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double mutation in tomato ribosomal protein l3 cdna confers tolerance to deoxynivalenol (don) in transgenic tobacco.the contamination of mycotoxins associated with head blight of wheat and other grains caused by fusarium graminearum is chronic threat to crop, human and animal health throughout the world. deoxinevalenol (don), produced by the fungus, belonging to class trichothecene is believed to act as a virulence factor in fungal pathogenesis by inhibiting eukaryotic protein synthesis, thereby blocking or delaying the expression of defense related proteins induced by host plant. the putative site of action ...200719070152
real-time pcr quantification and mycotoxin production of fusarium graminearum in wheat inoculated with isolates collected from potato, sugar beet, and wheat.abstract fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb) in small grains worldwide. although primarily a pathogen of cereals, it also can infect noncereal crops such as potato and sugar beet in the united states. we used a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method based on intergenic sequences specific to the trichodiene synthase gene (tri5) from f. graminearum. taqman probe and primers were designed and used to estimate dna content of the pathogen (fgdna) in the susceptible wheat ...200718943932
effect of infection timing on fusarium head blight and mycotoxin accumulation in open- and closed-flowering barley.abstract barley has two flowering types, chasmogamous (open-flowering) and cleistogamous (closed-flowering). we examined the effect of the timing of fusarium graminearum infection on fusarium head blight (fhb) and mycotoxin accumulation in barley cultivars with different flowering types using greenhouse experiments. in the first experiment, 13 cultivars were spray inoculated at two different developmental stages, and the severity of fhb was evaluated. the effect of the timing of infection differ ...200718944170
transcriptome analysis of trichothecene-induced gene expression in barley.fusarium head blight, caused primarily by fusarium graminearum, is a major disease problem on barley (hordeum vulgare l.). trichothecene mycotoxins produced by the fungus during infection increase the aggressiveness of the fungus and promote infection in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). loss-of-function mutations in the tri5 gene in f. graminearum result in the inability to synthesize trichothecenes and in reduced virulence on wheat. we examined the impact of pathogen-derived trichothecenes on viru ...200717977148
identification of a novel fusarium head blight resistance quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7a in tetraploid wheat.abstract fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive diseases of durum (triticum turgidum sp. durum) and common wheat (t. aestivum). promising sources of fhb resistance have been identified among common (hexaploid) wheats, but the same is not true for durum (tetraploid) wheats. a previous study indicated that chromosome 7a from t. turgidum sp. dicoccoides accession pi478742 contributed significant levels of resistance to fhb. the objectives of this re ...200718943578
population subdivision of fusarium graminearum sensu stricto in the upper midwestern united states.abstract a collection of 712 fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (s.s.) strains, predominantly gathered between 1999 and 2000 from nine states within the united states, was examined for population structure and polymerase chain reaction-based trichothecene type. most strains belonged to a cohesive genetic population characterized by a 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15adon) trichothecene type. however, using a bayesian model-based clustering method, we also identified genetically divergent groups of str ...200718943513
vegetative compatibility of fusarium graminearum isolates and genetic study on their carbendazim-resistance recombination in china.abstract monoconidial isolates of 33 carbendazim-sensitive isolates and 31 carbendazim-resistant isolates of fusarium graminearum were selected from three regions of china for vegetative compatibility group (vcg) analysis. a total of 213 and 224 nit mutants were recovered from the 33 sensitive and the 31 resistant isolates, respectively. of all the nit mutants, the frequency of the different phenotypes was 44.6, 46.5, 5.7, and 3.2% for nit1, nit3, nitm, and nita, respectively. vcg analysis ident ...200718943719
a distributed lag analysis of the relationship between gibberella zeae inoculum density on wheat spikes and weather variables.abstract in an effort to characterize the association between weather variables and inoculum of gibberella zeae in wheat canopies, spikes were sampled and assayed for pathogen propagules from plots established in indiana, north dakota, ohio, pennsylvania, south dakota, and manitoba between 1999 and 2005. inoculum abundance was quantified as the daily number of colony forming units per spike (cfu/spike). a total of 49 individual weather variables for 24-h periods were generated from measurements ...200718943722
genetic relationships among populations of gibberella zeae from barley, wheat, potato, and sugar beet in the upper midwest of the united states.gibberella zeae, a causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) in wheat and barley, is one of the most economically harmful pathogens of cereals in the united states. in recent years, the known host range of g. zeae has also expanded to noncereal crops. however, there is a lack of information on the population genetic structure of g. zeae associated with noncereal crops and across wheat cultivars. to test the hypothesis that g. zeae populations sampled from barley, wheat, potato, and sugar beet i ...200818943734
molecular characterization of the fusarium graminearum species complex in japan.members of the fusarium graminearum species complex are important cereal pathogens worldwide and belong to one of at least nine phylogenetically distinct species. we examined 298 strains of the f. graminearum species complex collected from wheat or barley in japan to determine the species and trichothecene chemotype. phylogenetic analyses and species-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflps) revealed the presence and differential distribution of f. ...200818943192
germination of ascospores of gibberella zeae after exposure to various levels of relative humidity and temperature.fusarium head blight (fhb) is one of the most important cereal diseases in the world and has caused major losses to the grain industry. the principal pathogen causing fhb in north america is gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum). information on survival and the conditions under which ascospores remain viable once released from perithecia may assist in refining disease forecasting models. this study measured germination of ascospores after exposure to different temperatures, 15, 20, and ...200818943217
a gene having sequence homology to isoamyl alcohol oxidase is transcribed during patulin production in penicillium griseofulvum.the genes for the patulin biosynthetic pathway are most likely arranged in a cluster, as is often the case for other mycotoxins. with this in mind, genewalking has been performed to identify genes both upstream and downstream of the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene. a gene present in penicillium griseofulvum nrrl 2159a had high sequence homology to the isoamyl alcohol oxidase (iao) gene and was detected downstream of the idh gene and in the same orientation. by virtue of the presence of a si ...200818000703
an adaptive evolutionary shift in fusarium head blight pathogen populations is driving the rapid spread of more toxigenic fusarium graminearum in north america.analysis of fusarium head blight (fhb) pathogen diversity revealed that 3adon producing fusarium graminearum are prevalent in north america and identified significant population structure associated with trichothecene chemotype differences (f(st)>0.285; p<0.001). in addition, we identified a trichothecene chemotype cline in canada and documented a recent and significant shift in fhb pathogen composition by demonstrating that the 3adon chemotype frequency in western canada increased more than 14- ...200818035565
a novel activator-type erf of thinopyrum intermedium, tierf1, positively regulates defence responses.thinopyrum intermedium is resistant to many different pathogens. to understand the roles of ethylene response factors (erfs) in defence responses, the first member of the erf family in t. intermedium, tierf1, was characterized and functionally analysed in this study. the tierf1 gene encodes a putative protein of 292 amino acids, belonging to the b3 subgroup of the erf transcription factor family. biochemical assays demonstrated that the tierf1 protein is capable of binding to the gcc box, a cis- ...200818611911
efficient four fragment cloning for the construction of vectors for targeted gene replacement in filamentous fungi.the rapid increase in whole genome fungal sequence information allows large scale functional analyses of target genes. efficient transformation methods to obtain site-directed gene replacement, targeted over-expression by promoter replacement, in-frame epitope tagging or fusion of coding sequences with fluorescent markers such as gfp are essential for this process. construction of vectors for these experiments depends on the directional cloning of two homologous recombination sequences on each s ...200818673530
evolutionary history of the ancient cutinase family in five filamentous ascomycetes reveals differential gene duplications and losses and in magnaporthe grisea shows evidence of sub- and neo-functionalization.* the cuticle is the first barrier for fungi that parasitize plants systematically or opportunistically. here, the evolutionary history is reported of the multimembered cutinase families of the plant pathogenic ascomycetes magnaporthe grisea, fusarium graminearum and botrytis cinerea and the saprotrophic ascomycetes aspergillus nidulans and neurospora crassa. * molecular taxonomy of all fungal cutinases demonstrates a clear division into two ancient subfamilies. no evidence was found for lateral ...200818713314
a model for integration of dna into the genome during transformation of fusarium graminearum.transformants of fusarium graminearum were derived using linearized dna of plasmids designed to replace the trichodiene synthase gene, a cutinase gene or a xylanase gene with a hygromycin-resistance marker cassette by homologous recombination between 1-kbp segments of flanking dna. most transformants did not exhibit the dna structure expected of integration by classical double recombination. instead, they contained linearized plasmid joined end-to-end and variably incorporated into the genome. t ...200818722542
occurrence of zearalenone on fusarium graminearum infected wheat and maize fields in crop organs, soil, and drainage water.the mycotoxin zearalenone (zon) is a very potent natural endocrine disrupting chemical, produced by fusarium graminearum fungi growing on crops such as wheat and maize. although it is well-investigated in food and feed, very little is known about its environmental fate and behavior. here, we report the occurrence of zon on f. graminearum infected wheat and maize fields in crop organs and soil and its emission via drainage water. zon amounts in the investigated crops and topsoil were between 6.1 ...200818754460
crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of gibberella zeae extracellular lipase.fusarium head blight, one of the most destructive crop diseases, is mainly caused by fusarium graminearum (known in its sexual stage as gibberella zeae). f. graminearum secretes various extracellular enzymes that have been hypothesized to be involved in host infection. one of the extracellular enzymes secreted by this organism is the g. zeae extracellular lipase (gzel), which is encoded by the fgl1 gene. in order to solve the crystal structure of gzel and to gain a better understanding of the bi ...200818765911
comparative mycotoxin profiles of gibberella zeae populations from barley, wheat, potatoes, and sugar beets.gibberella zeae is one of the most devastating pathogens of barley and wheat in the united states. the fungus also infects noncereal crops, such as potatoes and sugar beets, and the genetic relationships among barley, wheat, potato, and sugar beet isolates indicate high levels of similarity. however, little is known about the toxigenic potential of g. zeae isolates from potatoes and sugar beets. a total of 336 isolates of g. zeae from barley, wheat, potatoes, and sugar beets were collected and a ...200818791024
soil fungistasis and its relations to soil microbial composition and diversity: a case study of a series of soils with different fungistasis.fungistasis is one of the important approaches to control soil-borne plant pathogens. some hypotheses about the mechanisms for soil fungistasis had been established, which mainly focused on the soil bacterial community composition, structure, diversity as well as function. in this study, the bacterial community composition and diversity of a series of soils treated by autoclaving, which coming from the same original soil sample and showing gradient fungistasis to the target soil-borne pathogen f ...200818814585
multilocus genotyping and molecular phylogenetics resolve a novel head blight pathogen within the fusarium graminearum species complex from ethiopia.a survey of fusarium head blight (fhb)-contaminated wheat in ethiopia recovered 31 isolates resembling members of the fusarium graminearum species complex. results of a multilocus genotyping (mlgt) assay for fhb species and trichothecene chemotype determination suggested that 22 of these isolates might represent a new species within the fg complex. phylogenetic analyses of multilocus dna sequence data resolved the 22 ethiopian isolates as a novel, phylogenetically distinct species. the new speci ...200818824240
[development of the monoclonal antibody to deoxynivalenol].deoxynivalenol (don) is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum, a pathogen causing fusarium head blight of wheat. it is necessary to establish a rapid and simple assay to detect don.200818837372
transposon-tagging identifies novel pathogenicity genes in fusarium graminearum.with the increase of sequenced fungal genomes, high-throughput methods for functional analyses of genes are needed. we assessed the potential of a new transposon mutagenesis tool deploying a fusarium oxysporum miniature inverted-repeat transposable element mimp1, mobilized by the transposase of impala, a tc1-like transposon, to obtain knock-out mutants in fusarium graminearum. we localized 91 mimp1 insertions which showed good distribution over the entire genome. the main exception was a major h ...200818926918
an antibiotic complex from lysobacter enzymogenes strain c3: antimicrobial activity and role in plant disease control.lysobacter enzymogenes c3 is a bacterial biological control agent that exhibits antagonism against multiple fungal pathogens. its antifungal activity was attributed in part to lytic enzymes. in this study, a heat-stable antifungal factor (hsaf), an antibiotic complex consisting of dihydromaltophilin and structurally related macrocyclic lactams, was found to be responsible for antagonism by c3 against fungi and oomycetes in culture. hsaf in purified form exhibited inhibitory activity against a wi ...200818944294
identification and functional characterization of the 2-hydroxy fatty n-acyl-delta3(e)-desaturase from fusarium graminearum.delta3(e)-unsaturated fatty acids are characteristic components of glycosylceramides from some fungi, including also human- and plant-pathogenic species. the function and genetic basis for this unsaturation is unknown. for fusarium graminearum, which is pathogenic to grasses and cereals, we could show that the level of delta3-unsaturation of glucosylceramide (glccer) was highest at low temperatures and decreased when the fungus was grown above 28 degrees c. with a bioinformatics approach, we ide ...200818981185
phases of infection and gene expression of fusarium graminearum during crown rot disease of wheat.fusarium graminearum causes head blight (fhb) and crown rot (cr) diseases in wheat. compared with fhb, cr symptom development occurs slowly, usually taking 4 to 8 weeks to become visible. to characterize cr development, we used histological and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses to assess fungal colonization during a timecourse of infection. three distinct phases of infection were identified: i) initial spore germination with formation of a superficial hyphal mat at the in ...200818986253
modified microwave-assisted extraction of ergosterol for measuring fungal biomass in grain cultures.ergosterol is a measure for fungal biomass. the recovery rates using a previously described microwave-assisted-extraction (mae) method for ergosterol analysis tended to be low for grain cultures (pure culture in sterilized 40% moisture content grain) inoculated with fusarium graminearum . an improved mae method for measuring ergosterol in grain cultures was developed and compared. modification to the original mae included alterations in duration of microwave exposure and extraction solvents. fou ...200818991448
chiral gamma-aryl-1h-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as highly potential antifungal agents: design, synthesis, structure, and in vitro fungicidal activities.a novel series of chiral gamma-aryl-1h-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as highly potential antifungal agents have been designed and synthesized conveniently by using the chiral auxiliary as a controlling reagent. all of the compounds exhibit moderate to high ee values reaching up to 99%, and the preliminary bioassay results demonstrated that most of the target compounds take on a significantly wide spectrum activity against fusarium oxysporium, rhizoctonia solani, botrytis cinereapers, gibberella zea ...200818998696
effects of propionibacterium on the growth and mycotoxin production by some species of fusarium and alternaria.the aim of this research was to study the antifungal properties of propionibacteria. three fractions from cultures of propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii 41 and ssp. freudenreichii 111 (i.e. culture containing viable bacteria, cell-free supernatant and bacteriocin preparation) were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth and mycotoxin production of alternaria alternata, fusarium culmorum, fusarium graminearum and fusarium verticillioides. the growth of the fungi was monitored ...200819004241
[cloning and expression analysis of two salt and fusarium graminearum stress associated udp-glucosyltransferases genes in wheat].glycosyltransferases (gts) play important roles in stress responses of plants by glycosylating hormones and secondary metabolites. udp-glucosyltransferases (ugts), which use udp-glucuronic acid in animals, udp-glucose, udp-galactose, and udp- rhamnose in plant as sugar donors, belong to family 1 of gts. as a secondary metabolite produced by fusarium graminearum during infection of grains, deoxynivalenol (don) is not only harmful to human and animal's health by inhibiting protein synthesis, but a ...200819073578
[flash-pcr diagnostics of toxigenic fungi of the genus fusarium].a test system for the diagnostics and identification of seven toxigenic fungi causing fusarioses of cereals (fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum, f. poae, f. sporotrichioides, f. langsethiae, f. avenaceum, and f. tricinctum) was developed using pcr. the identification of pathogen is based on the specific amplification of a dna fragment of the gene of translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef-1alpha) and subsequent detection of the results by the fluorescent amplification-based specific hybridizat ...200819088754
antifungal activity of lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans against fusarium proliferatum and fusarium graminearum in a liquid culture setting.lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans, isolated from a traditional sourdough bread culture and previously shown to have antifungal activity against fusarium species, was tested for inhibition of growth of fusarium proliferatum m 5991 and m 5689 and f. graminearum r 4053 in a liquid medium setting. this isolate completely inhibited the growth of f. proliferatum m 5689 and m 5991 and f. graminearum r 4053, whereas such growth was not inhibited in the control in a supernatant agar plate assay. wh ...200819044263
biological control of late blight (phytophthora infestans (mont.) de bary) in tomatoes with mycoextracts from fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum.following a screening completed over several species of fungus for establishing the efficiency of the extracts produced from them, against agent causing the late blight--phytophthora infestans--two species of fungus were selected--fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum--in order to employ them and their strains with different virulence in the pathosystem fungi/lycopersicumm esculentum. the utilized extracts are based on ethanol and obtained from mycelium and culture filtrate. extract was app ...200819226762
[resistant mechanism of fusarium graminearum against carbendazim, unrelative to alpha2-tubulin gene].we studied the resistance of fusarium graminearum against carbendazim, to confirm if the resistance was related to the whole nucleotide sequence of alpha2-tubulin.200819160817
fusarium graminearum growth inhibition due to glucose starvation caused by osthol.the effects of osthol, a plant coumarin, on morphology, sugar uptake and cell wall components of fusarium graminearum were examined in vitro by electron microscopy,(14)c-labelling and enzyme activity detection. the results revealed that osthol could inhibit the hypha growth of f. graminearum by decreasing hyphal absorption to reducing sugar. after treatment with 100 microg.ml(-1) osthol for 24 h, many hyphal fragments of f. graminearum appeared. microscopy observation showed that the cell walls ...200819325755
effects of milling and cooking processes on the deoxynivalenol content in wheat.deoxynivalenol (don, vomitoxin) is a natural-occuring mycotoxin mainly produced by fusarium graminearum, a food-borne fungi widely distributed in crops and it is one of the most important mycotoxins in wheat and wheat-based foods and feeds. don affects animal and human health causing diarrhea, vomiting, gastro-intestinal inflammation, and immunomodulation. since the rate of the occurrence of don in wheat is high, effective procedures to remove or eliminate don from food products is essential to ...200819330063
upscaled ctab-based dna extraction and real-time pcr assays for fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum dna in plant material with reduced sampling error.fusarium graminearum schwabe (gibberella zeae schwein. petch.) and f. culmorum w.g. smith are major mycotoxin producers in small-grain cereals afflicted with fusarium head blight (fhb). real-time pcr (qpcr) is the method of choice for species-specific, quantitative estimation of fungal biomass in plant tissue. we demonstrated that increasing the amount of plant material used for dna extraction to 0.5-1.0 g considerably reduced sampling error and improved the reproducibility of dna yield. the cos ...200819330077
development of a generic pcr detection of 3-acetyldeoxy-nivalenol-, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-chemotypes of fusarium graminearum clade.fusarium graminearum clade pathogens cause fusarium head blight (fhb) or scab of wheat and other small cereal grains, producing different kinds of trichothecene mycotoxins that are detrimental to human and domestic animals. type b trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-acdon), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-acdon) and nivalenol (niv) are the principal fusarium mycotoxins reported in china, as well as in other countries. a genomic polymerase chain reaction (pcr) t ...200819330088
comparative evolutionary histories of the fungal chitinase gene family reveal non-random size expansions and contractions due to adaptive natural selection.gene duplication and loss play an important role in the evolution of novel functions and for shaping an organism's gene content. recently, it was suggested that stress-related genes frequently are exposed to duplications and losses, while growth-related genes show selection against change in copy number. the fungal chitinase gene family constitutes an interesting case study of gene duplication and loss, as their biological roles include growth and development as well as more stress-responsive fu ...200819204807
aqueous and organic extracts of trigonella foenum-graecum l. inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi.aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek (3%) (aerial parts: leaves and stems (ls), roots (r), ground seeds (gs) and not ground seeds (ngs)) and petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against botrytis cinerea, fusarium graminearum, alternaria sp., pythium aphanidermatum, and rhizoctinia solani. all fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects ...200819209631
the fate of gene duplicates in the genomes of fungal pathogens.understanding how molecular changes underlie phenotypic variation within and between species is one of the main goals of evolutionary biology and comparative genetics. the recent proliferation of sequenced fungal genomes offers a unique opportunity to start elucidating the extreme phenotypic diversity in the kingdom fungi.1-4 we attempted to investigate the contribution of gene families to the evolutionary forces shaping the diversity of pathogenic lifestyles among the fungi.5 we studied a famil ...200819513258
inhibition of non-enzymatic glycation by silk extracts from a mexican land race and modern inbred lines of maize (zea mays).non-enzymatic glycation and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (ages) are associated with various disease states, including complications of diabetes and aging. secondary metabolites from several plant species are known to inhibit non-enzymatic glycation and the formation of ages, including flavonoids found in the style (silk) of zea mays (maize). thirteen modern maize inbreds and one land race were tested for in vitro inhibition of non-enzymatic glycation of bovine serum albumi ...200817724765
a guanylyl cyclase-like gene is associated with gibberella ear rot resistance in maize (zea mays l.).gibberella ear rot, caused by the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum schwabe, is a serious disease of maize (zea mays l.) grown in northern climates. the infected maize grain contains toxins that are very harmful to livestock and humans. a maize gene that encodes a putative 267-amino acid guanylyl cyclase-like protein (zmgc1) was characterized and shown to be associated with resistance to this disease. the putative zmgc1 amino acid sequence is 53% identical and 65% similar to atgc1, an arabido ...200818074115
fungistatic activity of flaxseed in potato dextrose agar and a fresh noodle system.although numerous researchers have studied flaxseed as a food ingredient for its health benefits, flaxseed (linum usitatissimum) has never been considered as a food preservative. the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of flaxseed flour (ff) concentration (0, 6, 9, 12, and 15% wt/wt), cultivar ('omega' and brown) and source (four seed companies located in minnesota and north dakota) on flaxseed fungistatic activity. fungal radial growth was used to assess the fungistatic activi ...200818077042
antifungal activity of lactobacillus paracasei ssp. tolerans isolated from a sourdough bread culture.lactic acid bacteria were isolated from four different sourdough bread cultures previously investigated for antifungal activity. a total of 116 isolates were obtained and screened for antifungal activity against a battery of molds. the most inhibitory isolate obtained was identified by api 50 chl and 16s ribosomal rna genotyping and found to be lactobacillus paracasei ssp. tolerans. this isolate completely inhibited the growth of fusarium proliferatum m 5689, m 5991 and fusarium graminearum r 40 ...200818077044
the l-type calcium ion channel cch1 affects ascospore discharge and mycelial growth in the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum).cch1, a putative voltage-gated calcium ion channel, was investigated for its role in ascus development in gibberella zeae. gene replacement mutants of cch1 were generated and found to have asci which did not forcibly discharge spores, although morphologically ascus and ascospore development in the majority of asci appeared normal. additionally, mycelial growth was significantly slower, and sexual development was slightly delayed in the mutant; mutant mycelia showed a distinctive fluffy morpholog ...200818083828
large-scale expressed sequence tag analysis for the chestnut blight fungus cryphonectria parasitica.cryphonectria parasitica is the causal fungal agent responsible for the chestnut blight disease. we report the generation of 14,263 expressed sequence tags representing 6318 unisequences for the fungus. functional annotation of these unisequences revealed different gene expression patterns for wild-type and hypovirus-infected cultures at the sporulation stage and allowed the reconstruction of key c. parasitica signal transduction pathways conserved in the sorbidaryomycetes. a list of homologous ...200818166491
fusarium graminearum gene deletion mutants map1 and tri5 reveal similarities and differences in the pathogenicity requirements to cause disease on arabidopsis and wheat floral tissue.the ascomycete pathogen fusarium graminearum can infect all cereal species and lower grain yield, quality and safety. the fungus can also cause disease on arabidopsis thaliana. in this study, the disease-causing ability of two f. graminearum mutants was analysed to further explore the parallels between the wheat (triticum aestivum) and arabidopsis floral pathosystems. wild-type f. graminearum (strain ph-1) and two isogenic transformants lacking either the mitogen-activated protein kinase map1 ge ...200818179606
fusarium mycotoxins: overlooked aquatic micropollutants?deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are among the most prevalent toxins produced by fusarium spp. they have been investigated in food and feed products for decades but rarely in the environment. we therefore established solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms) methods to quantify these mycotoxins at trace concentrations in aqueous natural samples. in a model emission study, we inoculated a winter wheat field with fusarium graminearum and subsequently monitored deoxyn ...200818197623
inhibition of fusarium graminearum growth and development by farnesol.the isoprenoid farnesol was previously shown to induce morphological features characteristic of apoptosis in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. this study demonstrates that under similar liquid media growth conditions, farnesol also triggers apoptosis in the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. however, unlike a. nidulans, f. graminearum spores treated with farnesol exhibited altered germination patterns and most (>60%) lysed upon prolonged exposure. given the economic importa ...200818201191
the discovery and analysis of a diverged family of novel antifungal moricin-like peptides in the wax moth galleria mellonella.screening for components with antifungal activity in the hemolymph of immune-stimulated galleria mellonella larvae led to the identification of four novel moricin-like peptides (a, b, c3 and d). subsequently, eight moricin-like peptide genes (a, b, c1-5 and d) were isolated and shown to code for seven unique peptides (mature c4 and c5 are identical). these genes contained single introns which varied from 180 to 1090bp. the moricin-like peptides were particularly active against filamentous fungi, ...200818207081
antifungal activity stability of flaxseed protein extract using response surface methodology.the stability of the antifungal activity of flaxseed (linum usitatissimum) protein extract was evaluated in this study. response surface methodology (rsm) using box-behnken factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of treatment variables, that is, temperature (50 to 90 degrees c), time (1 to 29 min), and ph (2 to 8), on the residual antifungal activity (raa) against penicillium chrysogenum, fusarium graminearum, aspergillus flavus, and a penicillium sp. isolated from moldy noodles. regre ...200818211360
identification of differentially expressed proteins in a mat1-2-deleted strain of gibberella zeae, using a comparative proteomics analysis.gibberella zeae is a self-fertile ascomycetous fungus that causes important diseases of cereal crops. a comprehensive understanding of sexual reproduction in g. zeae is needed for disease control. to identify fungal proteins involved in this process, we compared the protein profiles of a wild-type strain and its self-sterile strain deleted for mat1-2, a master regulator of sexual reproduction in g. zeae. using 2-de and either maldi-tof or esi-q-tof ms, we identified 13 protein spots that showed ...200818214489
functional analyses of heterotrimeric g protein g alpha and g beta subunits in gibberella zeae.the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) is a major toxigenic plant pathogen that causes head blight disease on small-grain cereals. the fungus produces the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (don) and zearalenone (zea) in infected hosts, posing a threat to human and animal health. despite its agricultural and toxicological importance, the molecular mechanisms underlying its growth, development and virulence remain largely unknown. to better understand such mecha ...200818227243
differential expression of proteins in response to the interaction between the pathogen fusarium graminearum and its host, hordeum vulgare.using proteomic techniques, a study aimed at isolating and identifying proteins associated with resistance to fusarium head blight (fhb) was conducted on six barley genotypes of varying resistance. at anthesis, barley spikelets were point inoculated with fusarium graminearum macroconidial suspensions or mock inoculum. in total, 43 acidic protein spots out of 600 were detected 3 days postinoculation to be differentially expressed due to fhb and were identified. identification of proteins responsi ...200818232057
a screening system for inhibitors of trichothecene biosynthesis: hydroxylation of trichodiene as a target.fusarium tri4 encodes a key cytochrome p450 monooxygenase for hydroxylation of trichodiene early in the biosynthesis of trichothecenes. in this study, we established a system for screening for inhibitors of trichothecene biosynthesis using transgenic saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing tri4. for easy evaluation of the tri4 activity, trichodiene-11-one was used as a substrate and the formation of 2alpha-hydroxytrichodiene-11-one was monitored by hplc. using this system, tri4 proved to be inhibite ...200818239857
gene expression in fusarium graminearum grown on plant cell wall.fusarium graminearum is a phytopathogenic filamentous fungus attacking a wide range of plants including humulus lupulus (hop). transcriptional analysis of f. graminearum grown on minimal media containing hop cell wall or glucose as the sole carbon source was performed by applying a highly stringent method combining microarrays and a subtracted cdna library. in addition to genes coding for various cell wall degrading enzymes (cwde), several metabolic pathways were induced in response to the plant ...200818249015
alignment of genetic and physical maps of gibberella zeae.we previously published a genetic map of gibberella zeae (fusarium graminearum sensu lato) based on a cross between kansas strain z-3639 (lineage 7) and japanese strain r-5470 (lineage 6). in this study, that genetic map was aligned with the third assembly of the genomic sequence of g. zeae strain ph-1 (lineage 7) using seven structural genes and 108 sequenced amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. several linkage groups were combined based on the alignments, the nine original linkage g ...200818263740
trichothecenes and mycoflora in wheat harvested in nine locations in buenos aires province, argentina.a total of 120 freshly harvested wheat samples from the 2004 season in nine locations from northern buenos aires province, argentina, were analysed for trichothecene natural occurrence and associated mycoflora, and for determining the influence of commonly used fungicide field treatment and the cultivar type on trichothecene contamination. the trichothecenes t-2 tetraol, t-2 triol, ht-2 and t-2 toxin (ht-2, t-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (das), nivalenol (niv), deoxynivalenol (don), 3-acetyldeoxynival ...200818266077
[purification and identification of iturin a from bacillus subtilis ja by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry].lipopeptides produced by bacillus subtilis ja antagonized a broad spectrum of plant fungal pathogens. the purification and identification of the lipopeptide antibiotics plays an important role for further research. crude lipopeptides were extracted with methanol from the precipitate, which was obtained by adding 6mol/l hcl to the cell-free culture broth and then stored at 4 degrees c overnight. the crude extract was run on reversed-phase hplc system with a diamonsil c18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, ...200818338587
characterization of fusarium graminearum mes1 reveals roles in cell-surface organization and virulence.the surfaces of fungal hyphae are mosaics of carbohydrates and cell-surface proteins. presently, very little is known about the role of these proteins and their organization at the cell surface. here, we characterize two fusarium graminearum genes implicated in cell-surface organization, mes1 (fgsg_06680) and pls1 (fgsg_08695). mes1 is a homologue of mesa, which is required for the formation of stable polarity axes in aspergillus nidulans. pls1 encodes a tetraspanin, which belongs to a class of ...200818339563
the role of double covalent flavin binding in chito-oligosaccharide oxidase from fusarium graminearum.chito (chito-oligosaccharide oxidase) from fusarium graminearum catalyses the regioselective oxidation of n-acetylated oligosaccharides. the enzyme harbours an fad cofactor that is covalently attached to his94 and cys154. the functional role of this unusual bi-covalent flavin-protein linkage was studied by site-directed mutagenesis. the double mutant (h94a/c154a) was not expressed, which suggests that a covalent flavin-protein bond is needed for protein stability. the single mutants h94a and c15 ...200818352858
a polyketide macrolactone synthase from the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae.resorcylic acid lactones represent a unique class of fungal polyketides and display a wide range of biological activities, such as nanomolar inhibitors of hsp90 and map kinase. the biosynthesis of these compounds is proposed to involve two fungal polyketide synthases (pks) that function collaboratively to yield a 14-membered macrolactone with a resorcylate core. we report here the reconstitution of gibberella zeae pks13, which is the nonreducing pks associated with zearalenone biosynthesis. usin ...200818427109
proteomic analyses of fusarium graminearum grown under mycotoxin-inducing conditions.non-gel-based quantitative proteomics technology was used to profile protein expression differences when fusarium graminearum was induced to produce trichothecenes in vitro. as f. graminearum synthesizes and secretes trichothecenes early in the cereal host invasion process, we hypothesized that proteins contributing to infection would also be induced under conditions favouring mycotoxin synthesis. protein samples were extracted from three biological replicates of a time course study and subjecte ...200818452225
transgenic wheat expressing a barley class ii chitinase gene has enhanced resistance against fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight (fhb; scab), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat worldwide. fhb causes yield reductions and contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). the genetic variation in existing wheat germplasm pools for fhb resistance is low and may not provide sufficient resistance to develop cultivars through traditional breeding approaches. thus, genetic engineering provides an additional approach to enhance fhb resi ...200818467324
mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in brazil.commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. in dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. the aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (afs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of aspergillus flavus species was investigated. aspergillus ...200818477320
spiroethers of german chamomile inhibit production of aflatoxin g and trichothecene mycotoxin by inhibiting cytochrome p450 monooxygenases involved in their biosynthesis.the essential oil of german chamomile showed specific inhibition toward aflatoxin g(1) (afg(1)) production, and (e)- and (z)-spiroethers were isolated as the active compounds from the oil. the (e)- and (z)-spiroethers inhibited afg(1) production of aspergillus parasiticus with inhibitory concentration 50% (ic(50)) values of 2.8 and 20.8 microm, respectively, without inhibiting fungal growth. results of an o-methylsterigmatocystin (omst) conversion study indicated that the spiroethers specificall ...200818492060
expression and function of sex pheromones and receptors in the homothallic ascomycete gibberella zeae.in heterothallic ascomycete fungi, idiomorphic alleles at the mat locus control two sex pheromone-receptor pairs that function in the recognition and chemoattraction of strains with opposite mating types. in the ascomycete gibberella zeae, the mat locus is rearranged such that both alleles are adjacent on the same chromosome. strains of g. zeae are self-fertile but can outcross facultatively. our objective was to determine if pheromones retain a role in sexual reproduction in this homothallic fu ...200818503004
pcr analysis of the tri13 gene to determine the genetic potential of fusarium graminearum isolates from iran to produce nivalenol and deoxynivalenol.fusarium graminearum trichothecene producing isolates can be broadly divided into two chemotypes based on the production of the 8- ketotrichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv). functional tri13 gene required for the production of niv and 4- acetyl niv, whereas in the isolates producing don and its acetylated derivates, this gene is nonfunctional. in this study, a total of 57 isolates from different fields of mazandaran province, iran were identified as f. graminearum using classic ...200818523864
the coiled-coil protein-binding motif in fusarium verticillioides fsr1 is essential for maize stalk rot virulence.fusarium verticillioides (sacc.) nirenberg (teleomorph gibberella moniliformis wineland) is one of the key pathogens of maize stalk rot disease. however, a clear understanding of stalk rot pathogenesis is still lacking. previously, we identified the f. verticillioides fsr1 gene, which plays a key role in fungal virulence and sexual mating. the predicted fsr1 protein contains multiple protein-binding domains, namely a caveolin-binding domain, a coiled-coil structure, and a calmodulin-binding moti ...200818524918
gibberella ear rot of maize (zea mays) in nepal: distribution of the mycotoxins nivalenol and deoxynivalenol in naturally and experimentally infected maize.the fungus fusarium graminearum (sexual stage gibberella zeae) causes ear rot of maize (zea mays) and contamination with the 8-ketotrichothecenes nivalenol (1) or 4-deoxynivalenol (2), depending on diversity of the fungal population for the 4-oxygenase gene (tri13). to determine the importance of 1 and 2 in maize ear rot, a survey of naturally contaminated maize in nepal was combined with experiments in the field and in a plant growth room. in the survey, 1 contamination was 4-fold more frequent ...200818533662
effects of different carbon sources on trichothecene production and tri gene expression by fusarium graminearum in liquid culture.fusarium head blight caused by fusarium graminearum is a disease of cereal crops that not only reduces crop yield and quality but also results in contamination with trichothecenes such as nivalenol and deoxynivalenol (don). to analyze the trichothecene induction mechanism, effects of 12 carbon sources on the production of don and 3-acetyldexynivalenol (3adon) were examined in liquid cultures incubated with nine strains of 3adon-producing f. graminearum. significantly high levels of trichothecene ...200818564338
a putative pheromone signaling pathway is dispensable for self-fertility in the homothallic ascomycete gibberella zeae.gibberella zeae, a homothallic ascomycetous fungus, does not seek a partner for mating. here, we focused on the role(s) of putative pheromone and receptor genes during sexual development in g. zeae. orthologs of two pheromone precursor genes (gzppg1 and gzppg2), and their cognate receptor genes (gzpre2 and gzpre1) were transcribed during sexual development. the expression of these genes was controlled by the mating-type (mat) locus and a map kinase gene, but not in a mat-specific manner. targete ...200818567512
genes for the biosynthesis of the fungal polyketides hypothemycin from hypomyces subiculosus and radicicol from pochonia chlamydosporia.gene clusters for biosynthesis of the fungal polyketides hypothemycin and radicicol from hypomyces subiculosus and pochonia chlamydosporia, respectively, were sequenced. both clusters encode a reducing polyketide synthase (pks) and a nonreducing pks like those in the zearalenone cluster of gibberella zeae, plus enzymes with putative post-pks functions. introduction of an o-methyltransferase (omt) knockout construct into h. subiculosus resulted in a strain with increased production of 4-o-desmeth ...200818567690
genome mining of cyanide-degrading nitrilases from filamentous fungi.a variety of fungal species are known to degrade cyanide through the action of cyanide hydratases, a specialized subset of nitrilases which hydrolyze cyanide to formamide. in this paper, we report on two previously unknown and uncharacterized cyanide hydratases from neurospora crassa and aspergillus nidulans. recombinant forms of four cyanide hydratases from n. crassa, a. nidulans, gibberella zeae, and gloeocercospora sorghi were prepared after their genes were cloned with n-terminal hexahistidi ...200818587571
analysis of deoxynivalenol, masked deoxynivalenol, and fusarium graminearum pigment in wheat samples, using liquid chromatography-uv-mass spectrometry.tolerable limits set for deoxynivalenol (don) do not consider don conjugates such as don-3-glucoside. conjugates may be metabolized in vivo to don. such masked mycotoxins and the potentially toxic fusarium pigment are not routinely analyzed in cereals. we quantified don, don-3-glucoside, and a red fusarium pigment in hard red spring wheat, using a new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. extraction protocols using centrifugation and shaking, and methanol-methylene chloride (50:50 [vol ...200818592747
structural and functional characterization of the tri101 trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase from fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium graminearum: kinetic insights to combating fusarium head blight.fusarium head blight (fhb) is a plant disease with serious economic and health impacts. it is caused by fungal species belonging to the genus fusarium and the mycotoxins they produce. although it has proved difficult to combat this disease, one strategy that has been examined is the introduction of an indigenous fungal protective gene into cereals such as wheat barley and rice. thus far the gene of choice has been tri101 whose gene product catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl co ...200817923480
magnesium represses trichothecene biosynthesis and modulates tri5, tri6, and tri12 genes expression in fusarium graminearum.growth and production of type-b trichothecenes mycotoxins by the fusarium graminearum strain cbs 185.32 were compared in gyep medium supplemented with mg(2+) at different concentrations (0-4 mm). mg(2+) led to a strong decrease in toxin accumulation without affecting the mycelial growth, suggesting a specific mg(2+) effect on fungal secondary metabolism. expression of tri5, tri6, and tri12 genes was followed throughout the time courses of type-b trichothecenes (tctb) yield in standard and 2 mm m ...200817968674
conidial germination in the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum.the ascomycetous fungus fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen causing fusarium head blight disease of wheat and barley. to understand early developmental stages of this organism, we followed the germination of macroconidia microscopically to understand the timing of key events. these events, recorded after suspension of spores in liquid germination medium, included spore swelling at 2h, germination tube emergence and elongation from conidia at 8h and hyphal branching at 24h. to und ...200817950638
identification of 11 polymorphic simple sequence repeat loci in the phytopathogenic fungus fusarium pseudograminearum as a tool for genetic studies.simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers for fusarium pseudograminearum with 2 to 3 bp repeat motifs were identified by screening the genome database of the related species fusarium graminearum. twelve ssrs amplified single loci in both f. graminearum and f. pseudograminearum. forty f. pseudograminearum and six f. graminearum individual isolates were screened to determine levels of polymorphism, with all ssrs displaying three to 14 alleles across all isolates. eleven ssrs were polymorphic across f. ...200821585853
a new pcr approach for the identification of fusarium graminearum.the main objective of this work was to develop a pcr protocol for the identification of fusarium graminearum, based on a pair of primers targeted to a segment of the 3´coding region of the gaoa gene that codes for the enzyme galactose oxidase (go). this region has low homology with the same region of go genes from other fungi. genomic dna from 17 strains of fusarium spp. isolated from diseased cereals, from several other fusarium species, and from other fungi genera was analyzed in a pcr assay u ...200824031265
natural occurrence of nivalenol and mycotoxigenic potential of fusarium graminearum strains in wheat affected by head blight in argentina.the principal agents of fusarium head blight in the main cropping area of argentina were investigated in heavily infected samples. the ability of the isolates to produce trichothecenes was determined by gc and hplc. fusarium graminearum was the predominant species and of 33 isolates, 10 produced deoxinivalenol (don) (0.1- 29 mg kg(-1)), 13 produced both deoxinivalenol (1.0- 708 mg kg(-1)) and nivalenol (0.1- 6.2mg kg(-1)), 12 produced 3-acetyldeoxinivalenol (0.1- 14 mg kg(-1)), 13 produced 15-ac ...200824031196
activity of armillarisin b in vitro against plant pathogenic fungi.the methanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom armillariella tabescens was found to show antifungal activity against gibberella zeae. the active compound was isolated from the fruiting bodies of a. tabescens by bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract and identified as armillarisin b. armillarisin b eventually corresponds to 2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanediamide and its structure was confirmed on the basis of spectroscopic studies including 2d nmr experiments.200920158147
genome-wide analysis of microsatellite sequence in seven filamentous fungi.abundance of microsatellites with repeated unit lengths of 1-6 base pairs in seven fungi: aspergillus nidulans, coprinus cinereus, cryptococcus neoformans (serotype a), fusarium graminearum, magnaporthe grisea, neurospora crassa and ustilago maydis were investigated on genomic scale. the results showed that each species has its specific profile for different types and different motifs of ssr loci. ascomycetes fungi m. grisea, n. crassa and basidiomycete fungus u. maydis adopt much more microsate ...200920640828
the dddp gene, encoding a novel enzyme that converts dimethylsulfoniopropionate into dimethyl sulfide, is widespread in ocean metagenomes and marine bacteria and also occurs in some ascomycete fungi.the marine alphaproteobacterium roseovarius nubinhibens ism can produce the gas dimethyl sulfide (dms) from dimethylsulfoniopropionate (dmsp), a widespread secondary metabolite that occurs in many phytoplankton. roseovarius possesses a novel gene, termed dddp, which when cloned, confers on escherichia coli the ability to produce dms. the dddp polypeptide is in the large family of m24 metallopeptidases and is wholly different from two other enzymes, dddd and dddl, which were previously shown to g ...200919220400
synthesis, antifungal activities, and potential detoxification of n-(2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)thiocarbamates.a series of n-(2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)thiocarbamates were synthesized by the reaction of glucosyl isothiocyanates with monohydric and dihydric alcohols, and acetone oxime, using methods of both normal reaction and microwave-assisted synthesis. antifungal activities of the title compounds were determined with three kinds of plant pathogenic fungi, fusarium graminearum, rhizoctoria cerealis, and colletotrichum orbiculare. the synthesized glucosyl thiocarbamates easily reacted ...200919524218
roles of the glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles in sexual development and virulence in the cereal pathogen gibberella zeae.the glyoxylate and methylcitrate cycles are involved in the metabolism of two- or three-carbon compounds in fungi. to elucidate the role(s) of these pathways in gibberella zeae, which causes head blight in cereal crops, we focused on the functions of g. zeae orthologs (gzicl1 and gzmcl1) of the genes that encode isocitrate lyase (icl) and methylisocitrate lyase (mcl), respectively, key enzymes in each cycle. the deletion of gzicl1 (deltagzicl1) caused defects in growth on acetate and in perithec ...200919525419
optimization of the production medium for biosynthesis of antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 by phosphate-deregulated mutant of streptomyces hygroscopicus.experimental mathematical designs were applied for optimization of a nutrient medium for biosynthesis of the antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 by phosphate-deregulated mutant of streptomyces hygroscopicus 111-81. antifungal antibiotic ak-111-81 possesses well-expressed activity against fusarium graminearum and other phytopathogenic fungi. the level of the production of the antibiotic ak-111-81 on this medium is more than three times higher than on the initial medium. the optimized quantitative com ...200919529894
functional analysis and subcellular localization of two geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases from penicillium paxilli.the filamentous fungus penicillium paxilli contains two distinct geranylgeranyl diphosphate (ggpp) synthases, ggsa and ggsb (paxg). paxg and its homologues in neotyphodium lolii and fusarium fujikuroi are associated with diterpene secondary metabolite gene clusters. the genomes of other filamentous fungi including aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae and fusarium graminearum also contain two or more copies of ggpp synthase genes, although the diterpe ...200919529962
gibberella zeae chitin synthase genes, gzchs5 and gzchs7, are required for hyphal growth, perithecia formation, and pathogenicity.gibberella zeae causes fusarium head blight of cereal crops, and sexual spores of the fungus play an important role as primary inocula. we isolated a restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) transformant, zh431, of g. zeae with defects in perithecia formation and virulence. integration of the remi vector resulted in disruption of gzchs7 gene, which encodes a putative class vii chitin synthase with high similarity to fusarium oxysporum chsvb. a second chitin synthase, gzchs5, is adjacently ...200919547974
proteomic analysis of fungal host factors differentially expressed by fusarium graminearum infected with fusarium graminearum virus-dk21.fusarium graminearum virus-dk21 (fgv-dk21), which infects the plant pathogenic f. graminearum, perturbs host developmental processes such as sporulation, morphology, pigmentation, and attenuates the virulence (hypovirulence) of the host. to identify the differentially expressed f. graminearum proteins by fgv-dk21 infection, we have used two-dimensional electrophoresis with mass spectrometry using proteins extracted from virus-free and fgv-dk21-infected strains. a total of 148 spots showing an al ...200919374926
transducin beta-like gene ftl1 is essential for pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight caused by fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. in a previous study, we identified several mutants with reduced virulence by insertional mutagenesis. a transducin beta-like gene named ftl1 was disrupted in one of these nonpathogenic mutants. ftl1 is homologous to saccharomyces cerevisiae sif2, which is a component of the set3 complex involved in late stages of ascospore formation. the delta ftl1 mutant was significantly reduced in conidiation and ...200919377037
fusarium graminearum exploits ethylene signalling to colonize dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.ethylene signalling affects the resistance of dicotyledonous plant species to diverse pathogens but almost nothing is known about the role of this pathway in monocotyledonous crop species. fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb) of cereals, contaminating grain with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). very little is known about the mechanisms of resistance/susceptibility to this disease. genetic and chemical genetic studies were used to examine the influence of ethylene (et) s ...200919383094
nutrient profiling reveals potent inducers of trichothecene biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide due to crop losses and the contamination of grains with trichothecene mycotoxins. the biosynthesis of trichothecenes by fusarium spp. is highest during infection, but relatively low levels are produced from saprophytic growth in axenic culture. a strain of fusarium graminearum was constructed where the promoter from the tri5 trichothecene biosynthesis gene was fused to gfp. using this strain in large-scale nutrient pro ...200919406250
inventory and comparative evolution of the abc superfamily in the genomes of phytophthora ramorum and phytophthora sojae.automated and manual annotation of the atp binding cassette (abc) superfamily in the phytophthora ramorum and p. sojae genomes has identified 135 and 136 members, respectively, indicating that this family is comparable in size to the arabidopsis thaliana and rice genomes, and significantly larger than that of two fungal pathogens, fusarium graminearum and magnaporthe grisea. the high level of synteny between these oomycete genomes extends to the abc superfamily, where 108 orthologues were identi ...200919407922
simultaneous detection of fusarium asiaticum and fusarium graminearum in wheat seeds using a real-time pcr method.to develop a pcr-based method for quantitative detection of fusarium asiaticum (fa) and fusarium graminearum (fg) in wheat seeds.200919413810
qtl-specific microarray gene expression analysis of wheat resistance to fusarium head blight in sumai-3 and two susceptible nils.fusarium head blight, predominantly caused by fusarium graminearum (schwabe) in north america, is a destructive disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) production around the world. cdna microarrays consisting of wheat ests derived from a wheat - f. graminearum interaction suppressive subtractive hybridization library were used to investigate qtl-specific differential gene expression between the resistant chinese cultivar sumai-3 and two susceptible near isogenic lines ...200919448721
fusarium head blight severity and deoxynivalenol concentration in wheat in response to gibberella zeae inoculum concentration.the relationship between inoculum dose and resulting disease levels and deoxynivalenol (don) accumulation in the fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat pathosystem was examined under controlled conditions. greenhouse-grown spring wheat plants were inoculated at flowering with suspensions that varied in gibberella zeae macroconidia concentration. the spikes were bagged for 72 h to promote infection and plants were then kept under ambient greenhouse conditions and disease allowed to develop. spikes w ...200919453236
low ph regulates the production of deoxynivalenol by fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum, which causes the globally important head blight disease of wheat, is responsible for the production of the harmful mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) in infected grain. the production of don by f. graminearum occurs at much higher levels during infection than during axenic growth, and it is therefore important to understand how don production is regulated in the fungus. recently, we have identified amines as potent inducers of in vitro don production in f. graminearum. although ...200919497949
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