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anisakid nematodes of greenland halibut reinhardtius hippoglossoides from the barents sea.parasitic nematodes from the body cavity of 94 greenland halibut (reinhardtius hippoglossoides) caught in the barents sea were examined. nematode species were identified using both morphological and molecular methods. four morphospecies were found: anisakis simplex s.l., contracaecum osculatum s.l., pseudoterranova decipiens s.l., and hysterothylacium aduncum. the most prevalent were c. osculatum s.l. (89.4%) and a. simplex s.l. (86.2%). mean intensities for these 2 species were 7.8 and 45.2, re ...201323536987
presence of anisakid larvae in the european anchovy, engraulis encrasicolus, fished off the tyrrhenian coast of central italy.a survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of anisakid nematode larvae in european anchovy (engraulis encrasicolus) fished off the tyrrhenian coast of central italy. from february through july 2012, 1,490 specimens of e. encrasicolus caught in three different fishing areas (off civitavecchia, anzio, and gaeta in the northern, central, and southern lazio region of italy, respectively) were tested for the presence of anisakid larvae, both by visual microscopic inspection and enzymatic di ...201323992513
molecular characterization and comparison of four anisakis allergens between anisakis simplex sensu stricto and anisakis pegreffii from japan.it remains unclear whether allergens are the same among the sibling species of anisakis simplex sensu lato. this study was carried out to compare the amino acid sequences of three major (ani s 1, 2 and 12) and one minor (ani s 9) anisakis allergens between a. simplex s.s. and anisakis pegreffii. we found 2 (out of 163), 1 (out of 869), and 29 (out of 266) amino acid variable sites for ani s 1, 2, and 12, respectively. however, as both intra- and inter-species variations were present at the same ...201323742817
experimental comparison of pathogenic potential of two sibling species anisakis simplex s.s. and anisakis pegreffii in wistar rat.there are little data available on the pathology caused by the sibling species anisakis simplex s.s. and anisakis pegreffii. the differences shown in their ability to penetrate the muscle of fish may also be manifested in humans. the purpose of this study is to confirm possible differences in pathogenicity between a. simplex s.s. and a. pegreffii using an experimental model which simulates infection in humans.201323724976
[parasitic nematodes of fish in the coastal waters of gökçeada].the aim of this study is to determine the parasitic nematodes of fish near gökçeada, their host and infection values.201324192623
antioxidant, anti-adipocyte differentiation, antitumor activity and anthelmintic activities against anisakis simplex and hymenolepis nana of yakuchinone a from alpinia oxyphylla.alpinia oxyphylla is a common remedy in traditional chinese medicine. yakuchinone a is a major constituent of a. oxyphylla and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, and gastric protective activities.201324070160
expression of immune relevant genes in rainbow trout following exposure to live anisakis simplex larvae.basic immune response mechanisms in vertebrates against helminths are still poorly understood. fish-nematode models may prove valuable for elucidation of this question. in this study we orally challenged rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with larvae of anisakis simplex (nematoda: anisakidae) and subsequently investigated the expression of 18 immune relevant genes in spleen and liver 1, 4 and 8days post infection (d.p.i.). gene expression data were analysed with regard to the infection status o ...201324051344
cross-sectional study of serum reactivity to anisakis simplex in healthy adults in niterói, brazil.although the incidence of anisakiasis is rising worldwide, its frequency is still unknown in brazil. the aim of this study was to verify immunoreactivity to anisakis simplex antigens in healthy adults and determine its possible relationship with frequency of fish consumption and allergy symptoms. a prospective cross-sectional study was carried out with 67 volunteers recruited from a military facility in niterói, brazil. the subjects completed a structured questionnaire and serum titers of specif ...201323990439
is anisakis simplex s.l. a biological marker for stock identification of strangomera bentincki from chile?the absence of the larval anisakis simplex s. l. in samples from central chile but heavy infections in fish from southern localities suggest the existence of two stocks of strangomera bentincki, one closely associated with the central coast of chile (landing port san antonio and talcahuano, c. 33° 30' s-36° 40' s) and the other associated with southern chile (landing port puerto montt, c. 41° 30' s). results confirm the usefulness of metazoan parasites, like a. simplex s. l. as biological marker ...201323902315
experimental infection of mice with anisakis simplex. 201323856880
anisakis, just think about it in an emergency!a few years ago, anisakis infection was almost unknown. since the first observation in the netherlands in 1960, several cases of gastrointestinal infections due to a zoonosis sustained by this nematode have been described in countries in which the consumption of raw or uncooked fish (e.g., marinated or salted) is common. japan alone accounts for 90% of all cases of anisakiasis described in the literature because of the widespread use of raw fish in traditional japanese cuisine, with sushi and sa ...201323850538
allergenicity of two anisakis simplex allergens evaluated in vivo using an experimental mouse model.anisakis (anisakidae) is one of the most important causes of helminth-induced allergic reactions and elicits clinical responses that include urticaria, rhinitis, bronco-constriction, cough, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms. more than 13 reactive allergens have been identified in the serum of anisakis allergy patients, but the allergenicity of only a few of these have been evaluated in vivo using a mouse model. to evaluate the allergenicity of two important allergens, ani s 1 and ani s 9, we indu ...201425300761
putative hybrids between two anisakis cryptic species: molecular genotyping using high resolution melting.the genus anisakis includes nine recognized species and the complex of cryptic species anisakis simplex s. l. is often associated with the human disease known as anisakiasis. during the last decades the use of nuclear ribosomal its allowed the identification and description of numerous anisakid nematodes and the discovery of recombinant genotypes or putative hybrids even in other parasitic helminths, such as those between a. simplex sensu stricto and a. pegreffii. the existence of pure hybrids o ...201425241034
occurrence of zoonotic nematodes pseudoterranova decipiens, contracaecum osculatum and anisakis simplex in cod (gadus morhua) from the baltic sea.baltic cod gadus morhua (a total of total 224 specimens) captured east of the island of bornholm in the southern baltic sea were subjected to a parasitological investigation between march 2013 and april 2014. full artificial digestion of fillets from 188 cod and additional investigation of livers from 36 cod were performed. cod or seal worm pseudoterranova decipiens was recorded in musculature (prevalences up to 55% and intensities up to 56 worms per fish) associated with a negative correlation ...201425224792
[anisakis simplex larvae: infection status in marine fishes for sale in shantou].to investigate the infection status of anisakis simplex larvae in marine fishes for sale in shantou.201425223058
anisakids (nematoda: anisakidae) from stomachs of northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) on st. paul island, alaska: parasitological and pathological analysis.anisakid nematodes parasitize the alimentary tracts of aquatic vertebrates, including northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) (nfs). the main purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence, intensity, and species composition of anisakids in nfss on st. paul island, alaska, and to analyze changes in nfs infection with these nematodes during the last decades. the study was carried out on st. paul island, alaska, in july-august 2011-2013. stomachs of 443 humanely harvested nfs males were col ...201425216781
metazoan parasites from herring (clupea harengus l.) as biological indicators in the baltic sea.zoographical distribution of metazoan fish parasites in herring, clupea harengus, from the baltic sea was analysed in order to use them as potential biological indicators. a total of 210 herring from six different sampling sites were investigated, harbouring 12 different parasite species [five digeneans (d), one cestode (c), three nematodes (n) and three acanthocephalans (a)]. the distribution of the parasite species differed according to region, with a distinct gradient of decreasing species ri ...201425119368
activity of tea tree (melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil against l3 larvae of anisakis simplex.nematicidal activity of melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, commonly known as tea tree oil (tto), was assayed in vitro against l3 larvae of anisakis simplex. the results showed a mortality of 100% for concentrations between 7 and 10 μl/ml after 48 h of incubation, obtaining an ld50 value of 4.53 μl/ml after 24 hours and 4.27 μl/ml after 48 hours. concentration-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was observed for tea tree essential oil showing inhibition values of 100% at 100 μl/ml. th ...201424967378
occurrence of anisakis simplex sensu stricto in imported atlantic mackerel (scomber scombrus) represents a risk for turkish consumers.anisakid larvae are a prevalent food-borne pathogen that has been found in numerous fish species destined for human consumption. the accidental consumption of infected raw or poorly cooked fish may cause gastroenteric diseases and allergies in humans. in spite of the fact that thorough cooking or freezing kills anisakis worms, this method does not destroy their allergenic capacity. the presence of a. simplex (s.s.) in seafood products may present a health risk for consumers. in turkey, atlantic ...201424935687
anisakis/ascaris ige ratio improves specificity for the diagnosis of anisakis simplex sensitization in travellers and immigrants.anisakis simplex is a fish parasite responsible for human infection and is able to induce ige-mediated reactions with several clinical manifestations. laboratory diagnosis of anisakis allergy is based on the detection of specific ige using parasite whole antigen. unfortunately, these diagnostic tools detect cross-reactivities with other nematodes and micro-organisms leading to low specificity of the diagnostic tests. the aim of this retrospective study was to assess the diagnostic value of speci ...201424911935
proteomic profiling and characterization of differential allergens in the nematodes anisakis simplex sensu stricto and a. pegreffii.the parasite species complex anisakis simplex sensu lato (anisakis simplex sensu stricto; (a. simplex s.s.), a. pegreffii, a. simplex c) is the main cause of severe anisakiasis (allergy) worldwide and is now an important health matter. in this study, the relationship of this anisakis species complex and their allergenic capacities is assessed by studying the differences between the two most frequent species (a. simplex s.s., a. pegreffii) and their hybrid haplotype by studying active l3 larvae p ...201424723494
acetylcholinesterase secreted by anisakis simplex larvae (nematoda: anisakidae) parasitizing herring, clupea harengus: an inverse relationship of enzyme activity in the host-parasite system.acetylcholinesterase (ache) is a key enzyme involved in nerve impulse transmission in both vertebrates and invertebrates. in addition to neuromuscular ache, many parasitic nematodes synthesize ache in secretory glands and release the enzyme into their external environment. in this study, we evaluate the activities of both somatic and secreted ache from larvae (l3) of the parasitic nematode anisakis simplex, and compare these to the ache activity in its host, herring, clupea harengus. a. simplex ...201424705520
identification of autoclave-resistant anisakis simplex allergens.anisakis simplex is a fish parasite able to induce allergic reactions in humans infected when eating raw or undercooked fish parasitized with viable third-stage larvae. some authors claim that exposure to nonviable anisakis material can result in allergic symptoms in previously sensitized patients, indicating that parasite allergens are resistant to the thermal treatments of usual cooking procedures. furthermore, some patients report symptoms after eating canned fish. the aim of this work was th ...201424680072
relationships between ige/igg4 epitopes, structure and function in anisakis simplex ani s 5, a member of the sxp/ral-2 protein family.anisakiasis is a re-emerging global disease caused by consumption of raw or lightly cooked fish contaminated with l3 anisakis larvae. this zoonotic disease is characterized by severe gastrointestinal and/or allergic symptoms which may misdiagnosed as appendicitis, gastric ulcer or other food allergies. the anisakis allergen ani s 5 is a protein belonging to the sxp/ral-2 family; it is detected exclusively in nematodes. previous studies showed that sxp/ral-2 proteins are active antigens; however, ...201424603892
helminth allergens, parasite-specific ige, and its protective role in human immunity.the th2 immune response, culminating in eosinophilia and ige production, is not only characteristic of allergy but also of infection by parasitic worms (helminths). anti-parasite ige has been associated with immunity against a range of helminth infections and many believe that ige and its receptors evolved to help counter metazoan parasites. allergens (ige-antigens) are present in only a small minority of protein families and known ige targets in helminths belong to these same families (e.g., ef ...201424592267
anthelmintic activities of aporphine from nelumbo nucifera gaertn. cv. rosa-plena against hymenolepis nana.nelumbo nucifera gaertn. cv. rosa-plena (nelumbonaceae), commonly known as lotus, is a perennial aquatic plant grown and consumed throughout asia. all parts of n. nucifera have been used for various medicinal purposes in oriental medicine. from the leaves of nelumbo nucifera gaertn. cv. rosa-plena (an aquatic plant), liriodenine (1), lysicamine (2), (-)-anonaine (3), (-)-asimilobine (4), (-)-caaverine (5), (-)-n-methylasimilobine (6), (-)-nuciferine (7), (-)-nornuciferine (8), (-)-roemerine (9), ...201424583851
oral inoculation of live or dead third-stage larvae of anisakis simplex in rats suggests that only live larvae induce production of antibody specific to a. simplex.live anisakis simplex third-stage larvae (l3) penetrate gastrointestinal mucosa after they are ingested in raw or undercooked seafood, thereafter causing gastrointestinal manifestations and allergic manifestations such as urticaria and anaphylaxis. these allergic reactions are mediated by specific ige to l3 allergens, especially excretory-secretory (es) allergens. recent evidences suggest that only live larvae can cause allergic reactions, although cases attributable to ingestion of cooked, froz ...201424570066
anisakids of seals found on the southern coast of baltic sea.in the present study 5 grey seals (halichoerus grypus), 3 common seals (phoca vitulina) and 1 ringed seal (pusa hispida) bycaught or stranded on the polish baltic sea coast in years 2000-2006 were investigated for the infestation of parasitic anisakid nematodes. 749 of anisakids were found. the most common were: contracaecum osculatum (59.3%) and pseudoterranova decipiens (31.0%). there were also small numbers of anisakis simplex (0.8%). after performing rflp three sibling species were found. c. ...201424570064
cross-reactivity between anisakis spp. and wasp venom allergens.anisakiasis is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods parasitized by live l3 larvae of nematode anisakis spp. larvae anchor to stomach mucosa releasing excretion/secretion products which contain the main allergens. it has been described that nematode larvae release venom allergen-like proteins among their excretion/secretion products. we investigated potential cross-reactivity between anisakis and wasp venom allergens.201424525615
gastrointestinal parasites of bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus from the extreme southwestern atlantic, with notes on diet composition.we surveyed the gastrointestinal tracts of 6 bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus from patagonia to check for helminth parasites and characterize dolphin diet. all dolphins harbored parasites (6477 helminths). we recorded 7 species, including nematodes anisakis simplex s.l., pseudoterranova decipiens, acanthocephalans corynosoma cetaceum, c. australe, and digeneans braunina cordiformis, pholeter gastrophilus and synthesium tursionis. among the gastric helminths, the most prevalent species were ...201424492055
an in vitro study of lipid preference in whaleworm (anisakis simplex, nematoda, ascaridoidea, anisakidae) third-stage larvae.the behavioural response of nematodes to chemical stimuli has been extensively investigated in some free-living and plant parasitic species. however, in animal parasitic species, little is yet known, particularly in regards to marine forms such as the whaleworm (anisakis simplex). previous studies showed that a. simplex l3-larvae tend to prefer fish tissue with high lipid content. the intention of this study was to investigate the behaviour of a. simplex l3 in response to different concentration ...201424458651
the complete mitochondrial genome of toxascaris leonina: comparison with other closely related species and phylogenetic implications.adults of toxascaris leonina (nematoda: ascarididae) live in the gastrointestinal tract of both dogs and cats, and cause significant economic losses and potential public health problem worldwide. although many studies have given insights into this significant pathogen, to date, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence is still not available for t. leonina. here, we sequenced the complete mt genome of t. leonina. this at-rich (71.53%) mt genome (14,310bp) is circular and consists of 36 gen ...201424316156
genetic and morphological approaches distinguish the three sibling species of the anisakis simplex species complex, with a species designation as anisakis berlandi n. sp. for a. simplex sp. c (nematoda: anisakidae).numerous specimens of the 3 sibling species of the anisakis simplex species complex (a. pegreffii, a. simplex (senso stricto)), and a. simplex sp. c) recovered from cetacean species stranded within the known geographical ranges of these nematodes were studied morphologically and genetically. the genetic characterization was performed on diagnostic allozymes and sequences analysis of nuclear (internal transcribed spacer [its] of ribosomal [r]dna) and mitochondrial (mitochondrial [mt]dna cox2 and ...201424224764
an extended study of seroprevalence of anti-anisakis simplex ige antibodies in norwegian blood donors.during the last decade, cases of the fish parasite anisakis simplex infection and allergy in human have increased in countries with high fish consumption. our aim was to perform an extended seroprevalence study of anti-ige antibodies against this parasite in norway, one of the high fish-consuming countries. at the department of immunology and transfusion medicine and the laboratory of clinical biochemistry, haukeland university hospital, bergen, norway, two main groups of anonymized serum sample ...201424219706
specific igg4: possible role in the pathogenesis and a new marker in the diagnosis of anisakis-associated allergic disease.igg4 and ige are immunoglobulin isotypes which are mediated by the same th2-mediated mechanism. the postulated pathogenic and protective function of ige or igg4, respectively, in allergic disease is opposite in parasitic infection. the possible role of igg4 against recombinant major allergens on the appearance of different forms of anisakis simplex-associated allergic disease was studied. gastro-allergic anisakiasis (gaa) and anisakis-sensitization-associated chronic urticaria (cu+) were compare ...201424219647
mitochondrial genomes of anisakis simplex and contracaecum osculatum (sensu stricto)--comparisons with selected nematodes.anisakid nematodes parasitize mainly fish, marine mammals and/or fish-eating birds, and can be transmitted to a range of fish-eating mammals, including humans, where they can cause gastrointestinal disease linked to larval infection or allergic responses. in spite of the animal and human health significance of these parasites, there are still gaps in our understanding of the systematics, biology, epidemiology and ecology of anisakids. mitochondrial (mt) dna provides useful genetic markers for in ...201424211683
[recognition of excretory/secretory antigens of anisakis type i and evolution of ige in experimentally infected rats].anisakis spp., during parasitism, release excretory-secretory antigens that, in contact with the human immune system, can trigger a hypersensitivity response mediated by ige, causing various allergic symptoms.201424211134
in vivo and in vitro testing with rani s 1 can facilitate diagnosis of anisakis simplex allergy.traditional diagnostic tests such as skin prick tests (spt) and specific ige (slge) against whole anisakis simplex extract have low specificity. consequently, allergy to a simplex is overdiagnosed.201425668895
[two cases of allergies due to anisakis simplex, positive to specific ige for ani s 12 allergen].we report 2 cases of immediate allergies to anisakis after ingestion of seafood. in case 1, after ingestion of flatfish, sea bream and mackerel, wheals and dyspnea occurred. result of immunocap was class 5 for anisakis. elisa for specific ige showed that the patient serum strongly reacted to ani s 12. in case 2, after ingestion of flatfish and yellowtail, pruritus and dyspnea occurred. result of immunocap was class 6 for anisakis. elisa for specific ige showed that the patient serum reacted to a ...201425634460
presence of anisakis simplex (rudolphi, 1809 det. krabbe, 1878) and hysterothylacium aduncum (rudolphi, 1802) (nematoda; anisakidae) in runts of farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l.one hundred farmed atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., were examined for the presence of nematodes by digestion of tissue in hcl-pepsin solution. all fish were sampled from one cage in a fish farm on the norwegian south-west coast. fifty harvest quality salmon, that is, salmon for human consumption (mean 5.4 kg, variation 3.0-7.6 kg), were sampled at the processing line while 50 salmon runts (mean 1.1 kg, variation 0.4-1.8 kg), discarded due to poor performance, were sampled from the discard bin af ...201423488892
experimental demonstration of pathogenic potential of anisakis physeteris and anisakis paggiae in wistar rats.anisakis morphotype i is the principal etiologic agent of human anisakiasis, with differences in pathogenicity found between the anisakis simplex s.s. and a. pegreffii species; however, the role of morphotype ii larvae in this illness is not well understood. the purpose of this study is to verify the ability of morphotype ii larvae to invade tissues via the experimental infection of wistar rats, an animal model which simulates infection in humans. in the in vivo assay, 7.1% (4/56 l3 morphotype i ...201425240961
occurrence of anisakid nematode larvae in chub mackerel (scomber japonicus) caught off korea.chub mackerel (scomber japonicus) is a pelagic fish species widely distributing in the indo-pacific and a commercially important fish species in korea. it is known to harbor anisakid nematodes larvae, and ingesting the raw or undercooked fish can accidentally cause human infection. in this study, we isolated the nematode larvae in 417 chub mackerel caught from 7 sampling locations around the korean peninsula in 2011 and 2012, and identified them by pcr-rflp of the its (internal transcribed space ...201425268324
anisakidae in fishing products sold in sicily.one of the parasite diseases associated with the consumption of raw fish that occurs with some frequency is the anisakiasis, a human disease caused by the accidental ingestion of larval nematodes of the genus anisakis, family anisakidae. at the national reference centre for anisakiasis (c.re.n.a.) from october 2012 to february 2013, a number of 231 bony fish (trichiuridae, engraulidae, scombridae and clupeidae) were received from different fishing sites in sicily. anisakis pegreffii is the main ...201427800344
molecular identification of anisakis species (nematoda: anisakidae) from marine fishes collected in turkish waters.anisakid nematodes are important etiological agents for zoonotic human anisakiasis (or anisakidosis). these parasites in the turkish waters still remain unexplored. this study aims the molecular identification of anisakis species in turkey's coast from black, aegean and mediterranean sea and specifically to screen for zoonotic species in commonly commercialized a total of 1145 fish belonging to 31 different species using both polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism ana ...201424485564
ecology and genetic structure of zoonotic anisakis spp. from adriatic commercial fish species.consumption of raw or thermally inadequately treated fishery products represents a public health risk, with the possibility of propagation of live anisakis larvae, the causative agent of the zoonotic disease anisakidosis, or anisakiasis. we investigated the population dynamics of anisakis spp. in commercially important fish-anchovies (anisakis), sardines (sardina pilchardus), european hake (merluccius merluccius), whiting (merlangius merlangus), chub mackerel (scomber japonicus), and atlantic bl ...201424317085
occurrence and prevalence of fish-borne anisakis larvae in the spotted mackerel scomber australasicus from taiwanese waters.anisakid nematodes have been found in a variety of marine fishes throughout the world and they are known to cause anisakiasis in human hosts. the present study investigated the prevalence of potentially zoonotic anisakid larvae in spotted mackerel caught from taiwanese waters where fish represents an important food sources. anisakis third-stage larvae (l3, n=502) were isolated from 250 spotted mackerel scomber australasicus. anisakis l3 larvae were divided morphologically into two types, anisaki ...201525733490
serine proteases of parasitic helminths.serine proteases form one of the most important families of enzymes and perform significant functions in a broad range of biological processes, such as intra- and extracellular protein metabolism, digestion, blood coagulation, regulation of development, and fertilization. a number of serine proteases have been identified in parasitic helminths that have putative roles in parasite development and nutrition, host tissues and cell invasion, anticoagulation, and immune evasion. in this review, we de ...201525748703
anisakis pegreffii larvae in sea eels (astroconger myriaster) from the south sea, republic of korea.anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.), anisakis pegreffii, anisakis berlandi (=a. simplex sp. c), and anisakis typica are the 4 major species of anisakis type i larvae. in the republic of korea (korea), a. pegreffii, a. berlandi, and a. typica larvae in fish hosts has seldom been documented. in this study, molecular analysis was performed on anisakis larvae from the sea eels (astroconger myriaster), the major source of human anisakiasis in korea, collected from tongyeong city, a southern coastal ...201526174831
macroparasites of allis shad (alosa alosa) and twaite shad (alosa fallax) of the western iberian peninsula rivers: ecological, phylogenetic and zoonotic insights.samples of anadromous alosa alosa (clupeidae) (n = 163) and alosa fallax (clupeidae) (n = 223), caught in western iberian peninsula rivers from 2008 to 2013, were examined for buccal, branchial and internal macroparasites, which were identified using morphological and molecular methods. alosa alosa were infected with anisakis simplex s.s., anisakis pegreffii, hysterothylacium aduncum, rhadinorhynchus pristis, mazocraes alosae, hemiurus appendiculatus, ceratothoa italica and an unidentified ergas ...201526141433
anisakis infection in allis shad, alosa alosa (linnaeus, 1758), and twaite shad, alosa fallax (lacépède, 1803), from western iberian peninsula rivers: zoonotic and ecological implications.spawning individuals of allis shad, alosa alosa (linnaeus, 1758), and twaite shad, alosa fallax (lacépède, 1803), were sampled from three rivers on the atlantic coast of the iberian peninsula (ulla, minho, mondego) during 2008 to 2013 to assess the presence of the zoonotic marine parasite anisakis spp. larvae. the results revealed that both shad species were infected by third-larval stage anisakis simplex s.s. and anisakis pegreffii. the latter is reported in mixed infections in both shad specie ...201525810220
fishing area and fish size as risk factors of anisakis infection in sardines (sardina pilchardus) from iberian waters, southwestern europe.the sardine (sardina pilchardus) is a fish commonly consumed and appreciated in many countries, although they are more likely to be eaten fresh in western mediterranean countries such as spain, portugal, france or italy. a molecular epidemiological survey of sardines from 5 fishing areas of the spanish mediterranean (málaga, southern spain) and atlantic coasts (southern: cádiz and isla cristina; northern: a coruña and ondarroa) was carried out to determine the presence of anisakis spp. larvae. t ...201525770431
pathogenic potential of two sibling species, anisakis simplex (s.s.) and anisakis pegreffii (nematoda: anisakidae): in vitro and in vivo studies.the pathogenic potentials of two sibling nematodes anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and a. pegreffii were compared by in vitro and in vivo studies. live third-stage larvae of each species were subjected to agar blocks made using pbs or rpmi-1640, overlaid with different supernatants (artificial gastric juice, pbs, and rpmi-1640), and their penetration ability was compared. their tolerance of artificial gastric juice was also tested. further, they were introduced into rats by gastric intubat ...201525685821
haemoglobin, a new major allergen of anisakis simplex.gastro-allergic anisakiasis and anisakis sensitisation associated chronic urticaria are diseases which differ in their ige and igg4 responses against both crude extract and specific allergens. anisakis and ascaris are closely related nematodes that usually cause problems with specificity in immunodiagnostics. in this study we measured ige and igg4 antibodies against anisakis simplex sensu lato (s. l.) and ascaris suum haemoglobins in sera of 21 gastro-allergic anisakiasis and 23 chronic urticari ...201525683373
molecular diagnosis of cause of anisakiasis in humans, south korea.anisakiasis in humans in south korea has been considered to be caused exclusively by the larvae of anisakis simplex sensu stricto and pseudoterranova decipiens. recently, however, dna sequencing of larvae from 15 of 16 anisakiasis patients confirmed the cause to be anisakis pegreffii infection. molecular analysis should be performed for all extracted larvae.201525625427
molecular identification of anisakis and hysterothylacium larvae in marine fishes from the east china sea and the pacific coast of central japan.anisakiasis is a human disease caused by the accidental ingestion of larvae belonging to the family anisakidae. three fish species, the small yellow croaker pseudosciaena polyactis, the mackerel pneumatophorus japonicus and the hairtail trichiurus haumela are important source for food products in the east china sea. the prevalence and the identification of anisakidae larvae in these fishes will benefit the prevention and control of anisakiasis. in this study, fish samples were obtained from fish ...201525617845
genetic identification and distribution of the parasitic larvae of anisakis pegreffii and anisakis simplex (s. s.) in european hake merluccius merluccius from the tyrrhenian sea and spanish atlantic coast: implications for food safety.the consumption of the hake merluccius merluccius is widespread in european countries, where this fish has a high commercial value. to date, different larval species of anisakis have been identified as parasites in m. merluccius from european waters, anisakis pegreffii and anisakis simplex (s. s.) being the two most common. the aim of the study is to present data on the occurrence of anisakis spp. larvae in the viscera and flesh of m. merluccius. consequently, the distribution and infection rate ...201525584776
three anisakis spp. isolated from toothed whales stranded along the eastern adriatic sea coast.knowledge concerning cetacean ecology in the mediterranean is limited but important for sustainable planning and enforcement of appropriate conservation measures. any information that might help to elucidate their ecology is essential. we explored the population and genetic structures of anisakis spp. nematodes isolated from four toothed whale species - bottlenose dolphins (tursiops truncatus), striped dolphins (stenella coeruleoalba), risso's dolphins (grampus griseus) and cuvier's beaked whale ...201525449948
tlr2-dependent amelioration of allergic airway inflammation by parasitic nematode type ii mif in mice.in our previous studies, the recombinant type ii macrophage migration inhibitory factor homologue (ras-mif) secreted from anisakis simplex suppressed experimental inflammation mouse model through il-10 production and cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) t-cell recruitment. also, tlr2 gene expression was significantly increased following ras-mif treatment. to know the relation between tlr2 and amelioration mechanisms of ras-mif, we induced allergic airway inflammation by ovalbumin and alum with or without ras-m ...201525559209
anisakid nematodes in beaked redfish (sebastes mentella) from three fishing grounds in the north atlantic, with special notes on distribution in the fish musculature.parasitic anisakid nematodes commonly occur in the musculature and visceral organs of many fish species from the north atlantic. in this respect, the presence of the third stage larvae of anisakis spp. in the fish musculature may pose a potential consumer hazard due to the parasite's ability to cause anisakidosis. thus, knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of these potentially zoonotic parasites in the commercially important north atlantic fish species is crucial in order to evaluate and ...201525498327
relationships between t cell and ige/igg4 epitopes of the anisakis simplex major allergen ani s 1.anisakiasis is a global disease caused by the consumption of raw or lightly cooked fish parasitized with third-stage anisakis larvae. anisakis simplex allergens may cause severe allergic reactions including angio-oedema, urticaria and anaphylaxis. approximately 80% of allergic patients have allergen-specific ige against ani s 1, and the diagnostic value of testing for antibodies to ani s 1 has been extensively demonstrated. however, no previous studies have investigated the molecular aspects of ...201525495594
removal of anisakis simplex allergens from infected fish during the washing step of surimi production.the washing operation of fish muscle is one of the key steps in the production of surimi. the aim of this study was to assess in parasitised minced fish the effect of the washing steps on the allergen removal of anisakis simplex and on protein yield during surimi processing. experimentally infected hake (merluccius merluccius) (50 anisakis simplex s.s l3 larvae per 100 g of muscle) underwent three successive washing steps with water, phosphate buffer (20 mmol l(-1) ), sodium bicarbonate (60 mmol ...201525378259
fish-allergic patients may be able to eat fish.reported fish allergy prevalence varies widely, with an estimated prevalence of 0.2% in the general population. sensitization to fish can occur by ingestion, skin contact or inhalation. the manifestations can be ige or non-ige mediated. several fish allergens have been identified, with parvalbumins being the major allergen in various species. allergenicity varies among fish species and is affected by processing or preparation methods. adverse reactions after eating fish are often claimed to be ' ...201525666551
molecular cloning and expression of a new major allergen, ani s 14, from anisakis simplex.the nematode anisakis simplex is a representative parasite infecting marine animals. when third stage larvae of a. simplex infecting fish and squids are ingested by humans, individuals previously sensitized by this parasite may experience ige-mediated allergic reactions. so far, as many as 13 kinds of proteins (ani s 1-13) have been identified as a. simplex allergens but several more unknown allergens are suggested to exist. in this study, therefore, chemiluminescent immunoscreening of an expres ...201526537648
natural products: perspectives in the pharmacological treatment of gastrointestinal anisakiasis.to evaluate the activity of different natural products against l3 larvae of anisakis type i.201526321513
nematodes parasitizing trachurus trachurus (l.) and boops boops (l.) from algeria.a total of 455 boops boops (linnaeus, 1758) and 953 trachurus trachurus linnaeus, 1758 from the east coast of algeria were examined for their parasitic nematoda. two hundred ninety-five specimens of larval stages l3 and l4 were collected from the peritoneal cavity of these two examined fishes. photonic and scanning electronic microscopy (sem) studies were performed on these larvae specimens in order to characterize their morphology. two different species of nematoda (anisikidae) were identified: ...201526220559
aniserp: a new serpin from the parasite anisakis simplex.serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) finely regulate serine proteinase activity via a suicide substrate-like inhibitory mechanism. in parasitic nematodes, some serpins interact with host physiological processes; however, little is known about these essential molecules in anisakis. this article reports the gene sequencing, cloning, expression and preliminary biochemical and bioinformatically-based structural characterization of a new anisakis serpin (aniserp).201526215984
foods, drugs and environmental factors: novel kounis syndrome offenders.kounis syndrome is hypersensitivity coronary disorder induced by various types of environmental exposures, drugs, conditions and stents. allergic, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions are associated with this syndrome. the disorder manifests as coronary spasms, acute myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis and affects the cerebral and mesenteric as well as coronary arteries. importantly, its manifestations are broad and its etiology is continuously increasing. recently, ...201526134186
anisakidae in beluga whales delphinapterus leucas from hudson bay and hudson strait.a total of 190 nematodes was isolated from the stomachs of 13 beluga whales delphinapterus leucas from the arctic part of hudson bay and hudson strait. infection intensity ranged from 1 to 57 specimens and prevalence was 84.62%. morphological examination of the nematodes revealed the presence of 3 species: pseudoterranova decipiens sensu lato, contracaecum osculatum s.l., and anisakis simplex s.l. molecular analysis by pcr-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) resulted in the ...201526119295
the complete mitochondrial genome of pseudoterranova azarasi and comparative analysis with other anisakid nematodes.anisakiasis/anisakidosis caused by anisakid nematodes is an emerging infectious disease that can cause a wide range of clinical syndromes and are difficult to diagnose and treat in humans. in spite of their significance as pathogens, the systematics, genetics, epidemiology and biology of these parasites remain poorly understood. in the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of pseudoterranova azarasi, which is one of the most important zoonotic anisakid parasites. the ...201525998795
cytokine signature and antibody-mediated response against fresh and attenuated anisakis simplex (l3) administration into wistar rats: implication for anti-allergic reaction.the third larval stage (l3) of anisakis simplex (anisakidae) is one of the zoonotic parasitic nematodes in the musculature and visceral organs of marine fishes belonging to family moronidae. the consumption of these high-commercial-value fish is widespread in many countries around the mediterranean sea including egypt. the presence of these larvae in fish muscles poses a potential consumer hazard due to the parasite's ability to cause anisakidosis. forty-two out of 60 (70%) of the european seaba ...201525982570
a case of human infection with anisakis simplex in taiwan. 201525963619
antihelmintic effects of nutmeg (myristica fragans) on anisakis simplex l3 larvae obtained from micromesistius potassou.anisakis simplex is a foodborne pathogen that can produce human infections and allergic reactions due to the high consumption of raw fish. the seeds of myristica fragans (myristicaceae), popularly known as nutmeg, are worldwide used as a culinary spice due to its flavour and properties in food preservation. a nutmeg extract was prepared, analyzed, screened for cytotoxicity and tested against anisakis simplex l3 larvae. in order to detect the biologically active constituents of the extract, myris ...201525890576
petromyzon marinus (petromyzontidae), an unusual host for helminth parasites in western europe.the sea lamprey petromyzon marinus, which is among the most phylogenetically ancient vertebrates, is a hematophagous ectoparasite that feeds on vertebrates and is considered vulnerable in europe but is a pest in the north american great lakes. we conducted a literature review of helminth parasites of p. marinus and investigated postmetamorphic lampreys sampled in rivers and northeast atlantic coastal waters (western france) during spawning migration. based on the literature review, 16 helminth t ...201525850404
expression of genes encoding the enzymes for glycogen and trehalose metabolism in l3 and l4 larvae of anisakis simplex.trehalose and glycogen metabolism plays an important role in supporting life processes in many nematodes, including anisakis simplex. nematodes, cosmopolitan helminths parasitizing sea mammals and humans, cause a disease known as anisakiasis. the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of genes encoding the enzymes involved in the metabolism of trehalose and glycogen-trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (tps), trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (tpp), glycogen synthase (gs), and glycogen ph ...201526783451
prevalence of anisakid nematode larvae infecting some marine fishes from the libyan coast.this study examined eight hundred ninety six marine fishes belonging to nine different fish species; synodus saurus; merluccius merluccius; trachurus mediterraneus; serranus cabrilla; mullus surmuletus; diplodus annularis; spicara maena; siganus rirulatus and liza ramada. the fishes were bought from fish markets at five different sites on libyan coast, from january to december 2013, for study the anisakids larvae among them. the results showed that 344/896 fishes (38.4%) were infected with anisa ...201526939239
antigenicity of anisakis simplex s.s. l3 in parasitized fish after heating conditions used in the canning processing.some technological and food processing treatments applied to parasitized fish kill the anisakis larvae and prevent infection and sensitization of consumers. however, residual allergenic activity of parasite allergens has been shown. the aim here was to study the effect of different heat treatments used in the fish canning processing industry on the antigen recognition of anisakis l3. bigeye tuna (thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (thunnus albacares) were experimentally infected with live l3 ani ...201524888867
positive associations between infections of toxoplasma gondii and seropositivity with anisakis simplex in human patients suffering from chronic urticaria.toxoplasma gondii is a food-borne and orofecal microorganism which produces chronic infection, and attempts have been made to prove its negative association with atopy in the context of the hygiene hypothesis. anisakis simplex is a fish parasite associated with chronic urticaria (cu) in endemic regions. we analysed the relationship between both infectious agents in cu. we included 42 patients with chronic urticaria (18 patients with cu associated with a. simplex sensitization and 24 not sensitiz ...201524991841
[role of helminth antigens in the abnormal mitosis of bone marrow cells in laboratory animals].the intraabdominal administration of somatic extracts of the cestodes hydatigera taeniaformis batsch 1786, lamarck, 1816 and diphyllobothrium latum linnaeus, 1758 and the nematodes anisakis simplex larva rudolphi 1809, toxocara canis railliet et henry, 1912 in albino mice proved that these helminths had a karyopathic effect on the bone marrow cells of the animals. the antigenic composition of these extracts was investigated using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. the antigenic composition of th ...201525924282
first record of anisakis simplex third-stage larvae (nematoda, anisakidae) in european hake merluccius merluccius lessepsianus in egyptian water.the prevalence of infection and the identification of anisakid larvae in european hake merluccius merluccius lessepsianus from hurghada city, red sea governorate, egypt, were investigated. fish samples were collected during the period of february and november 2014. twenty-two (36.66%) out of sixty examined fish specimens were found to be naturally infected with anisakis type i larvae mostly found as encapsulated larvae in visceral organs. there was a positive relationship between host length/wei ...201626925257
high prevalence of anisakis simplex hypersensitivity and allergy in sicily, italy.anisakis simplex can elicit allergic reactions when ingested in raw or marinated fish. the prevalence of a simplex hypersensitivity and allergy in sicily (italy), an area where the consumption of raw or marinated fish is very common, has not been investigated thus far.201626815707
development of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for the quantitation of anisakis simplex proteins in fish.the parasite anisakis simplex is present in many marine fish species that are directly used as food or in processed products. the anisakid larvae infect mostly the gut and inner organs of fish but have also been shown to penetrate into the fillet. thus, human health can be at risk, either by contracting anisakiasis through the consumption of raw or under-cooked fish, or by sensitisation to anisakid proteins in processed food. a number of different methods for the detection of a. simplex in fish ...201626787163
chronic spontaneous urticaria and internal parasites--a systematic review.chronic spontaneous urticaria (csu) is defined as persistent wheals, angioedema, or both lasting for >6 weeks due to known or unknown causes. some epidemiological studies and case reports suggest that internal parasite infections (pi) can cause csu. here, we provide a systematic overview of published findings on the prevalence and relevance of pi in csu and we discuss possible pathomechanisms. the prevalence of pi in csu was investigated by 39 independent studies and comorbidity reportedly range ...201626648083
anisakidosis: a fortuitous mimicker of gastrointestinal malignancy.a 51-year-old woman presented with epigastric pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. her sister was recently diagnosed with duodenal adenocarcinoma, manifesting similar symptoms. imaging revealed thickened gastric antrum with enlarged local lymph nodes. endoscopy illustrated 3 worms embedded in the antral wall, identified as anisakis simplex larvae. larvae removal and a 2-week albendazole regimen treated the symptoms. with globalisation of cultural culinary practices, physicians must be vigilant of anisa ...201627600057
species composition and infection dynamics of ascaridoid nematodes in barents sea capelin (mallotus villosus) reflecting trophic position of fish host.capelin (mallotus villosus) is among the most abundant fish species in the barents sea, and represents a critical food source for many predators in the area including atlantic cod and harp seal. in norway, the fish is of economic importance since whole capelin and roe are valuable export products. despite its economic and ecological importance, the parasites of barents sea capelin are poorly known. however, the presence of parasites in the edible parts may adversely affect product quality and co ...201627473836
nonoccupational airborne-induced anaphylaxis caused by anisakis simplex. 201627326991
anisakiasis causing acute dysentery in malaysia.human anisakiasis is a zoonosis acquired by eating raw or undercooked infected seafood. herein, we report a case of acute dysentery caused by anisakiasis in a 64-year-old man in malaysia. a colonoscopy was performed and a nematode larva was found penetrating the mucosa of the ascending colon. bleeding was observed at the site of penetration. y-shaped lateral epidermal cords were seen from the cross section of the worm, which is a prominent feature of anisakis larva. molecular analysis using poly ...201627325803
molecular epidemiology and risk factors for anisakis simplex s.l. infection in blue whiting (micromesistius poutassou) in a confluence zone of the atlantic and mediterranean: differences between a. simplex s.s. and a. pegreffii.our study determined parameters of parasitization of anisakis simplex s.l. in micromesistius poutassou in a confluence zone of the atlantic and mediterranean, with a total prevalence of 82%. also, in the three seasons analyzed, high prevalence's values were found, reaching 100% in spring; however mean intensity and abundance values were higher in winter. the use of molecular techniques to differentiate between anisakis genotypes of the larvae characterized allowed obtaining values of 99.7% anisa ...201627289194
cytokine profile in patients infected with anisakis simplex in endemic areas: dietary intervention with polyphenols. a working hypothesis.anisakiasis is a zoonosis due to infection with the nematode anisakis (a.) simplex. humans represent an accidental host after ingesting raw fish infected with a. simplex. a. simplex larvae lead to a robust host immune response mostly at gastro-intestinal level and, usually, t helper (h)2 lymphocytes play a protective against this nematode. however, larvae can elude immunity triggering activation of t regulatory (treg) cells, which, in turn, suppress th2 responses via production of interleukin (i ...201627150602
inactivation of anisakis simplex l3 in the flesh of white spotted conger (conger myriaster) by high hydrostatic pressure and its effect on quality.koreans consume much seafood; the country is surrounded on the east, west and south by the sea. koreans have eaten raw sashimi for a long time. however, a concern in the raw sea food industry is that the parasitic nematode anisakis simplex l3 occurs naturally in marine fish. thus, the fishery industry needs a non-thermal processing method. high hydrostatic pressure (hpp) has been demonstrated to be effective. white spotted conger flesh containing 20 live larvae was exposed to different pressures ...201627117731
parasites as biological tags for stock discrimination of beaked redfish (sebastes mentella): parasite infra-communities vs. limited resolution of cytochrome markers.the use of parasites as biological tags for discrimination of fish stocks has become a commonly used approach in fisheries management. metazoan parasite community analysis and anisakid nematode population genetics based on a mitochondrial cytochrome marker were applied in order to assess the usefulness of the two parasitological methods for stock discrimination of beaked redfish sebastes mentella of three fishing grounds in the north east atlantic. multivariate, model-based approaches demonstrat ...201627104735
ani s 11-like protein is a pepsin- and heat-resistant major allergen of anisakis spp. and a valuable tool for anisakis allergy component-resolved diagnosis.anisakis simplex is a fish parasite responsible for gastrointestinal and allergic symptoms in humans. the ani s 11-like protein has been proposed as an anisakis allergen because its primary structure is similar to that of ani s 11. the aims of this work were to analyse the frequency of detection of the ani s 11-like protein and assess its diagnostic value.201627049862
molecular identification of anisakis and hysterothylacium larvae in commercial cephalopods from the spanish mediterranean coast.this study aims to investigate the occurrence of nematode larvae in commercial cephalopods in the western mediterranean sea. a total of 202 animals comprising 123 broadtail shortfin squid (illex coindetii), 34 european squid (loligo vulgaris) and 45 common octopus (octopus vulgaris) were examined using enzymatic digestion. a total of 31 larvae were isolated (prevalence: 14.6%) and identified using molecular analyses which included pcr and sequencing of the its (its1-5.8s rdna-its2) region. phylo ...201626995720
parasitation of sea trout (salmo trutta trutta l.) from the spawning ground and german coastal waters off mecklenburg-western pomerania, baltic sea.a total of 52 sea trouts, salmo trutta trutta, were studied for parasites, originating from german freshwater streams and coastal waters of the baltic sea. while 35 specimens were caught mainly close to the shoreline in the baltic sea, 17 were sampled during their spawning migration in warnow river and other neighboring rivers in mecklenburg-western pomerania. a total of 12 different metazoan parasite species were found in sea trout originating from the baltic sea, including five digeneans, two ...201626374539
tolerability to dogfish in children with fish allergy.fish is a potent food allergen. the aim of this work is to demonstrate that dogfish, a small shark, has low allergenicity in both its clinical tolerance as well as its molecular structure.201626337570
scavenging hagfish as a transport host of anisakid nematodes.hagfish are the most primitive craniates and scavengers, feeding on dead organisms as well as fish and invertebrates. hagfish play an important ecological role in recycling nutrients, helping to recycle biomass from the upper water column. we investigated 265 specimens of four hagfish species, including eptatretus burgeri, eptatretus yangi, eptatretus sheni and eptatretus taiwanae from northeastern taiwanese waters of the northwestern pacific from november 2013 to june 2014. eight species of ani ...201626872923
survey on the presence of a. simplex s.s. and a. pegreffii hybrid forms in central-western mediterranean sea.in this study, 1029 fish and cephalopod samples came from central-western mediterranean (fao 37.1.1 and fao 37.1.3) were analysed for anisakidae larvae research with the aim to identify possible hybridisations between anisakis pegreffii and anisakis simplex s.s. species. a total of 1765 larvae were detected, with prevalence values between 8.1% and 100%. the morphologic analysis revealed characters attributable to morphotype i of anisakis in 98.5% of the examined larvae, while 1.5% belonged to th ...201627568095
anisakiasis mimics cancer recurrence: two cases of extragastrointestinal anisakiasis suspected to be recurrence of gynecological cancer on pet-ct and molecular biological investigation.we report two cases of anisakiasis lesions that were initially suspected to be recurrence of gynecological cancer by positron emission tomography-computed tomography (pet-ct). both cases were extragastrointestinal anisakiasis that is very rare.201627112922
no more time to stay 'single' in the detection of anisakis pegreffii, a. simplex (s. s.) and hybridization events between them: a multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach.a multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach was performed on larval and adult specimens of anisakis spp. (n = 689) collected from fish and cetaceans in allopatric and sympatric areas of the two species anisakis pegreffii and anisakis simplex (s. s.), in order to: (1) identify specimens belonging to the parental taxa by using nuclear markers (allozymes loci) and sequence analysis of a new diagnostic nuclear dna locus (i.e. partial sequence of the ef1 α-1 ndna region) and (2) recognize hybrid categ ...201627046418
occurrence of nematodes of the genus anisakis in mediterranean and atlantic fish marketed in sardinia.anisakiasis is a gastrointestinal fish-borne zoonosis caused by the ingestion of third stage larvae of the genus anisakis. between january and december 2013, 1112 specimens of four commercial fish species (engraulis encrasicolus, merluccius merluccius, scomber colias and trachurus mediterraneus) marketed in sardinia (italy) were examined for anisakis sp. the overall prevalence of anisakis spp larvae was 39.9%, all morphologically identified as type i. scomber colias showed the highest prevalence ...201728299289
anisakis simplex complex: ecological significance of recombinant genotypes in an allopatric area of the adriatic sea inferred by genome-derived simple sequence repeats.the genus anisakis includes nine species which, due to close morphological resemblance even in the adult stage, have previously caused many issues in their correct identification. recently observed interspecific hybridisation in sympatric areas of two closely related species, anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and anisakis pegreffii, has raised concerns whether a f1 hybrid generation is capable of overriding the breeding barrier, potentially giving rise to more resistant/pathogenic strains in ...201728057461
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