Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| porcine trypanosomosis in nigeria: infections in local and exotic pigs in the nsukka area of anambra state. | a twelve-month survey in three local government areas (lga) in nsukka zone, anambra state, nigeria revealed that out of 150 local and exotic breeds of pig examined, 46 (30.7%) were infected with trypanosomes. both single and mixed infections of trypanosoma brucei and t. congolense were observed. however, t. brucei was the predominant trypanosome encountered. the husbandry system in practice was the most significant factor influencing the prevalence of trypanosomes in the pigs. in addition signif ... | 1991 | 1763434 |
| trypanosomiasis in different breeds of cattle from benin. | blood of different breeds of cattle, namely lagune from the atlantic province, borgou and borgou x zebu from the borgou province, and somba and zebu from the atacora province of benin, were examined for trypanosome infection. thick and thin blood smears for trypanosomes, the card agglutination test (catt), indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat) and trypanolytic test for antibodies to trypanosomes were used. trypanosomes were detected in 19.3% (range 9.8-31.4%) of animals by examination ... | 1991 | 1763478 |
| an outbreak of trypanosomosis on the jos plateau, nigeria. | 1991 | 1796524 | |
| immunolocalization of a cysteine protease within the lysosomal system of trypanosoma congolense. | a cysteine protease has been purified from bloodstream forms of trypanosoma congolense by affinity chromatography on cystatin-sepharose. a polyclonal antibody was raised against the purified enzyme and used for immunocytochemical localization of the enzyme by electron microscopy. antibody labeling of the cysteine protease, using colloidal gold-labeled protein a (pra-au), was observed over amorphous material within subcellular organelles which have the appearance of lysosome-like bodies. this int ... | 1991 | 1802711 |
| pig trypanosomiasis: comparative anaemia and histopathology of lymphoid organs. | anaemia with characteristic clinical symptoms, haematological changes and histopathology of lymphoid organs, was observed following experimental infection of pig with pathogenic species of trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma congolense, the former being more virulent than the latter. mean incubation periods were 4 and 7 days, and generalized fluctuating levels of parasitaemia and pyrexia without mortality were observed. other symptoms included hyperaemia, petechial haemorrhages leading to ... | 1991 | 1824133 |
| plasma levels of proteins of the alternative complement pathway in inbred mice that differ in resistance to trypanosoma congolense infections. | inbred balb/c, a/j, and c57b1/6j mice were infected with trypanosoma congolense (trans mara strain), clone tc13, and monitored for parasitemia, survival times, and plasma levels of complement components c3, c5, factor b, and factor h. parasitemia was highest in balb/c, intermediate in a/j, and lowest in c57bl/6j mice. the mean survival times were 11.5 +/- 0.9, 23.8 +/- 2.3, and 119 +/- 26 days for balb/c, a/j, and c57bl/6j mice, respectively. preinfection levels of factor h were significantly co ... | 1991 | 1838113 |
| comparative study on rickettsia-like organisms in the midgut epithelial cells of different glossina species. | the midgut epithelium of glossina morsitans centralis, g. austeni, g. pallidipes, g. palpalis palpalis, g. p. gambiensis, g. fuscipes fuscipes, g. tachinoides and g. brevipalpis from ilrad-bred colonies was examined, by electron microscopy, for the presence and distribution of rickettsia-like organisms (rlos). rlos were present in the midgut epithelial cells of all non-teneral tsetse. in g.m. centralis, g. pallidipes and, to a much lesser extent, g. brevipalpis, rlos were numerous and were prese ... | 1991 | 1852486 |
| rickettsia-like organisms, puparial temperature and susceptibility to trypanosome infection in glossina morsitans. | maintaining the puparial stage of successive generations of a population of tsetse 3 degrees c lower than normal reduced the numbers of rickettsia-like organisms (rlo) carried by emerging flies. the susceptibility of these flies to midgut infection with trypanosoma congolense was also significantly reduced compared with control flies held at normal temperature. these results support the view that the relationship between rlo and susceptibility is quantitative-teneral flies with heavier rlo infec ... | 1991 | 1852487 |
| in vitro cultivation of trypanosoma congolense bloodstream forms in the absence of feeder cell layers. | bloodstream forms of trypanosoma congolense (2 clones: ilnat3.1 and il3000, and 4 stocks: il2079, il2466, il3266 and cp-81) were continuously cultivated in vitro at 34-36 degrees c in the absence of feeder cell layers, using hmi-93 medium which was modified from iscove's modified dulbecco's mem (flow laboratories, irvine, scotland). the modification was done by supplementing the medium with 0.05 mm bathocuproine sulphonate, 1.5 mm l-cysteine, 0.5 mm hypoxanthine, 0.12 mm 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 mm ... | 1991 | 1852490 |
| in vitro drug sensitivity of trypanosoma congolense isolates. | the sensitivity of trypanosoma congolense isolates to diminazene and isometamidium was determined using an incorporation assay based on the uptake of [3h]-hypoxanthine in the presence of serial drug dilutions. the bloodstream forms of the different isolates exhibited variation in their sensitivity to the drugs that correlated well with the in vivo drug response. for diminazene, the sensitivity of the most sensitive population was 40 times that of the least sensitive population. for isometamidium ... | 1991 | 1866422 |
| diminazene aceturate residues in the tissues of healthy, trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei infected dogs. | the tissue distribution and residue profile of diminazene aceturate was investigated in healthy dogs and in dogs infected with trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei. the drug was administered at 3.5 mg/kg i.m. and tissue samples were taken post mortem from the animals at 48, 72, 120, 168 and 240 h after injection. the drug was distributed to various organs and tissues of the body with the highest concentrations occurring in liver and kidney. higher drug levels were obtained in the ... | 1991 | 1868320 |
| elusive trypanosomes. | professor kershaw's encouragement of the development of anion-exchange separation of african trypanosomes from blood led to two decades of activity when, for the first time, considerable progress was made in the intrinsic characterization of these parasites. such characterization depended on establishing high infections in laboratory rodents. however, the collection of samples from the field was restricted by the failure of certain trypanosomes either to infect, or to multiply adequately in, rod ... | 1991 | 1888216 |
| effect of isometamidium on trypanosoma congolense infectivity. | isometamidium chloride (samorin, rmb, england) is a widely used and highly effective trypanocide for the treatment of bovine trypanosomiases. however, the appearance of isometamidium-resistant populations of t. congolense in africa makes it necessary to develop methods for the rapid and reliable detection of drug resistance in the laboratory. currently available tests are time-consuming and/or expensive. in the present study, the short-term in vitro incubation of trypanosomes in a range of isome ... | 1991 | 1897115 |
| therapeutic effect of berenil and samorin in mice infected with four trypanosome populations isolated from zambian cattle. | four populations of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei were isolated from cattle under different management practices and environments in zambia. all four isolates had varied responses to both diminazene aceturate (berenil) and isometamidium chloride (samorin) as curative drugs in infected mice. trypanosomes from a traditionally managed herd in a high-tsetse-challenge area had the strains most resistant to berenil, with maximum curative dose of 45 mg kg-1 body weight. another i ... | 1991 | 1897118 |
| susceptibility of n'dama and boran cattle to tsetse-transmitted primary and rechallenge infections with a homologous serodeme of trypanosoma congolense. | eight trypanotolerant n'dama cattle controlled an infection of trypanosoma congolense ilnat 3.1 transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis, more efficiently than a group of similarly infected trypanosusceptible boran cattle. all eight n'damas maintained their pcv above 15% throughout the primary infection whereas the pcv of six of the eight borans dropped below 15%; these latter animals were treated with diminazene aceturate to prevent possible death. lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet counts ... | 1991 | 1923566 |
| susceptibility of n'dama and boran cattle to sequential challenges with tsetse-transmitted clones of trypanosoma congolense. | the susceptibility of n'dama cattle (bos taurus) to four consecutive infections with different tsetse-transmitted clones of trypanosoma congolense was compared with that of borans (bos indicus). all animals were aged 13 months at the start of the study and had been born and raised free from trypanosomiasis under the same management and nutritional conditions, thereby limiting environmental factors that could have influenced susceptibility. while cattle of both breeds were equally susceptible to ... | 1991 | 1923567 |
| engineering the substrate specificity of glutathione reductase toward that of trypanothione reduction. | glutathione reductase (ec 1.6.4.2; cas registry number 9001-48-3) and trypanothione reductase (cas registry number 102210-35-5), which are related flavoprotein disulfide oxidoreductases, have marked specificities for glutathione and trypanothione, respectively. a combination of primary sequence alignments and molecular modeling, together with the high-resolution crystal structure of human glutathione reductase, identified certain residues as potentially being responsible for substrate discrimina ... | 1991 | 1924337 |
| [interpretation of the catt (card agglutination trypanosomiasis test) in the screening for human trypanosomiasis due to trypanosoma brucei gambiense]. | mass screening for gambiense sleeping sickness is usually done with the card agglutination trypanosomiasis test (catt) in series (total blood catt followed by a serum catt if the first test is positive) and the search for trypanosomes in cervical adenopathies. at present, the double positives (blood catt and serum catt) as well as the subjects in whom the trypanosome was found (in the blood or gland juice) are treated. the existence of patients whose gland punction was proved positive whereas th ... | 1991 | 1958107 |
| analysis of peripheral leucocyte populations in n'dama and boran cattle following a rechallenge infection with trypanosoma congolense. | monoclonal antibodies, flow cytometry and routine haematological techniques were used to analyse circulating leucocyte populations in trypanotolerant (n'dama) and trypanosusceptible (boran) cattle following a homologous rechallenge with trypanosoma congolense clone il13-e3. the n'damas developed a low, transient parasitaemia and did not develop anaemia. the borans became parasitaemic and developed chronic anaemia but three of the five animals eventually self-cured, whilst, a group of primary-cha ... | 1991 | 1711196 |
| immunohistology of lymph nodes draining local skin reactions (chancres) in sheep infected with trypanosoma congolense. | marked enlargement of lymph nodes draining local skin reactions (chancres) occurred in sheep following intradermal inoculation of cultured metacyclic forms of trypanosoma congolense. histologically, these lymph nodes were characterized by follicular hypertrophy and hyperplasia, compression and relative reduction of the paracortical areas and expansion of the medullary regions. immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies to ovine lymphocyte subsets and fc receptor (fcr) bearing macrop ... | 1991 | 1717523 |
| trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense: changes in respiratory metabolism during the life cycle. | all four life cycle stages (bloodstream, procyclic, epimastigote, and metacyclic) of trypanosoma congolense il 3000 were assayed with an oxygen electrode (polarograph) for the presence of terminal oxidases and carbon-source preference. in addition, these stages were used for histochemical analysis of mitochondrial activity using rhodamine 123, nitroblue tetrazolium, and diaminobenzidine. morphometry was used to compare mitochondrial volumes and surface area among the different life cycle stages. ... | 1991 | 1720394 |
| characterisation of a cysteine protease from bloodstream forms of trypanosoma congolense. | a cysteine protease (trypanopain-tc) with cathepsin-l-like properties has been purified from trypanosoma congolense. the enzyme has an apparent molecular mass of 31-32 kda by sds/page and 66 kda by gel chromatography. it has a pi 7.4 and a high affinity for concanavalin a. trypanopain-tc catalyses the limited proteolysis of a variety of protein substrates such as fibrinogen, serum albumin and trypanosome variant-surface glycoprotein. it has minimal or no activity against casein or elastin. a var ... | 1992 | 1740149 |
| the nature of the teneral state in glossina and its role in the acquisition of trypanosome infection in tsetse. | teneral glossina morsitans morsitans from outbred and susceptible stocks infected with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense developed, respectively, three and six times higher midgut infection rates than flies of the same stock which had previously taken a bloodmeal. non-teneral g. m. morsitans remained relatively refractory to infection when infected at subsequent feeds. differences in susceptibility to midgut infection between teneral flies from susceptible and outbred lines of g. m. morsitans ... | 1992 | 1288435 |
| genital lesions and histopathology of male guinea-pigs infected with trypanosomes. | sixty adult male guinea-pigs were used to study the effect of trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma congolense infections on genitalia, testicles and reproductive capacity. both infections showed acute to chronic courses. t. b. brucei appeared more virulent than t. congolense. in both cases the infection periods significantly (p < 0.01) influenced resultant decrease in body and gonadal weight, testicular mass index and extent of lesion formation. histopathological lesions included mononuclea ... | 1992 | 1298022 |
| therapeutic activity of isometamidium chloride in boran cattle against a tsetse-transmitted clone of trypanosoma congolense with a low level of drug resistance. | experiments were conducted with a clone of trypanosoma congolense, il 3580, which exhibited a low level of resistance to isometamidium chloride. five cattle were treated intramuscularly with isometamidium chloride at a dose rate of 0.5 mg kg-1 body weight (bw) and challenged 28 days later with 5 glossina morsitans centralis infected with t. congolense il 3580. all 5 cattle and 15 untreated steers challenged on the same day became parasitaemic by day 15 post-infection. thus, at a dose of 0.5 mg k ... | 1992 | 1304663 |
| isolation of drug-resistant strains of trypanosoma congolense from the lower shabelle region of southern somalia. | drug resistance by pathogenic trypanosomes in somali livestock has been suspected for some time but there have been few attempts to examine this problem in detail. field isolations from two areas in the lower shabelle region were obtained by injecting blood from trypanosome infected cattle into a recipient calf. once the calf became parasitaemic it was treated with a standard dose of isometamidium chloride (samorin, rmb) at 0.5 mg/kg. when a subsequent relapse infection developed, indicative of ... | 1992 | 1305337 |
| trypanosomiasis control in boran cattle in kenya: a comparison between chemoprophylaxis and a parasite detection and intravenous treatment method using isometamidium chloride. | two methods of trypanosome control in boran cattle kept under very high trypanosomiasis risk were compared: the traditional intramuscular isometamidium chloride prophylaxis with a parasite detection and intravenous isometamidium chloride treatment method. the results were related to a control group under diminazene aceturate treatment. isometamidium chloride at 0.25 mg/kg as routinely used by the ranch was of little benefit by either method, with breakthrough infections occurring as early as one ... | 1992 | 1306914 |
| hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia is modified by trypanosome infection in boran (bos indicus) cattle. | ten boran (bos indicus) cattle were used to study the stress responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis during trypanosome infection. five cattle were infected with trypanosoma congolense il 1180 by tsetse challenge and five cattle served as controls. all infected animals developed acute trypanosomiasis. insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (50 per cent of pre-insulin glucose concentration) was used as a stress factor. acute hypoglycaemia was observed in three infected and three co ... | 1992 | 1329164 |
| modulation of the calcium pump of the kidney and testes of rats infected with trypanosoma congolense. | the activity of the camgatpase (ca-pump) of the kidney and testes of wistar rats infected with trypanosoma congolense was studied during the course of infection. the activity of the enzyme in both organs was found to decrease with increase in parasitaemia. the transition temperature (tc) decreased and activation energy (ea) of the enzyme increased with increase in parasitaemia. the relevance of the ca-pump in the pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis is discussed. | 1992 | 1331207 |
| brain na+ k+ atpase and cholesterol in acute experimental trypanosomiasis. | brain na+ k+ atpase activity has been found to decrease in experimental trypanosomiasis in rats infected with trypanosoma congolense. some physical features that affect membrane fluidity were also observed to be altered. the levels of cholesterol in the brain and free fatty acids in the serum were found to increase in the infected animals. these findings might be relevant to the development of brain lesions. | 1992 | 1335378 |
| changes in levels of transaminases in goats experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense. | goats were experimentally infected with trypanosoma congolense and then treated with berenil after 9 days of infection. the infection produced increases in glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (got) and glutamate pyruvic transaminase (gpt) values. mean got values in infected west african dwarf goats were generally lower than in infected red sokoto goats. treatment with berenil did not produce any significant effect on their levels probably because of the relapse infection recorded in this study. | 1992 | 1339996 |
| maternal antibodies in n'dama calves kept under natural trypanosomiasis risk in the gambia. | 1992 | 1352635 | |
| molecular studies on trypanothione reductase: an antiparasitic target enzyme. | 1992 | 1354149 | |
| experimental infection with a haemorrhage-causing trypanosoma vivax in n'dama and boran cattle. | n'dama cattle control experimental infections with clones of trypanosoma congolense of varying degrees of virulence, but nothing is known about their capacity to control infections caused by highly virulent, east african stocks of t. vivax. thus four n'damas and four trypanosusceptible borans were infected with a tsetse-transmitted stock of t. vivax il2337. in ayrshire cattle this stock is known to cause severe haemorrhagic disease. no differences were observed in the parasitaemia between the tw ... | 1992 | 1355307 |
| suppression of t-cell responsiveness during tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in cattle. | in the present study, we demonstrate that lymph node cells from cattle infected with t. congolense through tsetse fly challenge were unable to proliferate in vitro following activation with the t-cell mitogen concanavalin a. this was associated with a simultaneous suppression of interleukin 2 (il-2) production and interleukin 2 receptor (il-2r) expression. however, the capacity of the cells to secrete interferon gamma following the mitogenic activation was not affected by the infection. | 1992 | 1355308 |
| sequential infection of tsetse flies with trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei. | the question whether tsetse flies can be experimentally infected with more than one trypanosome species or strain by sequential feeding was investigated using dna probe technology to identify directly the small numbers of trypanosomes in the fly gut. bloodstream form trypanosomes of trypanosoma congolense or t. brucei ssp. were used for initial infection, followed by sequential feeds using either t. congolense or t. brucei ssp. midgut trypanosome populations were subsequently analysed by hybridi ... | 1992 | 1356306 |
| the influence of the size of the initial inoculum on the efficacy of isometamidium (samorin) on a stock of trypanosoma congolense. | the effect of the number of trypanosomes in the initial inoculum on the minimum curative dose, was determined for an experimental infection of trypanosoma congolense in mice treated with isometamidium. mice were infected by the intravenous route and were then treated three hours later by intraperitoneal injection. the minimum curative dose was shown to be dependent on the size of the initial inoculum, with a difference of a factor of 7.5 as the initial inoculum was increased from 10(3) to 10(6) ... | 1992 | 1359748 |
| development of multiple drug resistance of trypanosoma congolense in zebu cattle under high natural tsetse fly challenge in the pastoral zone of samorogouan, burkina faso. | preliminary data from an ongoing epidemiological survey in the pastoral zone of samorogouan (kénédougou) indicate the occurrence of multiple-drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense. despite frequent trypanocidal drug treatments with diminazene aceturate (berenil, hoechst) at 7 mg/kg body weight (bw) at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks, no significant drop in the prevalence of african animal trypanosomosis (aat) was observed. to examine a suspected drug resistance, 20 zebu cattle, naturally infected with ... | 1992 | 1359750 |
| vector competence of glossina pallidipes and g. morsitans centralis for trypanosoma vivax, t. congolense and t. b. brucei. | vector competence of glossina pallidipes for pathogenic trypanosoma species was compared to that of g. morsitans centralis. cattle or goats were the hosts used to infect teneral tsetse, rabbits were used to maintain tsetse which were dissected on day 30. mean infection rates of g. pallidipes and g. m. centralis by t. vivax isolated from a cow in kenya were respectively 39.5 +/- 8.9% and 32.1 +/- 10.3% whilst for t. vivax isolated from a cow in nigeria, they were 30.0 +/- 7.5% and 19.8 +/- 4.3%. ... | 1992 | 1359753 |
| application of a monoclonal antibody-based antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (antigen elisa) for field diagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis at nguruman, kenya. | a monoclonal antibody-based, enzyme immunoassay (antigen elisa) for the detection of species-specific invariant antigens of trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax or t. brucei in the serum of infected animals was evaluated as a means of diagnosis using bovine field sera from a trypanosomiasis endemic area, nguruman, kenya. circulating trypanosome antigens were detected in 126 (96.2%) of 131 serum samples from animals with parasitologically confirmed diagnosis: 74.8% were positive for antigens of two o ... | 1992 | 1360196 |
| a comparative study of gastrointestinal nematode egg output in n'dama, zebu and n'dama x zebu crossbred cattle. | strongyle faecal egg output was estimated in n'dama, zebu and n'dama x zebu crossbred (f1) cattle. n'dama cattle showed a significantly lower prevalence of strongyle infection, as measured by faecal egg output, than f1 (p < 0.01) and zebu (p < 0.001) cattle. in strongyle-infected animals, mean egg output was also significantly lower in n'damas (p < 0.03) than in zebus. a previous trypanosomiasis infection did not affect the results. the presence of a natural resistance trait to strongyle infecti ... | 1992 | 1364087 |
| in vivo assessment of drug sensitivity of african trypanosomes using the akinetoplastic induction test. | following treatment of mice infected with trypanosoma congolense or t brucei brucei with various doses of isometamidium chloride or diminazene aceturate, the induction of akinetoplastic (ak) forms was observed in the trypomastigotes of both species within 10 hours of drug administration. the levels of ak-induction were closely correlated with the levels of resistance to each compound found using a standard in vivo drug assay in mice. in general, ineffective doses of either compound conferred ak- ... | 1992 | 1374928 |
| parasite-specific t-cell responses of trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle during infection with trypanosoma congolense. | during primary tsetse-transmitted challenge of boran (bos indicus) cattle with trypanosoma congolense ilnat 3.1, a transient parasite antigen-specific t-cell proliferative response was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenic mononuclear cells stimulated in vitro. a response was also observed with cells of n'dama (bos taurus) cattle, but in this case higher stimulation indices were observed and the response was maintained until the termination of the experiment at 40 days post- ... | 1992 | 1375583 |
| characterization and measurement of cd5+ b cells in normal and trypanosoma congolense-infected cattle. | cd5+ b cells in cattle are present in peripheral blood and spleen, but not in lymph nodes, tonsils or peyer's patches. compared to classical b cells, they express similar levels of b cell surface markers, but have higher levels of surface igm. we failed to find evidence for igd on bovine b lymphocytes. the cd5+ b cells expressed cd11b (mac-1). another small subpopulation of b cells carried cd11b but not cd5. in cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense, a dramatic increase in the percentage of ... | 1992 | 1378013 |
| trypanosoma congolense: the use of 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi) in the akinetoplastic induction sensitivity test. | 1992 | 1382626 | |
| pathophysiology of ovine trypanosomiasis: ferrokinetics and erythrocyte survival studies. | the haematological changes, erythrokinetics and ferrokinetics of sheep were investigated after infection with trypanosoma congolense. following the detection of parasites in blood, the infected sheep developed macrocytic hypochromic anaemia. studies with 51cr-red cells, 125i-albumin and 59fe as ferric citrate 11 weeks after infection revealed that infected sheep had significantly lower mean circulating red cell volumes but higher plasma and blood volumes than control sheep. the infected sheep al ... | 1992 | 1410823 |
| response of trypanosoma congolense in goats to single and double treatment with diminazene aceturate. | diminazene aceturate is one of a limited number of compounds currently marketed for treatment of trypanosomiasis in cattle, sheep and goats. the pharmacokinetics of the compound in goats suggest that double treatment with diminazene aceturate might enhance the compound's therapeutic activity. a study was therefore conducted in goats using two clones of trypanosoma congolense, il 3274 and il 1180, which were previously shown to be resistant and sensitive, respectively, to single treatment with di ... | 1992 | 1410826 |
| the interaction of trypanosoma congolense and haemonchus contortus infections in trypanotolerant n'dama cattle. | the interactions between trypanosoma congolense and haemonchus contortus infections were studied in n'dama calves. a total of 38 n'dama bulls was divided into four groups and each group infected either with h. contortus 1 week after infection with t. congolense or with t. congolense 4 weeks after infection with h. contortus, or with either infection singly. parasitological (faecal egg counts, parasitaemia), haematological (packed cell volume, white blood cell counts, albumin) and clinical parame ... | 1992 | 1413448 |
| [serological evidence of the existence of a wild reservoir of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the pendjari biosphere reservation in the republic of benin]. | in the national park of pendjari, situated in the north-west of benin, 91 wild animals, belonging to seven species, were darted. thick and thin blood smears were examined for trypanosomes and plasma for trypanolytic antibodies against 6 antigenic variants of trypanosoma brucei gambiense. parasites were found in 13.92% and trypanolytic antibodies in 20.88% of the samples. a total of 28.57% of animals were positive by at least one of the two test systems used. morphologically trypanosoma congolens ... | 1992 | 1417158 |
| effect of puparia incubation temperature: increased infection rates of trypanosoma congolense in glossina morsitans centralis, g. fuscipes fuscipes and g. brevipalpis. | puparia of glossina morsitans centralis (machado), g.fuscipes fuscipes (newstead) and g.brevipalpis (newstead) were incubated at 25 +/- 1 degrees c, 28 +/- 1:25 +/- 1 degrees c, day:night or 29 +/- 1 degrees c throughout the puparial period, and maintained at 70-80% relative humidity. puparial mortality was higher at 29 than at 25 degrees c (optimum temperature) in all three species, particularly in g.f.fuscipes and g.brevipalpis. adults of g.m.centralis from puparia incubated at 29 degrees c, a ... | 1992 | 1421481 |
| a comparison of african buffalo, n'dama and boran cattle as reservoirs of trypanosoma congolense for different glossina species. | teneral glossina morsitans centralis machado were fed on the flanks of the african buffalo (syncerus caffer sparrman), n'dama (bos taurus l.) or boran (bos indicus l.) cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense broden. the infected tsetse were maintained on rabbits and on day 30 after the infected feed, the surviving tsetse were dissected to determine the infection rates. the mean infection rates (% +/- se) in the midgut of tsetse fed on buffalo, n'damas and borans were 23.5 +/- 3.3, 31.6 +/- 2 ... | 1992 | 1421502 |
| kinetic modelling of isometamidium chloride (samorin) uptake by trypanosoma congolense. | clones of trypanosoma congolense which express resistance to the widely used trypanocide isometamidium chloride accumulate less of the drug than clones which are sensitive to drug treatment. a mathematical model has been developed which was able to predict theoretical lines representing the uptake kinetics in trypanosomes which were sensitive to isometamidium, as well as for resistant trypanosomes in which reduced accumulation was a result of either reduced uptake or enhanced efflux of the drug. ... | 1992 | 1437280 |
| identification of a 33-kilodalton immunodominant antigen of trypanosoma congolense as a cysteine protease. | a 33-kda protein of trypanosoma congolense is a major antigen in infected cattle and the production of antibody to this antigen appeared to correlate with enhanced resistance to trypanosomiasis [4]. immunoelectron microscopy using a monoclonal antibody (mab 4c5) raised against the 33-kda antigen showed a lysosomal localisation, similar to that of a previously described 32-kda cysteine protease of t. congolense. both mab 4c5 and anti-33 kda antibody from infected cattle bound on western blots to ... | 1992 | 1474989 |
| the pathophysiology of ovine trypanosomosis: haematological and blood biochemical changes. | the course of trypanosoma congolense infection in sheep was followed for 96 days. infected animals developed fluctuating parasitaemia, macrocytic normochromic anaemia and leucocytosis which was principally a lymphocytosis. following treatment with the trypanocidal drug, diminazene aceturate at 84 days after infection, the haematological values returned to normal within 12 days. infected sheep developed hypocholesterolaemia and hypophospholipidaemia leading to a reduction in total serum lipids. t ... | 1992 | 1485419 |
| trypanosoma congolense: manifestation of resistance to berenil and samorin in cloned trypanosomes isolated from zambian cattle. | four trypanosoma congolense clones derived from a mumbwa field isolate proved to be resistant to berenil with a minimum curative dose (mcd) value of 40 mg/kg and to samorin with an mcd of 4 mg/kg for mice. two other clones, one being resistant to berenil with an mcd of 45 mg/kg but susceptible to 1 mg/kg samorin, and the other being resistant to samorin with mcd of 16 mg/kg but susceptible to 7 mg/kg berenil, were experimentally rendered resistant to each of the respective drugs they were suscep ... | 1992 | 1486237 |
| endocytosed transferrin in african trypanosomes is delivered to lysosomes and may not be recycled. | it has been shown in mammalian systems that the passage of transferrin-colloidal gold (tf-au) through the endocytic system is influenced by the size of the gold colloid (neutra, m. r. et al., j. histochem. cytochem. 33, 1134-1144 (1985); woods, j. w. et al., eur. j. cell biol. 50, 132-143 (1989)). however, in both trypanosoma brucei brucei and trypanosoma congolense, widely varying sizes of tf-au (tf-au5 and tf-au15) have been shown to proceed to lysosomes (webster, p., eur. j. cell biol. 49, 29 ... | 1992 | 1493805 |
| relationships between trypanosome infection measured by antigen detection enzyme immunoassays, anaemia and growth in trypanotolerant n'dama cattle. | relationships were evaluated between trypanosome infection as measured by antigen detection enzyme immunoassays (antigen elisa), anaemia as determined by average packed red cell volume (pcv), and animal performance as assessed by daily weight gain in 99 n'dama cattle in gabon exposed to natural tsetse challenge at 11.5 months of age and recorded 14 times over a 13 week period. approximately half the animals were found to be infected for an average of five of the 14 times that they were examined: ... | 1992 | 1496781 |
| trypanosome infections in warthogs (phacochoerus aethiopicus) in the gambia. | the prevalence of trypanosome infections in warthogs (phacochoerus aethiopicus) in the gambia was found to be 11% of a sample of 62 animals. all isolates were identified as trypanosoma simiae. serological evidence indicated a higher level of exposure to t. simiae, but results were inconclusive for the presence of trypanosoma congolense. the course of t. simiae infection in warthog piglets showed a rapidly rising parasitaemia, with a concomitant fall in packed cell volume, and resulted in a prolo ... | 1992 | 1502780 |
| the influence of buffalo and bovine serum on transformation of trypanosoma congolense from metacyclic forms to bloodstream forms in vitro. | the transformation of trypanosoma congolense metacyclics into bloodstream forms was studied in vitro using light and electron microscopy. the trypanosomes were maintained in culture at 28 degrees c using a medium supplemented with foetal bovine serum. the metacyclics were harvested and separated from the procyclic and epimastigote forms by using anion exchange chromatography. isolated metacyclics were incubated with different concentrations of buffalo or bovine serum at 35 degrees c for periods ... | 1992 | 1519019 |
| cloning, sequencing, and demonstration of polymorphism in trypanothione reductase from crithidia fasciculata. | trypanothione reductase (tr) is a target for drug design since it is unique to trypanosomatids, substituting for the otherwise ubiquitous enzyme, glutathione reductase. we report the cloning and sequencing of several cdnas and genes encoding crithidia fasciculata tr, the structure of which has recently been solved by crystallography. single base polymorphisms are detected in cdnas (containing 80% of the coding sequence) and two different genomic clones, including a glutamine to glutamate change ... | 1992 | 1542316 |
| suppression of interleukin 2 secretion and interleukin 2 receptor expression during tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in cattle. | infection with trypanosoma congolense in cattle was found to be associated with a profound suppression of the host's immune system. lymph node cells from infected cattle were unable to secrete interleukin 2 (il 2) in vitro following mitogenic stimulation and the exogenous supply of il 2 did not restore t cell proliferative responses. this was associated with an impaired expression of the alpha chain of the il 2 receptor (il 2r alpha). co-culture experiments, where cells from an infected animal w ... | 1992 | 1547821 |
| trypanosome-induced hypothyroidism in cattle. | three boran (bos indicus) cattle infected with t. congolense il 1180, and two uninfected control boran cattle were used to study the effect of trypanosomiasis on the function of the thyroid gland. on a weekly basis, plasma thyroxine (t4) was measured by 125i-radioimmunoassay. results indicated that t. congolense caused a significant decline in plasma t4 concentration in infected animals. | 1992 | 1551017 |
| trypanosoma congolense: the in vitro akinetoplastic induction sensitivity assay. | incubation of trypanosoma congolense in diminazene aceturate (berenil) or isometamidium chloride (samorin) induced akinetoplastic (ak) forms in vitro. the ak values (expressed in percent) obtained were found to be useful for rapid assessment of relative drug sensitivities. in susceptible clones, ak forms were induced at all drug concentrations tested, whereas in resistant clones they were induced only at higher concentrations. the berenil-resistant clone exhibited ak values of 0.9% +/- 0.6%--8.9 ... | 1992 | 1557326 |
| cell surface interactions between trypanosoma congolense and macrophages during phagocytosis in vitro. | trypanosoma congolense bloodstream forms preincubated with a high titer of anti-variant surface antigen (vsg)-specific antibody, a low amount of anti-vsg plus complement-active mouse serum (ms), ms alone, and trypsin were cocultivated with mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. immunofluorescence as well as transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that upon attachment to the macrophages' surface, trypanosomes opsonized with anti-vsg/ms formed opsonized filopodia, which were rapidly ... | 1992 | 1560418 |
| metacyclic form-specific variable surface glycoprotein-encoding genes of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. | a complementary dna expression library in phage lambda gt11 was synthesized using mrna from in vitro-produced metacyclic forms of a clone of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. the unamplified library was screened with antiserum from a goat immune to infection with metacyclic (m)-forms of t. congolense ilrad nannomonas antigen repertoire 2(ilnar2). of the 100 antiserum-reactive phage clones identified, 22 were analyzed further: 21 of the clones contained overlapping portions of a single transcr ... | 1992 | 1572537 |
| identification and characterization of two repetitive non-variable antigens from african trypanosomes which are recognized early during infection. | the present paper describes two repetitive proteins representing common antigens of african trypanosomes which are non-variant and which are recognized early in infection by the host immune system. these antigens were identified by their ability to immunoreact with bovine serum taken during the early phase of a cyclic trypanosomal infection. screening of a cdna library from t. b. gambiense with such early infection serum identified a protein which contains a repetitive motif consisting of 68 ami ... | 1992 | 1614728 |
| adrenal and thyroid dysfunctions in experimental trypanosoma congolense infection in cattle. | severe pathological changes were observed in the adrenal and thyroid glands of zebu (bos indicus) heifers infected with trypanosoma congolense. in the adrenal glands, severe inflammatory changes characterised by mononuclear cellular infiltration in the subcapsular areas, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis were observed. in addition, there were hyperaemia, haemorrhage and hyperplasia resulting in increased adrenal weight in the two heifers slaughtered on days 50 and 70 post-i ... | 1992 | 1615626 |
| comparative studies on n'dama and zebu cattle following repeated infections with trypanosoma congolense. | twenty n'dama and eight zebu cattle were inoculated intradermally with bloodstream forms of a cloned strain of trypanosoma congolense originating from east africa. all inoculated cattle became parasitaemic. zebus showed consistently higher levels of parasitaemia and lower packed red cell volume (pcv) percentages than did n'damas. three of the eight zebus required treatment when high numbers of trypanosomes were present in the blood and pcv values dropped below 15 per cent. none of the n'dama cat ... | 1992 | 1620961 |
| kinetic isotope effect analysis of the reaction catalyzed by trypanosoma congolense trypanothione reductase. | african trypanosomes are devoid of glutathione reductase activity, and instead contain a unique flavoprotein variant, trypanothione reductase, which acts on a cyclic derivative of glutathione, trypanothione. the high degree of sequence similarity between trypanothione reductase and glutathione reductase, as well as the obvious similarity in the reactions catalyzed, led us to investigate the ph dependence of the kinetic parameters, and the isotopic behavior of trypanothione reductase. the ph depe ... | 1992 | 1633154 |
| transport of isometamidium (samorin) by drug-resistant and drug-sensitive trypanosoma congolense. | the uptake kinetics of a 14c-labelled trypanocidal compound isometamidium chloride (samorin, rmb animal health ltd, uk) was measured in drug-resistant and drug-sensitive trypanosoma congolense. it was established that drug uptake was significantly more rapid and quantitatively greater in drug-sensitive parasites. there was clear evidence that drug uptake in both the resistant and sensitive trypanosomes was by a specific, receptor-mediated process. this specific drug transport was energy-dependen ... | 1992 | 1641246 |
| immunosuppression in trypanotolerant n'dama cattle following trypanosoma congolense infection. | tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma congolense infection causes an impairment of in vitro t cell proliferative responses in boran (bos indicus) cattle. to assess the importance of this phenomenon as it may relate to the ability of trypanotolerant cattle to control infection with trypanosomes, t cell proliferative responses to mitogenic stimulus with concanavalin a were measured in n'dama (bos taurus) cattle throughout infection. the responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from boran and n'dam ... | 1993 | 7877852 |
| pharmacology of existing drugs for animal trypanosomiasis. | lack of much interest by the pharmaceutical industry to venture into development of new antitrypanosomal drugs has been a major stimulus to an intensification of research into the few existing drugs. those indicated for animal trypanosomiasis include: isometamidium, homidium and diminazene, used primarily against trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax and t. brucei; and quinapyramine, mainly indicated for use against t. evansi infections. a great deal of research effort has focused on development of p ... | 1993 | 7902656 |
| alterations in drug transport in resistant trypanosoma congolense. | the transport of isometamidium chloride (samorin) in trypanosoma congolense which were either sensitive or resistant to this widely used trypanocide was studied in vitro. significantly lower amounts of drug were accumulated over time by resistant than by sensitive trypanosomes. while no direct evidence could be obtained, indirect observations implied the involvement of an increased efflux of drug from the resistant trypanosomes. in both the resistant and sensitive parasites, drug transport was f ... | 1993 | 7902664 |
| an in vitro assay for drug sensitivity of trypanosoma congolense using in vitro-derived metacyclic trypanosomes. | the sensitivity of seven populations of t. congolense to the salts of three trypanocides, diminazene, isometamidium and homidium, were determined in vitro using in vitro-derived metacyclic trypanosomes. the trypanosomes were incubated at 35 degrees c for 48 h with various drug concentrations (0.5 ng-50 micrograms/ml) and then transferred to cultures containing bovine endothelial-cell monolayers, to assess their viability over the following 5 days as compared to control trypanosomes that had been ... | 1993 | 7902666 |
| drug sensitivity screening in vitro of populations of trypanosoma congolense originating from cattle and tsetse flies at nguruman, kenya. | an in vitro assay that utilises in vitro-derived metacyclic trypanosomes was used to determine the drug sensitivity of 7 populations of trypanosoma congolense collected from cattle and tsetse flies at nguruman; a trypanosomiasis-endemic area in southwest kenya. the metacyclic trypanosomes used in the assay were obtained from cultures initiated directly from either the blood of cattle with low levels of parasitaemia or from guts of infected tsetse flies. sensitivities to isometamidium chloride, d ... | 1993 | 7903133 |
| identification and characterization of an acidic major surface glycoprotein from procyclic stage trypanosoma congolense. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were derived against the procyclic culture form of trypanosoma congolense and 14 were selected which bound to the surface of living procyclics in immunofluorescence assays. these antibodies bound to procyclics and epimastigotes of t. congolense (both savannah-type and kilifi-type) and procyclics of trypanosoma simiae, but not to procyclics of other species of trypanosomes, to bloodstream forms of several species of trypanosomes or to leishmania, and were thus life cy ... | 1993 | 7903427 |
| [comparison of experimental trypanosomiasis in various breeds of small ruminants in burkina faso]. | twenty-four dwarf djallonké sheep and goats, and 16 sahelian fulani sheep and goats, were inoculated with strains of trypanosoma vivax and trypanosoma congolense to compare their degree of susceptibility to trypanosomosis. one animal from each breed was used as a control. anaemia was observed in all inoculated animals. in the group of animals inoculated with t. vivax, 1 djallonké goat out of 6, 3 sahelian goats out of 4 and 2 fulani sheep out of 4 died within the experimental period of 16 weeks. ... | 1993 | 7915427 |
| respiratory activity of isolated liver mitochondria following trypanosoma congolense infection in rabbits: the role of thyroxine. | 1. the effect of trypanosome infection on rabbit liver mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was investigated, with and without thyroxine replacement. 2. state 3 respiration, respiratory control ratio (rcr) and adp/o ratio were significantly reduced in mitochondria from trypanosome-infected animals whereas there was no change in state 4 respiration. 3. state 3 respiration, rcr and adp/o ratio were not significantly altered in trypanosome-infected animals given thyroxine replacement therapy. 4. ... | 1993 | 8095444 |
| the relationship between decrease in feed intake and infection with trypanosoma congolense and t. vivax in west african dwarf goats. | twenty-three mature dwarf goats were used to study whether there is a relationship between the decrease in feed intake for individual goats and infection with t.congolense and t. vivax. furthermore, it was investigated how rectal temperatures and blood parameters were affected by the t. congolense infection and how changes in these parameters can be used to predict the effect of a t. vivax infection on feed intake. for individual goats a ranking correlation was found between relative dry matter ... | 1993 | 8098884 |
| epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in the ghibe valley, southwest ethiopia. 2. factors associated with variations in trypanosome prevalence, incidence of new infections and prevalence of recurrent infections. | an average of 840 east african zebu cattle from nine herds in the ghibe valley, southwest ethiopia were monitored from january 1986 to april 1990. each month blood samples were collected for analysis of packed red cell volume (pcv) and detection of trypanosomes. animals found to be parasitaemic and with a pcv less than 26% were treated with diminazene aceturate at a dose of 3.5 mg/kg body weight. the majority of infections were associated with trypanosoma congolense (84% of infections in adult c ... | 1993 | 8098899 |
| epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis in the ghibe valley, southwest ethiopia. 3. occurrence of populations of trypanosoma congolense resistant to diminazene, isometamidium and homidium. | in july 1989, blood samples were collected from parasitaemic cattle in the ghibe valley, ethiopia, frozen in liquid nitrogen and transported to nairobi, kenya. twelve of the stabilates were inoculated into individual boran (bos indicus) calves and characterised for their sensitivity, in turn, to diminazene aceturate (berenil), isometamidium chloride (samorin) and homidium chloride (novidium). all 12 stabilates produced infections which were shown to be trypanosoma congolense and resistant to tre ... | 1993 | 8098900 |
| comparative pharmacokinetics of diminazene in noninfected boran (bos indicus) cattle and boran cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. | the pharmacokinetics of diminazene in five female boran (bos indicus) cattle before and then during acute and chronic phases of experimental infections with trypanosoma congolense were investigated. a 7.0% (wt/vol) solution of diminazene aceturate (berenil) was used in all three phases of the study and administered as a single intramuscular dose of 3.5 mg of diminazene base per kg of body weight. there were no significant differences between the values of pharmacokinetic parameters for the nonin ... | 1993 | 8100129 |
| the glutamyl binding site of trypanothione reductase from crithidia fasciculata: enzyme kinetic properties of gamma-glutamyl-modified substrate analogues. | trypanothione reductase, central to the redox defense systems of parasitic trypanosomes and leishmanias, is sufficiently different in its substrate-specificity from mammalian glutathione reductase to represent an attractive target for chemotherapeutic intervention. previous studies of the physiological substrates trypanothione (n1,n8-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine) and n1-glutathionylspermidine disulphide established that the spermidine moiety of these substrates can be replaced by the 3-dimethyl-p ... | 1993 | 8105896 |
| [pathogenic effects of trypanosoma congolense on the testis of baoulé bulls: quantitative and morphometric histology]. | the effect of trypanosoma congolense on testis was studied in 53 trypano-resistant "baoulé" bulls by quantitative histology and morphometry. the daily spermatozoa production per testis of control groups (n = 45) was 382 +/- 334 x 10(6) (m +/- sd) and the epididymis contained 0.6 +/- 1 x 10(9) spermatozoa in the caput, 0.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(9) in the corpus and 1.2 +/- 1.8 x 10(9) in the cauda. the infected bulls (n = 8) showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) when compared to the control despite ... | 1993 | 8142035 |
| conservation of grna gene cassette structure in african trypanosomes despite divergence in the defining flanking repeats. | 1993 | 8232424 | |
| sequences of three trypanosoma congolense maxicircle genes allow prediction of regions encoding transcripts that undergo extensive rna editing. | 1993 | 8232425 | |
| antibody responses to a 33 kda cysteine protease of trypanosoma congolense: relationship to 'trypanotolerance' in cattle. | a cysteine protease of trypanosoma congolense (congopain) elicited igg1 antibodies in those cattle which exhibited a degree of resistance to disease during experimental infections (authié et al. 1992, 1993). the aim of the present study was to investigate further the association between anti-congopain antibodies and resistance to trypanosomiasis, and to provide a lead into the mechanisms responsible for the differential responses to congopain in cattle. isotype characteristics and kinetics of th ... | 1993 | 8233561 |
| secretion of co-stimulatory cytokines by monocytes and macrophages during infection with trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense in susceptible and tolerant cattle. | bovine macrophages and monocytes were cultured in vitro and analyzed for their capacity to secrete co-stimulatory cytokines. to this end, the culture medium was titrated on suboptimally stimulated murine thymocytes. a low residual release by normal monocytes was noted which usually remained below the detection limit of the assay. these cells could be induced to secrete high titres following activation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. when harvested from animals infected with trypanosoma congol ... | 1993 | 8236792 |
| the prevalence of concurrent trypanosome and gastrointestinal nematode infections in west african dwarf sheep and goats in nsukka area of eastern nigeria. | the prevalence of concurrent nematode-trypanosome infections in traditionally reared west african dwarf sheep and goats in eastern nigeria was monitored over a 12-month period during 1987-1988. the most prevalent nematodes were haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus colubriformis, which usually occurred together in all nematode infected animals. their combined prevalence rates ranged from 90 to 100% throughout the year and they accounted for 66 to 98% of the total monthly worm burdens. of the ... | 1993 | 8249254 |
| immune lysis of trypanosoma congolense: generation of a soluble covalent complex of variant surface glycoprotein and bovine complement component c3b. | organisms of trypanosoma congolense variant antigenic type tc13 (vat tc13) were incubated, at 37 degrees c for 60 min, with fresh bovine serum in the presence of antibody specific for the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg). upon immune lysis, soluble vsg (54 kda) and a larger complex (about 225 kda), containing vsg, was detected in the supernatant fluid of the mixture. neither soluble vsg nor the vsg complex were detected when fresh bovine serum was incubated with organisms of t. congolense in t ... | 1993 | 8256435 |
| a major surface antigen of procyclic stage trypanosoma congolense. | five monoclonal antibodies (mab) were raised that bound to the surface of procyclic stage trypanosoma congolense with high intensity in immunofluorescence. immunoblot analysis of trypanosome lysates using 3 of these mab revealed a diffuse sds-page band of 36-40 kda. the purified antigen did not react with coomassie blue or silver stains, but did stain blue with stains-all, indicating acidity. for the one mab tested, the epitope was periodate-sensitive and therefore probably glycan. although this ... | 1993 | 8264732 |
| trypanosoma congolense in the microvasculature of the pituitary gland of experimentally infected boran cattle (bos indicus). | the pituitary glands of seven boran cattle (bos indicus), five infected with a clone of trypanosoma congolense il 1180 (ilnat 3.1) transmitted by glossina morsitans centralis and two uninfected controls, were examined by light and electron microscopy 43 (experiment 2) or 56 (experiment 1) days after fly challenge. the three cattle used in the first experiment included a 15-month-old female (no. 1), a 24-month-old female (no. 2), and a 21-month-old male (no. 3) as a control. in the second experim ... | 1993 | 8266622 |
| a comparison of susceptibility of two allopatric populations of glossina pallidipes for stocks of trypanosoma congolense. | a colony of glossina pallidipes austen which originated from nguruman, rift valley province, kenya, was significantly more susceptible to infection (19.3%) with a stock of trypanosoma congolense broden isolated from g. pallidipes in nguruman than a colony of the same species which originated from shimba hills, coast province, kenya (5.6%). male g.pallidipes from nguruman were significantly more susceptible than females to this t.congolense stock whilst the susceptibility of both sexes of g.palli ... | 1993 | 8268493 |
| variation in sensitivity of trypanosoma congolense to diminazene during the early phase of tsetse-transmitted infection in goats. | twenty-five goats were randomly allocated to five groups of five animals each and infected with trypanosoma congolense il 3274 via the bites of infected glossina morsitans centralis. at intervals of 1, 4, 8, 12 or 19 days following infection, each group of five animals was treated intramuscularly with diminazene aceturate at a dose of 7.0 mg kg-1 body weight (b.w.). while treatment on day 1 eliminated infections in all five goats, treatment on day 19 did not cure any of the animals; in groups tr ... | 1993 | 8291183 |
| a colorimetric assay for trypanosome viability and metabolic function. | we have adapted a tetrazolium salt (mtt) colorimetric cytotoxicity assay to the assessment of viability and metabolic function in cultured african trypanosomes. trypomastigotes of trypanosoma congolense and t. brucei rhodesianse were harvested from the blood of parasitemic rats and cultured under axenic conditions that support trypanosome viability and growth. analysis of serial dilutions of these bloodstream forms indicated that the assay could detect 10(4) parasites. to assess the effect of ly ... | 1993 | 8291189 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of a slow release device containing homidium bromide in rabbits infected with trypanosoma congolense. | the subcutaneous implantation of a slow release device (srd) containing 1 mg kg-1 homidium bromide (ethidium) protected 95% of the rabbits for at least 3 months against reinfection with different stocks of trypanosoma congolense. only 30.8% of the animals, which received the classical intramuscular injection of 1 mg kg-1 homidium bromide, were protected for more than 1 month. the advantages of an srd against injection of homidium bromide are a longer protection period, less variation in the perc ... | 1993 | 8291190 |
| the effect of cattle infection by trypanosoma congolense on the attraction, and feeding success, of the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes. | an incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around uninfected cattle and cattle infected with trypanosoma congolense. the numbers of fed and unfed glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to tsetse, and the feeding success of tsetse on the cattle. there was no difference in the attractiveness of infected and uninfected cattle to g. pallidipes. however, the feeding success of g. pallidipes on infected cattle was 75% great ... | 1993 | 8316432 |
| phospholipase a2 from trypanosoma congolense: characterization and haematological properties. | phospholipase a2 was isolated from trypanosoma congolense and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. the enzyme appeared to exist in a dimeric form with subunit molecular weights of 16,500 and 18,000. it had a ph optimum of 6.8. kinetic analysis with different substrates, showed that the enzyme had exceptional specificity for 1,2,dimyristoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine and 1,2,dioleoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine with km values of 1.85 x 10(-3) m and 2.12 x 10(-3) m respectively. the arrhenius plot was ... | 1993 | 8324881 |
| susceptibility of nigerian west african dwarf and red sokoto goats to a strain of trypanosoma congolense. | west african dwarf (wad) and red sokoto (rs) goats were experimentally infected with the kafanchan strain of trypanosoma congolense and the course of the infection was monitored. the organism was pathogenic and produced fatal disease in the goats, which was characterized by rapid progressive anaemia, leucocytosis, weight loss and death. all rs goats died within 11 days of infection, and had a mean reduction in packed cell volume (pcv) of 11%. in west african dwarf goats, one death occurred on da ... | 1993 | 8333125 |
| the pathophysiology of trypanosoma congolense infection in scottish blackface sheep. influence of dietary protein. | the intensity of parasitaemia, degree of anaemia, blood biochemical changes and live weight gains were measured in two groups of scottish blackface sheep infected experimentally with bloodstream forms of trypanosoma congolense and given either a high or a low protein diet. it was observed that infected animals on a high protein diet tended to develop a higher intensity of parasitaemia than those on a low protein diet. both groups of infected sheep exhibited similar degrees of anaemia, but the er ... | 1993 | 8333126 |