Publications

evaluation of the effect of 3 probiotics on experimental escherichia coli enterotoxaemia in weaned piglets.	in this report the efficacy of 3 different probiotics (bacillus cereus "toyoi", lactobacillus spp. and streptococcus faecium) was investigated. they were supplemented in the food of recently weaned piglets that were orally infected with e. coli o141 k85ab. supplementation could not prevent mortality and clinical symptoms nor reduce the faecal excretion of hemolytic e. coli. the possible explanations for the unsatisfying results are various.	1992	1519408
antibiotic resistance of clinical isolates of enterococcus in italy.	alarming reports from various parts of the world of an increase in multiple-drug resistance among enterococci have prompted the italian association of clinical microbiologists to sponsor a nationwide study aimed at assessing the magnitude of this problem in italy. during the last 3 months of 1988, technicians from a total of 162 general and teaching hospitals, in 16 of the 20 italian regions and covering 89,061 beds, isolated 58,886 bacterial strains from inpatients and outpatients. enterococci ...	1992	1520799
resistance of enterococci to aminoglycosides and glycopeptides.	high-level resistance to aminoglycosides in enterococci often is mediated by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and the corresponding genes generally are located on self-transferable plasmids. these enzymes are similar to those in staphylococci but differ from the modifying enzymes of gram-negative bacteria. three classes of enzymes are distinguished, depending upon the reaction catalyzed. all but amikacin and netilmicin confer high-level resistance to the antibiotics that are modified in vitro. ...	1992	1520800
modified peptidoglycan precursors produced by glycopeptide-resistant enterococci.	cytoplasmic precursors of the peptidoglycan biosynthetic pathway were purified from vancomycin-treated, glycopeptide-sensitive and -resistant strains of enterococcus faecium. resistance was due to production of a modified precursor, udp-murnac-l-ala-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala-d-lactate, where lactate was identified on the basis of mass of the precursor and on its ability to act as a substrate for d-lactate dehydrogenase after release from the precursor. the presence of the d-lactate residue instead of d- ...	1992	1521770
[is hemolysis a sign of endocarditis in obstructive cardiomyopathy?].		1992	1531526
inducible carboxypeptidase activity in vancomycin-resistant enterococci.	vancomycin was found to coinduce dd-carboxypeptidase activity, together with resistance, in eight low- or high-level glycopeptide-resistant strains of enterococci. the constitutively resistant mutant (mt10) of a low-level-resistant strain of enterococcus faecium (d366) spontaneously expressed a level of carboxypeptidase similar to that of the induced strain d366. pentapeptide, udp-murnac-pentapeptide, as well as d-alanyl-d-alanine were in vitro substrates for the carboxypeptidase which was not i ...	1992	1534213
the vans-vanr two-component regulatory system controls synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in enterococcus faecium bm4147.	plasmid pip816 of enterococcus faecium bm4147 confers inducible resistance to vancomycin and encodes the vanh dehydrogenase and the vana ligase for synthesis of depsipeptide-containing peptidoglycan precursors which bind the antibiotic with reduced affinity. we have characterized a cluster of five genes of pip816 sufficient for peptidoglycan synthesis in the presence of vancomycin. the distal part of the van cluster encodes vanh, vana, and a third enzyme, vanx, all of which are necessary for res ...	1992	1556077
concomitant high-level vancomycin and penicillin resistance in clinical isolates of enterococci.	enterococci are important nosocomial pathogens among which resistance to multiple antibiotics is being recognized with increasing frequency. we characterized three clinical isolates from three new york city hospitals that demonstrated concomitant resistance to vancomycin (one vana, two vanb phenotypes) and high-level resistance to penicillin. two enterococcus faecium strains were intrinsically highly resistant to penicillin and showed very low affinity for penicillin of penicillin-binding protei ...	1992	1562656
differences in the formation of poles of enterococcus and bacillus.	the pole of enterococcus hirae (streptococcus faecium) is more pointed than that of bacillus subtilis; i.e. the pole of the former is prolate and the latter is oblate. both species form their poles by constructing annular additions on the inside surface. in both cases, the thick septum starts to split from the outside before the septum is complete. physiochemical considerations dictate that the peptidoglycan must be unstretched as laid down. however, it later becomes stressed and may stretch to ...	1992	1573905
replacement of the essential penicillin-binding protein 5 by high-molecular mass pbps may explain vancomycin-beta-lactam synergy in low-level vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium d366.	the mechanism of synergy between vancomycin and penicillin, as well as other beta-lactam antibiotics, was examined in a penicillin-resistant e. faecium (d366) expressing an inducible low-level resistance to vancomycin. it was demonstrated that penicillin per se was not able to reduce the inducible expression of the 39.5-kda protein (vanb) or the carboxypeptidase activity which are involved in the mechanism of vancomycin resistance of this strain. assays of competition between 3h-benzylpenicillin ...	1992	1577257
extracellular and cellular distribution of muramidase-2 and muramidase-1 of enterococcus hirae atcc 9790.	a substantial portion of the second peptidoglycan hydrolase (muramidase-2) activity of enterococcus hirae atcc 9790 (formerly streptococcus faecium) is present in the supernatant culture medium. in contrast, nearly all muramidase-1 activity is associated with cells in the latent, proteinase-activatable form. muramidase-2 activity is produced and secreted throughout growth, with maximal levels attained at or near the end of exponential growth in a rich organic medium. muramidase-2 activity in the ...	1992	1577692
cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the gamma-d-glutamyl-l-diamino acid endopeptidase ii of bacillus sphaericus.	the gene encoding the bacillus sphaericus gamma-d-glutamyl-l-diamino acid endopeptidase ii, a cytoplasmic enzyme involved in cell sporulation [1], contains the information for a 271-amino acid protein devoid of a signal peptide. the endopeptidase lacks sequence relatedness with other proteins of known primary structure except that its c-terminal region has significant similarity with the c-terminal region of the 54-kda p54 protein of enterococcus faecium, of unknown function [2].	1992	1587462
comparison of ly264826-gentamicin with vancomycin-gentamicin against enterococci from blood cultures.	the combination of the new glycopeptide ly264826 and gentamicin was compared with the combination of vancomycin and gentamicin against 30 strains of enterococci, comprising 20 strains of enterococcus faecalis, five strains of enterococcus faecium and five strains of enterococcus avium, isolated from blood cultures. ly264826 plus gentamicin was synergic against e. faecalis and e. faecium, but not against e. avium.	1992	1592699
a cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in an intensive care unit.	to describe the epidemiology of a cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (varec) in a cardiothoracic surgery intensive care unit.	1992	1593099
lactic acid bacteria for mink. colonization and persistence of enterococcus faecium cernelle 68 in the digestive tract of mink.	a method was developed to follow a lactic acid bacterial strain, enterococcus faecium cernelle 68, with respect to adhesion, multiplication, colonization, and persistence in the digestive tract of mink. also the spread of the strain in the cage was examined. when adding 5 x 10(9) c.f.u. of a rifampicin resistant mutant per kg feed, high viable counts were registered throughout the digestive tract, apart from the oesophagus. counts were increasing in the aboral direction, suggesting some multipli ...	1992	1598862
hospital-acquired infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium transmitted by electronic thermometers.	to describe an epidemic of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium causing bacteremia and bacteriuria, to identify the source of infection, to delineate risk factors associated with acquisition of the organism, and to determine antibiotic sensitivities for the organism.	1992	1605425
determination of the chromosomal size of three different strains of enterococcus faecalis and one strain of enterococcus faecium.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine the chromosomal size of three different strains of enterococcus faecalis and one strain of enterococcus faecium. the size determinations of og1x, a strain of e. faecalis widely used in many laboratories for genetic studies, using sma i, not i, and sfi i alone or in combination, ranged from 2,750 to 2,761 kb. using the same enzymes as with og1x, the size of hh-67, a plasmid-free clinical isolate of e. faecalis, was determined to be 2,170-2,28 ...	1992	1605856
high-level resistance to gentamicin in enterococcus faecium.	during a six-month period in a hospital in ireland, four patients were infected (isolation from blood cultures) and two were colonized (isolation from rectal swabs) with strains of enterococcus faecium highly resistant to gentamicin. mics of gentamicin were greater than 1000 mg/l for all six strains, and each possessed a plasmid of approximately 50 mda. resistance to gentamicin was transferable by conjugation from two of the six strains, and was associated with transfer of the 50 mda plasmid. th ...	1992	1607328
[affinities of pbps of enterococci to cefepime and ampicillin].	the beta-lactam resistance of genus streptococcus has been explained by the low binding affinity of penicillin-binding proteins (pbps) to the drug. this study was carried out to resolve the mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in the species of genus enterococcus by means of binding affinities of pbps. streptococcus pyogenes, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium and enterococcus avium were employed as assay microbes. cefepime (cfpm) and ampicillin (abpc) were used as repres ...	1992	1608172
the effect of resuscitation and the incubation-temperature on recovery of uninjured, heat injured and freeze injured enterococci.	five strains of enterococci were inoculated on the slanetz and bartley enterococcus agar (ea), and incubated at 37 degrees c and 44 degrees c following: no injury, heat-injury and freeze-injury. the experiments were repeated introducing a 2 h resuscitation step in tryptic soy agar (tsa) at 37 degrees c and subsequent overlay with ea (tsa/ea) followed by incubation at both 37 degrees c and 44 degrees c. the tsa/ea method gave a significantly better recovery (1% confidence level) than the ea metho ...	1992	1622754
nosocomial acquisition of beta-lactamase--negative, ampicillin-resistant enterococcus.	a recent prospective study at the department of veterans affairs medical center, martinez, calif, revealed that 9% of enterococcal clinical isolates were ampicillin resistant. we prospectively studied 100 patients hospitalized in one general medicine ward and in the medical intensive care unit to study determinants of acquisition of ampicillin-resistant enterococcus.	1992	1627025
detection of vancomycin resistance in enterococcus species.	enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolates that are resistant to vancomycin have recently been identified in north america and europe. of 155 clinical isolates of enterococci (113 e. faecium and 42 e. faecalis), we found that 98 were resistant, 52 were moderately susceptible, and 5 had intermediate susceptibilities to vancomycin by using broth microdilution susceptibility testing according to the national committee for clinical laboratory standards (nccls) (approved standard m7-a2). ...	1992	1629315
[studies of bacterial indicators for water pollution--growth of escherichia coli and enterococci in limited nutrient conditions].	bacteria, that would be an ideal indicator for fecal contamination in environmental water, should not proliferate but at the same time should survive a little longer than enteropathogenic bacteria in the environmental water. while conventional methods have recommended escherichia coli as an indicator, enterococci is recommended as a preferable indicator for the estimation of fecal contamination based on the following observation. the relationship between the specific growth rate of organism and ...	1992	1638040
enterococcus faecium strains susceptible to ampicillin.		1992	1737727
nutritional requirements in multiple auxotrophic lactic acid bacteria: genetic lesions affecting amino acid biosynthetic pathways in lactococcus lactis, enterococcus faecium, and pediococcus acidilactici.	in a study of genetic lesions responsible for amino acid requirements in multiple auxotrophic lactic acid bacteria, a systematic attempt was made to isolate mutants that could synthesize each of the amino acids required by the parental strains of lactococcus lactis, enterococcus faecium, and pediococcus acidilactici. after treatment with appropriate mutagens or, in some cases, spontaneously, such mutants could indeed be obtained with respect to many but not all essential amino acids. successful ...	1992	27280812
bacillus fermentation of soybeans.	kinema fermentations of indian and canadian no. 1 soybeans by bacillus sp. dk-w1 and by mixed cultures of bacillus sp. dk-w1 and enterococcus faecium dk-c1 were essentially identical. the viable cell count of bacillus increased from an initial 10(5) to 10(10) c.f.u./g wet wt after 48 h incubation at 37°c. the ph of the fermentation dropped from an initial 6.9 to about 6.4 after 8 h and then rose to 8.6 after 32 h, with a coincident increase in proteolytic activity and ammonia concentration. the ...	1993	24420029
purification, relative molecular mass and subunits of thymidylate synthase from lactobacillus leichmannii.	thymidylate synthase (5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate: dump c-methyltransferase, ec 2.1.1.45) from crude cell extracts of lactobacillus leichmannii has been purified 190-fold to homogeneity by chromatography on hydroxylapatite, deae-cellulose and sephadex g-100 columns. it has uv absorption maxima at 280 nm. the crude extracts, however, have rna associated with the native enzyme. this is in line with our earlier observation on the streptococcus faecium thymidylate synthase [narasimha rao k & kis ...	1993	7685312
characteristics of enterococcus strains isolated in 1991-1992.	the paper presents the identification and resistance to antibiotics as well as the high-level resistance of 96 strains of enterococci isolated in 1991-1992 from patients admitted in the "victor babes" hospital of infectious diseases. the identification of enterococcus species using the facklam-collins schedule and several additional tests reveal 86.4% e. faecalis, 7.2% e. faecium, 4.1% e. gallinarum and 1.0% e. durans and 1% e. hirae. the high-level resistance to aminoglycosides was 69.8% for st ...	1993	7827360
[the etiological role of enterococci in chronic obstructive bronchitis].	the role of enterococci in the development of chronic obstructive bronchitis was determined. enterococcus faecalis, subspecies zymogens and liquefaciens, were found to be the etiological factors of chronic obstructive bronchitis both as the primary cause of the disease and, probably, the cause of secondary hospital infection. enterococci isolated from patients had some signs of pathogenicity, their characteristic feature being multiple drug resistance. chronic obstructive bronchitis caused by th ...	1993	8067086
application of dna probes for rrna and vana genes to investigation of a nosocomial cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.	dna probes specific for genes encoding rrna and the glycopeptide resistance gene vana were used to investigate a cluster of vancomycin-resistant (mics, > 512 mg/liter) enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolated from separate patients in a renal unit in a london hospital. when digested with bamhi, 12 of 13 vancomycin-resistant e. faecalis isolates exhibited a common restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern of rrna genes (ribotype). a vana probe hybridized with chromosomal dna ...	1993	8096216
comparison of high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolates from different continents.	eight clinical isolates of enterococcus faecium highly resistant to gentamicin (mic, > 1,000 mg/liter) from patients in six hospitals on three continents were investigated for evidence of spread of either a clone of high-level gentamicin-resistant (hlgr) e. faecium or wide dissemination of a gentamicin resistance (gmr) plasmid. a combination of ribotypes, plasmid profiles, and extended antimicrobial susceptibilities enabled us to distinguish all but two of the isolates and did not suggest clonal ...	1993	8098597
nosocomial infection with microsphere beds.		1993	8100961
evidence for an animal origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.		1993	8102440
antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci in vitro.	treating patients with enterococcal infections has become difficult because of the emergence of several resistant traits in the past decade, including high-level resistance to gentamicin, beta-lactamase production, non-beta-lactamase-associated penicillin resistance and vancomycin resistance. to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and to survey the antibiotic resistance of enterococci, we tested 111 clinical isolates of enterococci from the national taiwan university hospital from 1990 to ...	1993	8106043
study of heterogeneity of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) genes in streptococci and enterococci by polymerase chain reaction: characterization of a new cat determinant.	an assay based on the utilization of degenerate primers that enable enzymatic amplification of an internal fragment of cat genes known to be present in gram-positive cocci was developed to identify the genes encoding chloramphenicol resistance in streptococci and enterococci. the functionality of this system was illustrated by the detection of cat genes belonging to four different hydridization classes represented by the staphylococcal genes catpc221, catpc194, catpscs7, and the clostridial gene ...	1993	8109922
in vitro activity of novobiocin against multiresistant strains of enterococcus faecium.	sixty strains of vancomycin- and ampicillin-resistant enterococcus faecium were evaluated for their susceptibilities to novobiocin in vitro. in mueller-hinton broth, novobiocin inhibited all strains when it was used at a concentration of < or = 2 microgram/ml and 40 of 60 strains when it was used at a concentration of < or = 0.5 micrograms/ml. mics were 8- to 16-fold higher in 50% serum. novobiocin alone resulted in 2-log-unit killing at 24 h. combinations of novobiocin and a fluoroquinolone (ei ...	1993	8109945
chromosomally mediated high-level gentamicin resistance in streptococcus mitis.	four blood culture isolates of streptococcus mitis were found to be resistant to penicillin (mic, 16 to 32 micrograms/ml) and gentamicin (mic, 128 or 1,000 micrograms/ml), and the two antibiotics demonstrated a lack of in vitro synergy. as shown by polymerase chain reaction assays, the structural gene known to encode high-level gentamicin resistance in enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, and streptococcus agalactiae was also present in all four s. mitis strains. attempts to isolate plas ...	1993	8109946
detection of ampicillin resistance in enterococcus spp. by disk diffusion and two commercial automated systems.	a total of 154 enterococcus faecium and 48 enterococcus faecalis isolates, 55% of which were ampicillin-resistant, were used to evaluate two commonly used automated systems, vitek's gps-ta card (biomérieux, usa) and microscan's pos mic type 6 panel (baxter health-care, usa), and the nccls disk diffusion method for the detection of ampicillin resistance. microscan panels were read by the walk/away system and by visual inspection. the results were as follows: disk diffusion, 100% sensitive and spe ...	1993	8112359
vancomycin-resistant enterococcus: an emerging nosocomial pathogen and its implications for the operating room setting.	enterococci, an emerging group of nosocomial pathogens with high-level resistance to various antibiotics, will demand effective, conscientious, and continuous use of universal precautions to combat their pernicious threat. effective universal precautions/body substance isolation infection control precautions and methodologies and innovative medical and surgical procedures will play a significant role in containing these highly infectious pathogens.	1993	8054953
[bacterial reducing qualities of copper-containing and non-copper-containing materials. i. contamination and sedimentation in humid and dry conditions].	in this examination the bactericide qualities of different materials were tested. particularly the effect of humidity was examined. 3 materials containing copper ("copper", "brass" and "brass sheet") and 2 materials not containing copper ("polyamide b" and "high-grade steel") were tested. the surfaces of the 5 types of material were contaminated with a suspension of 2 different bacteria species (staphylococcus aureus and micrococcus luteus). after defined exposure times the survival rate of the ...	1993	8117392
sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin alone or in combination with gentamicin for therapy of experimental ampicillin-resistant enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits.	sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin alone and in combination with gentamicin, were evaluated for the treatment of experimental endocarditis in rabbits caused by ampicillin-resistant enterococci. clinafloxacin was tested against enterococcus faecalis strain wh245, a beta-lactamase producer lacking high-level gentamicin resistance (mic 12.5 mg/l). sparfloxacin was tested against enterococcus faecium strain sf2149 a non-producer of beta-lactamase (ampicillin mic 400 mg/l, gentamicin mic 12.5 mg/l). for ...	1993	8125836
effect of microbial inoculants on the nutritive value of corn silage for lactating dairy cows.	two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of microbial inoculation on the composition and nutritive value of corn silage for lactating cows. in experiment 1, forage was untreated or treated at ensiling with pioneer 1174 or ecosyl silage inoculants. forage was offered for free choice consumption, and concentrate was fed by a computerized feeder. treatment with 1174 inoculant had little effect on silage composition and no effect on cow performance. silage treated with ecosyl inoculant ...	1993	8132883
[escherichia vulneris infection. report of 2 cases].	escherichia vulneris is an enterobacteriaceae seldom isolated in microbiology laboratories. we report two cases of infection with positive cultures for this microorganism.	1993	8142507
genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci.		1993	8215264
a gene conferring resistance to vancomycin but not teicoplanin in isolates of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium demonstrates homology with vanb, vana, and vanc genes of enterococci.	we report the sequence of a 630-bp fragment of a gene associated with resistance to high levels of vancomycin in a clinical isolate of enterococcus faecalis which retained susceptibility to teicoplanin. this gene was similar to the recently sequenced vanb and partially homologous with vana, but it showed less-marked similarity to vanc. a dna probe, derived from this polymerase chain reaction-amplified gene fragment, hybridized specifically with genomic dna from enterococcus faecium and e. faecal ...	1993	8215270
multicentre survey of the comparative in-vitro activity of piperacillin/tazobactam against bacteria from hospitalized patients in the british isles.	twenty-nine british and irish hospitals each collected up to 300 bacterial isolates from in-patients. the organisms were identified by an appropriate api system or, for staphylococci, by their gram and coagulase reactions. disc susceptibility tests were performed. isolates that gave zones < or = 25 mm to piperacillin/tazobactam (75 micrograms + 10 micrograms) discs were sent to a central laboratory for re-examination and determination of mic, together with a sample of the more susceptible organi ...	1993	8226427
prevalence in singapore of enterococci with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides and comparison of three methods for their detection.	the first study of the prevalence in singapore of enterococci with high-level resistance to aminoglycosides has been made in the national university hospital. from march to june 1992, 225 isolates were studied by means of three methods: (1) use of brain-heart infusion (bhi) agar incorporating the antibiotic; (2) microdilution of the antibiotic in broth; and (3) use of high content antibiotic discs. the bhi agar was the reference method. of the total, 49 (22%) isolates were resistant to gentamici ...	1993	8228292
[chlorhexidine digluconate/chlorocresol combination. in vitro study of interactions observed against potential cutaneous strains].	the interaction type of chlorhexidine digluconate/chlorocresol association (foaming solution dc 102/1, laboratoires pierre fabre médicament) have been studied according to the chess-board method, on microplate, by determining mbc (minimal bactericidal concentrations) (or mfc (minimal fungicidal concentrations)) adjusted to t 72-150 afnor norm (dilution-neutralization, contact 5 mn) and computation of fbc (or ffc) index. trials were carried out against 18 hospital strains (staphylococcus epidermi ...	1993	8233635
experimental infection of chicks with enterococcus hirae.		1993	8236693
characterization of the chromosomal aac(6')-ii gene specific for enterococcus faecium.	chromosomal gene aac(6')-ii of enterococcus faecium cip 54-32, encoding a 6'-n-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase was characterized. the gene was identified as a coding sequence of 549 bp corresponding to a protein with a calculated mass of 20,666 da. analysis of the sequence of the deduced protein suggested that it was the second member of a subfamily of aac(6')-i enzymes. insertional inactivation of aac(6')-ii led to aminoglycoside susceptibility of cip 54-32, suggesting that this gene plays a r ...	1993	8239603
novel antibiotic regimens against enterococcus faecium resistant to ampicillin, vancomycin, and gentamicin.	enterococci have emerged as significant nosocomial pathogens. enterococci with resistance to commonly used antibiotics are appearing more frequently. we encountered at our institution several infections caused by enterococcus faecium with high-level resistance to ampicillin, vancomycin, and gentamicin. the optimal antibiotic therapy for serious infections with unusually resistant enterococci has not been established. using time-kill studies, we tested the effectiveness of various antibiotic comb ...	1993	8239604
in vitro activity of sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin against multidrug-resistant enterococci.	we evaluated the in vitro susceptibility of 140 clinical enterococcal isolates to the quinolones sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin. isolates included enterococcus faecalis (107), enterococcus faecium (29), enterococcus raffinosus (3), and one enterococcus gallinarum. there were 111 isolates that showed high-level [minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) > or = 2000 micrograms/ml] resistance to gentamicin and were resistant to high levels of all other aminoglycosides; five isolates produced beta-la ...	1993	8243036
modeling the growth of enterococcus faecium in bologna sausage.	a study to set up mathematical models which allow the prediction of enterococcus faecium growth in bologna sausage (mortadella) was carried out. growth curves were obtained at different temperatures (5, 6, 12, 15, 25, 32, 35, 37, 42, 46, 50, 52, and 55 degrees c). the gompertz and logistic models, modified by zwietering, were found to fit with the representation of experimental curves. the variations of the parameters a (i.e., the asymptotic value reached by the relative population during the st ...	1993	8250562
the antimicrobial activity in vitro of cefpirome and 6 other beta-lactam antibacterial agents against clinical isolates.	the in vitro activity of cefpirome (cpr) was compared with that of cefazolin (cez), cefotiam (ctm), flomoxef (fmox), cefotaxime (ctx), ceftazidime (caz) and imipenem/cilastatin (ipm/cs) against 384 clinical isolates, for tested by the both microdilution method. the activity of cpr against staphylococcus aureus (mic50, 1 microgram/ml) and enterococcus faecalis (mic50, 8 micrograms/ml) was better than ctx and caz, but slightly less than ipm/cs. cpr and other antibacterial agents were not effect ag ...	1993	8254889
antibiotic treatment of experimental endocarditis due to vancomycin- and ampicillin-resistant enterococcus faecium.	we compared ciprofloxacin, rifampin, and gentamicin treatments, alone and in combination, for 5 days in the therapy of experimental aortic valve endocarditis in rats caused by a clinical isolate of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium. the mics and mbcs of vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, and gentamicin were 250 and > 1,000, 3.1 and 6.3, 0.098 and 1.6, and 12.5 and > 50 micrograms/ml, respectively. infected rats were sacrificed after completing 5 days of therapy. additional rats within ...	1993	8257125
identification of the sata gene encoding a streptogramin a acetyltransferase in enterococcus faecium bm4145.	enterococcus faecium bm4145, a clinical isolate from urine, was resistant to streptogramin group a antibiotics by inactivation. the strain harbored a plasmid containing a gene, sata, responsible for this resistance; this gene was cloned and sequenced. it encoded sata, a protein deduced to be 23,634 da in mass and homologous with a new family of chloramphenicol acetyltransferases described in agrobacterium tumefaciens, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and staphylococcus aureus. the simil ...	1993	8257133
antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci: results of a survey conducted by the united kingdom national external quality assessment scheme for microbiology.	six strains of enterococci were distributed to participants in the united kingdom national external quality assessment scheme for microbiology with a request that they be tested for susceptibility to ampicillin/penicillin and vancomycin and for high-level resistance to gentamicin. more than 98% of laboratories correctly reported the resistant strains as resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. however, there was a poorer correlation for the susceptible strains, with only 1-6% and 69-83% of labora ...	1993	8262862
clonal spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium between patients in three hospitals in two states.	the dnas of 3* vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium isolates from five hospitals in three states were analyzed by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis and plasmid analysis. there were 22 strain types. one strain type was common to patients in three hospitals in two states. these results suggest the apparent intra- and interhospital spread of vancomycin-resistant e. faecium.	1993	8315004
colonial variation in vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium.	vancomycin resistant enterococci are increasingly being isolated from inpatients. this report describes the colonial variation present in most isolates of vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium obtained at this hospital. colonial variants within the same culture were indistinguishable by antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions, and ribotyping. failure to appreciate this colonial variation will lead to pure cultures being regarded as contaminated or mixed.	1993	8320331
enterococcus faecium: in vitro activity of antimicrobial drugs, singly and combined, with and without defibrinated human blood, against multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains.	the minimal inhibitory (mics) and bactericidal concentrations of 14 antimicrobial drugs were determined against 17 clinical isolates of enterococcus faecium, including 4 glycopeptide-resistant strains. both teicoplanin and vancomycin lacked bactericidal activity against all 13 susceptible isolates. time-kill experiments served to test various antibiotic combinations chiefly against glycopeptide-resistant strains in mueller-hinton broth (mhb) and in mhb supplemented with 65% (v/v) fresh defibrina ...	1993	8325127
constitutively vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium resistant to synergistic beta-lactam combinations.	vancomycin resistance among enterococci has recently been recognized. synergy between vancomycin and penicillin has been shown in vitro for isolates of enterococcus faecium resistant to both of these antibiotics. we describe three isolates of vancomycin-resistant e. faecium which demonstrate unique phenotypic characteristics. the isolates exhibited high-level resistance to both vancomycin and teicoplanin, consistent with the vana phenotype. however, resistance in these isolates could not be indu ...	1993	8328775
nosocomial outbreak due to enterococcus faecium highly resistant to vancomycin, penicillin, and gentamicin.	in october 1990, enterococcus faecium that was highly resistant to glycopeptides, penicillins, and aminoglycosides was isolated from the peritoneal dialysis fluid from a patient in an intensive care unit. over the following 6 months, multiresistant e. faecium organisms were isolated from cultures of blood, urine, or surgical wound specimens from eight additional patients. surveillance cultures of groin and/or rectal swabs were positive for eight of 37 patients and four of 62 employees at risk. r ...	1993	8329505
in-vitro synergy and mechanism of interaction between vancomycin and ciprofloxacin against enterococcal isolates.	in-vitro synergy between vancomycin and ciprofloxacin against 44 enterococcal isolates was studied. synergy occurred in chequerboard mic determinations with six enterococcus faecium strains resistant to both vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. the combination was additive for strains susceptible to one or both antibiotics. time-kill studies involving selected strains with different susceptibility patterns confirmed the chequerboard results. the effect of ciprofloxacin on the induction of vancomycin re ...	1993	8335499
diagnosis and treatment of enterococcal endocarditis.	enterococci are frequently encountered in urinary, biliary, and gastrointestinal tract infections and are increasingly being recognized in nosocomial bacteriuria and bacteremia. undoubtedly, however, the most serious of all enterococcal infections is endocarditis. at present, enterococci are the third most common cause of infective endocarditis (after streptococci and staphylococcus aureus), and the incidence of the disease is likely to grow as the population ages and increasing numbers of perso ...	1993	8340432
[antagonistic activity of the rumen bacteria, enterococcus faecium and staphylococcus warneri].	the bacterial strains e. faecium and s. warneri were tested for their antagonistic activities, and/or for the antimicrobial spectrum of bacteriocin-like substances produced by these bacteria. isolates of rumen and non-rumen origin were used as indicator strains (tab. i). all the isolates (except the strains sw48 and ef24c as indicators of rumen origin) produced bacteriocin-like substances inhibiting the growth of at least one of the series of the nine indicators used while clear inhibition zones ...	1993	8346614
ability of clinical laboratories to detect antimicrobial agent-resistant enterococci.	to test the ability of clinical laboratories to detect antimicrobial resistance among enterococci, we sent four vancomycin-resistant enterococcal strains and one beta-lactamase-producing enterococcus to all 93 nongovernment, hospital-based clinical laboratories in new jersey; 76 (82%) participated in the study. each organism was tested by the laboratory's routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing method. the proportion of laboratories that correctly reported that an isolate was resistant to v ...	1993	8349745
recovery of borrelia burgdorferi by filtration.	bacterial contamination frequently interferes with successful recovery of the lyme spirochete from cultures of tissue from borrelia burgdorferi-infected humans, rodents, or ticks. we used 0.20- and 0.45-microns-pore-size syringe-tip filters to recover spirochetes from cultures contaminated with other bacteria. low concentrations (1 to 10/ml) of b. burgdorferi organisms could be recovered from cultures seeded with 1 x 10(8) to 4 x 10(8) staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecium, escherichia co ...	1993	8349770
comparison of patients with enterococcal bacteremia due to strains with and without high-level resistance to gentamicin.	patients with enterococcal bacteremia due to strains with and without high-level gentamicin resistance (hlgr; mic, > 2,000 mg/l) were compared. between 1986 and 1991, there were 178 episodes of enterococcal bacteremia: 47 and 131 episodes, respectively, due to enterococcal strains with and without hlgr. sixty-two, 57, and 59 episodes, respectively, were in patients with transient bacteremia (a single positive blood culture), bacteremia (two or more positive blood cultures), and polymicrobial bac ...	1993	8353250
frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of enterococci.	a study was performed to determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococcus species in clinical specimens. of 943 aesculin-positive isolates, 873 (92%) were identified as enterococci (737 enterococcus faecalis, 129 enterococcus faecium and 7 other enterococcus species). high-level resistance to gentamicin was found in 15.2% of enterococcus faecalis, but not in enterococcus faecium; 58% of enterococcus faecium were resistant to gentamicin at a concentration of 64 mg/l. none ...	1993	8354304
ternary complex formation with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate and the kinetic properties of thymidylate synthase from lactobacillus leichmannii.	lactobacillus leichmannii thymidylate synthase (5,10-ch2-h4pteglu:dump c-methyltransferase, ec 2.1.1.45) forms a tight and stable covalently bonded ternary complex with the inhibitor 5-fdump in the presence of the cofactor 5,10-ch2-h4-pteglu. 'filter assay' employing the radioactive nucleotide ligand showed that 2 moles of fdump are bound per mole enzyme during the ternary complex formation with the l. leichmannii dtmp synthase. this is in line with our earlier observation on the streptococcus f ...	1993	8354517
triple combination penicillin-vancomycin-gentamicin for experimental endocarditis caused by a highly penicillin-and glycopeptide-resistant isolate of enterococcus faecium.	a combination of low-dose penicillin (75,000 iu/kg twice daily [b.i.d.]) vancomycin (30 mg/kg b.i.d.) and gentamicin (6 mg/kg b.i.d.) has been shown to be as effective as a combination of high-dose penicillin (500,000 iu/kg b.i.d.) and gentamicin (6 mg/kg b.i.d.) in the treatment of rabbit endocarditis caused by an enterococcus faecium strain moderately resistant to beta-lactams and highly resistant to glycopeptides. the same regimens were evaluated against an e. faecium strain highly resistant ...	1993	8354909
presumptive fecal streptococci in environmental samples characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.	the use of fecal streptococci as fecal indicators requires better knowledge of the ecology of these bacteria. we isolated 371 presumptive fecal streptococci from environmental samples--domestic wastewater, forest industry wastewater, contaminated surface and seawater, well water, cow dung, bird droppings, and pristine waters--and clustered them according to their protein profiles in one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. some clusters could be tentati ...	1993	8357252
in vitro antimicrobial activity of cp-99433 compared with other fluoroquinolones.	cp-99433 is a new c-7 diazabicyclofluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that includes enterobacteriaceae, gram-positive cocci, and nonenteric gram-negative bacilli. potent activity was demonstrated against pseudomonas aeruginosa [minimum inhibitory concentration (mic90, 0.5 microgram/ml), xanthomonas maltophilia (mic90, 1 microgram/ml), and all streptococcus species (mic90s, 0.25-1 microgram/ml). only cp-99433 was active against enterococcus faecium (mic50, 2 micrograms/ml). cp-99433 ...	1993	8359012
[intestinal flora of inpatients and isolation frequency of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus].	the authors compared intestinal flora from 30 healthy volunteers and 128 inpatients. e. coli, b. fragilis, and bifidobacterium were each detected in the stools of healthy subjects at a frequency of more than 90%, while the incidences of such flora were low in the stools of inpatients: a significant difference was observed between the two groups. e. faecium, p. aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), c. difficile, and candida were detected at high frequencies in the stools ...	1993	8361033
taurolidine: in vitro activity against multiple-antibiotic-resistant, nosocomially significant clinical isolates of staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecium, and diverse enterobacteriaceae.	taurolidine at < or = 1,250 micrograms/ml killed all 37 isolates of multiple-antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus aureus (n = 9), enterococcus faecium (n = 17), and enterobacteriaceae (n = 11). time-kill experiments disclosed that bovine serum (65% v/v) only marginally retarded the bactericidal activity of 2,000 and 1,000 micrograms/ml of taurolidine against the various strains. taurolidine at 2,000 micrograms/ml did not antagonize the bactericidal activity of 50% (v/v) fresh human serum against ...	1993	8370323
characterization of tn1546, a tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in enterococcus faecium bm4147.	sequence determination of the flanking regions of the vancomycin resistance van gene cluster carried by pip816 in enterococcus faecium bm4147 revealed similarity to transposons of the tn3 family. imperfect inverted repeats (36 of 38 bp) delineated a 10,851-bp element designated tn1546. the 4-kb region located upstream from the vanr gene contained two open reading frames (orf) transcribed in opposite directions. the deduced amino acid sequence of orf1 (988 residues) displayed, respectively, 56 an ...	1993	8380148
aerobic stability and in vitro fiber digestibility of microbially inoculated corn and sorghum silages.	silage deteriorates readily when exposed to air, resulting in dm losses. inoculation of silage with lactic acid bacteria may aid fermentation, but effects on aerobic stability are unclear. two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of commercial bacterial inoculants on aerobic stability and in vitro fiber digestibility of silage. corn (zea mays l.; exp. 1) or sorghum (sorghum bicolor [l.] moench; exp. 2) forage (30% dm) was inoculated (1.1 x 10(5) colony forming units/g of fresh fora ...	1993	8382675
the activity of daptomycin on enterococcus faecium protoplasts: indirect evidence supporting a novel mode of action on lipoteichoic acid synthesis.	the effect of daptomycin, an acidic lipopeptide antibiotic active against gram-positives, was studied in enterococcus faecium protoplasts. this antibiotic killed 99% of the protoplasts within 60 minutes of treatment, while vancomycin was ineffective, thus excluding peptidoglycan synthesis as the only target of the action of daptomycin. as previously seen with whole cells, in protoplasts lipoteichoic acid synthesis was the earliest and most strongly inhibited among types of macro-molecular synthe ...	1993	8385093
comparison of in vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activities of daptomycin (ly 146032) and four reference antibiotics, singly and in combination, against gentamicin-susceptible and high-level-gentamicin-resistant enterococci.	the in vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activities of daptomycin and reference antibiotics were determined by serial macrobroth dilution for 23 gentamicin-susceptible (mic: < 2,000 mg/l) and 21 high-level-gentamicin-resistant (hlgr) enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, and enterococcus avium isolates. the activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, and teicoplanin were independent of the gentamicin susceptibility profile and species tested. for all the isolates, the inhibitory activity of dap ...	1993	8396526
[superheating of germ carriers falsifies the steam resistance of bioindicators].	in the course of experiments on the resistance of bioindicators in saturated steam the authors noticed that carriers made of filter paper showed superheating by hygroscopic condensation. the differences in temperature between the bioindicators and the saturated steam amounted to about 5 kelvin. even after 20 minutes temperature equilibrium has not been reached. as a result of overheating and reduced water activity the frequency of bioindicators with surviving test organisms was increased. beyond ...	1993	8397685
characterization of bacteriocins from enterococcus faecium with activity against listeria monocytogenes.	laboratory cultures and environmental isolates of bacteria were screened for antagonism towards listeria monocytogenes using an agar spot test. seven of the 163 strains that were tested, one streptococcus bovis, one enterococcus casseliflavus, two e. avium and three e. faecium, consistently displayed antilisterial activity. cell-free, ph-neutralized supernatants prepared from the three e. faecium strains (jbl1061, jbl1083 and jbl1351) exhibited strong antilisterial activity against l. monocytoge ...	1993	8398626
epithelial cells secrete the chemokine interleukin-8 in response to bacterial entry.	bacterial invasion of mucosal surfaces results in a rapid influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. the chemotactic stimulus responsible for this response is not known. since epithelial cells are among the first cells entered by many enteric pathogens, we investigated the ability of epithelial cells to provide an early signal for the mucosal inflammatory response through the release of chemotactic cytokines. as shown herein, the chemokine interleukin-8 (il-8), a potent chemoattractant and activato ...	1993	8406853
fermentation of raw poultry byproducts for animal nutrition.	in this study, the fermentation of raw, inedible poultry byproducts mixed with sugarbeet pulp and dextrose and inoculated with lactobacillus plantarum and(or) enteroccocus faecium resulted in a drop of ph in the byproducts to approximately 4.0 to 4.5 within 48 h. to keep the fermented product stable for a period of 21 d, the addition of > or = 3% (wt/wt) of a fermentable carbohydrate was necessary. with a high inoculation level of approximately 10(8) to 10(9) l. plantarum per gram, or with acidi ...	1993	8407654
the feeding of raw, fermented poultry byproducts: using mink as a model.	in this study, the safety of fermentation as a method of preservation of raw animal byproducts used for animal nutrition was tested. two feeding trials with mink, as a model for nonruminant animals, were carried out. in the first trial mink were given a fermented diet composed of raw poultry and fish byproducts supplemented with cereals, glucose, lactic acid, premix, and starter culture (lactobacillus plantarum and enterococcus faecium). these mink failed to deliver kits, and 7 of the 30 females ...	1993	8407655
electronic thermometers and nosocomial infections.		1993	8416316
development and use of species-specific oligonucleotide probes for differentiation of streptococcus uberis and streptococcus parauberis.	oligonucleotide probes specific for 16s rrna and capable of differentiating streptococcus uberis and s. parauberis from each other and other esculin-hydrolyzing streptococci were developed. use of a mini-rna extraction technique for gram-positive cocci associated with bovine mastitis has allowed the probes to be used for identification of esculin-hydrolyzing streptococci from two dairy herds at the institute for animal health, compton, united kingdom. one hundred seventy-nine of 206 isolates wer ...	1993	8417033
evaluation of new streptococcal latex grouping kit.	to evaluate a new streptococcal latex grouping kit (shield diagnostics ltd) and compare it against an established latex agglutination method (streptex; wellcome diagnostics).	1993	8432896
environmental strains of enterococcus faecium with inducible high-level resistance to glycopeptides.	high-level resistance to glycopeptides in enterococcus faecium is associated with an inducible 39-kda cytoplasmic membrane protein. the present paper shows that such glycopeptide-resistant e. faecium strains can not only be isolated in a definite clinical setting but also from waste water of sewage treatment plants. nearer characterization of these and of clinical isolates by resistance pattern, biotyping, and genotyping (dna-fingerprinting with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) has shown that d ...	1993	8440464
enterococcal infections. the increasing threat of nosocomial spread and drug resistance.	enterococcal nosocomial infections are becoming more common. their multiple resistance mechanisms to various antibiotics pose serious therapeutic problems. despite 40 years of intense development of antimicrobial agents, no agent surpasses the synergistic effects of a combination of a penicillin or vancomycin plus an aminoglycoside for treatment of enterococcal infections. new agents that have bactericidal activity against enterococci are needed as the incidence of resistant strains increases.	1993	8446521
simple combined agar-strip test for detection of enterococcal susceptibility to ampicillin, moderate- or high-level gentamicin resistance and potential additive activity of ampicillin plus gentamicin.	a simple combined agar-strip test (cast), involving filter paper strips charged with 20 micrograms of ampicillin or 40 micrograms of gentamicin, accurately detected high-level gentamicin resistance among 43 of 146 isolates of enterococcus faecalis and additive activity of ampicillin plus gentamicin against 101 of 103 (98%) isolates of e. faecalis with moderate-level gentamicin resistance (mlgr). all 15 mlgr enterococcus faecium isolates were moderately to highly resistant to ampicillin; 5 isolat ...	1993	8458250
in vitro activity of rp59500, an injectable streptogramin antibiotic, against vancomycin-resistant gram-positive organisms.	the in vitro activity of rp59500, a streptogramin antibiotic, against 146 clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria was examined. five strains of the species enterococcus casseliflavus and enterococcus gallinarum, for which the mic of vancomycin was 8 micrograms/ml, were also studied. twenty-eight vancomycin-susceptible strains of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium were included for comparison. the drug was highly active against leuconostoc spp., lactobacillus ...	1993	8460927
species identification and determination of high-level aminoglycoside resistance among enterococci. comparison study of sterile body fluid isolates, 1985-1991.	enterococcus spp. have become the third most common cause of nosocomial infections. high-level aminoglycoside resistance (hlr), an important clinical concern, has been associated with some species of the enterococci. we evaluated the vitek and api 20s systems for species identification and the vitek for the detection of hlr. enterococci from nosocomial infections (208 strains) at the university of iowa hospital (1985-1991) were tested by vitek, api 20s, and reference methods. the error rate for ...	1993	8467622
prevalence of enterococcal high-level aminoglycoside resistance in japan. comparative detection by three methods.	a total of 250 strains of enterococci isolated in kumamoto university hospital, japan, during the period from january to march 1992 were tested for high-level aminoglycoside resistance. brain-heart infusion (bhi) agar plates supplemented with 1000 micrograms/ml of gentamicin or 2000 micrograms/ml of streptomycin detected 164 (66%) isolates resistant to either gentamicin or streptomycin alone, or both, and consisted of 107 (43%) resistant to gentamicin and 96 (38%) resistant to streptomycin. the ...	1993	8467628
the vanb gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci.	thirty-nine strains of enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis resistant to vancomycin and susceptible to teicoplanin on disk susceptibility testing (phenotypic class b) were isolated in 15 hospitals in europe and the united states. the mics of vancomycin for these strains ranged from 4 to 1024 micrograms/ml. part of the vancomycin resistance gene vanb from e. faecalis v583 hybridized with a single but variably sized hindiii-kpni fragment of total dna from all 39 strains. this indicates t ...	1993	8486958
in vivo development of teicoplanin resistance in a vanb enterococcus faecium isolate.	acquired vancomycin resistance in enterococci may be associated with teicoplanin susceptibility (vanb) or teicoplanin resistance (vana). this paper characterizes the first instance of in vivo emergence of teicoplanin resistance in an enterococcus faecium strain of vanb phenotype. vancomycin-resistant (mic, 256/512 micrograms/ml) e. faecium was isolated intermittently from a patient's blood over 4 months. the mic of teicoplanin for the first 5 isolates was 1.0 micrograms/ml; it was 64 micrograms/ ...	1993	8486959
sugar uptake and involved enzymatic activities by yeasts and lactic acid bacteria: their relationship with breadmaking quality.	the uptake kinetics of sugars present in wheat doughs and alpha-glucosidase as well as beta-fructosidase activities were determined in different strains of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. these strains were previously selected according to their breadmaking quality. saccharomyces cerevisiae (p6), candida guilliermondii (p40), lactobacillus plantarum (b31 and la18) and l. brevis (b21) showed good performance, while sacch. fructuum (p43), l. cellobiosus (b37) and enterococcus faecium (b11) yielde ...	1993	8494688
purification and characterization of vanr and the cytosolic domain of vans: a two-component regulatory system required for vancomycin resistance in enterococcus faecium bm4147.	resistance to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin requires five genes. two of these, vanr and vans, have sequence homology to cytoplasmic response regulatory (vanr) and transmembrane sensory (vans) proteins of two-component regulatory systems used to sense and transduce environmental signals. we report the overproduction and purification to homogeneity of vanr (27 kda) and of a fusion protein of vans (residues 95-374, the cytosolic domain) to the maltose binding protein (mbp), yielding a mbp- ...	1993	8494882
epidemiologic analysis and genotypic characterization of a nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.	we are reporting on a nosocomial outbreak of 213 cases of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus infection involving 2,812 enterococcal isolates from patients over a period of 36 months. in 1990, the enterococcus faecium vancomycin susceptibility rate was found to be 85.7% (36 of 42 cases), and an incidence of 10.9% (42 of 383) was noted. the 1991 data showed e. faecium with a vancomycin susceptibility rate of 61.8% (110 of 178) and an incidence of 26.0% (178 of 684). subsequently, in 1992, the incid ...	1993	8501230
[clostridium difficile enteritis complicated by symphysitis. good effect of fecal streptococci].		1993	8502035
susceptibility of resistant enterococcus faecium to unusual antibiotics.		1993	8514657