Publications

multilocus variable-number tandem repeat typing of mycobacterium ulcerans.	the apparent genetic homogeneity of mycobacterium ulcerans contributes to the poorly understood epidemiology of m. ulcerans infection. here, we report the identification of variable number tandem repeat (vntr) sequences as novel polymorphic elements in the genome of this species. a total of 19 potential vntr loci identified in the closely related m. marinum genome sequence were screened in a collection of 23 m. ulcerans isolates, one mycobacterium species referred to here as an intermediate spec ...	2005	15814964
transcriptome profiling of adult zebrafish at the late stage of chronic tuberculosis due to mycobacterium marinum infection.	the mycobacterium marinum-zebrafish infection model was used in this study for analysis of a host transcriptome response to mycobacterium infection at the organismal level. rna isolated from adult zebrafish that showed typical signs of fish tuberculosis due to a chronic progressive infection with m. marinum was compared with rna from healthy fish in microarray analyses. spotted oligonucleotide sets (designed by sigma-compugen and mwg) and affymetrix genechips were used, in total comprising 45,46 ...	2005	15829308
clinical patterns of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.	cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infections result from external inoculation, spread of a deeper infection, or haematogenous spread of a disseminated infection. there are two species-specific infections (fish-tank or swimming-pool granuloma, due to mycobacterium marinum, and buruli ulcer, caused by m. ulcerans). most infections, however, produce a nonspecific clinical picture.	2005	15840105
genomic annotation and expression analysis of the zebrafish rho small gtpase family during development and bacterial infection.	the zebrafish genomic sequence database was analyzed for the presence of genes encoding members of the rho small gtpases. the analysis shows the presence of 32 zebrafish rho genes representing one or more homologs of the human rhoa, rnd3, rhof, rhog, rhoh, rhoj, rhou, rhov, cdc42, rac1, rac2, rac3, rnd1, rhobtb1, rhobtb2, rhobtb3, and rhot1 genes. by expression analysis using reverse transcriptase-pcr we show that at least 20 of the predicted zebrafish small gtpase genes are expressed in the adu ...	2005	15894457
a newly discovered mycobacterial pathogen isolated from laboratory colonies of xenopus species with lethal infections produces a novel form of mycolactone, the mycobacterium ulcerans macrolide toxin.	mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of buruli ulcer, produces a macrolide toxin, mycolactone a/b, which is thought to play a major role in virulence. a disease similar to buruli ulcer recently appeared in united states frog colonies following importation of the west african frog, xenopus tropicalis. the taxonomic position of the frog pathogen has not been fully elucidated, but this organism, tentatively designated mycobacterium liflandii, is closely related to m. ulcerans and mycobacteri ...	2005	15908356
amputation of a mycobacterium marinum-infected hindlimb in an african bullfrog (pyxicephalus adspersus).		2005	15937245
mycobacterium marinum with different responses to second-generation tetracyclines.	persistent cutaneous infections with mycobacterium marinum can follow exposure of injured skin to contaminated water or fish, and can be treated with second-generation tetracyclines in addition to other antimicrobials. due to the rarity of this infection, there are few data comparing the different treatment alternatives.	2005	15941446
[mycobacterium marinum tenosynovitis of the abductors].	infection with mycobacterium marinum is rare and usually produces cutaneous lesions. we report here two cases of tenosynovitis of abductor muscles.	2005	15962499
[nodular dermohypodermatitis of the right arm].		2005	15962505
wound infections caused by vibrio vulnificus and other marine bacteria.	infections caused by vibrio vulnificus were first reported in 1979 by blake et al. of the us centers for disease control. at that time described as a 'rare, unnamed halophilic lactose-fermenting vibrio species', v. vulnificus has emerged as the most virulent foodborne pathogen in the united states with a hospitalization rate of 0.910 and a case-fatality rate of 0.390. it is in addition a significant cause of potentially life-threatening wound infections. infections following ingestion of raw or ...	2005	15962544
a mutation in the 65,000 dalton heat shock protein gene, commonly used for molecular identification of non-tuberculous mycobacteria, leads to the misidentification of mycobacterium malmoense as mycobacterium marinum.	we describe a case of a mycobacterium isolated from a patient with cervical lymphadenitis which was initially identified by hsp65 rflp as mycobacterium marinum. sequence analysis of the hsp65 dna fragment and the 16s rdna signature sequence, however, led to the identification of mycobacterium malmoense. a point mutation in one of the restriction sites had shifted the m. malmoense typical rflp pattern to the m. marinum specific rflp pattern. as a consequence, care should be taken when identifying ...	2005	16002259
mycobacterium ulcerans toxic macrolide, mycolactone modulates the host immune response and cellular location of m. ulcerans in vitro and in vivo.	mycobacterium ulcerans produces an extracellular cutaneous infection (buruli ulcer) characterized by immunosuppression. this is in stark contrast to all other pathogenic mycobacteria species that cause intracellular, granulomatous infections. the unique mycobacterial pathology of m. ulcerans infection is attributed to a plasmid-encoded immunomodulatory macrolide toxin, mycolactone. in this article we explore the role of mycolactone in the virulence of m. ulcerans using mycolactone and geneticall ...	2005	16098217
management of extremity trauma and related infections occurring in the aquatic environment.	wounds sustained in oceans, lakes, and streams are exposed to a milieu of bacteria rarely encountered in typical land-based injuries. these include vibrio species, aeromonas hydrophila, pseudomonas and plesiomonas species, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, mycobacterium marinum, and other microbes. failure to recognize and treat these less common pathogens in a timely manner may result in significant morbidity or death. initial antibiotic therapy should address common gram-positive and gram-negative ...	2005	16112981
atypical mycobacterium infections of the upper extremity.	we encountered five patients with atypical mycobacterium infections in the upper extremity, and examined their outcomes.	2005	16133473
case reports: successful treatment of mycobacterium marinum infection with minocycline after complication of disease by delayed diagnosis and systemic steroids.	mycobacterium marinum, an aerobic, non-tuberculous, environmental mycobacterium, is the etiologic agent responsible for "fish tank granuloma." found in aquatic environments, particularly where water is relatively still or stagnant, m. marinum produces infection in fish, as well as humans. infection follows exposure to contaminated water and direct inoculation of the organism via breaks in the skin. the resulting primary lesion is usually a red-to-violaceous plaque or nodule, which can have an ov ...	2005	16167421
conserved structure and function in the granulysin and nk-lysin peptide family.	granulysin and nk-lysin are homologous bactericidal proteins with a moderate residue identity (35%), both of which have antimycobacterial activity. short loop peptides derived from the antimycobacterial domains of granulysin, nk-lysin, and a putative chicken nk-lysin were examined and shown to have comparable antimycobacterial but variable escherichia coli activities. the known structure of the nk-lysin loop peptide was used to predict the structure of the equivalent peptides of granulysin and c ...	2005	16177304
role of the wasp family proteins for mycobacterium marinum actin tail formation.	mycobacterium marinum, a natural pathogen of fish and frogs and an occasional pathogen of humans, is capable of inducing actin tail formation within the cytoplasm of macrophages, leading to actin-based motility and intercellular spread. actin tail formation by m. marinum is markedly reduced in macrophages deficient in the wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (wasp), which still contain the closely related and ubiquitously expressed protein n-wasp (neuronal wasp). in fibroblasts lacking both wasp and ...	2005	16199520
a woman with nodular skin lesions.		2005	16208795
losa, a key glycosyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of a novel family of glycosylated acyltrehalose lipooligosaccharides from mycobacterium marinum.	members of the genus mycobacterium are characterized by cell envelopes rich in unusual free lipids, interacting with a covalently anchored mycolyl-arabinogalactan matrix. previous studies have shown that mycobacterium marinum produces large amounts of a diacylglycosylphenolphthiocerol, "phenolic" glycolipid. when cultivated on liquid sauton medium, traces of a polar lipooligosaccharide (los) glycolipid antigen were also previously indicated. in this study, it was found that growth of the type st ...	2005	16257960
[the etiological study, diagnose and therapy of hand special chronic infections in littoral area].	to explore the etiological factors of hand special chronic infections and their relationship with tuberculosis, and to give evidence for clinical diagnosis as well as treatments.	2005	16271247
a husband and wife with left hand rashes.		2005	16310152
masquerading mycobacterium: plastic surgeon to the rescue.	a patient with a mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand is described. the present case illustrates that m marinum infection may mimic common skin conditions such as eczema, and fungal and parasitic infestations. key elements in the diagnosis and management of this infection are a high index of suspicion, a detailed history of recreational or occupational exposure to exotic fish, tissue biopsy, wound culture and prompt empirical antibiotic therapy. once in vitro organism sensitivities are ob ...	2005	24223001
host range of 14 mycobacteriophages in mycobacterium ulcerans and seven other mycobacteria including mycobacterium tuberculosis--application for identification and susceptibility testing.	the host range of well-characterized mycobacteriophages, such as d29 and tm4, has been determined, together with that of more recently isolated mycobacteriophages, in mycobacterium ulcerans, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis bcg, mycobacterium avium, mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium scrofulaceum, mycobacterium fortuitum and mycobacterium chelonae. here, a set of virulent phages for m. ulcerans, a pathogen with a dramatic increase of incidence over the last decade, is demonstrat ...	2006	16388028
actin-dependent movement of bacterial pathogens.	listeria, rickettsia, burkholderia, shigella and mycobacterium species subvert cellular actin dynamics to facilitate their movement within the host cytosol and to infect neighbouring cells while evading host immune surveillance and promoting their intracellular survival. 'attaching and effacing' escherichia coli do not enter host cells but attach intimately to the cell surface, inducing motile actin-rich pedestals, the function of which is currently unclear. the molecular basis of actin-based mo ...	2006	16415925
a report of mycobacteriosis caused by mycobacterium marinum in bullfrogs (rana catesbeiana).	the occurrence of mycobacteriosis caused by mycobacterium marinum in a commercial breeding farm of bullfrogs (rana catesbeiana) in rio de janeiro, brazil is described. ten animals presented skin lesions on the head and extremities. these and 38 other asymptomatic adult animals from various tanks were killed and at necropsy disseminated granulomatous lesions were observed in the 10 clinically affected animals and in 16 (42.1%) of the asymptomatic frogs. acid-fast bacilli were observed in all smea ...	2006	16427595
disseminated mycobacterium marinum infection with extensive cutaneous eruption and bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient.	mycobacterium marinum can cause fish tank granuloma (or swimming pool or aquarium granuloma) in immunocompetent patients. dissemination of mycobacterium marinum-infection is a rare condition which occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients and can be life-threatening. we report the case of an 87-year-old woman who was treated with oral corticosteroids for polymyalgia rheumatica for many years and developed erythema nodosum-like lesions on the right forearm and arthritis of the right wrist. by i ...	2006	16436349
differential green fluorescent protein expression from mycobacterial promoter constructs in escherichia coli and mycobacterium marinum.	the mycobacterium marinum g13 promoter is a sigma 70-like promoter that is more active by green fluorescent protein (gfp) differential fluorescence induction (dfi) assays when m. marium resides in an intracellular compartment as compared with growth in media. in assays using dfi, we found that the mycobacterial g13 promoter was also more active in a background of lower nutrient availability during logarithmic growth. this promoter, contained in an insert cloned upstream of a gfp reporter gene, i ...	2006	16448510
mycobacterium marinum, a further infectious agent associated with sarcoidosis: the polyetiology hypothesis.	a 39-y-old male had a diagnosis of sarcoidosis and corticosteroid therapy was started. surprisingly, following his discharge from hospital, mycobacterium marinum was isolated in 1 of 3 sputum samples taken 7 weeks earlier on admission. after this, mycobacterium marinum-dna was identified in the stored lung biopsies by the pcr-rflp of the hsp65 gene.	2006	16449013
identification of mycobacterium marinum macrophage infection mutants.	mycobacterium marinum is an important pathogen of humans, amphibians and fish. most pathogenic mycobacteria, including m. marinum, infect, survive and replicate primarily intracellularly within macrophages. we constructed a transposon mutant library in m. marinum using tn5367 delivered by phage transduction in the shuttle phasmid phae94. we screened 529 clones from the transposon library directly in macrophage infection assays. all clones were screened for their ability to initially infect macro ...	2006	16451826
identification of mycobacterium marinum 65 kd heat shock protein gene by polymerase chain reaction restriction analysis from lesions of swimming pool granuloma.	nontuberculous mycobacterium (ntm) had been reported to cause cutaneous infections which are difficult to interpret due to the variability of the clinical manifestations. among ntm infections, mycobacterium marinum (m. marinum) are mostly seen to cause skin infection. it is therefore important to establish a rapid approach for detection and identification of m. marinum from lesions of patients with suspected m. marinum infections.	2006	16454981
a mycobacterial operon essential for virulence in vivo and invasion and intracellular persistence in macrophages.	the ability to invade and grow in macrophages is necessary for mycobacterium tuberculosis to cause disease. we have found a mycobacterium marinum locus of two genes that is required for both invasion and intracellular survival in macrophages. the genes were designated iipa (mycobacterial invasion and intracellular persistence) and iipb. the iip mutant, which was created by insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene cassette at the 5' region of iipa, was completely avirulent to zebra fish. expressi ...	2006	16495549
atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infections in hong kong: 10-year retrospective study.	to review the epidemiology of atypical mycobacterial cutaneous infection in hong kong.	2006	16495585
molecular and physiological effects of mycobacterial oxyr inactivation.	the majority of slow-growing mycobacteria have a functional oxyr, the central regulator of the bacterial oxidative stress response. in contrast, this gene has been inactivated during the evolution of mycobacterium tuberculosis. here we inactivated the oxyr gene in mycobacterium marinum, an organism used to model m. tuberculosis pathogenesis. inactivation of oxyr abrogated induction of ahpc, a gene encoding alkylhydroperoxide reductase, normally activated upon peroxide challenge. the absence of o ...	2006	16547055
mycobacterium marinum biofilm formation reveals cording morphology.	abstract the emergence of the nontuberculosis mycobacteria (ntm) as clinically relevant pathogens has warranted the study of these ubiquitous organisms in the context of their likely environmental niche, the biofilm. we assayed the ntm bacterium mycobacterium marinum strain 1218r, a fish outbreak isolate, for biofilm formation on different surfaces over time using three different methods. using the mbec system, biofilm development occurred continually over the 14-day culture period reaching a ma ...	2006	16553830
in vivo and in vitro growth of mycobacterium marinum at homoeothermic temperatures.	mycobacterium marinum can cause systemic infection in fishes and skin infection in humans. most strains grow better at <37 degrees c, which can explain the rarity of infections in humans. the ability of strains from humans and fish to grow in various conditions, and in macrophages from carp, humans, and mouse was evaluated, as was the ability of the three fish isolates to infect mice. significant differences of growth in vitro and in vivo were observed. all fish strains caused both footpad and d ...	2006	16553834
zebrafish and frog models of mycobacterium marinum infection.	mycobacterium marinum infection of poikilothermic animals, such as fish and frogs, results in chronic granulomatous diseases that bear many similarities to mycobacterioses in mammals, including tuberculosis. this unit describes three animal models of m. marinum infection that can be used to study basic aspects of mycobacterium-host interactions and granuloma development, as well as trafficking of immune cells in host tissues. protocols are included that describe intraperitoneal infection of adul ...	2006	18770575
disease pathology: wasting energy fighting infection.	drosophila melanogaster infected with mycobacterium marinum suffer metabolic wasting similar to that seen in humans suffering from tuberculosis. this wasting is linked to insulin signaling and hastens host death.	2006	17113379
immune and histopathologic responses of dna-vaccinated hybrid striped bass morone saxatilis x m. chrysops after acute mycobacterium marinum infection.	the post-challenge immune and histopathologic responses of hybrid striped bass vaccinated with a dna vaccine encoding the mycobacterium marinum ag85a gene and subsequently challenged with m. marinum were investigated. juvenile hybrid striped bass morone saxatilis x m. chrysops were injected intramuscularly with 25 or 50 microg dna plasmid and developed significant specific protective responses to live bacterial challenge 120 d post-vaccination. both vaccine groups demonstrated increased survival ...	2006	17240750
environmental mycobacteria in areas of high and low tuberculosis prevalence in the islamic republic of iran.	this research compared the numbers and types of different mycobacterium species in soil samples taken from 2 areas of golestan province, islamic republic of iran, 1 with a high prevalence of tuberculosis and 1 with a low prevalence. from 220 samples, 91 grew positive cultures (41.4%) and 161 different strains were diagnosed. the most common species isolated were mycobacterium fortuitum, m. flavescens and m. chelonae. the frequencies of environmental mycobacterium in the low-prevalence area were ...	2006	17037695
[mycobacterium marinum infection. case report and review of the literature].	atypical mycobacterial infections are increasingly important in immunosuppressed patients as well as in healthy hosts. the atypical mycobacterium that most commonly affects the skin is mycobacterium marinum. the infection should be suspected upon the presence of ulcers, nodules or chronic plaques and a history of contact with fresh or salt water. optimal therapy is yet to be established. we report a case of mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy that res ...	2006	17173829
[cutaneous lesions by mycobacterium marinum in an hiv-positive patient].		2006	17370577
[etiologic investigation of chronic granulomatous inflammation of hand by polymerase chain reaction and dna sequencing].	to explore the causative pathogens in littoral hand infections which exhibited chronic granulomatous inflammation, the relationship between chronic granulomatous inflammation and mycobacteria and to discuss the prospects of pcr in clinical application for diagnosis of granulomatous inflammation.	2006	17374211
mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections.	mycobacterium marinum is a waterborne mycobacterium that commonly infects fish and amphibians worldwide. infection in humans occurs occasionally, in most cases as a granulomatous infection localized in the skin, typically following minor trauma on the hands. for this reason, infection is especially common among aquarium keepers. such local infection may-though infrequently-spread to tendon sheaths or joints. disseminated disease, which is rare, can occur in immunosuppressed patients. in order to ...	2006	17047903
sporotrichoid presentation of mycobacterium marinum infection of the upper extremity. a case report.	mycobacterium marinum is a human opportunistic pathogen that is known to inhabit swimming pools, home aquariums, and natural bodies of salt and fresh water. epidemic cases involving swimming pools are easily recognized, but sporadic cases are frequently misdiagnosed.	2006	17053849
akt and foxo dysregulation contribute to infection-induced wasting in drosophila.	studies in drosophila have taught us a great deal about how animals regulate the immediate innate immune response, but we still know little about how infections cause pathology. here, we examine the pathogenesis associated with mycobacterium marinum infection in the fly. m. marinum is closely related to m. tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis in people.	2006	17055976
mycobacterium marinum infection of adult zebrafish causes caseating granulomatous tuberculosis and is moderated by adaptive immunity.	the zebrafish, a genetically tractable model vertebrate, is naturally susceptible to tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium marinum, a close genetic relative of the causative agent of human tuberculosis, mycobacterium tuberculosis. we previously developed a zebrafish embryo-m. marinum infection model to study host-pathogen interactions in the context of innate immunity. here, we have constructed a flowthrough fish facility for the large-scale longitudinal study of m. marinum-induced tuberculosis i ...	2006	17057088
mycobacterium marinum tenosynovitis: three case reports and review of the literature.	mycobacterium marinum is one of the nontuberculosis mycobacteria responsible for skin infections. there have been very few case series of m. marinum infections reported in the english literature. herein, we describe three patients with m. marinum tenosynovitis. all patients had positive cultures and were exposed to pricking by a fishbone. the incubation period ranged from 7 to 60 days. key elements in the diagnosis of this infection were a high index of suspicion raised by negative bacterial tis ...	2006	17060704
a specific secretion system mediates ppe41 transport in pathogenic mycobacteria.	mycobacterial genomes contain two unique gene families, the so-called pe and ppe gene families, which are highly expanded in the pathogenic members of this genus. here we report that one of the ppe proteins, i.e. ppe41, is secreted by pathogenic mycobacteria, both in culture and in infected macrophages. as ppe41 lacks a signal sequence a dedicated secretion system must be involved. a single gene was identified in mycobacterium marinum that showed strongly reduced ppe41 secretion. this gene was l ...	2006	17076665
treating deep-seated mycobacterium marinum infection in the hand: a report of three cases.	we report three cases of an unusual aggressive type of mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand which had been a nightmare both for us and the patient. these were the patients in which even after repeated thorough surgical debridement and appropriate (drug sensitive) medical treatment over a period had resulted in amputation or devastation of the soft tissues so extensively that almost only the neurovascular bundle, bone and the skin were the only structures left (cosmetic fingers - no functi ...	2006	17080536
in vitro activities of the novel oxazolidinones da-7867 and da-7157 against rapidly and slowly growing mycobacteria.	da-7867 and da-7157 are oxazolidinones active against pathogenic aerobic actinomycetes including nocardia spp. and mycobacterium tuberculosis. however, the activity of these drugs against nontuberculous mycobacterium (ntm) species is not known. in this work, we compared the susceptibilities of 122 clinical isolates and 29 reference species of both rapidly growing and slowly growing mycobacteria to linezolid, da-7867, and da-7157 by the broth microdilution method. the mics for 50 and 90% of the s ...	2006	17015632
the esat-6/cfp-10 secretion system of mycobacterium marinum modulates phagosome maturation.	virulence of mycobacterium tuberculosis and related pathogenic mycobacteria requires the secretion of early secretory antigenic 6 kda (esat-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (cfp-10), two small proteins that lack traditional signal sequences and are exported through an alternative secretion pathway encoded primarily by the rd1 genetic locus. mutations affecting the synthesis or secretion of esat-6 or cfp-10 attenuate the virulence of m. tuberculosis in murine models of infection. however, the s ...	2006	16922861
globally distributed mycobacterial fish pathogens produce a novel plasmid-encoded toxic macrolide, mycolactone f.	mycobacterium ulcerans and mycobacterium marinum are closely related pathogens which share an aquatic environment. the pathogenesis of these organisms in humans is limited by their inability to grow above 35 degrees c. m. marinum causes systemic disease in fish but produces localized skin infections in humans. m. ulcerans causes buruli ulcer, a severe human skin lesion. at the molecular level, m. ulcerans is distinguished from m. marinum by the presence of a virulence plasmid which encodes a mac ...	2006	16923788
the evolving story of mycobacterium tuberculosis clade members detected in fish.	advances in molecular analyses have permitted documentation of an increasing spectrum of mycobacteria infecting fish. although some of these mycobacteria are not closely related, several species belong to the mycobacterium tuberculosis clade. one member of the clade, m. marinum, is well known as an agent of piscine mycobacteriosis. three other clade species, m. shottsii, m. pseudoshottsii and m. 'chesapeaki', have recently been identified as predominant disease agents in a widespread, continuing ...	2006	16948700
dictyostelium discoideum as a model to study host-pathogen interactions.	dictyostelium discoideum is a molecularly amenable host model system for several human pathogens, including legionella pneumophila, mycobacterium avium, mycobacterium marinum, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and cryptococcus neoformans. dictyostelium wild-type cells have proven useful in screening and identifying numerous bacterial und fungal virulence factors. moreover, dictyostelium mutant cells can be used to identify genetic host determinants of susceptibility and resistance to infections. marker ge ...	2006	16957311
reluctant to dive: coelomic effusion in a frog.	an adult female, albino south african clawed frog (xenopus laevis) from a research colony at the biological resources facility of the college of agriculture and life sciences at north carolina state university (ncsu) was presented with depression, lethargy, loss of diving reflex, and a distended abdomen. cytologic examination of coelomic effusion fluid at the ncsu veterinary teaching hospital revealed a mixed population of inflammatory cells, including heterophils and a predominance of large mon ...	2006	16967423
mycobacterium marinum infection cured by photodynamic therapy.		2006	16983024
mycobacteriosis in mangrove killifish (rivulus magdalenae) caused by living fish food (tubifex tubifex) infected with mycobacterium marinum.	mycobacterium marinum was demonstrated in the mud tube worm tubifex tubifex. these worms served as live fish food for aquarium fishes. the ingestion of tubifex tubifex by the mangrove killifish rivulus magdalenae, a neotropical species in the order cyprinodontiformes, was the source of an atypical mycobacteriosis of these fishes.	2006	16856609
case report of non-healing wounds presenting to a dgh, south east london.	mycobacterium marinum infections (fish tank granuloma) are infrequently encountered and when they do arise, they can pose a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. they can present as non-healing wounds along with several other presentations that may not be typical, as patients can have other comorbidities that cause immunosuppression and invasive symptoms of the disease. treatment regimens vary in length, and are based on the patient's response to treatment couple with resolution of symptoms. rifa ...	2006	16858084
distribution of mycobacteria in clinically healthy ornamental fish and their aquarium environment.	some mycobacterial species (particularly mycobacterium marinum) found in aquarium environments may cause chronic diseases in fish and cutaneous infections in humans, the so-called 'fish tank granuloma'. the presence and distribution of mycobacterial species in clinically healthy aquarium fish and their environment has not been adequately explored. the present study analysed the occurrence of mycobacteria in a decorative aquarium (brno, south moravia) and in five aquaria of a professional fish br ...	2006	16866922
lichenoid and granulomatous dermatitis associated with atypical mycobacterium infections.	lichenoid and granulomatous dermatitis defines a distinctive pattern of cutaneous inflammation that may be part of the morphologic spectrum of idiopathic lichenoid reactions such as lichen planus and as well may be seen with lichenoid drug reactions, endogenous t-cell dyscrasias and as a feature of certain systemic diseases especially crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.	2006	16872476
mycobacterium marinum arthritis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis.	mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium found in salt and fresh water. m. marinum infection occurs following skin trauma in fresh or salt water and usually presents as a localized granuloma or sporotrichotic lymphangitis. it rarely affects the musculoskeletal system. we describe a patient who presented with subcutaneous nodules and an inflammatory arthritis that was thought to be rheumatoid arthritis, and was treated as such with corticosteroids, methotrexate, and anti-tumor necrosis ...	2006	16583484
[erythematous nodule on the back of the hand].		2006	16595120
[diagnostic image (267). a man with a painful ulcer on the finger].	a 28-year-old man presented with severe ulceration on the right middle finger and erythematous nodules on the forearm due to infection with mycobacterium marinum after cleaning an aquarium.	2006	16613250
marked swelling with coalescing ecchymoses of the lower mandible in a xenopus laevis frog.		2006	16645611
disseminated sporotrichosis mimicking sarcoidosis.	a 40-year-old caucasian man presented to the dermatology clinic at baylor college of medicine, houston, texas, in february 2003, for the evaluation of three nonhealing ulcers. the patient's past medical history was significant for hypothyroidism and pulmonary sarcoidosis, the diagnosis of which was made in june 2000. in march 2000, the patient had complained of cough and shortness of breath. a purified protein derivative (ppd) (mantoux text) was negative. computed tomography (ct) scans of the ch ...	2006	16650176
mycobacterium marinum erp is a virulence determinant required for cell wall integrity and intracellular survival.	the mycobacterium tuberculosis exported repetitive protein (erp) is a virulence determinant required for growth in cultured macrophages and in vivo. to better understand the role of erp in mycobacterium pathogenesis, we generated a mutation in the erp homologue of mycobacterium marinum, a close genetic relative of m. tuberculosis. erp-deficient m. marinum was growth attenuated in cultured macrophage monolayers and during chronic granulomatous infection of leopard frogs, suggesting that erp funct ...	2006	16714540
[verrucas on the back of the hand].		2006	16733458
serum igm levels against select marine bacteria in the atlantic sharpnose shark (rhizoprionodon terraenovae) from three estuaries.	the atlantic sharpnose shark (rhizoprionodon terraenovae) is abundant and easily captured throughout the southeastern united states. therefore this species serves as an ideal model for generating basic immunological reagents to establish baseline information regarding the immunophysiology of sharks in the wild, and for attempting to correlate shark immune responses to potential pathogens with the quality of the habitat in which they reside. sharpnose shark serum igm was purified over a protein-a ...	2006	16750427
trigger thumb in a fish-owner.		2006	16816269
pathogenesis of mycobacterium spp. in zebrafish (danio rerio) from research facilities.	one of the most common diseases that we have diagnosed in zebrafish is mycobacteriosis, caused by several mycobacterium spp. the severity of the disease ranged from severe outbreaks to incidental infections. we conducted an in vivo study to evaluate the pathogenesis of six isolates of mycobacterium from zebrafish with mycobacteriosis from four research facilities and one wholesale supplier of zebrafish in the united states: mycobacterium abscessus, mycobacterium peregrinum, mycobacterium chelona ...	2007	16904945
mycobacterium marinum produces long-term chronic infections in medaka: a new animal model for studying human tuberculosis.	human infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis is endemic, with approximately 2 billion infected and is the most common cause of adult death due to an infectious agent. because of the slow growth rate of m. tuberculosis and risk to researchers, other species of mycobacterium have been employed as alternative model systems to study human tuberculosis (tb). mycobacterium marinum may be a good surrogate pathogen, conferring tb-like chronic infections in some fish. medaka (oryzias latipes) has been e ...	2007	17015042
a mycobacterial gene involved in synthesis of an outer cell envelope lipid is a key factor in prevention of phagosome maturation.	virulent mycobacteria cause arrest of phagosome maturation as a part of their survival strategy in hosts. this process is mediated through multiple virulence factors, whose molecular nature remains elusive. using mycobacterium marinum as a model, we performed a genome-wide screen to identify mutants whose ability to inhibit phagosome maturation was impaired, and we succeeded in isolating a comprehensive set of mutants that were not able to occupy an early endosome-like phagosomal compartment in ...	2007	17088345
don't forget the pets!		2007	17414542
systemic mycobacteriosis in an inland bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps).		2007	17435102
analysis of the mycobacterium ulcerans genome sequence reveals new loci for variable number tandem repeats (vntr) typing.	screening of the genome sequence of the mycobacterium ulcerans strain agy99 from ghana with tandem repeats finder software revealed 34 novel non-degenerate tandem repeats containing loci suitable for variable number tandem repeats (vntr) typing. all loci revealed polymorphism within m. ulcerans isolates of geographically diverse origins. the results confirm the evolutionary scenario suggested by multi-locus sequence typing in which a progenitor of all m. ulcerans lineages emerged from the enviro ...	2007	17464062
application of real-time pcr to recognize atypical mycobacteria in archival skin biopsies: high prevalence of mycobacterium haemophilum.	atypical mycobacterial skin infections are difficult to diagnose owing to their aspecific histopathologic presentations and to the presence of few bacteria. therefore, these infections are often not recognized. molecular detection of mycobacterial dna has proven to be useful in clinical samples. the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of mycobacterial involvement in skin biopsies showing granulomatous inflammation, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr). real-time pcr spe ...	2007	17525676
a mycobacterium marinum zone of inhibition assay as a method for screening potential antimycobacterial compounds from marine extracts.	a novel screening method for antimycobacterial agents using mycobacterium marinum was developed. m. marinum was selected as a model organism because it has a close phylogenetic relationship to m. tuberculosis, a relatively rapid doubling time, similar drug susceptibilities to m. tuberculosis, and less stringent safety requirements. more than 1000 crude marine and plant extracts were screened against m. marinum in a zone of inhibition (zoi) assay, and twenty-one target extracts were identified. t ...	2007	17534789
mycobacterium marinum as a cause of chronic granulomatous tenosynovitis in the hand.	mycobacterium marinum is an uncommon cause of chronic granulomatous flexor tenosynovitis and leads to significant morbidity in the hand. this paper aims to review our treatment of this infection and its clinical outcomes.	2007	17207859
reductive evolution and niche adaptation inferred from the genome of mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of buruli ulcer.	mycobacterium ulcerans is found in aquatic ecosystems and causes buruli ulcer in humans, a neglected but devastating necrotic disease of subcutaneous tissue that is rampant throughout west and central africa. here, we report the complete 5.8-mb genome sequence of m. ulcerans and show that it comprises two circular replicons, a chromosome of 5632 kb and a virulence plasmid of 174 kb. the plasmid is required for production of the polyketide toxin mycolactone, which provokes necrosis. comparisons w ...	2007	17210928
skin and soft tissue infection caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria.	a medical centre in taipei, taiwan.	2007	17217137
the mycobacterium marinum mel2 locus displays similarity to bacterial bioluminescence systems and plays a role in defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.	mycobacteria have developed a number of pathways that provide partial protection against both reactive oxygen species (ros) and reactive nitrogen species (rns). we recently identified a locus in mycobacterium marinum, mel2, that plays a role during infection of macrophages. the molecular mechanism of mel2 action is not well understood.	2007	17239244
a mycobacterium marinum mel2 mutant is defective for growth in macrophages that produce reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species.	macrophages produce reactive oxygen species (ros) and reactive nitrogen species (rns) in response to bacterial infections. mycobacteria are relatively resistant to ros, but rns inhibit growth of, and possibly even kill, mycobacteria in activated macrophages. we recently constructed a mycobacterium marinum mel2 locus mutant, which is known to affect macrophage infection. we found previously that the mel2 locus confers resistance to ros and rns in laboratory medium, suggesting that this locus migh ...	2007	17030568
identification of the lipooligosaccharide biosynthetic gene cluster from mycobacterium marinum.	lipooligosaccharides (loss) are antigenic glycolipids that are present in some species of mycobacterium including the canetti strain of m. tuberculosis. the core los structures from several mycobacterial organisms have been established, but the biosynthetic pathways of loss remain unknown. in this study, we describe two transposon insertion mutants of m. marinum that exhibit altered colony morphology. cell wall analysis reveals that the mrs1271 mutant is defective in the synthesis of los-ii, whe ...	2007	17302813
mycobacterium marinum infection: a case report and review of the literature.	mycobacterium marinum is a nontuberculous mycobacteria that is often acquired via contact with contaminated salt or fresh water. we present a case of a 67-year-old man who developed several solitary nontender nodules on his hands and forearm after working on the underside of his boat. in addition, we provide a review of the literature and discuss how this infection is acquired, the underlying pathogenesis, the cutaneous and histologic findings, the differential diagnosis, the diagnostic methods, ...	2007	17330619
nontuberculous mycobacterial infections of the skin: a retrospective study of 25 cases.	absence of a pathognomonic clinical picture and variable histologic findings often delay diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacteria (ntm)-induced cutaneous infections, and antimicrobial therapy varies.	2007	17368631
fish gambler's tenosynovitis caused by mycobacterium marinum: environmental investigation of a fishing pond in southern taiwan.	we describe a patient with mycobacterium marinum tenosynovitis associated with a fish spine injury acquired at a gambling fishing pond in southern taiwan and identify the source of the infection. m. marinum was isolated from fishing ponds and underground water and wastewater at the site. the isolates shared the same pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern as the patient. m. marinum was not detected in 54 samples obtained from 27 fish. mycobacterium gordonae was isolated from 24 samples collecte ...	2007	17572037
flotillin and rach modulate the intracellular immunity of dictyostelium to mycobacterium marinum infection.	mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of mycobacterium tuberculosis, provides a useful model to study the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in genetically tractable model organisms. using the amoeba dictyostelium discoideum as a host, we show that expression of the m. marinum protein mag24-1 is crucial to interfere with phagosome maturation. we find that two host proteins - the flotillin homologue vacuolin and p80, a predicted copper transporter - accumulate at the vacuole during pathogen replicati ...	2007	17587329
a mycobacterium esx-1-secreted virulence factor with unique requirements for export.	specialized secretion systems of pathogenic bacteria commonly transport multiple effectors that act in concert to control and exploit the host cell as a replication-permissive niche. both the mycobacterium marinum and the mycobacterium tuberculosis genomes contain an extended region of difference 1 (extrd1) locus that encodes one such pathway, the early secretory antigenic target 6 (esat-6) system 1 (esx-1) secretion apparatus. esx-1 is required for virulence and for secretion of the proteins es ...	2007	17676952
experimental exposure of zebrafish, danio rerio (hamilton), to mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium peregrinum reveals the gastrointestinal tract as the primary route of infection: a potential model for environmental mycobacterial infection.	the natural route by which fish become infected with mycobacteria is unknown. danio rerio (hamilton) were exposed by bath immersion and intubation to mycobacterium marinum and mycobacterium peregrinum isolates obtained from diseased zebrafish. exposed fish were collected over the course of 8 weeks and examined for the presence of mycobacteriosis. mycobacteria were consistently cultured from the intestines, and often from the livers and spleens of fish exposed by both methods. mycobacteria were n ...	2007	17850575
painful erythematous nodules. mycobacterium marinarum.		2007	17894139
evolution of two distinct phylogenetic lineages of the emerging human pathogen mycobacterium ulcerans.	comparative genomics has greatly improved our understanding of the evolution of pathogenic mycobacteria such as mycobacterium tuberculosis. here we have used data from a genome microarray analysis to explore insertion-deletion (indel) polymorphism among a diverse strain collection of mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of the devastating skin disease, buruli ulcer. detailed analysis of large sequence polymorphisms in twelve regions of difference (rds), comprising irreversible genetic mar ...	2007	17900363
[skin nodules on forearm after accidental puncture of a finger].		2007	17953902
molecular systematics support the revival of mycobacterium salmoniphilum (ex ross 1960) sp. nov., nom. rev., a species closely related to mycobacterium chelonae.	mycobacterial infections in fish are usually attributed to strains of mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium chelonae and mycobacterium fortuitum. bacteria identified as m. chelonae have been isolated numerous times from salmonid fishes. recently, this bacterium has been associated with salmon mortalities in the aquaculture industry. an m. chelonae-like species from salmon, 'mycobacterium salmoniphilum', was described in 1960. however, the species name lost standing in nomenclature when it was omi ...	2007	17978213
treatment of mycobacterium marinum cutaneous infections.	mycobacterium marinum is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium found in non-chlorinated water, with worldwide prevalence. it is the most common atypical mycobacterium that causes opportunistic infection in humans. it presents as a solitary, red-to-violaceous plaque or nodule with an overlying crust or verrucous surface, or as inflammatory nodules or abscesses, usually in a sporotrichotic type of distribution. deep infections may also occur. although diagnosis is confirmed by isolation and identificati ...	2007	18001256
the complex relationship between mycobacteria and macrophages: it's not all bliss.	mycobacteria are uniquely adapted to grow inside host macrophages. as clay et al. show in this issue of cell host & microbe and as van der wel et al. show in a recent issue of cell, there are both benefits and drawbacks for the pathogen in adopting this strategy, and some of our fundamental assumptions about how the host cell and bacterium interact might need to be reexamined.	2007	18005712
dichotomous role of the macrophage in early mycobacterium marinum infection of the zebrafish.	in tuberculosis, infecting mycobacteria are phagocytosed by macrophages, which then migrate into deeper tissue and recruit additional cells to form the granulomas that eventually contain infection. mycobacteria are exquisitely adapted macrophage pathogens, and observations in the mouse model of tuberculosis have suggested that mycobacterial growth is not inhibited in macrophages until adaptive immunity is induced. using the optically transparent and genetically tractable zebrafish embryo-mycobac ...	2007	18005715
ongoing genome reduction in mycobacterium ulcerans.	elucidation of the transmission, epidemiology, and evolution of mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of buruli ulcer, is hampered by the striking lack of genetic diversity of this emerging pathogen. however, by using a prototype plasmid-based microarray that covered 10% of the genome, we found multiple genomic dna deletions among 30 m. ulcerans clinical isolates of diverse geographic origins. many of the changes appear to have been mediated by insertion sequence (is) elements is2404 and i ...	2007	18214172
preseptal cellulitis due to mycobacterium marinum.	mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium found in both salt and fresh water. it occasionally causes soft tissue infections after minor trauma, principally affecting the limbs. a 17-year-old male aquarium worker presented with preseptal cellulitis of his right eye, after attempting to lance a hordeolum some days previously. the condition failed to respond to antibiotics and a necrotic area developed, which subsequently required debridement. histology of the debrided area demonstrated gr ...	2007	17166324
evolution of mycobacterium ulcerans and other mycolactone-producing mycobacteria from a common mycobacterium marinum progenitor.	it had been assumed that production of the cytotoxic polyketide mycolactone was strictly associated with mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of buruli ulcer. however, a recent study has uncovered a broader distribution of mycolactone-producing mycobacteria (mpm) that includes mycobacteria cultured from diseased fish and frogs in the united states and from diseased fish in the red and mediterranean seas. all of these mycobacteria contain versions of the m. ulcerans pmum plasmid, produce m ...	2007	17172337
severe sporotrichoid fish tank granuloma following infliximab therapy.	mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacterium usually found in non-chlorinated water. it rarely disseminates, except in the setting of a severely immunosuppressed patient, and usually follows a sporotrichotic type of distribution. we report the case of a 45-year-old man who had ankylosing spondylitis and was receiving infliximab and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis. the patient presented with a 5-month history of painful erythematous and suppurative nodules and abscesses on the right upper ...	2007	18039022