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molecular toxicity of earthworms induced by cadmium contaminated soil and biomarkers screening.earthworms (eisenia fetida) were used to study the impact of low-dose cadmium in treated artificial soil (0, 0.6, 3, 6, 15, 30 mg/kg) and contaminated natural soil (1.46 mg/kg). the changes of earthworms' physiological related gene expressions of metallothionein (mt), annetocin, calreticulin and antimicrobial peptides were detected using real-time pcr after a 70-day incubation period. the results showed that low doses of cadmium could up regulate earthworms' mt and down regulate annetocin gene e ...201223513694
reproductive and behavioral responses of earthworms exposed to nano-sized titanium dioxide in soil.nanometer-sized titanium dioxide (nano-tio(2) ) is found in a number of commercial products; however, its effects on soil biota are largely unknown. in the present study, earthworms (eisenia andrei and eisenia fetida) were exposed to three types of commercially available, uncoated tio(2) nanomaterials with nominal diameters of 5, 10, and 21 nm. nanomaterials were characterized for particle size, agglomeration, surface charge, chemical composition, and purity. standard lethality, reproduction, an ...201221993953
effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene on the enzyme activities and ultrastructure of earthworm eisenia fetida.adult eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to assess the toxicity of contaminated soils. the lc₅₀ of 1,2,4-tcb at 7 and 14 d were 945±175 and 890±169 mg kg⁻¹. a lower dose of 1,2,4-tcb (25 mg g⁻¹) had stimulatory effects on sod and ache activities, but ache activities were significantly inhibited at higher treatment levels (100 and 400 mg g⁻¹). sod activities increased after 2, 7, and 14 d of exposure, but ache activities were significantl ...201221962413
bioavailability of cobalt and silver nanoparticles to the earthworm eisenia fetida.due to difficulties in tracing engineered nanoparticles (enps) in complex media, there are few data on the exposure of soil biota to enps. this study used neutron activated cobalt (co nps) and silver (ag nps) nanoparticles, as well as soluble cobalt and silver salts, to assess the uptake, excretion and biodistribution in the earthworm eisenia fetida. concentrations of cobalt in worms after four weeks exposure reached 88% and 69% of the co ions and co nps concentrations in food, respectively, whi ...201221486186
a comparison of pops bioaccumulation in eisenia fetida in natural and artificial soils and the effects of aging.the close relationship between soil organic matter and the bioavailability of pops in soils suggests the possibility of using it for the extrapolation between different soils. the aim of this study was to prove that toc content is not a single factor affecting the bioavailability of pops and that toc based extrapolation might be incorrect, especially when comparing natural and artificial soils. three natural soils with increasing toc and three artificial soils with toc comparable to these natura ...201222035925
cloning, expression and characterization of a gene from earthworm eisenia fetida encoding a blood-clot dissolving protein.a lumbrokinase gene encoding a blood-clot dissolving protein was cloned from earthworm (eisenia fetida) by rt-pcr amplification. the gene designated as cst1 (genbank no. ay840996) was sequence analyzed. the cdna consists of 888 bp with an open reading frame of 729 bp, which encodes 242 amino acid residues. multiple sequence alignments revealed that cst1 shares similarities and conserved amino acids with other reported lumbrokinases. the amino acid sequence of cst1 exhibits structural features si ...201223300872
changes in the chemical characteristics of water-extracted organic matter from vermicomposting of sewage sludge and cow dung.the chemical changes of water-extractable organic matter (weom) from five different substrates of sewage sludge enriched with different proportions of cow dung after vermicomposting with eisenia fetida were investigated using various analytical approaches. results showed that dissolved organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and c/n ratio of the substrates decreased significantly after vermicomposting process. the aromaticity of weom from the substrates enhanced considerably, and the amount of v ...201222230755
vermicomposting of herbal pharmaceutical industry waste: earthworm growth, plant-available nutrient and microbial quality of end materials.efforts were made to decompose herbal pharmaceutical industrial waste (hpiw) spiked with cow dung (cd) using eisenia fetida. a total of five vermibeds: t(1) - hpiw (0%+cd 100%, control), t(2) - hpiw (25%), t(3) - hpiw (50%), t(4) - hpiw (75%) and t(5) - hpiw (100%) were used for vermicomposting. the changes in biology and chemistry of vermibeds were measured after ten days interval. e. fetida showed high growth and cocoon production rate in all vermibeds. the vermicomposted material contained gr ...201222440575
biotoxicity assessment of pyrene in soil using a battery of biological assays.a test battery, composed of a range of biological assays, was applied to evaluate the ecological health of soil aged for 69 days and spiked with a range of pyrene levels (1.04, 8.99, 41.5, 72.6, 136, and 399 μg g(-1) dry soil; soxhlet-extracted concentrations after 69 days of aging). chinese cabbage (brassica rapa), earthworm (eisenia fetida), and bacteria (vibrio fischeri) were used as test organisms to represent different trophic levels. among the acute ecotoxicity bioassays used, the v. fisch ...201222941450
vermicomposting of milk processing industry sludge spiked with plant wastes.this work illustrates the vermistabilization of wastewater sludge from a milk processing industry (mpis) unit spiked with cow dung (cd), sugarcane trash (st) and wheat straw (ws) employing earthworms eisenia fetida. a total of nine experimental vermibeds were established and changes in chemical parameters of waste material have been observed for 90 days. vermistabilization caused significant reduction in ph, organic carbon and c:n ratio and substantial increase in total n, available p and exchan ...201222609678
species-specific effects of epigeic earthworms on microbial community structure during first stages of decomposition of organic matter.epigeic earthworms are key organisms in organic matter decomposition because of the interactions they establish with microorganisms. the earthworm species and the quality and/or substrate availability are expected to be major factors influencing the outcome of these interactions. here we tested whether and to what extent the epigeic earthworms eisenia andrei, eisenia fetida and perionyx excavatus, widely used in vermicomposting, are capable of altering the microbiological properties of fresh org ...201222363763
bioremediation of polluted soil through the combined application of plants, earthworms and organic matter.two plant species (paulownia tomentosa and cytisus scoparius), earthworms (eisenia fetida), and organic matter (horse manure) were used as an ecological approach to bioremediate a soil historically contaminated by heavy metals and hydrocarbons. the experiment was carried out for six months at a mesoscale level using pots containing 90 kg of polluted soil. three different treatments were performed for each plant: (i) untreated planted soil as a control (c); (ii) planted soil + horse manure (20:1 ...201222911348
the use of biochar to reduce soil pcb bioavailability to cucurbita pepo and eisenia fetida.biochar is a carbon rich by-product produced from the thermal decomposition of organic matter under low oxygen concentrations. currently many researchers are studying the ability of biochar to improve soil quality and function in agricultural soils while sustainably sequestering carbon. this paper focuses on a novel but complimentary application of biochar - the reduced bioavailability and phytoavailability of organic contaminants in soil, specifically polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). in this g ...201222922132
non-hazardous anticancerous and antibacterial colloidal 'green' silver nanoparticles.poly(ethylene glycol) stabilized colloidal silver nanoparticles were prepared using the reductive potency of the aqueous extract of thuja occidentalis leaves under ambient conditions. the nanoparticles were well dispersed within a narrow size spectrum (7-14 nm) and displayed characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at around 420 nm and bragg's reflection planes of fcc structure. mtt assay revealed the dose-dependent cytocompatibility and toxicity of the nanoparticles with the l929 normal ce ...201223352940
Molecular cloning, characterization of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and expression analysis of stress-responsive genes from Eisenia fetida against dietary zinc oxide.The full length cDNA of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) from Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) was cloned (GenBank accession no. JN579648). Sequence characterization revealed that the cDNA contained characteristic Cu/Zn-SOD family signatures ((45)GFHVHEFGDNT(55) and (138)GNAGGRLACGVI(149)), cysteines (Cys-58 and-146) predicted to form one disulphide bond, Cu-binding (His-47, -49, -64 and -120) and Zn-binding (His-64, -72, -81 and Asp-84). They were essential for the structure and function ...201222137962
[biological safety of the molluscicidal ingredient from aspergillus fumigatus sl-30 isolated from rhizosphere of phytolacca acinosa].to study biological safety of the molluscicidal ingredient (mi, a kind of diketopiperazines) in the exocellular broth of aspergillus fumigatus sl-30' which was isolated from the rhizosphere of phytolacca acinosa.201223484258
a contribution towards the risk assessment of soils from the são domingos mine (portugal): chemical, microbial and ecotoxicological indicators.this study is a contribution towards a risk assessment of the são domingos mine area (portugal), integrating information from: soil physicochemical characteristics, pseudo-total and bioavailable trace elements (as, cd, cr, cu, ni, pb and zn), ecotoxicological evaluation, and microbial indicators. the bioassays using soil eluates (seed germination, luminescent inhibition of vibrio fischeri and daphnia magna immobilization) confirmed the soil toxicity categorization obtained with the bioassays usi ...201222230067
isolation and characterization of aerobic microorganisms with cellulolytic activity in the gut of endogeic earthworms.the ability of earthworms to decompose lignocellulose involves the assistance of microorganisms in their digestive system. while many studies have revealed a diverse microbiota in the earthworm gut, including aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, it remains unclear which of these species contribute to lignocellulose digestion. in this study, aerobic microorganisms with cellulolytic activity isolated from the gut of two endogeic earthworms, amynthas heteropoda (megascolecidae) and eisenia fetida ...201223847816
microbial environment affects innate immunity in two closely related earthworm species eisenia andrei and eisenia fetida.survival of earthworms in the environment depends on their ability to recognize and eliminate potential pathogens. this work is aimed to compare the innate defense mechanisms of two closely related earthworm species, eisenia andrei and eisenia fetida, that inhabit substantially different ecological niches. while e. andrei lives in a compost and manure, e. fetida can be found in the litter layer in forests. therefore, the influence of environment-specific microbiota on the immune response of both ...201324223917
phosphate solubilizing ability of emericella nidulans strain v1 isolated from vermicompost.phosphorus is one of the key factors that regulate soil fertility. its deficiencies in soil are largely replenished by chemical fertilizers. the present study was aimed to isolate efficient phosphate solubilizing fungal strains from eisenia fetida vermicompost. out of total 30 fungal strains the most efficient phosphate solubilizing one was emericella (aspergillus) nidulans v1 (mtcc 11044), identified by custom sequencing of beta-tubulin gene and blast analysis. this strain solubilized 13 to 36% ...201324266109
crystal structure of endo-1,4-β-glucanase from eisenia fetida.the saccharification process is essential for bioethanol production from woody biomass including celluloses. cold-adapted cellulase, which has sufficient activity at low temperature (<293 k), is capable of reducing heating costs during the saccharification process and is suitable for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. endo-1,4-β-glucanase from the earthworm eisenia fetida (ef-eg2) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 9 has been shown to have the highest activity at 313 k, and als ...201324121333
in situ application of activated carbon and biochar to pcb-contaminated soil and the effects of mixing regime.the in situ use of carbon amendments such as activated carbon (ac) and biochar to minimize the bioavailability of organic contaminants is gaining in popularity. in the first in situ experiment conducted at a canadian pcb-contaminated brownfield site, gac and two types of biochar were statistically equal at reducing pcb uptake into plants. pcb concentrations in cucurbita pepo root tissue were reduced by 74%, 72% and 64%, with the addition of 2.8% gac, burt's biochar and blueleaf biochar, respecti ...201323933124
vermicomposting of toxic weed--lantana camara biomass: chemical and microbial properties changes and assessment of toxicity of end product using seed bioassay.this work illustrates the results of vermicomposting trials of noxious weed - lantana camara (ll) leaf litter spiked with cow dung (cd) in different ratios (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%) using eisenia fetida. a total of five treatments were established and changes in chemical and microbial properties of vermibeds have been observed for 60 days. in all treatments, a decrease in ph (19.5-30.7%), total organic carbon (toc) (12-23%) and c:n ratio (25-35%), but increase in ash content (16-40%), total n( ...201323796668
effect of c60 fullerenes on the accumulation of weathered p,p'-dde by plant and earthworm species under single and multispecies conditions.the use of engineered nanomaterials has increased dramatically in recent years, but an understanding of nanomaterial fate and effects in the environment is lacking. in particular, the interaction of nanomaterials with coexisting organic contaminants and the subsequent implications for sensitive biota is almost completely unknown. here, the effect of c60 fullerenes on the accumulation of weathered dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-dde; ddt metabolite) by cucurbita pepo (pumpkin) and eisenia ...201323401244
influence of earthworm eisenia fetida on removal efficiency of n and p in vertical flow constructed wetland.this study investigates biomass, density, photosynthetic activity, and accumulation of nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) in three wetland plants (canna indica, typha augustifolia, and phragmites austrail) in response to the introduction of the earthworm eisenia fetida into a constructed wetland. the removal efficiency of n and p in constructed wetlands were also investigated. results showed that the photosynthetic rate (p n), transpiration rate (t r), and stomatal conductance (s cond) of c. indica ...201323729029
effect of earthworm eisenia fetida and wetland plants on nitrification and denitrification potentials in vertical flow constructed wetland.the response of nitrification potentials, denitrification potentials, and n removal efficiency to the introduction of earthworms and wetland plants in a vertical flow constructed wetland system was investigated. addition of earthworms increased nitrification and denitrification potentials of substrate in non-vegetated constructed wetland by 236% and 8%, respectively; it increased nitrification and denitrification potentials in rhizosphere in vegetated constructed wetland (phragmites austrail, ty ...201323591133
vermistabilization of paper mill wastewater sludge using eisenia fetida.vermistabilization of paper mill wastewater sludge (pms) spiked with cow dung (cd) at ratios of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% was carried out employing the earthworm, eisenia fetida. a total of five treatments were established and changes in chemical and microbial properties of mixtures were observed. vermistabilization caused decreases in total organic carbon, c:n ratio and cellulose by 1.2-1.5, 4.6-14.6, and 2.3-9.7-fold, respectively, but increases in ph, electrical conductivity, ash content, ( ...201323196238
species differences take shape at nanoparticles: protein corona made of the native repertoire assists cellular interaction.cells recognize the biomolecular corona around a nanoparticle, but the biological identity of the complex may be considerably different among various species. this study explores the importance of protein corona composition for nanoparticle recognition by coelomocytes of the earthworm eisenia fetida using e. fetida coelomic proteins (efcp) as a native repertoire and fetal bovine serum (fbs) as a non-native reference. we have profiled proteins forming the long-lived corona around silver nanoparti ...201324245550
bioconversion of garden waste, kitchen waste and cow dung into value-added products using earthworm eisenia fetida.solid waste management is a worldwide problem and it is becoming more and more complicated day by day due to rise in population, industrialization and changes in our life style. transformation of industrial sludges into vermicompost is of double interest: on the one hand, a waste is converted into value added product, and, on the other, it controls a pollutant that is a consequence of increasing industrialization. garden waste, kitchen waste and cow dung were subjected to recycle through vermico ...201323961230
vermiremediation of dyeing sludge from textile mill with the help of exotic earthworm eisenia fetida savigny.the aim of present study was for the vermiremediation of dyeing sludge from textile mill into nutrient-rich vermicompost using earthworm eisenia fetida. the dyeing sludge was mixed with cattle dung in different ratios, i.e., 0:100 (d0), 25:75 (d25), 50:50 (d50), 75:25 (d75), and 100:0 (d100) with earthworms, and 0:100 (s0), 25:75 (s25), 50:50 (s50), 75:25 (s75), and 100:0 (s100) without earthworms. minimum mortality and maximum population build-up were observed in a 25:75 mixture. nitrogen, phos ...201323508537
chemical and spectroscopic characterization of water extractable organic matter during vermicomposting of cattle dung.this work illustrated the characteristics and transformation of water extractable organic matter (weom) during vermistabilization (eisenia fetida) of cattle dung by means of chemical and spectroscopic methods. the independent experiment conducted in triplicate was sampled at the 0, 7, 14, 21, 35, 60 and 90days. results showed that the doc kept steady around 2.7gkg(-1) after day 60 and the doc/don ratio decreased from 19.77 to 5.26 till the end of vermicomposting. on the other hand, vermicomposti ...201323416619
reduction of bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during vermicomposting of water hyacinth.vermicomposting of water hyacinth is a good alternative for the treatment of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) and subsequentially, beneficial for agriculture purposes. the bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals (zn, cu, mn, fe, ni, pb, cd, and cr) were evaluated during vermicomposting of e. crassipes employing eisenia fetida earthworm. five different proportions (trials 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) of cattle manure, water hyacinth, and sawdust were prepared for the vermicomposting process. ...201323757026
community-specific impacts of exotic earthworm invasions on soil carbon dynamics in a sandy temperate forest.exotic earthworm introductions can alter above- and belowground properties of temperate forests, but the net impacts on forest soil carbon (c) dynamics are poorly understood. we used a mesocosm experiment to examine the impacts of earthworm species belonging to three different ecological groups (lumbricus terrestris [anecic], aporrectodea trapezoides [endogeic], and eisenia fetida [epigeic]) on c distributions and storage in reconstructed soil profiles from a sandy temperate forest soil by measu ...201324597228
short-term effect of the soil amendments activated carbon, biochar, and ferric oxyhydroxide on bacteria and invertebrates.the aim of the present study was to evaluate the secondary ecotoxicological effects of soil amendment materials that can be added to contaminated soils in order to sequester harmful pollutants. to this end, a nonpolluted agricultural soil was amended with 0.5, 2, and 5% of the following four amendments: powder activated carbon (pac), granular activated carbon, corn stover biochar, and ferric oxyhydroxide powder, which have previously been proven to sequester pollutants in soil. the resulting imm ...201323802136
management of fresh water weeds (macrophytes) by vermicomposting using eisenia fetida.in the present study, potential of eisenia fetida to recycle the different types of fresh water weeds (macrophytes) used as substrate in different reactors (azolla pinnata reactor, trapa natans reactor, ceratophyllum demersum reactor, free-floating macrophytes mixture reactor, and submerged macrophytes mixture reactor) during 2 months experiment is investigated. e. fetida showed significant variation in number and weight among the reactors and during the different fortnights (p <0.05) with maxim ...201323589265
effects of particle size on chemical speciation and bioavailability of copper to earthworms (eisenia fetida) exposed to copper nanoparticles.to investigate the role of particle size on the oxidation, bioavailability, and adverse effects of manufactured cu nanoparticles (nps) in soils, we exposed the earthworm eisenia ferida to a series of concentrations of commercially produced nps labeled as 20- to 40-nm or < 100-nm cu in artificial soil media. effects on growth, mortality, reproduction, and expression of a variety of genes associated with metal homeostasis, general stress, and oxidative stress were measured. we also used x-ray abso ...201321284291
oxidative and genotoxic effects of 900 mhz electromagnetic fields in the earthworm eisenia fetida.accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (rf-emf) can have various biological effects. in this study the oxidative and genotoxic effects were investigated in earthworms eisenia fetida exposed in vivo to rf-emf at the mobile phone frequency (900 mhz). earthworms were exposed to the homogeneous rf-emf at field levels of 10, 23, 41 and 120 v m(-1) for a period of 2h using a gigahertz transversal electromagnetic (gtem) cell. at the field level of 23 v m(-1 ...201323352129
reduction in the earthworm metabolomic response after phenanthrene exposure in soils with high soil organic carbon content.we evaluated the correlation between soil organic carbon (oc) content and metabolic responses of eisenia fetida earthworms after exposure to phenanthrene (58 ± 3 mg/kg) spiked into seven artificial soils with oc contents ranging from 1 to 27% oc. principal component analysis of (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra of aqueous extracts identified statistically significant differences in the metabolic profiles of control and phenanthrene-exposed e. fetida in the 1% oc soil only. partial le ...201323337355
1-d and 2-d nmr-based metabolomics of earthworms exposed to endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in soil.one-dimensional (1-d) and two-dimensional (2-d) nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr)-based metabolomics was used to investigate the toxic mode of action (moa) of endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide, and its degradation product, endosulfan sulfate, to eisenia fetida earthworms in soil. three soil concentrations (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) were used for both endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate. both earthworm coelomic fluid (cf) and tissues were extracted and then analyzed using (1)h and (1)h-(13)c nm ...201323333485
effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (bde-209) on the avoidance response, survival, growth and reproduction of earthworms (eisenia fetida).the effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (bde-209) on avoidance response, survival, growth, and reproduction of earthworms (eisenia fetida) were investigated under laboratory conditions using natural and artificial soils as substrate. results showed that no significant avoidance response was observed when earthworms were exposed to 0.1-1000 mg/kg of bde-209 for 48 h. after 28-days exposure, no significant effects on survival and growth of adult earthworms was induced by 0.1-1000 mg/kg of bde-209 i ...201323312040
determination of multi-walled carbon nanotube bioaccumulation in earthworms measured by a microwave-based detection technique.reliable quantification techniques for carbon nanotubes (cnts) are limited. in this study, a new procedure was developed for quantifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwnts) in earthworms (eisenia fetida) based on freeze drying and microwave-induced heating. specifically, earthworms were first processed into a powder by freeze drying. then, samples were measured by utilizing 10 s exposure to 30 w microwave power. this method showed the potential to quantitatively measure mwnts in earthworms at ...201323298789
gene expression responses in different regions of eisenia fetida with antiparasitic albendazole exposure.albendazole (abz) is a veterinary drug with a high efficiency against parasite. the aim of this research is to investigate and characterize the response of gene expression in different regions of earthworms eisenia fetida in relation to abz exposure. in this research, the earthworms were exposed to abz at 0, 10, 30, 90, and 270 mg/kg concentrations for 42 days. within the initial 14-day exposure, the expression levels of two target genes (mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (l-rrna) and heat s ...201323290683
review of the earthworm fauna of iran with emphasis on kohgiluyeh & boyer-ahmad province.earthworms were collected in forests, damp habitats, springs, orchards and agricultural fields of the kohgiluyeh & boyer ahmad province, iran, from april 2009 to april 2010. specimens were collected at 20 established stations by digging and by diluted formalin methods. ten species belonging to family lumbricidae were identified based on morphology: aporrectodea caliginosa (savigny, 1826), ap. rosea (savigny, 1826), ap. jassyensis (michaelsen, 1891), dendrobaena veneta (rosa, 1886), d. byblica (r ...201326438954
searching for a more sensitive earthworm species to be used in pesticide homologation tests - a meta-analysis.pesticide risk assessments include experiments designed to measure the effect of pesticides on earthworms using the eisenia fetida fetida or eisenia fetida andrei species. there is no clear consensus in the literature on the sensitivity of different earthworm species to pesticides. we performed a meta-analysis on the sensitivity of several earthworm species to pesticides to determine the most sensitive species, and to discuss their suitability for european homologation tests. a dataset including ...201323084259
recycled water sources influence the bioavailability of copper to earthworms.re-use of wastewaters can overcome shortfalls in irrigation demand and mitigate environmental pollution. however, in an untreated or partially treated state, these water sources can introduce inorganic contaminants, including heavy metals, to soils that are irrigated. in this study, earthworms (eisenia fetida) have been used to determine copper (cu) bioavailability in two contrasting soils irrigated with farm dairy, piggery and winery effluents. soils spiked with varying levels of cu (0-1,000 mg ...201323122192
supercritical fluid extraction of persistent organic pollutants from natural and artificial soils and comparison with bioaccumulation in earthworms.selective supercritical fluid extraction (ssfe) was used as a measurement of compound chemical accessibility and as a predictor of compound bioavailability from three natural soils and artificial analogues prepared to have comparable total organic carbon content. soils spiked with phenanthrene, pyrene, pcb 153, lindane, and p,p'-ddt were aged for 0, 14, 28, or 56 days and then selectively extracted by supercritical fluid extraction. compounds exhibited decreasing extractability with increasing p ...201323416268
the toxicity of a ternary biocide mixture to two consecutive earthworm (eisenia fetida) generations.the aim of the present study was to determine the toxicity of a mixture containing the biocides picoxystrobin, esfenvalerate, and triclosan to the reproduction and adult survival of two consecutive generations of eisenia fetida (savigny, 1826). concentration addition and independent action were used to predict mixture toxicity. due to degradation of mixture components during the course of the experiment, predictions were based both on the mixture composition at the beginning and the end of the e ...201323371808
1h nmr-based metabolomic analysis of sub-lethal perfluorooctane sulfonate exposure to the earthworm, eisenia fetida, in soil.1h nmr-based metabolomics was used to measure the response of eisenia fetida earthworms after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos) in soil. earthworms were exposed to a range of pfos concentrations (five, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg) for two, seven and fourteen days. earthworm tissues were extracted and analyzed by 1h nmr. multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolic response of e. fetida to pfos exposure identified time-dependent responses that were c ...201324958147
stabilisation of sewage sludge and vinasse bio-wastes by vermicomposting with rabbit manure using eisenia fetida.changes in the chemical characteristics and biological parameters of eisenia fetida were assessed by ver using (co+ve) rabbit manure (vo) spiked with sewage sludge (ss) or vinasse (v). seven mixtures were used: vo, control; vo+ss at 10%, 30%, and 50% (ss1, ss2, and ss3); vo+v at 10%, 30%, and 50% (v1, v2, and v3). ss vermicomposts had higher humus, nutrient and total metal contents, but less soluble salts (ec) than v vermicomposts. the number and weight of worms were higher in vo, followed by ss ...201323584410
immobilization of chlorobenzenes in soil using wheat straw biochar.biochar has shown great potential for immobilizing organic contaminants in soil. in this study, pentachlorobenzene (pecb), 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (1,2,4,5-tecb), and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-tcb) artificially spiked soil was amended with wheat straw biochar at 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% application rates, respectively. the sorption, dissipation, and bioavailability of chlorobenzenes (cbs) in soil were investigated. the sorption of pecb by biochar was significantly higher than that of its so ...201323578388
earthworms newly from mongolia (oligochaeta, lumbricidae, eisenia).two new megadrile earthworms from the steppes, the first species wholly from outer mongolia, are ascribed to the partially parthenogenetic eisenia nordenskioldi (eisen, 1879) species-complex. taxonomic justification of sympatric eisenia nordenskioldi mongol and eisenia nordenskioldi onon ssp. n. are supported by mtdna coi barcodes. the unreliability of molecular differentiation based on voucher names compared to definitive types is again demonstrated, as pertains to the ultimate eisenia andrei b ...201323798894
[effects of imidazolium chloride ionic liquids on the acute toxicity and weight of earthworm].standard contact filter paper test of oecd and artificial soil test were used to study the acute lethal effect of three imidazolium chloride ionic liquids, 1-butyl- 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim] cl), 1-hexyl- 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([hmim] cl), and 1-octyl- 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([omim] cl) on earthworm (eisenia fetida), and the weight of the earthworms was measured after subtle exposure. the 24 h-lc50 values of [bmim] cl, [hmim] cl and [omim] cl using the contact filter pape ...201323798118
[polycyclic musks exposure affects gene expression of specific proteins in earthworm eisenia fetida].to investigate the changes in gene expression of earthworm specific proteins following long-term exposure to low-dose polycyclic musks in soil, the mrna expression levels of the four representative protein-coding genes (hsp70, crt, cypa, tctp) were examined in earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to polycyclic musks using real-time quantitative pcr (rt-qpcr). the purpose of this study was to investigate mrna expression profiles of test protein genes in response to sublethal galaxolide (hhcb) and ton ...201323914539
mixing of an anthracene-contaminated soil: a simple but efficient remediation technique?contamination of soils with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) is a serious problem in petroleum producing countries, such as méxico, and environment-friendly easy to apply techniques are required to accelerate the removal of the contaminants. removal of anthracene was monitored in an arable and a pasture soil regularly mixed or amended with organic material, a non-ionic surfactant (surfynol(®) 485) or earthworms (eisenia fetida (savigny, 1826)). in both soils the same results were obtained ...201323896178
solid waste management of temple floral offerings by vermicomposting using eisenia fetida.recycling of temple waste (tw) mainly comprising of floral offerings was done through vermitechnology using eisenia fetida and its impact on seed germination and plant growth parameters was studied by comparing with kitchen waste (kw) and farmyard waste (fyw) vermicompost (vc). the worm biomass was found to be maximum in tw vc compared to kw and fyw vcs at both 40 and 120days old vcs. physico-chemical analysis of worm-worked substrates showed better results in tw vc especially in terms of electr ...201323481343
subacute toxicity of copper and glyphosate and their interaction to earthworm (eisenia fetida).glyphosate (gps) and copper (cu) are common pollutants in soils, and commonly co-exist. due to the chemical structure of gps, it can form complexes of heavy metals and interface their bioavailability in soil environment. in order to explore the interactions between gps and cu, subacute toxicity tests of cu and gps on soil invertebrate earthworms (eisenia fetida) were conducted. the relative weight loss and whole-worm metal burdens increased significantly with the increasing exposure concentratio ...201323733011
development of an in vitro thin-film solid-phase microextraction method to determine the bioavailability of xenoestrogens in soil.biosolids applied to agricultural fields, parks, and other areas represent significant sources of estrogen-like endocrine disrupting compound (eedc) inputs to soil. it is important to determine the bioavailability of eedcs in soil to inform risk assessment concerning their environmental presence; eisenia fetida (earthworms) are typically used in traditional in vivo bioavailability experiments. the development of an in vitro bioavailability method will decrease time, expense, and use of solvents ...201323720405
hazard remediation and recycling of tea industry and paper mill bottom ash through vermiconversion.considerable amount of bottom ash (ba) is produced by tea and paper factories in northeast india. this significantly deteriorates soil and surface water quality through rapid acidification, releasing sulfur compounds and heavy metals. the present investigation endeavoured to convert this waste to organic manure through vermicomposting by eisenia fetida. substantial increment in bioavailability of n, p, k, fe, mn and zn along with remarkable decline in toxic metal like cr due to vermicomposting w ...201323706375
bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (pfcas) and perfluoroalkane sulfonates (pfsas) by earthworms (eisenia fetida) in soil.earthworms were exposed to artificially contaminated soils with ten perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass). pfass with longer perfluorinated carbon chain displayed higher uptake rate coefficients (k(u)), longer half-life (t(½)) and time to steady-state (t(ss)) but lower elimination rate coefficients (k(e)) than the shorter ones. similarly, perfluorosulfonates acids (pfsas) displayed higher ku, longer t(½) and tss but lower ke than perflurocarboxylic acids (pfcas) with the same perfluorinated chain le ...201323644275
influence of the bioaccessible fraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the ecotoxicity of historically contaminated soils.sequential supercritical fluid extraction together with a two-site desorption model were employed to estimate the bioaccessible fraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in four historically contaminated soils. the ecotoxicity of the soils was assayed by four different contact tests. the same soils were exposed to exhaustive extraction and the extracts were returned to the soils to ensure total 100% bioaccessibility of the pollutants. then the soils were assayed again. statistical eval ...201323611796
a study on as, cu, pb and zn (bio)availability in an abandoned mine area (são domingos, portugal) using chemical and ecotoxicological tools.the aim of this study was to relate the results obtained by chemical methods, used to assess environmental (bio)availability, with the ecotoxic response and bioaccumulation of trace elements (te) by the earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to field-contaminated, metal-polluted soils from a sulphide mine. the extracting solution 0.5 m nh4ch3coo, 0.5 m ch3cooh and 0.02 m edta (ph 4.7), was able to predict environmental bioavailability of te to e. fetida. however, the toxicological bioavailability coul ...201323608975
toxicological responses of earthworm (eisenia fetida) exposed to metal-contaminated soils.the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological responses of earthworm (eisenia fetida) induced by field-contaminated, metal-polluted soils. biochemical responses and dna damage of earthworm exposed to two multi-metal-contaminated soils in a steel industry park and a natural reference soil in zijin mountain for 2, 7, 14, and 28 days were studied. results showed that three enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (sod), acetylcholinesterase (ache), and cellulase, in earthworm in ...201323589267
responses of earthworm to aluminum toxicity in latosol.excess aluminum (al) in soils due to acid rain leaching is toxic to water resources and harmful to soil organisms and plants. this study investigated adverse impacts of al levels upon earthworms (eisenia fetida) from the latosol (acidic red soil). laboratory experiments were performed to examine the survival and avoidance of earthworms from high al concentrations and investigate the response of earthworms upon al toxicity at seven different al concentrations that ranged from 0 to 300 mg kg(-1) o ...201322645004
changes in chemical and microbiological properties of rabbit manure in a continuous-feeding vermicomposting system.in the present study the potential of the earthworm eisenia fetida to process large amounts of waste was evaluated through continuous feeding reactors in which new layers of rabbit manure were added sequentially to form an age gradient inside the reactors. an optimal moisture level, ranging from 66% to 76%, was maintained throughout the process using an automatic watering system. the ph was close to 8.3, but decreased to 7.6 after 200 d of vermicomposting. no changes in electrical conductivity t ...201323196253
proteomic and metabolomic analysis of earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to different concentrations of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether.as a class of brominated flame-retardants (bfrs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) are widely used in industrial products. pbdes have been detected in local terrestrial biota from the laizhou bay in china. they can induce various toxicities, such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and endocrine disrupting effects in animals. in this work, we characterized the dose-responsive effects of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (bde 47) in earthworm eisenia fetida using a ...201323954424
dynamics of microbial communities related to biochemical parameters during vermicomposting and maturation of agroindustrial lignocellulose wastes.scarce information is available on the changes in abundance of microbial taxa during vermicomposting. quantitative pcr and dgge analysis were used to monitor variations in the microbial structure, relative abundance of four bacterial classes and fungi over the vermicomposting and maturation period of wet olive cake (o) and vine shoots (w). multivariate correlation analysis between microbial structure and abundance, earthworm biomass and enzyme activities revealed similar and divergent interactio ...201323948272
towards an integrative soil health assessment strategy: a three tier (integrative biomarker response) approach with eisenia fetida applied to soils subjected to chronic metal pollution.this is a pilot study for assessing soil ecosystem health in chronically polluted sites on the basis of a 3-tier approach (screening+scoring+understanding) designed to be cost-effective and scientifically based, and to provide straightforward advice and support to managers and stakeholders involved in environmental protection. for the initial screening (tier 1), the use of a highly sensitive, low-cost biomarker such as neutral red uptake (nru) in earthworm coelomocytes is proposed. in sites wher ...201323178839
impact of fly ash and phosphatic rock on metal stabilization and bioavailability during sewage sludge vermicomposting.sewage sludge (ss) was mixed with different proportions of fly ash (fa) and phosphoric rock (pr), as passivators, and earthworms, eisenia fetida, were introduced to allow vermicomposting. the earthworm growth rates, reproduction rates, and metal (except zn and cd) concentrations were significantly higher in the vermireactors containing fa and pr than in the treatments without passivators. the total organic carbon (toc) and total metal concentrations in the mixtures decreased, and the mixtures we ...201323567692
predicting copper toxicity to different earthworm species using a multicomponent freundlich model.this study aimed to develop bioavailability models for predicting cu toxicity to earthworms (lumbricus rubellus, aporrectodea longa, and eisenia fetida) in a range of soils of varying properties. a multicomponent freundlich model, complying with the basic assumption of the biotic ligands model, was used to relate cu toxicity to the free cu(2+) activity and possible protective cations in soil porewater. median lethal concentrations (lc50s) of cu based on the total cu concentration varied in each ...201323548049
oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the earthworm eisenia fetida induced by low doses of fomesafen.formesafen is a diphenyl ether herbicide that has adverse effects on non-target animals. however, knowledge about the effect of fomesafen on the antioxidant defense system in earthworms is vague. thus, it is essential to investigate the effects of fomesafen on the antioxidant defense system in earthworms as a precautionary method. in the present study, earthworms (eisenia fetida) were exposed to artificial soil treated with a range of concentrations of fomesafen (0, 10, 100, and 500 μg kg(-1)) a ...201322585392
molecular cloning, characterization of cat, and eco-toxicological effects of dietary zinc oxide on antioxidant enzymes in eisenia fetida.the full-length cdna of catalase (efcat) from eisenia fetida was cloned (genbank accession no. jn617999). sequence characterization revealed that efcat protein sequence contained proximal heme-ligand signature sequence ((351)rlfsysdth(359)), two glycosylation sites (n(145) and n(436)), the proximal active site signature ((61)fdreripervvhakgaga(78)), and 12 amino acids (n(145), h(191), f(195), s(198), r(200), n(210), y(212), k(234), i(299), w(300), q(302), and y(355)), which were identified as pu ...201323263762
polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) accumulation by earthworms (eisenia fetida) exposed to biosolids-, polyurethane foam microparticle-, and penta-bde-amended soils.polybrominated diphenyl ether (pbde) flame retardants have been used in consumer polymers at up to percent levels. while long viewed as biologically inaccessible therein, pbdes may become bioaccessible following volatilization or polymer deterioration. pbdes may then enter soils via polymer fragmentation or following land application of sewage sludge-derived biosolids. studies of direct pbde uptake from these materials by soil organisms are scarce. we thus exposed earthworms ( eisenia fetida ) t ...201324160918
ecological risks of polycyclic musk in soils irrigated with reclaimed municipal wastewater.hhcb (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-c-2-benzopyrane) and ahtn (7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) are found in reclaimed municipal wastewater. they may accumulate in soils receiving long-term application of reclaimed water thus adversely impact the soil biota. we evaluated the extent of their accumulation in receiving soils using hydrus-1d based on reclaimed municipal wastewater irrigation data at a public park in beijing. the potential for ecol ...201323978598
toxicological effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes adsorbed with nonylphenol on earthworm eisenia fetida.the high surface area of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) tends to adsorb a large variety of toxic chemicals, which may enhance the toxicity of both mwcnts and chemicals to organisms. in order to evaluate the combined toxicity of nonylphenol (np) and mwcnts to the earthworm eisenia fetida in soil, artificial soil systems containing distilled water, 0.1 g kg(-1) mwcnts, 1 g kg(-1) mwcnts, 1 g kg(-1) mwcnts absorbed 5 mg kg(-1) np, and 10 mg kg(-1) np alone were prepared and exposed to earth ...201324104387
time-course profiling of molecular stress responses to silver nanoparticles in the earthworm eisenia fetida.the molecular mechanism of silver nanoparticle (agnp) toxicity, particularly its temporal aspect, is currently limited in the literature. this study seeks to identify and profile changes in molecular response patterns over time during soil exposure of the earthworm eisenia fetida to agnps (82±27 nm) with reference to dissolved silver salt (agno₃). principal component analysis of selected gene and enzyme response profiles revealed dissimilar patterns between agno₃ and agnp treatments and also ove ...201324041528
amelioration of acidic soil increases the toxicity of the weak base carbendazim to the earthworm eisenia fetida.ameliorating acidic soils is a common practice and may affect the bioavailability of an ionizable organic pollutant to organisms. the toxicity of the weak base carbendazim to the earthworm (eisenia fetida) was studied in an acidic soil (ph-h₂o, 4.6) and in the ameliorated soil (ph-h₂o, 7.5). the results indicated that the median lethal concentration of carbendazim for e. fetida decreased from 21.8 mg/kg in acidic soil to 7.35 mg/kg in the ameliorated soil. to understand why the amelioration incr ...201324038552
bioaccumulation and the soil factors affecting the uptake of arsenic in earthworm, eisenia fetida.to better understand arsenic (as) bioaccumulation, a soil invertebrate species was exposed to 17 field soils contaminated with arsenic due to mining activity. earthworms (eisenia fetida) were kept in the soils for 70 days under laboratory conditions, as body burden increased and failed to reach equilibrium in all soils. after 70 days of exposure, xanes spectra determined that as was biotransformed to a highly reduced form. uptake kinetics for as was calculated using one compartment model. stepwi ...201324026203
influence of earthworm eisenia fetida on iris pseudacorus's photosynthetic characteristics, evapotranspiration losses and purifying capacity in constructed wetland systems.four constructed wetland systems were studied to investigate the effects of adding eisenia fetida on the purifying capacity of constructed wetlands. addition of e. fetida increased the photosynthetic rate (pn), transpiration rate (tr) and chlorophyll meter value of leaves of iris pseudacorus l. in the constructed wetlands by 16, 35 and 7%, respectively. compared with the substrate only system, evapotranspiration losses were increased by 8, 48 and 56% for the wetland systems with substrate and e. ...201323863425
comparative proteomic analysis of the sun- and freeze-dried earthworm eisenia fetida with differentially thrombolytic activities.the dried earthworm is a traditional thrombolytic medicine in east asia. its thrombolytic mechanism has been extensively studied. however, the effects of drying process on thrombolysis were rarely investigated. herein, we compared the thrombolytic activity of earthworm eisenia fetida processed by sun-drying to that by freeze-drying. fibrin plate and blood clot lysis assays showed that freeze-dried earthworms gave dramatically higher fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities than the sun-dried ear ...201323517719
bioavailability of barium to plants and invertebrates in soils contaminated by barite.barium (ba) is a nonessential element to terrestrial organisms and is known to be toxic at elevated concentrations. in this study, the bioavailability and toxicity of ba in barite (baso4) contaminated soils was studied using standard test organisms (lactuca sativa l. "great lakes", eisenia fetida). contamination resulted from barite mining activities. barium concentrations in contaminated soils determined by x-ray fluorescence were in the range 0.13-29.2%. barite contaminated soils were shown to ...201323484806
evaluation of phenanthrene toxicity on earthworm (eisenia fetida): an ecotoxicoproteomics approach.the goal of this study was to identify promising new biomarkers of phenanthrene by identifying differentially expressed proteins in eisenia fetida after exposure to phenanthrene. extracts of earthworm epithelium collected at days 2, 7, 14, and 28 after phenanthrene exposure were analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and quantitative image analysis. comparing the intensity of protein spots, 36 upregulated proteins and 45 downregulated proteins were found. some of the downregulated an ...201323856470
pseudo-basal levels of and distribution of anti-oxidant enzyme biomarkers in eisenia fetida and effect of exposure to phenanthrene.in the paper, the pseudo-basal levels of anti-oxidant system in different earthworm life stages (juvenile and adult) and the pseudo-basal distribution in different regions of adult earthworms (pre-clitellum, clitellum and post-clitellum) were studied using filter contact tests. the effects of phenanthrene (phe) at different exposure levels on anti-oxidant enzymes along the earthworm body were also investigated after 24 and 48h of exposure. the pseudo-basal levels of the anti-oxidant enzymes vari ...201323769124
[impact of pahs on the expression of prdx in earthworm (eisenia fetida)].a peroxiredoxin6 (prdx6)-like gene segment has been found in up-regulated cdna libraries of earthworm eisenia fetida exposed to benzo[a]pyrene(bap). analysis with basic local alignment search tool (blast) and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the gene segment contains a characteristic motif which was encoded by cys, illustrating that this gene segment belongs to prdx. to verify the response of prdx in e. feitida exposed to poly aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs), four-week pollution experiments were ...201323745435
influence of soil properties and aging on the toxicity of copper on compost worm and barley.influence of soil properties and aging on cu partitioning and toxicity was assessed on 10 artificial soils constituted using a statistical design considering ph (5.5 and 7.5), organic matter (1-30% [w/w]), and clay content (5-35% [w/w]). total cu as well as water-, cacl2-, and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (dtpa)-extracted cu fractions were determined for each soil mixture. ecotoxic effect was assessed by determining growth inhibition of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and compost worm (eisen ...201316510700
riboflavin as a source of autofluorescence in eisenia fetida coelomocytes.immunocompetent cells of earthworms (coelomocytes) contain adherent amoebocytes and large eleocytes (chloragocytes); the latter are filled with numerous granules. we have previously shown that eleocytes of several (but not all) earthworm species exhibit strong autofluorescence detectable by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. in the present article, the molecular origin of eleocytes autofluorescence was elucidated in coelomocytes expelled via dorsal pores in the integument of eisenia feti ...201316396606
soil ph effects on the comparative toxicity of dissolved zinc, non-nano and nano zno to the earthworm eisenia fetida.to determine how soil properties influence nanoparticle (np) fate, bioavailability and toxicity, this study compared the toxicity of nano zinc oxide (zno nps), non-nano zno and ionic zncl2 to the earthworm eisenia fetida in a natural soil at three ph levels. np characterisation indicated that reaction with the soil media greatly controls zno properties. three main conclusions were drawn. first that zn toxicity, especially for reproduction, was influenced by ph for all zn forms. this can be linke ...201423739012
uptake kinetics of five hydrophobic organic pollutants in the earthworm eisenia fetida in six different soils.hydrophobic organic contaminants in soils may pose toxicity or transfer to food chains after their uptake to soil biota. however, uptake data for earthworms are usually limited, as: (a) only fixed exposure times are studied instead of whole uptake kinetics and (b) studies including compounds with different environmental properties and more than two soils of different properties are quite rare. in our study, five persistent organic pollutants (phenanthrene, pyrene, lindane, p,p'-dichlorodiphenylt ...201424447858
solid phase microextraction of organic pollutants from natural and artificial soils and comparison with bioaccumulation in earthworms.the presented study investigates the use of passive sampling, i.e. solid phase microextraction with polydimethylsiloxane fibers (pdms-spme), to assess the bioavailability of fiver neutral organic chemicals (phenanthrene, pyrene, lindane, p,p'-ddt, and pcb 153) spiked to natural and artificial soils after different aging times. contaminant bioavailability was assessed by comparing pdms concentrations with results from a 10 day bioaccumulation test with earthworms (eisenia fetida). the hypotheses ...201424433790
effects of a natural toxin on life history and gene expression of eisenia andrei.earthworms perform key functions for a healthy soil ecosystem, such as bioturbation. the soil ecosystem can be challenged by natural toxins such as isothiocyanates (itcs), produced by many commercial crops. therefore, the effects of 2-phenylethyl itc were investigated on the earthworm eisenia andrei using an ecotoxicogenomics approach. exposure to 2-phenylethyl itc reduced both survival and reproduction of e. andrei in a dose-dependent manner (median effective concentration [ec50] = 556 nmol/g). ...201424395740
insight into the roles of earthworm in vermicomposting of sewage sludge by determining the water-extracts through chemical and spectroscopic methods.this work illustrated the effects of earthworm in vermicomposting (eisenia fetida) by determining the water-extracts through chemical and spectroscopic methods. a field experiment with sludge as the only feed was subjected to vermicomposting and the control (without worms) for three weeks. compared to the control, vermicomposting resulted in lower ph and water-extractable organic carbon (weoc) along with higher electrical conductivity (ec). moreover, vermicomposting caused nearly two times highe ...201424384315
comparative and combined acute toxicity of butachlor, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos on earthworm, eisenia fetida.various pesticides have become widespread contaminants of soils due to their large applications in agriculture and homes. an earthworm assay was used to assess the acute toxicity of butachlor, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos with different modes of action. ecotoxicities of these pesticides were compared for earthworm eisenia fetida separately and in combination in artificial soil and contact filter paper tests. imidacloprid was the most toxic for e. fetida with lc₅₀ (lethal concentration 50) value ...201424377448
dna damage and effects on antioxidative enzymes in earthworm (eisenia fetida) induced by flumorph.flumorph is an oomycete fungicide, which is used extensively as an effective fungicide in vegetables and fruits, but little is known about its effect on nontarget soil organisms. in the present study, biochemical responses including changes in the activity of antioxidative enzymes catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione-s-transferase (gst), malondialdehyde (mda), and dna damage induced by flumorph were investigated in earthworms (eisenis fetida). the cat concentrations were stimu ...201424352618
ecotoxicological effects of a veterinary food additive, copper sulphate, on antioxidant enzymes and mrna expression in earthworms.the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of the veterinary food additive copper sulphate (cuso₄) on the eco-toxicological responses of earthworms eisenia fetida (e. fetida). the following biomarkers were measured: catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione peroxidase (gpx), and glutathione-s-transferase (gst) activities. gene expression analyses such as metallothionein (mt) and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) were also examined. a time-dependent increase of cat activity w ...201424322621
comparative toxicity of carbaryl, carbofuran, cypermethrin and fenvalerate in metaphire posthuma and eisenia fetida -a possible mechanism.to establish the use of metaphire posthuma as a sensitive test model for ecotoxicological studies, acute toxicity testing of carbaryl, carbofuran, cypermethrin and fenvalerate on eisenia fetida and metaphire posthuma were carried out. two different types of bioassays, contact filter paper toxicity and soil toxicity bioassays were used to determine lc50 values for these insecticides. among the tested chemicals, carbofuran was the most toxic to both the earthworm species. in paper contact method, ...201424321850
zonation in the digestive tract of eisenia fetida: implications in biomarker measurements for toxicity assessment.eisenia fetida is a model species for soil health assessment and different biomarkers that detect either the presence of bioavailable contaminants or their biological effect have been developed. these parameters are performed in a target tissue or whole earthworm, without considering the marked zonation in histological organisation, enzyme activities and gene expression pattern existing along the body. thus, the present work was aimed at (a) characterising the morphofunctional heterogeneity alon ...201424291736
lead accumulations and toxic effects in earthworms (eisenia fetida) in the presence of decabromodiphenyl ether.lead (pb) and decabromodiphenyl ether (bde209) are the main contaminants at e-waste recycling sites, and their potential toxicological effects on terrestrial organisms have received extensive attention. however, the impact on earthworms of exposure to the two chemicals remains almost unknown. therefore, indoor incubation tests were performed on control and contaminated soil samples to determine the pb accumulations and toxic effects by earthworms in the presence of bde209 for the first time. the ...201424243266
species composition of a soil invertebrate multi-species test system determines the level of ecotoxicity.a soil multi-species, sms, experimental test system consisting of the natural microbial community, five collembolan species and a predatory mite along with either enchytraeus crypticus or the earthworm eisenia fetida were exposed to α-cypermethrin. a comparison of the performance of these two types of smss is given to aid the development of a standard test system. e. fetida had a positive effect on the majority of the species, reducing the negative insecticide effect. e. fetida affected the spec ...201424201037
can commonly measurable traits explain differences in metal accumulation and toxicity in earthworm species?there is no clear consensus in the literature on the metal accumulation pattern and sensitivity of different earthworm species. in the present study, accumulation and toxicity of cu, cd, ni, and zn in the earthworms lumbricus rubellus (epigeic), aporrectodea longa (anecic), and eisenia fetida (ultra-epigeic) were determined after 28 days exposure in two soils. metal accumulation and sensitivity were interpreted using the specific traits of different earthworm species. results showed that for all ...201424193403
identification of oscillatory firing neurons associated with locomotion in the earthworm through synapse imaging.we used fm imaging to identify neurons that receive sensory feedback from the body wall in a circuit for octopamine (oa)-evoked rhythmic locomotion in the earthworm, eisenia fetida. we visualized synapses in which postsynaptic neurons receive the sensory feedback, by using fm1-43 dye to label the synapses of both motor and sensory pathways that are associated with locomotion, then clearing the motor pathway synapse labeling, and finally identifying the target synapses by distinguishing physiolog ...201424657777
evaluation of vermicompost maturity using scanning electron microscopy and paper chromatography analysis.vermicompost was produced from flower waste inoculated with biofertilizers using the earthworm eisenia fetida. principal component analysis (pca) and cluster analysis (ca) were carried out on the basis of physicochemical parameters of vermicomposted samples. from the results of the pca and ca, it was possible to classify two different groups of vermicompost samples in the following categories: e2 and e5; and e1, e3, e4, and control. scanning electron microscopy and biodynamic circular paper chro ...201424634991
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