Publications

a secreted peptide growth factor, phytosulfokine, acting as a stimulatory factor of carrot somatic embryo formation.	somatic embryogenesis of the carrot (daucus carota l.) depends on a set of factors, some of which accumulate in culture medium (conditioned medium, cm). when embryogenic cell clusters were transferred to an embryo-inducing medium, addition of cm derived from somatic embryo culture markedly stimulated somatic embryo formation. the active principles were purified using a simple bioassay system and identified to be phytosulfokines (psks), sulfated oligopeptide growth factors originally isolated fro ...	2000	10750705
isolation of development-related genes in somatic embryo radicle of carrot (daucus carota l.) using modified cdna rda.	using modified cdna rda capitalizing on the high affinity of streptavidin for biotin and magnetic-absorption-based separation, we have obtained four bands of specifically expressed cdna in the carrot somatic embryo deregulated for 12 h, which were designated as nr-1, nr-2, nr-3 and nr-4, respectively. as revealed by homology analysis of their dna sequences after cloning them into pbs, remarkable homology was demonstrated in nr-2, nr-3 and nr-4 with the genes coding for lea (late embryogenesis ab ...	2000	18763115
somatic embryogenesis induced by the simple application of abscisic acid to carrot (daucus carota l.) seedlings in culture.	seedlings of carrot (daucus carota l. cv. red cored chantenay) formed somatic embryos when cultured on medium containing abscisic acid (aba) as the sole source of growth regulator. the number of embryos per number of seedlings changed depending on the concentration of aba added to the medium, with a maximum embryo number at 1 x 10(-4) m aba. seedling age was critical for response to exogenous aba; no seedling with a hypocotyl longer than 3.0 cm was able to form an embryo. removal of shoot apices ...	2000	11089691
the rates of deceleration of nuclear and organellar dna syntheses differ in the progenitor cells of the apical meristems during carrot somatic embryogenesis.	the synthesis of dna in nuclei and organellar nucleoids at the various stages of somatic embryogenesis in carrot (daucus carota l. cv. kurodagosun) was analyzed using anti-5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (brdu) immunofluorescence microscopy. the active syntheses of both nuclear and organellar dna started in the cells forming the embryo proper 3 d after the initiation of embryogenesis, but not in cells forming suspensor-like cell aggregates. in the early globular embryo, active dna syntheses were continu ...	2000	11030544
impact of egyptian broomrape (orobanche aegyptiaca (pers.) parasitism on amino acid composition of carrot (daucus carota l.).	the relationship between the organic nitrogen status of egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. total n concentrations, expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the tissues, were similar in leaves of nonparasitized and parasitized carrot plants but were lower in parasitized root ...	2000	10995293
spatial and temporal distribution of solutes in the developing carrot taproot measured at single-cell resolution.	the time-course and spatial distribution of sugars and ions in carrot (daucus carota l.) was studied at fine resolution using single cell (sicsa) and tissue analysis. four phases of osmolyte accumulation in the taproot were identified: an amino acid (germination) phase, when internal sources of amino acids provide seedlings with osmotica; an ion phase, when inorganic and organic ions were the main solutes; a hexose phase, when concentrations of glucose and fructose sharply increased and reached ...	2000	10938813
atp-dependent regulation of nuclear ca(2+) levels in plant cells.	localised alterations in cytoplasmic ca(2+) levels are an integral part of the response of eukaryotic cells to a plethora of external stimuli. due to the large size of nuclear pores, it has generally been assumed that intranuclear ca(2+) levels reflect the prevailing cytoplasmic ca(2+) levels. using nuclei prepared from carrot (daucus carota l.) cells, we now show that ca(2+) can be transported across nuclear membranes in an atp-dependent manner and that over 95% of ca(2+) is accumulated into a ...	2000	10913602
spontaneous and induced apoptosis in embryogenic cell cultures of carrot (daucus carota l.) in different physiological states.	programmed cell death (apoptosis) in plants - and plant cells in culture - has received much less attention than its animal counterpart. in the present work, using agents producing biotic or abiotic stress on cultivated cells from carrot - and, in a few experiments, arabidopsis -, we show that dna fragmentation, random or oligonucleosomal, can be induced by different treatments. moreover, we demonstrate that the same cultures may or may not respond to the inducing signal according to their physi ...	2000	10826497
purification from conditioned medium and chemical identification of a factor that inhibits somatic embryogenesis in carrot.	somatic embryogenesis is strongly inhibited in cultures of carrot (daucus carota l.) cells when the cell density is high. the inhibition is caused by factors that are released by cells into the medium of such cultures. in this study, we purified and identified one of the inhibitory factors found in the medium of high-cell-density cultures of carrot cells. the inhibitory factor with the strongest apparent activity was purified by fractionation with ethylacetate, chromatography on an octadecylsily ...	2000	10805589
dce2f, a functional plant e2f-like transcriptional activator from daucus carota.	in animal cells the progression of the cell cycle through g(1)/s transition and s phase is under the control of the prb/e2f regulatory pathway. the e2f transcription factors are key activators of genes coding for several regulatory proteins and for enzymes involved in nucleotide and dna synthesis. in this report we have detected the presence of e2f-like dna binding activities in carrot nuclear extracts, and we have isolated a carrot cdna (dce2f) encoding a plant e2f homologue. the dce2f gene is ...	2000	10748129
characterization of carrot nuclear proteins that exhibit specific binding affinity towards conventional and non-conventional dna methylation.	dna methylation is associated with transcriptional silencing in vertebrates and plants. in mammals, the effects of methylation are mediated by a family of methyl-cpg-binding proteins. in plants the mechanisms by which methylation represses transcription are still not clear. in this paper we describe protein factors in carrot nuclear extracts exhibiting specific affinities for conventional or non-conventional methylation acceptor sites. we characterized two classes of proteins: the first, dcmbpi ...	2000	11198426
biology, ecology, and management of the bulb mites of the genus rhizoglyphus (acari: acaridae).	bulb mites of the genus rhizoglyphus (claparède) (acari: acaridae) have been identified as pests of many crops and ornamentals in storage, in the greenhouse, and in the field. the most important hosts are species in the family liliaceae (e.g. allium spp.), but bulb mites will often attack other important crops such as potatoes (solanum sp.) and carrots (daucus carota). despite their economic importance and broad distribution, the systematics of the genus remains in a state of confusion and is in ...	2000	11108390
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol accumulates in suspension-cell cultures and inhibits somatic embryogenesis in carrot.	somatic embryogenesis in carrot (daucus carota l.) is strongly inhibited by certain factors that accumulate in culture medium of high-density cultures of embryogenic cells. we previously identified 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4hba) as one of the inhibitory factors. in this study, we analyzed the accumulation pattern of 4hba in the cultures of carrot suspension cells. when somatic embryogenesis was induced by culturing embryogenic cells in phytohormone-free murashige and skoog medium at various init ...	2001	11454234
effect of the tetrapeptide rgds on somatic embryogenesis in daucus carota.	the present work examines the requirement for rgd-binding sites, such as those in the plasma membrane protein integrin during somatic embryogenesis in carrot (daucus carota l. cv. scarlet nantes). it is possible to assay for this requirement by competitively inhibiting binding of the site to the natural rgd-containing ligand by adding an excess of synthetic rgds. we found that treatment of carrot callus cultures with rgds (2.7 mm) inhibited the development of a normal shoot pole in carrot somati ...	2001	11473718
regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in uv-a-irradiated cell cultures of carrot and in organs of intact carrot plants.	two cell lines of daucus carota are known to differ with respect to anthocyanin accumulation. cdna clones encoding enzymes involved in anthocyanidin biosynthesis, namely phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal; ec 4.3.1.5), chalcone synthase (chs; ec 2.3.1.74), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (f3h; ec 1.14.11.9), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (dfr; ec 1.1.1.219) and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (ldox; ec 1.14.11.-), were isolated from libraries derived from cell cultures. northern blot analysis of anthocyanin- ...	2001	11448762
residual fate of metribuzin on carrot (daucus carota) crop.		2001	11443338
spatial expression of dna topoisomerase i genes during cell proliferation in daucus carota.	the spatial expression of carrot (daucus carota l.) top1 genes encoding the two isoforms of the enzyme dna topoisomerase i (ec 5.99.1.2) was investigated. in situ hybridization analysis performed with a probe recognizing both top1 transcripts provided evidence that in explanted hypocotyls induced to proliferate in vitro by the addition of the growth regulator 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), the mrna accumulation parallels the proliferation of provascular cells of the stelar cylinder. dur ...	2001	11411862
seed reserve-dependent growth responses to temperature and water potential in carrot (daucus carota l.).	both temperature and soil moisture vary greatly in the surface layers of the soil through which seedlings grow following germination. the work presented studied the impact of these environmental variables on post-germination carrot growth to nominal seedling emergence. the rapid pre-crook downward growth of both the hypocotyl and root was consistent with their requirement for establishment in soil drying from the surface. at all temperatures, both hypocotyl and root growth rates decreased as wat ...	2001	11604458
quantitative analysis of aroma compounds in carrot (daucus carota l.) cultivars by capillary gas chromatography using large-volume injection technique.	dynamic headspace sampling was used to collect aroma compounds from raw samples of four carrot (daucus carota l.) cultivars (brasilia, duke, fancy, and cortez). the collected volatiles were analyzed by capillary gc-fid and gc-ms using large-volume cool on-column injection (lvi-coc). of the 36 compounds identified, 6 had not been previously detected in carrots. significant differences between the carrot cultivars were found for 31 of the identified volatiles as well as for total monoterpenes, ses ...	2001	11559135
expression of the daucus carota somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (dcserk) protein in insect cells.	the daucus carota somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (dcserk) gene serves as marker to monitor the transition from somatic into embryogenic plant cells. to determine the intrinsic biochemical properties of the dcserk protein, a predicted transmembrane receptor, the kinase domain was expressed as a 40-kda his-tag fusion protein in the baculovirus insect cell system. the kinase domain fusion protein was able to autophosphorylate in vitro. phosphoamino acid analysis of the autophosphorylated dcs ...	2001	11368849
anaerobically digested poultry slaughterhouse wastes as fertiliser in agriculture.	chemical and physical analysis, 27-d plant growth assays with carrot (daucus carota) and chinese cabbage (brassica campestris var. chinensis), and 5-d phytotoxicity assays with chinese cabbage and perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) were used to investigate the suitability of anaerobically digested poultry slaughterhouse waste for fertiliser in agriculture and the effect of aerobic post-treatment on the properties of the digested material. the digested material appeared to be rich in nitrogen. i ...	2001	11265792
endogenous hormone levels in explants and in embryogenic and non-embryogenic cultures of carrot.	carrot (daucus carota l. f1 hybrid starca) excised hypocotyls were cultured on murashige and skoog medium with and without 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-d) to determine the effect of this plant growth regulator on their further development and their endogenous hormone levels. culture in the absence of 2,4-d stimulated root development at one end of the hypocotyl segments and increased the endogenous levels of free indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), zeatin/zeatin riboside and n6(delta2-isopenteny ...	2001	11240924
distinct patterns of expression but similar biochemical properties of protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in higher plants.	protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase is a widely distributed repair enzyme that initiates the conversion of abnormal l-isoaspartyl residues to their normal l-aspartyl forms. here we show that this activity is expressed in developing corn (zea mays) and carrot (daucus carota var. danvers half long) plants in patterns distinct from those previously seen in winter wheat (triticum aestivum cv augusta) and thale cress (arabidopsis thaliana), whereas the pattern of expression observed in rice (oryz ...	2001	11161058
a novel k+ channel expressed in carrot roots with a low susceptibility toward metal ions.	kdc1 is a novel k+-channel gene cloned from carrot roots, and which is also present in cultured carrot cells. we investigated the characteristics of the ionic current elicited in xenopus oocytes coinjected with kdc1 (k+-daucus carota 1) and kat1 (from arabidopsis thaliana) rna. expressed heteromeric channels displayed inward-rectifying potassium currents whose kinetics, voltage characteristics, and inhibition by metal ions depended on kdc1:kat1 ratios. at low kdc1:kat1 ratios, zn2+ inhibition of ...	2001	11460927
metabolism of the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium in plant cell cultures of transgenic (rhizomania-resistant) and non-transgenic sugarbeet (beta vulgaris), carrot (daucus carota), purple foxglove (digitalis purpurea) and thorn apple (datura stramonium).	the metabolism of the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium was investigated in heterotrophic cell suspension and callus cultures of transgenic (bar-gene) and non-transgenic sugarbeet (beta vulgaris). similar studies were performed with suspensions of carrot (daucus carota), purple foxglove (digitalis purpurea) and thorn apple (datura stramonium). 14c-labelled chemicals were the (racemic) glufosinate, l-glufosinate, and d-glufosinate, as well as the metabolites n-acetyl l-glufosinate and 3-(hydroxymeth ...	2001	11455632
primary phloem-specific expression of a zinnia elegans homeobox gene.	some plant homeobox genes are expressed specifically in vascular cells and are assumed to function in the differentiation of specific types of vascular cells. however, homeobox genes exhibiting primary phloem-specific expression have not been reported. to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of vascular development, we undertook to isolate from zinnia elegans primary phloem-specific homeobox genes that may function in phloem development. an hd-zip type homeobox gene, zehb3, was isolated. this gene ...	2001	11726705
expression pattern of the arabidopsis thaliana atep3/atchitiv endochitinase gene.	the carrot (daucus carota l.) ep3 chitinase was shown to be essential for somatic embryo formation in a carrot mutant cell line. we identified the arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. ortholog of the carrot ep3-3 chitinase gene, designated as atep3/atchitiv and analyzed its expression in arabidopsis by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and promoter::beta-glucuronidase and luciferase fusions. as in carrot, the gene is expressed during somatic embryogenesis in "nursing" cells su ...	2001	11525512
use of heteroduplex mobility assay for identification and differentiation of phytoplasmas in the aster yellows group and the clover proliferation group.	abstract this paper describes the identification and differentiation of phytoplasmas by a highly sensitive diagnostic technique, dna heteroduplex mobility assay (hma). closely related phytoplasma isolates of clover proliferation (cp), potato witches'-broom (pwb), and alfalfa witches'-broom (awb) were collected from the field from 1990 to 1999. the entire 16s rrna gene and 16/23s spacer region were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) from the field samples and standard cp, pwb, and awb p ...	2001	18943942
n-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine-containing arabinogalactan proteins control somatic embryogenesis.	in plants, complete embryos can develop not only from the zygote, but also from somatic cells in tissue culture. how somatic cells undergo the change in fate to become embryogenic is largely unknown. proteins, secreted into the culture medium such as endochitinases and arabinogalactan proteins (agps) are required for somatic embryogenesis. here we show that carrot (daucus carota) agps can contain glucosamine and n-acetyl-d-glucosaminyl and are sensitive to endochitinase cleavage. to determine th ...	2001	11299367
a novel protein elicitor (panie) from pythium aphanidermatum induces multiple defense responses in carrot, arabidopsis, and tobacco.	a novel protein elicitor (panie(234)) from pythium aphanidermatum (edson) fitzp. was purified, microsequenced, and the corresponding cdna was cloned. the deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative eukaryotic secretion signal with a proteinase cleavage site. the heterologously expressed elicitor protein without the secretion signal of 21 amino acids (panie(213)) triggered programmed cell death and de novo formation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in cultured cells of carrot (daucus carota). program ...	2001	11706166
molecular cloning and in situ hybridization of alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase from carrot cells.	the cdna of extracellular alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-l-afase, ec 3.2.1.55) secreted from suspension-cultured carrot cells (daucus carota l. cv. kintoki) was isolated and characterized. the nucleotide sequence of the cdna (2.4 kb) revealed an open reading frame consisting of 655 amino acid residues. sequence homology research showed 28.4% identity to the alpha-l-afase a protein of aspergillus niger. the genomic dna was cloned by pcr, and the nucleotide ligature sequence showed 18 exons an ...	2001	12060285
pest-managing efficacy of trans-asarone isolated from daucus carota l. seeds.	the bioactive hexane extract of daucus carota seed yielded 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (1), oleic acid (2), trans-asarone (3), and geraniol (4). compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their mosquitocidal, nematicidal, antifeedant, and antimicrobial activities. only trans-asarone was active in the assays performed, causing 100% mortality to fourth-instar mosquito larvae, aedes aegyptii, at 200 microg ml(-1) and the nematodes caenorhabditis elegans and panagrellus redivivus at 100 microg ml(-1). in fee ...	2002	12137463
screening seeds of scottish plants for antibacterial activity.	based on ethnopharmacological and taxonomic information, seeds of 21 scottish plant species from 14 different families were obtained from authentic seed suppliers. their n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were assessed for antibacterial activity against 11 pathogenic bacterial species. methanol extracts of 11 plant species showed significant antibacterial activity. malva moschata and prunus padus were active against five bacterial species, reseda lutea against four, centaurium eryth ...	2002	12413709
[effect of blanching and hygroscopic coating on quality of fresh cut carrots (daucus carota var. chantenay) during storage].	the effect of blanching at low temperatures (solution 1% acid citric, 50 degrees c for 30 seconds) and the application of glycerol as humectant (3% p/p, 20 seconds) to preserve the quality of fresh-cut carrots (daucus carota) were studied as individual or combined treatments. four treatments were evaluated: a control by dipping samples for 30 seconds in distilled water (t1); blanching (t2); glycerol application (t3); and blanching plus glycerol application (t4). total carotenoids content, color, ...	2002	12184154
molecular cloning and cytochemical analysis of exopolygalacturonase from carrot.	exopolygalacturonase (exo-pgase, ec 3.2.1.67) attacks the non-reducing terminus of the polygalacturonic acid in pectic molecules, releasing galacturonic acid. we cloned the cdna of exo-pgase purified from cell homogenates of suspension-cultured carrot ( daucus carota l. cv. kintoki) cells. the nucleotide sequence of the cdna (1.4 kb) contains an open reading frame that encodes a 391-amino-acid polypeptide. sequence homology research showed 97.9% identity to the glycoprotein ep4 obtained from cul ...	2002	12244438
soil-to-root transfer and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by vegetables grown on industrial contaminated soils.	polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are possible contaminants in some former industrial sites, representing a potential risk to human health if these sites are converted to residential areas. this work was conducted to determine whether pahs present in contaminated soils are transferred to edible parts of selected vegetables. soils were sampled from a former gasworks and a private garden, exhibiting a range of pah concentrations (4 to 53 to 172 to 1263 and 2526 mg pahs kg-1 of dry soil), and ...	2002	12371182
potyviruses, novel and known, in cultivated and wild species of the family apiaceae in australia.	three potyviruses were identified by gene sequencing and found to be widespread in species of apiaceae in australia. only celery mosaic virus was found in celery crops and in one of 180 specimens of feral carrot ( daucus carota). another related but distinct novel potyvirus, carrot virus y, was the only virus found in carrot crops and all except one feral carrot. a more distantly related novel potyvirus, apium virus y, was found in plants of sea celery ( apium prostratum), cultivated parsley ( p ...	2002	12376749
monitoring urban air particulate matter (fractions pm 2.5 and pm 10) genotoxicity by plant systems and human cells in vitro: a comparative analysis.	increased incidence of mortality and sickness due to cardiopulmonary complications has been associated with elevated levels of urban air particles (uap), with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microm (pm 10) and 2.5 microm (pm 2.5). in the present report alternative plant systems and human cells in vitro are associated with human hazard and genotoxic risk assessment of uap. the genotoxic activities associated with the coarse (pm 10) and the fine fraction (pm 2.5) of airborne particulates have been a ...	2002	12111711
attachment to roots and virulence of a chvb mutant of agrobacterium tumefaciens are temperature sensitive.	agrobacterium tumefaciens chvb mutants are unable to produce beta-1,2 glucan. they are nonattaching and avirulent and show reduced motility at room temperature. at lower temperatures (16 degrees c), chvb mutants became virulent on bryophyllum daigremontiana and lycopersicon esculentum and were able to attach to l. esculentum, arabidopsis thaliana, daucus carota, and tagetes erecta roots. the mutant bacteria also recovered wild-type motility at lower temperatures. two other nonattaching mutants o ...	2002	11876426
tolerance and metabolism of phenol and chloroderivatives by hairy root cultures of daucus carota l.	hairy root cultures are shown to be suitable experimental systems to screen higher plants for tolerance to various inorganic and organic pollutants, and for determining the role of the root matrix in the uptake and further metabolism of contaminants. a number of clones were obtained by infection of carrot tissues with agrobacterium rhizogenes and two (the fastest and the slowest growing root clones) were chosen for further experimentation. both clones showed a similar degree of tolerance towards ...	2002	11916048
phosphorus effects on metabolic processes in monoxenic arbuscular mycorrhiza cultures.	the influence of external phosphorus (p) on carbon (c) allocation and metabolism as well as processes related to p metabolism was studied in monoxenic arbuscular mycorrhiza cultures of carrot (daucus carota). fungal hyphae of glomus intraradices proliferated from the solid minimal medium containing the colonized roots into c-free liquid minimal medium with different p treatments. the fungus formed around three times higher biomass in p-free liquid medium than in medium with 2.5 mm inorganic p (h ...	2002	12427983
harlequin (hlq) and short blue root (sbr), two arabidopsis mutants that ectopically express an abscisic acid- and auxin-inducible transgenic carrot promoter and have pleiotropic effects on morphogenesis.	plant growth and development is regulated by complex interactions among different hormonal, developmental and environmental signalling pathways. isolation of mutants in these processes is a powerful approach to dissect unknown mechanisms in regulatory networks. the plant hormones abscisic acid (aba) and auxin are involved in vegetative, developmental and environmental growth responses, including cell division and elongation, vascular tissue differentiation and stress adaptation. the uida (beta-g ...	2002	12008902
influence of saline irrigation on growth, ion accumulation and partitioning, and leaf gas exchange of carrot (daucus carota l.).	like those of many horticultural crop species, the growth and leaf gas exchange responses of carrot (daucus carota l.) to salinity are poorly understood. in this study ion accumulation in root tissues (periderm, xylem and phloem tissues) and in leaves of different ages was assessed for carrot plants grown in the field with a low level of salinity (5.8 mm na(+) and 7.5 mm cl(-)) and in a glasshouse with salinity ranging from 1-80 mm. at low levels of salinity (1-7.5 mm), in both the field and gla ...	2002	12451027
glycerophosphocholine metabolism in higher plant cells. evidence of a new glyceryl-phosphodiester phosphodiesterase.	glycerophosphocholine (gropcho) is a diester that accumulates in different physiological processes leading to phospholipid remodeling. however, very little is known about its metabolism in higher plant cells. (31)p-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biochemical analyses performed on carrot (daucus carota) cells fed with gropcho revealed the existence of an extracellular gropcho phosphodiesterase. this enzymatic activity splits gropcho into sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and free choline. in vi ...	2002	12226504
a cell wall protein down-regulated by auxin suppresses cell expansion in daucus carota (l.).	we investigated the function of the auxin-regulated cell wall gene dc 2.15, a member of a small gene family, present in daucus carota (l.) and other plants. cultured cells derived from carrot hypocotyls transformed by the dc 2.15 cdna in antisense direction were ten-fold longer than wild-type cells, indicating a function of the corresponding protein in suppression of cell expansion. the analysis of carrot plants expressing the dc2.15 gene in antisense direction showed that the corresponding prot ...	2002	12175021
peroxynitrite scavenging activity of herb extracts.	peroxynitrite (onoo(-)) is a cytotoxicant with strong oxidizing properties toward various cellular constituents, including sulphydryls, lipids, amino acids and nucleotides and can cause cell death, lipid peroxidation, carcinogenesis and aging. the aim of this study was to characterize onoo(-) scavenging constituents from herbs. twenty-eight herbs were screened for their onoo(-) scavenging activities with the use of a fluorometric method. the potency of scavenging activity following the addition ...	2002	12112294
efficient enantioselective reduction of ketones with daucus carota root.	a novel and efficient reduction of various prochiral ketones such as acetopehones, alpha-azido aryl ketones, beta-ketoesters, and aliphatic acyclic and cyclic ketones to the corresponding optically acive secondary alcohols with moderate to excellent chemical yield was achieved by using daucus carota, root plant cells under extremely mild and environmentally benign conditions in aqueous medium, has been described. many of these optically active alcohols are the potential chiral building blocks fo ...	2002	12027710
an auxin surge following fertilization in carrots: a mechanism for regulating plant totipotency.	all plants exhibit the property of cellular totipotency, whereby individual cells can regenerate into an entire organism. however little is known about the underlying mechanisms regulating totipotency. using a preparative microtechnique, we report an 80-fold surge in the concentration of free auxin that is correlated with the initial stages of zygotic embryogenesis in carrots. the concentration of free iaa increases from a basal level of ca. 25 ng/g fw in unfertilized ovules to ca. 2.000 ng/g fw ...	2002	11925033
pectin-bound beta-galactosidase present in cell walls of carrot cells under the different calcium status.	glycosyl-hydrolytic enzymes from suspension-cultured carrot (daucus carota l. cv. kintoki) cells grown in calcium (ca2+)-deficient and normal liquid media were studied after extraction successively by k-phosphate (ph 7.0) and na-acetate (ph 5.2) containing 3 m licl. the same activities were detected in two protein fractions from control and ca2+-deprived cells. the specific activities of alpha-galactosidase and polygalacturonase decreased under ca2+ deprivation, but beta-galactosidase activity i ...	2002	11903968
molecular characterization of a novel protein disulfide isomerase in carrot.	a protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) coding sequence was cloned from a cdna library derived from carrot (daucus carota l.) somatic embryos. the cdna is 2060 bp in length and encodes for a protein of 581 amino acids and molecular weight of 64.4 kda. primary structure analysis of the deduced protein revealed two thioredoxin-like active sites and an endoplasmic reticulum-retention signal at its c-terminus, which is also found in pdis in plants and animals. although between the carrot protein and oth ...	2002	11891063
fitness effects of alternaria dauci on wild carrot in the netherlands.	in a field experiment with a susceptible population of annual wild carrot (daucus carota) from iran, artificial inoculations with the fungal pathogen a. dauci led to a strong and very significant increase of the diseased leaf area. the pathogen caused a very significant decrease in fecundity and seed survival of the host. this considerable fitness reduction by a. dauci would suggest that introgression of disease resistance from cultivated (transgenic) carrot cultivars into wild carrot population ...	2002	15612255
antioxidant activity of the anthocyanin from carrot (daucus carota) callus culture.	antioxidant properties of water-soluble anthocyanin obtained from the carrot (daucus carota) callus cultures were evaluated by the estimation of the amount of hydroperoxide formed by the autoxidation of linolenic acid at ph 2, 4 and 7. a major anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-lathyroside, was isolated and the antioxidant property was compared with malvidin, peonidin delphinidin and alpha-tocopherol. the malvidin, peonidin and delphinidin were obtained from grapes, chinese mustard and egg-plant. at ph 2 a ...	2003	12907406
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol accumulates in flowers and developing fruits of carrot and inhibits seed formation.	somatic embryogenesis in carrot (daucus carota) is autonomously inhibited by 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4hba), which is produced by embryogenic cells. because somatic embryogenesis is used as a model of zygotic embryogenesis, we assayed for 4hba in carrot seeds and analyzed the effect of 4hba on seed formation to determine whether 4hba is also produced during zygotic embryogenesis. hplc analysis showed that 4hba accumulated in flowers and immature and mature fruits, but not in vegetative tissues. ...	2003	12872494
structural and sensory characterization of compounds contributing to the bitter off-taste of carrots (daucus carota l.) and carrot puree.	sequential application of solvent extraction, gel permeation chromatography, and hplc in combination with taste dilution analyses revealed that not a sole compound but a multiplicity of bitter tastants contribute to the bitter off-taste of cold-stored carrots and commercial carrot puree, respectively. among these bitter compounds, 3-methyl-6-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin (6-methoxymellein), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylchromone (eugenin), 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (gazarin), (z)-hep ...	2003	12797757
coumarin inhibits the growth of carrot (daucus carota l. cv. saint valery) cells in suspension culture.	we used a carrot (daucus carota l. cv. saint valery) cell suspension culture as a simplified model system to study the effects of the allelochemical compound coumarin (1,2 benzopyrone) on cell growth and utilisation of exogenous nitrate, ammonium and carbohydrates. exposure to micromolar levels of coumarin caused severe inhibition of cell growth starting from the second day of culture onwards. at the same time, the presence of 50 mumol/l coumarin caused accumulation of free amino acids and of am ...	2003	12749079
detection of peonidin and pelargonidin glycosides in black carrots (daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens alef.) by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.	anthocyanins of black carrots (daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens alef.) were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. besides the main compounds which have already been characterized in detail as cyanidin glycosides, six anthocyanins with m/z 757, 565, 595, 903, 933 and 903 were detected and unambiguously characterized as peonidin and pelargonidin glycosides, based on their fragmentation patterns. peonidin and pelargonidin were id ...	2003	14587087
auxin up-regulates mtserk1 expression in both medicago truncatula root-forming and embryogenic cultures.	we have cloned a somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (serk) gene from medicago truncatula (mtserk1) and examined its expression in culture using real time pcr. in the presence of the auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (naa) alone, root differentiation occurs from the proliferating calli in both the cultured highly embryogenic seed line (2ha) and a low to nonembryogenic seed line (m. truncatula cv jemalong). auxin stimulated mtserk1 expression in both 2ha and m. truncatula cv jemalong. embryo induc ...	2003	12970488
changes in volatile compounds of carrots (daucus carota l.) during refrigerated and frozen storage.	carrots (daucus carota l.) of cv. bolero and cv. carlo were processed into shreds and stored for up to 4 months at -24 degrees c (frozen storage), or the roots were stored for up to 4 months at 1 degrees c (refrigerated storage) followed by processing into shreds. volatiles from the carrot shreds were collected by dynamic headspace technique and analyzed by gc-fid, gc-ms, gc-ms/ms, and gc-o to determine the volatile composition and aroma active components of carrots stored under different temper ...	2003	12926889
phytotoxicity and fate of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene: a laboratory study.	1,1,2-trichloroethylene (tce), a chlorinated organic contaminant, poses serious environmental concerns. a study was conducted to evaluate the phytotoxicity of tce to a crop species and its fate in vermiculite. growth bioassays were carried out using carrot (daucus carota l.) as the test species. three different concentrations, 0.25, 0.50, and 1 ppm were used to evaluate phytotoxicity of tce. when added to petri plates with cotton pads, tce did not have any effect on carrot seedling growth. howev ...	2003	12918919
post-dispersal seed fates of four prairie species.	after dispersal, seeds can germinate and establish as seedlings, persist as seeds, or die. knowledge of these three seed fates is crucial for understanding the abundance and distribution of plant populations and ultimately, community composition and diversity. few studies, however, have simultaneously measured these fates, while also examining the factors causing mortality. the goal of this research was to simultaneously quantify the three seed fates and factors causing death (predation and fung ...	2003	21659169
involvement of gibberellin and cytokinin in the formation of embryogenic cell clumps in carrot (daucus carota).	somatic embryogenesis of carrots is a typical example of the totipotency of plant cells. however, little is known about the process of change from somatic cells to embryogenic cells. to test the involvement of plant hormones in the acquisition process of embryogenic potency, we investigated the effects of plant growth regulators and their inhibitors on auxin-induced direct somatic embryogenesis of carrots. gibberellin (ga) inhibited the early stage of embryogenic cell differentiation/development ...	2003	12685029
a 2.5-kb insert eliminates acid soluble invertase isozyme ii transcript in carrot (daucus carota l.) roots, causing high sucrose accumulation.	the predominant storage carbohydrates of mature carrot (daucus carota l.) storage roots typically are the free sugars glucose and fructose. this trait is conditioned by the rs allele. a naturally occurring recessive mutation, rs/rs, conditions a shift from these reducing sugars to sucrose. rt-pcr and sequencing revealed a unique 2.5 kb insert in the first and largest intron near the 5' end of the acid soluble invertase isozyme ii gene of rs/rs carrots. this insert was not totally spliced out dur ...	2003	14756313
characterization of citrate transport through the plasma membrane in a carrot mutant cell line with enhanced citrate excretion.	the superior ability of citrate excretion in a carrot (daucus carota l.) mutant cell line, namely ipg (insoluble phosphate grower) [takita et al. (1999a) plant cell physiol. 40: 489] cells has been characterized in terms of citrate transport at the plasma membrane. ipg cells released about a 20-fold increase in citrate in comparison with malate, while the concentration of malate was only 35% lower than that of citrate in the cell sap. citrate excretion was sensitive to anion channel blockers, su ...	2003	12610218
isolation and functional analysis of the 5'-flanking region of carrot top1beta gene coding for the beta isoform of dna topoisomerase i.	we have isolated and functionally characterized the promoter region of the top1beta gene encoding carrot (daucus carota) dna topoisomerase ibeta. the major transcription start site was mapped by primer extension analysis 164 nt upstream the atg translation start codon. sequence analysis of the 5'-upstream region of the gene revealed the presence of a canonical tata-like box at position -35 bp and several cis-acting sequences, including a (ct)n element in the leader region of the gene, a myb-rela ...	2003	12531479
cytokinins: new apoptotic inducers in plants.	high concentrations of cytokinins block cell proliferation and induce programmed cell death (pcd) in both carrot ( daucus carota l.) and arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. cell cultures [13 and 27 micro m n(6)-benzylaminopurine (bap), respectively]. in the present work, cell death was scored by evan's blue staining and was also demonstrated to be programmed by various parameters, including chromatin condensation, oligonucleosomal dna degradation (laddering), and release of cytochrome c from mitoch ...	2003	12520332
root factors induce mitochondrial-related gene expression and fungal respiration during the developmental switch from asymbiosis to presymbiosis in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus gigaspora rosea.	during spore germination, arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi show limited hyphal development in the absence of a host plant (asymbiotic). in the presence of root exudates, they switch to a new developmental stage (presymbiotic) characterized by extensive hyphal branching. presymbiotic branching of the am fungus gigaspora rosea was induced in liquid medium by a semipurified exudate fraction from carrot (daucus carota) root organ cultures. changes in rna accumulation patterns were monitored by diff ...	2003	12644696
the molecular weight of rrna precursor molecules and their processing in higher plant cells.	actively dividing callus cells of higher plants (petroselinum crispum, daucus carota, acer pseudoplatanus) were used to detect the primary gene product of rdna in vivo. parsley and carrot cells were labelled with [32p]orthophosphate. under non-denaturing conditions, in both cases only one high molecular weight rrna precursor was present on polyacrylamide gels. its molecular weight did not exceed 2.5 x 10(6) dalton. under denaturing conditions, 2.0--2.1 x 10(6) dalton were determined on formamide ...	2003	156469
neutralizing immunogenicity of transgenic carrot (daucus carota l.)-derived measles virus hemagglutinin.	although edible vaccines seem to be feasible, antigens of human pathogens have mostly been expressed in plants that are not attractive for human consumption (such as potatoes) unless they are cooked. boiling may reduce the immunogenicity of many antigens. more recently, the technology to transform fruit and vegetable plants have become perfected. we transformed carrot plants with agrobacterium tumefaciens to generate plants (which can be eaten raw) transgenic for an immunodominant antigen of the ...	2003	12650613
molecular characterization of poly(a)-binding protein from daucus carota.	poly(a)-binding proteins (pabs) bind to the poly(a) tails of most eukaryotic mrnas and thereby influence the translational efficiency as well as the stability of the mrnas thus bound. compared with the data on yeast pab, relatively little is known about the functions of pabs in higher plants. the cdna encoding pab was cloned by the method of "virtual subtraction" from carrot somatic embryos cultured with different sucrose concentrations. sequence alignment reveals a significant homology between ...	2003	12825357
inhibition of cyclooxygenase (cox) enzymes by compounds from daucus carota l. seeds.	cyclooxygenase (cox) enzymes inhibitory assay directed investigation of daucus carota seed extracts resulted in the isolation and characterization of compounds, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (1), oleic acid (2), trans-asarone (3) and geraniol (4). compounds 1-4 showed 3.32, 45.32, 46.15, and 3.15% of prostaglandin h endoperoxide synthase-i (cox-i) inhibitory activity and 52.69, 68.41, 64.39 and 0% prostaglandin h endoperoxide synthase-ii (cox-ii) inhibitory activity, respectively at 100 mg ml(-1) ...	2003	13680840
gibberellin is essentially required for carrot (daucus carota l.) somatic embryogenesis: dynamic regulation of gibberellin 3-oxidase gene expressions.	a ga biosynthesis inhibitor, uniconazole, caused many shrunken embryos when it was supplied to cultured carrot (daucus carota l.) cells at the induction of somatic embryos. the abnormality was prevented by exogenous ga(1) or ga(4). to analyze the status of ga biosynthesis during somatic embryogenesis, expression patterns of newly isolated genes encoding ga biosynthetic enzymes, two ga 20-oxidases, three ga 3-oxidases, and two ga 2-oxidases were observed by using a semi-quantitative reverse-trans ...	2003	14646205
effectiveness of lemon juice, vinegar and their mixture in the elimination of salmonella typhimurium on carrots (daucus carota l.).	lemon juice, vinegar and the mixture of lemon juice and vinegar (1:1) were tested for their effectiveness in reducing the counts of inoculated salmonella typhimurium (approximately 6 and 3 log cfu/g) on carrots. treatment of carrot samples with lemon juice vinegar alone for different exposure times (0, 15, 30 and 60 min) caused significant reductions ranging between 0.79-3.95 and 1.57-3.58 log cfu/g, respectively, while the number of pathogens was reduced to an undetectable level after 30-min tr ...	2004	15454320
detection and molecular characterization of an aster yellows phytoplasma in poker statice and queen anne's lace in alberta, canada.	queen anne's lace and poker statice plants were found with a yellows-type disease with typical phytoplasma symptoms in an experimental farm near brooks, alberta in 1996. phytoplasma bodies were detected by transmission electron microscopy in phloem cells of symptomatic plants, but not in healthy plants. the presence of a phytoplasma was confirmed by analysis with the polymerase chain reaction. using a pair of universal primer sequences derived from phytoplasma 16s rrna, an amplified product of t ...	2004	15160606
quantitative studies and sensory analyses on the influence of cultivar, spatial tissue distribution, and industrial processing on the bitter off-taste of carrots (daucus carota l.) and carrot products.	although various reports pointed to 6-methoxymellein (1) as a key player imparting the bitter taste in carrots, activity-guided fractionation experiments recently gave evidence that not this isocoumarin but bisacetylenic oxylipins contribute mainly to the off-taste. among these, (z)-heptadeca-1,9-dien-4,6-diyn-3-ol (2), (z)-3-acetoxy-heptadeca-1,9-dien-4,6-diyn-8-ol (3), and (z)-heptadeca-1,9-dien-4,6-diyn-3,8-diol (falcarindiol, 4) have been successfully identified. in the present study, an ana ...	2004	15237959
biotransformation of isoprenoids and shikimic acid derivatives by a vegetable enzymatic system.	in biotransformations carried out under similar conditions enzymatic systems from carrot (daucus carota l.), celeriac (apium graveolens l. var. rapaceum) and horse-radish (armoracia lapathifolia gilib.) hydrolyzed the ester bonds of acetates of phenols or alicyclic alcohols. nevertheless, methyl esters of aromatic acids did not undergo hydrolysis. alcohols were oxidized to ketones in a reversible reaction.	2004	15241926
occurrence of gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus in tropical and subtropical plants of western ghats, india.	endophytic bacteria were isolated from the tissues of surface sterilized roots, stems, and leaves of fifty different crop plants. phenotypic, biochemical tests and species-specific pcr assay permitted identification of four isolates of gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus from root tissues of carrot (daucus carota l.), raddish (raphanus sativus l.), beetroot (beta vulgaris l.) and coffee (coffea arabica l.). further the plant growth promoting traits such as nitrogenase activity, production of phytoh ...	2004	15462523
susceptibility of two different strains of aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) to plant oils.	the toxicity of 11 oils extracted from plants commonly grown in the himalayan region was studied using larvae of two aedes aegypti (l.) strains. a strain from liverpool, england, was highly susceptible to these oils. the lc50 values were much higher in a local laboratory strain. daucus carota l. oil was highly toxic in both strains. differences in the susceptibility of these strains to the action of the test oils and their potential use in integrated pest management are discussed.	2004	15568366
length of time in tissue culture can affect the selected glyphosate resistance mechanism.	usually, stepwise selection of plant suspension cultures with gradually increasing concentrations of the herbicide glyphosate results in the amplification of the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (epsps; ec 2.5.1.19) gene that leads to resistance by increasing epsps mrna and enzyme activity. we show that glyphosate selection with newly initiated suspension cultures can produce resistant lines with resistance mechanisms other than gene amplification and that usually as the ...	2004	14566562
pectin methylesterases: sequence-structural features and phylogenetic relationships.	pectin methylesterases (pmes) are enzymes produced by bacteria, fungi and higher plants. they belong to the carbohydrate esterase family ce-8. this study deals with comparison of 127 amino acid sequences of this family containing the five characteristic sequence segments: 44_gxyxe, 113_qaval, 135_qdtl, 157_dfifg, 223_lgrpw (daucus carota numbering). six strictly conserved residues (gly44, gly154, asp157, gly161, arg225 and trp227) and six conservative ones (ile39, ser86, ser137, ile152, ile159 a ...	2004	15337457
isolation of the gene encoding carrot leafy cotyledon1 and expression analysis during somatic and zygotic embryogenesis.	the arabidopsis thaliana lec1 gene regulates embryo morphology and seed maturation. for a better understanding of its function, we isolated a carrot (daucus carota l. cv. us-harumakigosun) counterpart of this gene, c-lec1, from a cdna library of carrot somatic embryos, since carrot is a better model plant for preparing large quantities of somatic embryos at the same developmental stage. the predicted amino acid sequence of c-lec1 is similar to that of lec1 and contains regions that are conserved ...	2004	15051045
selecting iodine-enriched vegetables and the residual effect of iodate application to soil.	a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to select vegetables for iodine uptake. the residual effect of iodate fertilization on the growth of and iodine uptake by spinach plants were also investigated. six vegetables, including leafy vegetables (pakchoi [brassica chinensis l.], spinach [spinacia oleracea l.]), tuber vegetables (onion [allium cepa l.]), shoot vegetables (water spinach [ipomoea aquatica forsk.], celery [apium graveolens l.]), and root vegetables (carrot [daucus carota var. sativa ...	2004	15564656
radical scavenging and iron-chelating activities of some greens used as traditional dishes in mediterranean diet.	this study aimed at evaluating the antioxidative activity of nine different families of greens. raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish), anchusa azurea (bugloss), daucus carota (wild carrot), sonchus oleraceus (sowthistle), papaver rhoeas (corn poppy), malva sylvestris (blue mallow), foeniculum vulgare (fennel), cichorium intybus (chicory) and salicornia europaea (jointed glasswort) are native to the mediterranean and are commonly consumed as a salad or an ingredient in some recipes. the antioxidati ...	2004	14630594
adaptation of plants to altered shoot orientation relative to the gravity vector.	wheat triticum aestivum l., carrots daucus carota l., chinese cabbage brassica pekinensis rupr., and african marigold tagetes patula l. were grown at natural and inverted orientation in the earth gravitational field. light vector was set unidirectional or opposite directional relative to the gravity vector. shoot orientation relative to the gravity vector was set natural or invert. plants grew in the special pots furnished with plane or cylindrical hydrophilic porous membranes. the membrane allo ...	2004	16240510
nitrogen transfer and assimilation between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices schenck & smith and ri t-dna roots of daucus carota l. in an in vitro compartmented system.	nitrogen metabolism was examined in monoxenic cultures of carrot roots (daucus carota l.) colonized with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus glomus intraradices schenck & smith. glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased in mycorrhizal roots for which only the extraradical mycelium had exclusive access to nh4no3 in a distinct hyphal compartment inaccessible to the roots. this was in comparison with the water controls but was similar to the enzyme ...	2004	15213749
potassium and carrot embryogenesis: are k+ channels necessary for development?	the expression pattern of the kdc1 gene, coding for an inwardly-rectifying k(+) channel of daucus carota , is described in several embryo stages and seedling tissues. relative quantitative rt-pcr experiments indicated that, during (somatic) embryonic development, the kdc1 transcript appears as early as the globular stage and that the transcript level remains constant throughout the successive heart and torpedo stages. thereafter, the kdc1 transcript is preferentially expressed in plant roots, bu ...	2004	15604655
isolation of putative glycoprotein gene from early somatic embryo of carrot and its possible involvement in somatic embryo development.	somatic embryogenesis is a unique process in plant cells. for example, embryogenic cells (ec) of carrot (daucus carota) maintained in a medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) regenerate whole plants via somatic embryogenesis after the depletion of 2,4-d. although some genes such as c-abi3 and c-lec1 have been found to be involved in somatic embryogenesis, the critical molecular and cellular mechanisms for somatic embryogenesis are unknown. to characterize the early mechanism in ...	2004	15574842
characterization of phenolic acids in black carrots (daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens alef.) by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.	phenolic acids were extracted from black carrot roots (daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens alef.) and a black carrot juice concentrate, and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. most of the compounds detected were identified as depsides composed of p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic acids. additionally, three hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives and one quercetin glycoside were detected. 5-o-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) repres ...	2004	15174188
proteomics as a way to identify extra-radicular fungal proteins from glomus intraradices- rit-dna carrot root mycorrhizas.	to identify fungal proteins involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, root-inducing transferred-dna transformed roots of carrot (daucus carota l.) were in vitro inoculated with glomus intraradices. proteins extracted from the extra-radical fungus were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. a fungal reference map displaying 438 spots was set up. four proteins, among the 14 selected for tandem mass spectrometry analysis, were identified including a nmra-like protein, an oxido-red ...	2004	19712309
carotenoid profiles and consumer sensory evaluation of specialty carrots (daucus carota, l.) of various colors.	five different colored carrots were analyzed for their carotenoid profile and underwent sensory evaluation to determine consumer acceptance (n = 96). four major carotenoids were identified and quantified by use of hplc methods. high beta-carotene orange carrots were found to contain the greatest concentration of total carotenoids. except for the white, all the carrots are a significant source of bioavailable carotenoids. sensory evaluation showed the high beta-carotene orange and white carrots t ...	2004	15161208
arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization and development at suboptimal root zone temperature.	temperature has a strong influence on the activity of living organisms. this study, involving two indoor experiments, evaluated the effects of root zone temperature (10, 15 and 23 degrees c) on the formation and development of arbuscular mycorrhizae (am). in the first trial, greenhouse-grown sorghum [ sorghum bicolor (l.) moench] was either colonized by glomus intraradices schenck & smith or left non-mycorrhizal. root length, root and shoot weight and root colonization were measured after 5, 10 ...	2004	12748840
comparison of 233u and 33p uptake and translocation by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus intraradices in root organ culture conditions.	this study aimed to quantify and compare 233u and 33p uptake and translocation by hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungus glomus intraradices in root organ culture conditions with transformed carrot (daucus carota l.) roots as host. mycorrhizal roots were grown in two-compartment petri dishes to spatially separate a root compartment (rc) and a hyphal compartment (hc). the hc was labelled with 8.33 bq 233u ml(-1) and 13.33 bq 33p ml(-1). after 2 weeks contact between hyphae and the label ...	2004	15197636
effect of storage temperature on the stability of anthocyanins of a fermented black carrot (daucus carota var. l.) beverage: shalgam.	the effect of temperature on the stability of shalgam anthocyanins stored at 4, 25, and 40 degrees c for 90 days was investigated. the effect of pasteurization and sorbate addition on the anthocyanin stability as compared to control was also studied. the monomeric anthocyanin content and color density decreased with increasing time as a function of storage temperature whereas the percent polymeric color and browning increased. the same trends were observed in control, pasteurized, and sorbate-ad ...	2004	15186101
sequential development of cysteine proteinase activities and gene expression during somatic embryogenesis in carrot.	three bands of proteinase activity (rf values of 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7) were detected on activity-stained gels after native gel electrophoresis of carrot (daucus carota l. cv us-harumakigosun) suspension cells. after the induction of somatic embryogenesis, one activity band (0.7 band) rapidly disappeared; the 0.6 band was absent at the heart-shaped embryo stage. however, the intensity of the 0.5 band increased during embryogenesis. an additional band (0.25 band) appeared after the torpedo-shaped sta ...	2004	15056906
a quenched molecular dynamics-rotating frame overhauser spectroscopy study of a series of semibiosynthetically monoacylated anthocyanins.	quenched molecular dynamics (qmd), in conjunction with nmr (roesy) studies, was used to investigate the conformational behavior of some semibiosynthetic anthocyanins of the type 6-o-acyl-beta-d-glcp-(166)-beta-d-galp-(1-->o(3))-cyanidin, with and without a beta-d-xylp branch at the 2-o-gal position. these compounds, which are produced by the addition of selected carboxylic acids to growing tissue cultures of daucus carota (wild carrot), are of interest as color-stabilized anthocyanins, some of w ...	2004	14987026
effects of compost and phosphate on plant arsenic accumulation from soils near pressure-treated wood.	leaching of arsenic (as) from chromated copper arsenate (cca)-treated wood may elevate soil arsenic levels. thus, an environmental concern arises regarding accumulation of as in vegetables grown in these soils. in this study, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate as accumulation by vegetables from the soils adjacent to the cca-treated utility poles and fences and examine the effects of soil amendments on plant as accumulation. carrot (daucus carota l.) and lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) ...	2004	15325459
isolation and identification of novel pyranoanthocyanins from black carrot (daucus carota l.) juice.	six novel pyranoanthocyanins were identified by hplc-esi-msn in black carrot (daucus carota l. ssp. sativus var. atrorubens alef.) juice. the two major compounds, namely, the vinylcatechol adducts of cyanidin 3-o-(6-o-feruloyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-(1-->6)-[beta-d-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-beta-d-galactopyranoside and cyanidin 3-o-[beta-d-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-beta-d-galactopyranoside, respectively, were isolated by a combination of high-speed countercurrent chromatography with semipreparative hp ...	2004	15291481
attenuation of cold-induced apoptosis by exogenous melatonin in carrot suspension cells: the possible involvement of polyamines.	pretreatment with 43 nm (10 ng/ml) to 86 nm melatonin for 5 days significantly attenuated cold-induced apoptosis in carrot suspension cells (daucus carota l.) as evidenced by the tunel procedure, dna fragmentation and the morphological changes revealed by electronic microscopy observations. the antiapoptotic effect of melatonin was initially thought to be a result of its antioxidant actions. in our study, however, reactive oxygen species (ros) generation remained unaffected by melatonin treatmen ...	2004	14962064
expression of photosynthesis-related genes and their regulation by light during somatic embryogenesis in daucus carota.	to clarify the spatial and temporal pattern of gene expression for photosynthesis-associated proteins during somatic embryogenesis in daucus carota l., the localization of mrnas for three genes, rbcl, lhcb and por, was examined in dark-grown and light-irradiated somatic embryos by in situ hybridization. the three mrnas were expressed in common in the mesophyll precursor cells of light-irradiated embryos at the late torpedo and plantlet stages, but characteristic expression patterns of each photo ...	2004	14767766
plastid-expressed betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in carrot cultured cells, roots, and leaves confers enhanced salt tolerance.	salinity is one of the major factors that limits geographical distribution of plants and adversely affects crop productivity and quality. we report here high-level expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (badh) in cultured cells, roots, and leaves of carrot (daucus carota) via plastid genetic engineering. homoplasmic transgenic plants exhibiting high levels of salt tolerance were regenerated from bombarded cell cultures via somatic embryogenesis. transformation efficiency of carrot somatic ...	2004	15347789
combined effects of coating, modified atmosphere packaging, and gamma irradiation on quality maintenance of ready-to-use carrots (daucus carota).	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an edible coating combined with modified atmosphere (ma; 60% o2, 30% co2, and 10% n2) packaging and gamma irradiation on the microbiological stability and physicochemical quality of minimally processed carrots. a coating based on calcium caseinate and whey protein isolates was used. coated and uncoated peeled minicarrots were packed under the ma or air (78.1% n2, 20.9% o2, and 0.036% co2), irradiated at 0.5 or 1 kgy, and stored at 4 +/- 1 ...	2005	15726981