432268
down-regulation of activity and expression of three transport-related proteins in the gills of the euryhaline green crab, carcinus maenas, in response to high salinity acclimation.the euryhaline green crab, carcinus maenas, undergoes an annual cycle of salinity exposure, having to adapt to low salinity during its annual spring migration into estuaries, and then having to re-adapt to high salinity when it moves off-shore at the end of summer. most studies have focused on low salinity acclimation, the activation of osmoregulatory mechanisms, and the induction of transport protein and transport-related enzyme activity and gene expression. in this study we followed the change ...201121035561
temporal genetic homogeneity among shore crab (carcinus maenas) larval events supplied to an estuarine system on the portuguese northwest coast.despite the importance of larval biology in the life histories of many marine animals, relatively little information exists on the dynamics and genetic composition of larval cohorts. the supply of megalopae larvae of the shore crab, carcinus maenas, was measured on a daily basis during 8 months spread along two larval periods (2006 and 2007) at the ria de aveiro estuary, on the portuguese northwest coast. a total of 10 microsatellite dna loci were employed to explore the genetic structure, varia ...201120959862
cloning of a nitric oxide synthase from green shore crab, carcinus maenas: a comparative study of the effects of eyestalk ablation on expression in the molting glands (y-organs) of c. maenas, and blackback land crab, gecarcinus lateralis.molting in decapod crustaceans is regulated by ecdysteroids produced by a pair of y-organs (yos) located in the cephalothorax. yo ecdysteroidogenesis is suppressed by molt-inhibiting hormone (mih), a neuropeptide produced in the x-organ of the eyestalk (es) ganglia. mih signaling may involve nitric oxide synthase (nos) and no-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (gc-i). a full-length cdna encoding carcinus maenas nos (cm-nos; 3836 base pairs) of 1164 amino acid residues (estimated mass 131,833 da) was clo ...201120959144
parasites of the shore crab carcinus maenas (l.): implications for reproductive potential and invasion success.the european shore crab, carcinus maenas, is one of the most successful marine invasive species. its success has been in part attributed to the loss of parasites, rekindling an interest in host-parasite interactions and impacts on host fitness in this crab. in the present study, we investigated c. maenas populations from europe, south africa and australia for parasites, and assessed their impact on the fitness of male crabs. for the shore crab, testes weight along with success in mating competit ...201120880423
isolation and amino acid sequence of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone precursor-related peptides.the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh) is synthesized as part of a larger preprohormone in which the sequence of chh is n-terminally flanked by a peptide for which the name cprp (chh precursor-related peptide) is proposed. both chh and cprp are present in the sinus gland, the neurohemal organ of neurosecretory cells located in the eyestalk of decapod crustaceans. this paper describes the isolation and sequence analysis of cprps isolated from sinus glands of the crab carcinus maenas, the cray ...20111788131
primary structure of the major isomorph of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh-i) from the sinus gland of the mexican crayfish procambarus bouvieri (ortmann): interspecies comparison.the amino acid sequence of this neuropeptide was elucidated by means of a combined approach of enzymatic digestions, manual and automatic edman degradations, and mass spectrometry. it is a 72 residue peptide (molecular mass 8388 da), with six cysteines forming three disulfide bridges connecting residues 7-43, 23-39, and 26-52, with blocked n- and c-termini, and lacking the amino acids histidine, methionine, and tryptophan. the chh-i of procambarus bouvieri is compared with the other known chhs f ...20118441709
high-affinity binding of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh) to hepatopancreatic plasma membranes of the crab carcinus maenas and the crayfish orconectes limosus.the binding properties of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (chh) of two species, the shore crab, carcinus maenas (brachyura) and the crayfish, orconectes limosus (astacura), were investigated using purified plasma membranes of one of the main target organs, the hepatopancreas. assays were performed under equilibrium binding conditions with 125i-chh as labeled ligand and unlabeled chh in increasing concentrations as displacing ligand. in both cases, comparable binding characteristics were obs ...20118382808
evidence for the involvement of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone in the regulation of lipid metabolism.effects of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone on total lipids in the hemolymph of chasmagnathus granulata and on free fatty acids, phospholipids, and triglycerides in the hemolymph of carcinus maenas, as well as on their release by orconectes limosus hepatopancreas in vitro, were investigated. eyestalk ablation led to a significant decrease of total lipids in the hemolymph of c. granulata and of free fatty acid levels in c. maenas. crustacean hyperglycemic hormone injections completely reverse ...20119237301
comparative brain architecture of the european shore crab carcinus maenas (brachyura) and the common hermit crab pagurus bernhardus (anomura) with notes on other marine hermit crabs.the european shore crab carcinus maenas and the common hermit crab pagurus bernhardus are members of the sister taxa brachyura and anomura (together forming the taxon meiura) respectively. both species share similar coastal marine habitats and thus are confronted with similar environmental conditions. this study sets out to explore variations of general brain architecture of species that live in seemingly similar habitats but belong to different major malacostracan taxa and to understand possibl ...201222374330
a non-destructive assessment of the exposure of crabs to pah using elisa analyses of their urine and haemolymph.urine and haemolymph can be repeatedly sampled from crabs with no (or limited) damage to the organism. their analysis offers a measure of the animals' exposure to biologically available contaminants. shore crabs (carcinus maenas) were exposed to the pahs phenanthrene and pyrene at concentrations ranging from 20 to 200 microg l(-1). after 48 h, urine and haemolymph samples were taken and analysed using elisa and uv-fluorescence spectrophotometry. high correlations were recorded between the two se ...201212408657
rheb, an activator of target of rapamycin, in the blackback land crab, gecarcinus lateralis: cloning and effects of molting and unweighting on expression in skeletal muscle.molt-induced claw muscle atrophy in decapod crustaceans facilitates exuviation and is coordinated by ecdysteroid hormones. there is a 4-fold reduction in mass accompanied by remodeling of the contractile apparatus, which is associated with an 11-fold increase in myofibrillar protein synthesis by the end of the premolt period. loss of a walking limb or claw causes a loss of mass in the associated thoracic musculature; this unweighting atrophy occurs in intermolt and is ecdysteroid independent. my ...201222279066
environmental quality assessment combining sediment metal levels, biomarkers and macrobenthic communities: application to the óbidos coastal lagoon (portugal).macroinvertebrate benthic communities are one of the key biological components considered for the assessment of benthic integrity in the context of the water framework directive (wfd). however, under moderate contamination scenarios, the assessment of macrobenthic alterations at community level alone could be insufficient to discriminate the environmental quality of coastal and transitional waters. keeping this in view, sediment quality of moderately contaminated sites in a coastal lagoon (óbido ...201222193632
climate-induced changes in bottom-up and top-down processes independently alter a marine ecosystem.climate change has complex structural impacts on coastal ecosystems. global warming is linked to a widespread decline in body size, whereas increased flood frequency can amplify nutrient enrichment through enhanced run-off. altered population body-size structure represents a disruption in top-down control, whereas eutrophication embodies a change in bottom-up forcing. these processes are typically studied in isolation and little is known about their potential interactive effects. here, we presen ...201223007084
hematodinium sp. and its bacteria-like endosymbiont in european brown shrimp (crangon crangon).parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus hematodinium are significant pathogens affecting the global decapod crustacean fishery. despite this, considerable knowledge gaps exist regarding the life history of the pathogen in vivo, and the role of free living life stages in transmission to naïve hosts.201222958655
persistent organic pollutants in the scheldt estuary: environmental distribution and bioaccumulation.levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and organochlorine pesticides (ocps) were determined in the sediment and several species (european flounder, platichthys flesus; common sole, solea solea; chinese mitten crab, eriocheir sinensis; shore crab, carcinus maenas; brown shrimp, crangon crangon; blue mussel, mytilus edulis and bristle worms, polychaeta) from 7 locations in the scheldt estuary (se, the netherlands-belgium). overall pop levels in the sedim ...201222832186
elevated seawater levels of co(2) change the metabolic fingerprint of tissues and hemolymph from the green shore crab carcinus maenas.carbon dioxide (co(2)) acts as a weak acid in water and the increasing level of co(2) in the atmosphere leads to ocean acidification. in addition, possible leakage from sub-seabed storage of anthropogenic co(2) may pose a threat to the marine environment. (1)h nmr spectroscopy was applied to extracts of hemolymph, gills and leg muscle from shore crabs (carcinus maenas) to examine the metabolic response to elevated levels of co(2). crabs were exposed to different levels of co(2)-acidified seawate ...201222763285
model-derived dispersal pathways from multiple source populations explain variability of invertebrate larval supply.predicting the spatial and temporal patterns of marine larval dispersal and supply is a challenging task due to the small size of the larvae and the variability of oceanographic processes. addressing this problem requires the use of novel approaches capable of capturing the inherent variability in the mechanisms involved.201222558225
social structure emerges via the interaction between local ecology and individual behaviour.1. the formation of groups is a fundamental aspect of social organization, but there are still many questions regarding how social structure emerges from individuals making non-random associations. 2. although food distribution and individual phenotypic traits are known to separately influence social organization, this is the first study, to our knowledge, experimentally linking them to demonstrate the importance of their interaction in the emergence of social structure. 3. using an experimental ...201221668891
application of neutral red retention assay to caged clams (ruditapes decussatus) and crabs (carcinus maenas) in the assessment of dredged material.dredged material management is a key issue for the protection of aquatic environments. the in situ approach using caged bioindicator species has been chosen lately as a new methodology for the assessment of dredged material. in a tier testing approach, neutral red retention (nrr) assay has been applied as a screening tool to detect adverse changes in health status associated with contamination. nevertheless, to authors' knowledge, little is known about the application and validation of this tech ...201221870173
plastic parasites: extreme dimorphism creates a taxonomic conundrum in the phylum microsporidia.in this paper, we combine field observations of highly statistically significant co-occurrence with histopathological, ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic analyses, to provide evidence for extreme morphological plasticity in a microsporidium parasite infecting the musculature of marine crabs. the parasite appears to alternate between lineages that culminate in production of either bizarre needle-like spores in the peripheral sarcoplasm of heart and skeletal muscle fibres (reminiscent of n ...201223262304
susceptibility to infection and pathogenicity of white spot disease (wsd) in non-model crustacean host taxa from temperate regions.despite almost two decades since its discovery, white spot disease (wsd) caused by white spot syndrome virus (wssv) is still considered the most significant known pathogen impacting the sustainability and growth of the global penaeid shrimp farming industry. although most commonly associated with penaeid shrimp farmed in tropical regions, the virus is also able to infect, cause disease and kill a wide range of other decapod crustacean hosts from temperate regions, including lobsters, crabs, cray ...201222484233
experimental test of the effects of a non-native invasive species on a wintering shorebird.the abundance of nearly one-quarter of the world's shorebird species is declining. at the same time, the number of non-native species in coastal ecosystems is increasing rapidly. in some cases, non-native species may affect negatively the abundance and diversity of shorebird prey species. we conducted an experimental study of the effects of the introduced european green crab (carcinus maenas) on prey consumption by wintering dunlin (calidris alpina) in a central california estuary. we placed gre ...201222394251
effect of meal size and body size on specific dynamic action and gastric processing in decapod crustaceans.meal size and animal size are important factors affecting the characteristics of the specific dynamic action (sda) response across a variety of taxa. the effects of these two variables on the sda of decapod crustaceans are based on just a couple of articles, and are not wholly consistent with the responses reported for other aquatic ectotherms. therefore, the effects of meal size and animal size on the characteristics of sda response were investigated in a variety of decapod crustaceans from dif ...201323916818
operant punishment of eye elevation in the green crab, carcinus maenas.extension of the eye after reflex withdrawal was suppressed by punishing each extension with a brief puff of air. experimental animals showed a decrease in the rate of responding, and an increase in the latency to the next response during 30-min sessions. the effect of punishment per se was controlled for by the use of yoked animals that received punishments whenever the experimental (master) animals did. this control group did not show the increased latency, and kept the eye erect for most of t ...20133675520
the common inhibitor innervates muscles proximal to the autotomy fracture plane in carcinus maenas.the neuron common to proximal leg muscles of the crab carcinus maenas projects to the propus opener nerve. inhibitory effects include hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potentials, prolonged muscle fiber membrane hyperpolarization upon repetitive stimulation and suppression of force development by excitatory motorneurons of the anterior levator. the soma of the common inhibitor of fifth legs is located ventrally along the ganglion midline, contralateral to its axonal projections.20133697693
effect of nanomaterials on the compound action potential of the shore crab, carcinus maenas.little is known about the effects of manufactured nanomaterials on the function of nerves. the experiment aimed to test the effects of three different nanomaterials (1 mg l⁻¹ of tio₂ nps, ag nps or swcnt) on the compound action potential of the shore crab (carcinus maenas) compared with an appropriate bulk powder or metal salt control (bulk tio₂ powder, agno₃ and carbon black respectively). in single action potential recordings, there were no effects of any of the nanomaterials on the peak ampli ...201322394242
biogeographic variation in behavioral and morphological responses to predation risk.the expression of prey antipredator defenses is often related to ambient consumer pressure, and prey express greater defenses under intense consumer pressure. predation is generally greater at lower latitudes, and antipredator defenses often display a biogeographic pattern. predation pressure may also vary significantly between habitats within latitudes, making biogeographic patterns difficult to distinguish. furthermore, invasive predators may also influence the expression of prey defenses in e ...201323001623
biochemical effects in crabs (carcinus maenas) and contamination levels in the bizerta lagoon: an integrated approach in biomonitoring of marine complex pollution.the biochemical effects in carcinus maenas and contamination levels in seawater and sediments of bizerta lagoon (northeast of tunisia) were investigated. the levels of metals and hydrocarbons were higher in seawater and sediments in menzel bourguiba and cimentery in february and july than in the other sampling sites. differences among sites for glutathione s-transferase, catalase, acetylcholinesterase activities, and the content of lipid peroxidation and metallothioneins in two important organs ...201322976048
involvement of the antioxidant system in differential sensitivity of carcinus maenas to fenitrothion exposure.carcinus maenas is an invertebrate with worldwide distribution and high ability to adapt to different environments, which is frequently used in environmental monitoring. despite this, it is not clear how historical exposure to moderate contamination may influence sensitivity to further chemical stress in this important decapod species. this study investigated differential responses to organophosphate fenitrothion of c. maenas from a moderately contaminated estuary and a low impacted one, using i ...201324056931
haplosporidium littoralis sp. nov.: a crustacean pathogen within the haplosporida (cercozoa, ascetosporea).previously, we described the pathology and ultrastructure of an apparently asporous haplosporidian-like parasite infecting the common shore crab carcinus maenas from the european shoreline. in the current study, extraction of genomic dna from the haemolymph, gill or hepatopancreas of infected c. maenas was carried out and the small subunit ribosomal dna (ssu rdna) of the pathogen was amplified by pcr before cloning and sequencing. all 4 crabs yielded an identical 1736 bp parasite sequence. blast ...201323999708
early responses measured in the brachyuran crab carcinus maenas exposed to carbamazepine and novobiocin: application of a 2-tier approach.one of the main consequences of the constant input of pharmaceuticals to the aquatic environment is that biota might develop unknown chronic effects, thus affecting their health even at low concentrations. the aim of this study is to evaluate the health status of carcinus maenas employing a 2-tier approach, after 28 days of exposure to carbamazepine (cbz) and novobiocin (nov) at 0.1, 1, 10 and 50µgl(-1). lysosomal membrane stability (lms) is employed in tier 1. in tier 2 was applied a battery of ...201323916015
a role for haemolymph oxygen capacity in heat tolerance of eurythermal crabs.heat tolerance in aquatic ectotherms is constrained by a mismatch, occurring at high temperatures, between oxygen delivery and demand which compromises the maintenance of aerobic scope. the present study analyses how the wide thermal tolerance range of an eurythermal model species, the green crab carcinus maenas is supported and limited by its ability to sustain efficient oxygen transport to tissues. similar to other eurytherms, c. maenas sustains naturally occurring acute warming events through ...201323720633
microtopography of the eye surface of the crab carcinus maenas: an atomic force microscope study suggesting a possible antifouling potential.marine biofouling causes problems for technologies based on the sea, including ships, power plants and marine sensors. several antifouling techniques have been applied to marine sensors, but most of these methodologies are environmentally unfriendly or ineffective. bioinspiration, seeking guidance from natural solutions, is a promising approach to antifouling. here, the eye of the green crab carcinus maenas was regarded as a marine sensor model and its surface characterized by means of atomic fo ...201323635491
biological impacts of enhanced alkalinity in carcinus maenas.further steps are needed to establish feasible alleviation strategies that are able to reduce the impacts of ocean acidification, whilst ensuring minimal biological side-effects in the process. whilst there is a growing body of literature on the biological impacts of many other carbon dioxide reduction techniques, seemingly little is known about enhanced alkalinity. for this reason, we investigated the potential physiological impacts of using chemical sequestration as an alleviation strategy. in ...201323602261
size-dependent physiological responses of shore crabs to single and repeated playback of ship noise.anthropogenic noise has fundamentally changed the acoustics of terrestrial and aquatic environments, and there is growing empirical evidence that even a single noise exposure can affect behaviour in a variety of vertebrate organisms. here, we use controlled experiments to investigate how the physiology of a marine invertebrate, the shore crab (carcinus maenas), is affected by both single and repeated exposure to ship-noise playback. crabs experiencing ship-noise playback consumed more oxygen, in ...201323445945
trophic level transfer of microplastic: mytilus edulis (l.) to carcinus maenas (l.).this study investigated the trophic transfer of microplastic from mussels to crabs. mussels (mytilus edulis) were exposed to 0.5 μm fluorescent polystyrene microspheres, then fed to crabs (carcinus maenas). tissue samples were then taken at intervals up to 21 days. the number of microspheres in the haemolymph of the crabs was highest at 24 h (15 033 ml(-1) ± se 3146), and was almost gone after 21 days (267 ml(-1) ± se 120). the maximum amount of microspheres in the haemolymph was 0.04% of the am ...201323434827
shock avoidance by discrimination learning in the shore crab (carcinus maenas) is consistent with a key criterion for pain.nociception allows for immediate reflex withdrawal whereas pain allows for longer-term protection via rapid learning. we examine here whether shore crabs placed within a brightly lit chamber learn to avoid one of two dark shelters when that shelter consistently results in shock. crabs were randomly selected to receive shock or not prior to making their first choice and were tested again over 10 trials. those that received shock in trial 2, irrespective of shock in trial 1, were more likely to sw ...201323325857
trading green backs for green crabs: evaluating the commercial shellfish harvest at risk from european green crab invasion.nonnative species pose a threat to native biodiversity and can have immense impacts on biological communities, altering the function of ecosystems. how much value is at risk from high-impact invasive species, and which parameters determine variation in that value, constitutes critical knowledge for directing both management and research, but it is rarely available. we evaluated the value of the commercial shellfish harvest that is at risk in nearshore ecosystems of puget sound, washington state, ...201325408891
bursicon and neuropeptide cascades during the ecdysis program of the shore crab, carcinus maenas.very little is known regarding the release patterns of neuropeptides involved in ecdysis of crustaceans compared to insects. in particular, the dynamics of release of the insect cuticle hardening hormone bursicon, which has only recently been discovered in crustaceans, is unknown. bursicon has not previously been identified as a circulating neurohormone in these animals. since patterns of release were likely to be ephemeral, bursicon, as well as two other neurohormones involved in the ecdysis pr ...201323247273
exposure of carcinus maenas to waterborne fluoranthene: accumulation and multibiomarker responses.fluoranthene (flu) is a priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) commonly detected in estuarine sediments, water and biota. despite this, information on flu detection, accumulation and effects on marine crustaceans is scarce. this work investigated the accumulation of flu in carcinus maenas and the responses of several early-warning biomarkers after a 7-day laboratory exposure to five flu concentrations (2.56 to 100 μg l(-1)). after exposure to flu, sub-samples of the crabs' digestive glan ...201323220135
stability of lysosomal membrane in carcinus maenas acts as a biomarker of exposure to pharmaceuticals.the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is now a major concern given their potential adverse effects on organisms, particularly human beings. because the feeding style and habitat of the crab carcinus maenas make this species vulnerable to organic contaminants, it has been used previously in ecotoxicological studies. lysosomal membrane stability (lms) in crabs is a general indicator of cellular well-being and can be visualized by the neutral red retention (nrr) assay. lms in crab hemo ...201323132752
differential acid-base regulation in various gills of the green crab carcinus maenas: effects of elevated environmental pco2.euryhaline decapod crustaceans possess an efficient regulation apparatus located in the gill epithelia, providing a high adaptation potential to varying environmental abiotic conditions. even though many studies focussed on the osmoregulatory capacity of the gills, acid-base regulatory mechanisms have obtained much less attention. in the present study, underlying principles and effects of elevated pco(2) on acid-base regulatory patterns were investigated in the green crab carcinus maenas acclima ...201323022520
comparison of protein-extraction methods for gills of the shore crab, carcinus maenas (l.), and application to 2de.as it is well-established that protein extraction constitutes a crucial step for two-dimensional electrophoresis (2de), this work was done as a prerequisite to further the study of alterations in the proteome in gills of the shore crab carcinus maenas under contrasted environmental conditions. because of the presence of a chitin layer, shore crab gills have an unusual structure. consequently, they are considered as a hard tissue and represent a challenge for optimal protein extraction. in this s ...201324294114
an invasive species facilitates the recovery of salt marsh ecosystems on cape cod.with global increases in human impacts, invasive species have become a major threat to ecosystems worldwide. while they have been traditionally viewed as harmful, invasive species may facilitate the restoration of degraded ecosystems outside their native ranges. in new england (usa) overfishing has depleted salt marsh predators, allowing the herbivorous crab sesarma reticulatum to denude hundreds of hectares of low marsh. here, using multiple site surveys and field caging experiments, we show th ...201324279265
specific dynamic action in the shore crab, carcinus maenas (l.), in relation to acclimation temperature and to the onset of the emersion response.the rate of oxygen uptake (mo(2)) of shore crabs following a period of fasting varied directly with acclimation temperature, with a q(10) of 2.96 between 7 degrees and 15 degrees c and a q(10) of 2.11 between 15 degrees and 22 degrees c. the factorial rise in mo(2) following a meal (specific dynamic action [sda]) ranged between 1.9 and 3.1 and varied with temperature, being highest at 15 degrees c and significantly lower at both 7 degrees and 22 degrees c, despite similar ration sizes in all gro ...201312324891
rubidium uptake is increased in shore crabs, carcinus maenas, acclimated to dilute seawater.in dilute seawater, carcinus maenas hyperosmoregulates by actively absorbing na, k, and cl. here we characterize k uptake using a novel technique. rb was used as a tracer for k transport, and hemolymph rb levels were measured using cation chromatography. hemolymph rb was detectable at 0.1 mmol l(-1), which enabled determination of initial rate of rb uptake. crabs maintained for 3 wk in dilute artificial seawater (35% asw crabs) maintained na and k above the level of the external media and had el ...201311517457
when are resting water-breathers lacking o2? arterial po2 at the anaerobic threshold in crab.the minimum arterial o2 partial pressure (pao2) at which, in resting conditions, o2 consumption (mo2) can be maintained and below which anaerobic metabolism is initiated was studied in the crabs eriocheir sinensis and carcinus maenas at 15 degrees c. arterial po2, mo2 (in e. sinensis), blood lactate concentration ([lact]b) and blood copper concentration ([cu]b, an index of the blood o2 carrying capacity) were determined after 24 h exposure to inspired po2 (pio2) ranging from 2.7-2.1 kpa. they we ...20131626143
rapid transport of foreign particles microinjected into crab axons.the rapid transport of optically detectable organelles in axons has been well documented, although its molecular mechanism remains unknown. here we report that synthetic particles microinjected into the giant axons of the shore crab, carcinus maenas, are also transported, moving as though they were endogenous organelles. polystyrene beads, polyacrolein beads, paraffin droplets and glass fragments, of sizes up to 0.5 micron in diameter, have been tested. many of these foreign particles move rapid ...20136190095
in vitro superoxide production by hyaline cells of the shore crab carcinus maenas (l.).this study examines the phagocytic hyaline cells of the shore crab, carcinus maenas, for a respiratory burst in vitro. following stimulation of the cells with phorbol myristate acetate (pma), ferricytochrome c was reduced at 550 nm. addition of superoxide dismutase (sod) to the reaction mixture decreased this reduction, confirming that superoxide ions are produced by the stimulated hemocytes. phytohemagglutinin, con a, and lps were also shown to stimulate the cells although laminarin failed to e ...20148392007
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