Publications

a study on transferable r-plasmids among shigella species at lucknow.	a total of 500 shigella strains were included in the present study out of which 233 were isolated at national shigella centre of postgraduate department of microbiology, k.g. medical college, lucknow during last 5 years and 267 strains were received from different parts of the country. predominent serotypes were sheigella flexneri 292 (48.4%) followed by shigella dysenteriae 153 (30.6%), shigella boydii 32 (6.4%) and shigella sonnei 23 (4.6%). all the strains were sensitive to nalidix acid, gent ...	1997	10085641
the grooves of the distal articular surface of the femur-a normal variant.		1997	179342
neonatal diagnosis of familial type ii hyperlipoproteinemia.	cord serum prebeta-beta-lipoprotein concentration was measured in a radial immunodiffusion assay in 303 randomly selected, full-term infants whose parental phenotypes were unknown. six infants had elevated concentrations, that is above a cut-off limit of 197 mg/100 ml (97.5th percentile). three of these infants suffered from classic type ii hyperlipoproteinemia, and this diagnosis was confirmed by family studies at follow-up. the three other infants and their parents were shown to be normolipemi ...	1997	175344
[the drug scare and its prevention].		1998	107405
platelet function and occlusive vascular disease in diabetes mellitus.		1998	106136
[antibacterial activity of lactobacilli].	the antagonistic action of lactobacilli is an important factor in the protection of the vagina of fertile women from infection by other microorganisms. in the present study the authors investigated 17 strains of lactobacilli, incl. 11 of vaginal origin. the objective was to investigate in more detail the antibacterial activity of lactobacilli and to attempt to assess substances responsible for inhibition. the investigated lactobacilli inhibited some strains of escherichia coli, serratia marcesce ...	1998	9611889
hide and seek.		1998	106828
the tip of the hydrophobic hairpin of colicin u is dispensable for colicin u activity but is important for interaction with the immunity protein.	the hydrophobic c terminus of pore-forming colicins associates with and inserts into the cytoplasmic membrane and is the target of the respective immunity protein. the hydrophobic region of colicin u of shigella boydii was mutated to identify determinants responsible for recognition of colicin u by the colicin u immunity protein. deletion of the tip of the hydrophobic hairpin of colicin u resulted in a fully active colicin that was no longer inactivated by the colicin u immunity protein. replace ...	1998	9696757
inhibition of bacterial pathogens by lactobacilli.	lactobacilli produce many antimicrobial substances including organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins. antagonistic activity of lactobacilli is an important factor in the protection of the vagina of fertile women against infection by certain pathogens. in the present study, we investigated 17 strains of lactobacilli, including 11 strains of vaginal origin. the aim was to investigate in more detail the antibacterial activity of lactobacilli and to attempt to assess substances responsible ...	1998	9861683
shigella and the fluorinated quinolones.	between july 1996 to june 1997 a total of 531 stool samples from cases of acute diarrhoea, dysentry, colitis admitted to kasturba medical college hospital, manipal were investigated. shigella were isolated from 29 samples (5.46%). out of them, shigella flexneri were 16 (55.17%), shigella boydii 8 (27.58%), shigella dysentriae 3 (10.34%) and shigella sonnei 2 (6.89%). five strains of shigella flexneri and one strain of shigella dysentriae were found to show resistance to nalidixic acid and the ne ...	1998	9866907
severe shigellosis in childhood.	a prospective study was performed on 20 bacteriologically proven pediatric cases of severe shigellosis admitted to the department of pediatrics, chulalongkorn hospital during march 1989 to march 1990. fourteen patients were male and six were female. shigella b was found in 85% and shigella d in 15% of cases. the major indications for admission were convulsions and dehydration. fifteen per cent of cases had underlying malignancies and 42.1% had malnutrition. most patients had a peak of fever betw ...	1998	10437956
increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in shigellas from humans in england and wales: recommendations for therapy.	since 1983 the incidence of resistance to ampicillin in shigella dysenteriae, sh. flexneri, and sh. boydii infections in england and wales has increased from 42% to 65% and the incidence of resistance to trimethoprim, from 6% to 64%. furthermore, of 1524 strains received in 1995-1996, 46% were resistant to both of these antimicrobials. for sh. sonnei almost 50% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin or trimethoprim and 15% were resistant to both of these antimicrobials. these results demonstra ...	1998	9533726
binding of shigella to rat and human intestinal mucin.	invasion of epithelial cells by shigella is an early step in their pathogenesis. adherence is generally presumed to be a prerequisite for invasion. this study examined the possibility of intestinal mucins serving as initial binding sites for clinical isolates of s. boydii and s. sonnei. the interactions of shigella with rat and human small intestinal and colonic mucin were investigated. in solid phase binding assays, [35s] labelled shigella did not show any preferential binding to rat/human smal ...	1998	9546608
global burden of shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies.	few studies provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by infection with shigella spp.; such estimates are needed, however, to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. here we report the results of a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on shigella infection. the data obtained permit calculation of the number of cases of shigella infection and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age, and (as a proxy for disease severity) by clinical c ...	1999	10516787
shigella boydii as cause of malacoplakia in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient.		1999	10585840
identification of shigella boydii in colonic malacoplakia by universal bacterial 16s ribosomal dna-based amplification in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient.		1999	10028087
the use of behavioral checklists to assess physical examination skills.		1999	17754
the aerobactin iron transport system genes in shigella flexneri are present within a pathogenicity island.	genes encoding the synthesis and transport of aerobactin, a hydroxamate siderophore associated with increased virulence of enteric bacteria, were mapped within a pathogenicity island in shigella flexneri. the island, designated shi-2 for shigella pathogenicity island 2, was located downstream of selc, the site of insertion of pathogenicity islands in several other enteric pathogens. dna sequence analysis revealed the presence of multiple insertion sequences upstream and downstream of the aerobac ...	1999	10411724
[evaluation of blood-liquor barrier by protein gradients in congenital hydrocephalus in infancy].		1999	88669
group systems of serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes in malignant lymphoma.	four group systems of serum proteins (hp, gc, gm, km) and five group systems of erythrocyte enzymes (ap, pgm1, gpt, ak, esd) were determined in 63 patients with malignant lymphoma. statistical analysis of the distribution of the above mentioned systems in patients and polish population samples did not reveal any significant differences, which points to the lack of any correlation between the disease and the group systems under examination.	1999	85572
the role of algal antigenic determinants in the recognition of potential algal symbionts by cells of chlorohydra.	algal cells grown in the green hydra chlorohydra viridissima were shown to possess characteristic antigenic determinants not found in algae cultured in vitro. these antigenic determinants, including those localized on the algal cell surface, were shown to be responsible for the phagocytic recognition of potential algal symbionts by digestive cells of chlorohydra. the results of this study indicate the existence of two systems governing phagocytosis in chlorohydra, one specific for algal cells gr ...	1999	84815
is serum total cholesterol outmoded?		2000	91908
[prevention of catheter infections].		2000	101795
review of laxative utilization in a skilled nursing facility.	laxatives are the most frequently prescribed drugs in long-term care facilities. of all nursing home patients, 58 percent receive laxatives--often more than one, and usually on a "prn" basis. this pattern of dosage is probably used in an effort to prevent constipation. selection of a laxative should be based on careful evaluation of the cause of constipation, with due consideration being given to differences in drug effectiveness and the incidence of side effects. a review of laxative utilizatio ...	2000	101574
antimicrobial potency of the leaf - stalk extract of curcuma longa (linn).	the methanolic extract of the leaf-stalk of curcuma longa linn, was tested for its minimum inhibitor concentration (mic) against gram positive-staphylococcus aureus, bacillus pumilus, bacillus subtilis, klebsiella pnemoniae, bacillus cereus, streptococcus pneumoniae, lactobacillus arabinosus and gram negative e.coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis, and vibrio cholerae strains, further, the ones of inhibition produced by the crude ...	2000	22557005
antimicrobial resistance trends in shigella serogroups isolated in israel, 1990-1995.	from a total of 31319 shigella strains isolated in israel between 1990 and 1996, 17574 were sent to the national shigella reference center for typing. of these, 15287 were identified as shigella sonnei, 1833 as shigella flexneri, 327 as shigella boydii and 127 as shigella dysenteriae. in all, 4395 strains were tested for sensitivity to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and ofloxacin. all strains tested were sensitive to ofloxacin, and only t ...	2000	10746496
[antimicrobial resistance of shigella spp. in córdoba, argentina, during the period 1990-1997].	this study analyzed the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in 771 isolates of shigella spp. obtained from a total of 9,195 feces cultures done between 1990 and 1997 in a children's hospital in córdoba, argentina. s. flexneri, which was responsible for 73% of the shigella infections, was the species with the greatest resistance. the frequency of s. flexneri resistance to the three antibiotics most used (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol) increased from 10% in 1990 ...	2000	10748662
expression of fimbriae and hemagglutination activity in shigella boydii.	this report describes the presence of type 1 fimbriae on shigella boydii 5 which agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes and feature mannose-sensitive adherence. morphologically, the fimbriae were thin, rigid cylinders 2-5 microm in length and 35 nm in diameter, and the organella retained axial holes. this is the first study to have revealed the existence of type 1 fimbriae on s. boydii.	2000	10941937
clonal relationships among shigella serotypes suggested by cryptic flagellin gene polymorphism.	the presence of cryptic flic alleles in the genomes of 120 strains representative of the four shigella species was investigated. one fragment was obtained by pcr amplification of flic, with a size varying from 1.2 to 3.2 kbp, depending on the species or serotype. after digestion with endonuclease hhai, the number of fragments in patterns varied from three to nine, with sizes of between 115 and 1,020 bp. patterns sharing most of their bands were grouped to constitute an f type. a total of 17 diff ...	2001	11158126
downregulation of bactericidal peptides in enteric infections: a novel immune escape mechanism with bacterial dna as a potential regulator.	antibacterial peptides are active defense components of innate immunity. several studies confirm their importance at epithelial surfaces as immediate barrier effectors in preventing infection. here we report that early in shigella spp. infections, expression of the antibacterial peptides ll-37 and human beta-defensin-1 is reduced or turned off. the downregulation is detected in biopsies from patients with bacillary dysenteries and in shigella- infected cell cultures of epithelial and monocyte or ...	2001	11175848
detection of bacteria from biological mixtures using immunomagnetic separation combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.	a rapid method for identifying specific bacteria from complex biological mixtures using immunomagnetic separation coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been developed. the technique employs commercially available magnetic beads coated with polycolonal antibodies raised against specific bacteria and whole cell analysis by maldi-ms. a suspension of a bacterial mixture is mixed with the immunomagnetic beads specific for the target microorganism. ...	2001	11404843
the shi-3 iron transport island of shigella boydii 0-1392 carries the genes for aerobactin synthesis and transport.	in shigella boydii 0-1392, genes encoding the synthesis and transport of the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin are located within a 21-kb iron transport island between lysu and the pheu trna gene. dna sequence analysis of the s. boydii 0-1392 island, designated shi-3 for shigella island 3, revealed a conserved aerobactin operon associated with a p4 prophage-like integrase gene and numerous insertion sequences (is). shi-3 is present at the pheu trna locus in some s. boydii isolates but not in ot ...	2001	11418557
characterization of cryptic flagellin genes in shigella boydii and shigella dysenteriae.	flagellin (flic) genes of 12 shigella boydii and five shigella dysenteriae strains were characterized. though these strains are nonmotile, the cryptic flicsb gene, cloned from s. boydii strain c3, is functional for expression of flagellin. it consists of 1,704 bp, and encodes 568 amino acid residues (57,918 da). the flicsd gene from s. dysenteriae strain 16 consists of 1,650 bp encoding 549 amino acid residues (57,591 da) and contains an is1 element inserted in its 3' end. the two genes are comp ...	2001	11434456
dysentery in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in zimbabwe: an emerging role for schistosoma mansoni and escherichia coli o157?	information on bloody diarrhoea in hiv-positives is scarce. a prospective study was therefore performed, in zimbabwe, to determine and compare the pathogens associated with bloody diarrhoea in 25 antiretroviral-naïve hiv-infected patients and 15 non-hiv-infected patients. stool cultures and colonic biopsies were performed. shigella was isolated from 18 (45%) of the subjects, schistosoma mansoni from eight (16%), escherichia coli h7:o157 from three (8%) and campylobacter jejunii from two (5%). th ...	2001	11487372
correlation between congo red binding and contact haemolysin production in shigella species.	haemolytic strains of shigella dysenteriae type 1, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei cultured on congo red agar produced pigmented colonies (pcr+) whereas nonhaemolytic strains produced white colonies and did not bind congo red (pcr-). s. flexneri-1 haemolysin negative mutant (lacking plasmid) of haemolysin positive prototroph also did not bind congo red and produced nonpigmented colonies. among the twelve strains of shigella included in this study, the characteristics of co ...	2001	11491522
sequence analysis of four shigella boydii o-antigen loci: implication for escherichia coli and shigella relationships.	shigella strains are in reality clones of escherichia coli and are believed to have emerged relatively recently (g. m. pupo, r. lan, and p. r. reeves, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 97:10567-10572, 2000). there are 33 o-antigen forms in these shigella clones, of which 12 are identical to o antigens of other e. coli strains. we sequenced o-antigen gene clusters from shigella boydii serotypes 4, 5, 6, and 9 and also studied the o53- and o79-antigen gene clusters of e. coli, encoding o antigens identic ...	2001	11598067
gene cloning and characterization of alanine racemases from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei.	alanine racemase genes (alr) from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei were cloned and expressed in escherichia coli jm109. all genes encoded a polypeptide of 359 amino acids, and showed more than 99% sequence identities with each other. in particular, the s. dysenteriae alr was identical with the s. flexneri alr. differences in the amino acid sequences between the four shigella enzymes were only two residues: gly138 in s. dysenteriae and s. flexneri (glu ...	2001	11676496
validation of salmonellosis and shigellosis diagnostic test kits at a provincial hospital in thailand.	rapid diagnosis of salmonellosis and shigellosis was performed using six different diagnostic test kits which recently have been made available commercially. they were salmo-dot, typhi-dot, shigel dot a, b, c, and d test kits for detection of salmonella spp., group d salmonellae, and groups a, b, c, and d shigella spp., respectively. the principle of all test kits is a membrane (dot) elisa using specific monoclonal antibodies to the respective pathogens as the detection reagents. the present stu ...	2001	11699718
[various mechanisms of the depriming effect of bacterial endotoxin on drug metabolism].	the effect of an endotoxin from sh. boydii on the biotransformation of amidopyrine and acetanilide, the activity of microsomal monooxygenases, hemoxygenase, and xanthine oxidase, the lipid peroxidation (lpo) intensity, the phospholipid spectrum, and the solubilization of microsomal membrane components was studied by intraperitoneal injections (2.5 mg/kg) in rats. it was found that the endotoxin inhibits the reactions of c- and n-acetanilide hydroxylation, n-amidopyrine demethylation, acetanilide ...	2001	11764504
[isolation of provisional serovars of shigella in diarrheal cases of tourists].	twenty-four shigella strains of provisional serovars were isolated from travellers with diarrhea during 1993-2000 at osaka airport- and kansai airport-quarantine station. the outline of these cases were as follows. 1) the provisional serovars of these strains (number of cases) were s. dysenteriae 93-119 (2), s. dysenteriae 204/96 (4), s. dysenteriae i9809-73 (4), s. flexneri 88-893 (9), and s. boydii e16553 (5). 2) symptoms of these cases were diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting. the r ...	2001	11806136
behaviour of alpha1-antitrypsin in lung cancer.		2001	98836
infertility in a potto.		2001	97850
performance of blood-glucose meters.		2001	87872
psychological troubles at the menopause.		2001	87786
congenital cutis laxa and maternal d-penicillamine.		2001	88570
gas pocket causing pacemaker malfunction.	pacemaker malfunction was attributed to the increase in impedance to current flow caused by a pocket of air separating the anodal contact plate of a unipolar generator from the overlying skin. lack of capture was noted 20 hours after implantation. the malfunction was permanently corrected by bedside aspiration of the gas with a sterile syringe.	2001	95278
neonatal tolerance to k and d region alloantigens of h-2 complex: i-j region requirements.		2001	88101
hla homozygosity and neural-tube defects.		2001	87795
[diagnostic value of determining hexokinase activity of leukocytes in ischemic heart disease].		2001	92605
runaway cordis omni-stanicor pacemaker.		2001	95306
long-term results of permanent atrioventricular sequential demand pacing.	pervenous atrioventricular sequential demand pacemakers (avsdps) were implanted in 18 patients using an atrial electrode positioned in the right atrial appendage and a ventricular electrode positioned at the apex of the right ventricle. the indications included 13 patients with the sick sinus syndrome (72%), five of whom had the tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, three with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, one with cardiomyopathy and one with carotid sinus syncope. the follow-up ranged fr ...	2001	95277
tumours of the thyroid gland.		2001	95113
value of computed tomography in radiotherapy of lung cancer.	the effectiveness of ct scanning in radiotherapeutic treatment planning was evaluated in 32 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. ct of the chest in pretreatment evaluation of these patients supplemented conventional clinical and radiographic patients supplemented conventional clinical and radiographic studies, resulting in (1) more clear delineation of tumor extent in 24 patients (75%); (2) change in assessment of the size of lesions in 14 patients (43%); (3) change of disease stage in 13 (40%) ...	2001	97987
[echinococcal cysts of the external oblique muscle. clinical case].	a short account of the nosological, physiopathological and therapeutical aspects of cysts due to muscle echinococcus is given. a case of echinococcus of the external oblique muscle is presented and its diagnostical difficulties pointed out.	2002	140333
antimicrobial activity of the mycotoxin citrinin obtained from the fungus penicillium citrinum.	the mycotoxin citrinin was obtained from the fungus penicillium citrinum. it was tested for it's minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) against some gram positive strains viz. staphylococcus aureus, bacillus pumilus, bacillus subtillis, bacillus cereus, klebsiella pneumoniae, streptococcus pneumoniae, lactobacillus arabinosus and gram negative strains e.coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis and vibrio cholerae. further the zones o ...	2002	22557053
antimicrobial action of the leaf extract of lagerstroemia parviflora roxb.	the benzene extract of the leaves of lagerstroemia paviflora roxb was tested for its minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) against gram positive staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus, klebsiella pneumoniae, streptococcus pneumoniae, lactobacillus arabinosus and gram negative strains e.coli, shigella dysenteriae, shigella sonnei, shigella boydii, salmonella typhimurium, proteus mirabilis and vibrio cholerae. further the zones of inhibition produced by the crude extract agains ...	2002	22557054
determination of the profile of fatty acids of 4 species of shigella spp by chromatography of gases.	shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, shigella dysenteriae and shigella sonnei were identified using gas chromatography instead of the traditional techniques. their acid methyl esters profiles were determined using a gas chromatograph hewlett packard 5890a and a rsl-150 heliflex capillary column. a total of 192 samples were analyzed both reference strains (atcc 8700, indre b2188, b2194 and b2199) and environmental isolates. 12 fatty acids were included in the profiles from which 3-hydroxytetradeca ...	2002	17063774
[role of immune complex in cancer immunity].		2002	127862
[shigella boydii strains possessing a new serovar (sm00-27) isolated from diarrhea of overseas travelers in japan].	five shigella strains isolated from stool cultures of five sporadic imported diarrheal cases in japan during 1999-2001, did not react to any antisera of the established shigella serovars. these strains had the typical biochemical characteristics of shigella boydii, and were biochemically identical. all strains were positive in a pcr assay and a cultured-cell invasion test for invasiveness; these indicate that they can cause shigellosis in humans. the results of antigenic analysis revealed that t ...	2002	12030026
[dysentery in poland in 2000].	the notified number of dysentery cases is still falling down since the year 1995 when bacteriological examination of feces for diagnostic purposes lost free of charge status obtained in 1928 under the legislation act of infectious disease investigation and obligatory registration. only 121 dysentery cases were notified in the year 2000 (incidence 0.31/100,000 population), while 292 cases were notified in 1999 (incidence 0.76/100,000). no one death case was notified. only 2 outbreaks (one due to ...	2002	12371362
subunit interaction of monomeric alanine racemases from four shigella species in catalytic reaction.	bacterial alanine racemases are classified into two types of subunit structure (monomer and homodimer). to clarify the catalytic unit of monomeric alanine racemases, we examined the apparent molecular mass of the monomeric alanine racemases from shigella dysenteriae, shigella boydii, shigella flexneri, and shigella sonnei by gel filtration in the presence of the substrate and inhibitor. the enzymes were eluted on gel filtration as a monomer of about 39,000 da at low protein concentration and in ...	2003	12725937
the is1 elements in shigella boydii: horizontal transfer, vertical inactivation and target duplication.	is1(sb) and its two variants were identified as the major and minor is1 elements in shigella boydii. the nucleotide sequences of is1(sb), is1(o157:h7) from escherichia coli o157:h7 and is1f from e. coli k12 suggest that these is1 elements had been horizontally transferred among s. boydii and e. coli o157:h7 and k12. the two is1(sb) variants and is1(o157:h7) have transposition activities 7- to 86-fold less than that of is1(sb), whereas is1f has little transposition activity. analysis of the flank ...	2003	12770720
catecholamines and in vitro growth of pathogenic bacteria: enhancement of growth varies greatly among bacterial species.	the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of catecholamines on in vitro growth of a range of bacterial species, including anaerobes. bacteria tested included: porphyromonas gingivalis, bacteriodes fragilis, shigella boydii, shigella sonnie, enterobacter sp, and salmonella choleraesuis. the results of the current study indicated that supplementation of bacterial cultures in minimal medium with norepinephrine or epinephrine did not result in increased growth of bacteria. positive contro ...	2003	12865092
[dysentery in poland in 2001].	the notified number of dysentery cases is still very low, similar to the number reported in 2000. only 128 cases were notified in the year 2001 (incidence 0.33/100,000 population) while 121 cases were notified in 2000 (incidence 0.31/100,000). no death due to dysentery was notified. the last three death cases were notified in 1999. only one outbreak of foodborne infection due to s. sonnei involving 28 patients was registered, less than in 2000 when 2 outbreaks, one due to s. flexneri and one due ...	2003	12926313
a cross-reactive polyol-responsive monoclonal antibody useful for isolation of core rna polymerase from many bacterial species.	the use of antibodies for protein purification is a powerful technique but the release of the target protein in its active form is often difficult. so called "polyol-responsive" monoclonal antibodies (pr-mabs) have a feature that allows elution of the antigen under very gentle conditions, so that even multi-subunit proteins can be released in their active form. in this work a pr-mab, 8rb13, was isolated that can purify rna polymerase (rnap) from many different bacterial species. high specificity ...	2003	12963353
[a case of inactive escherichia coli isolated from feces initially suspected to be shigella boydii subgroup c serotype 14 by conventional biochemical tests in tubes].	a small number of colorless colonies grew from dhl agar of feces culture taken as part of a complete physical for a 42 year-old woman who had lived in singapore for several years. when cultured for first-stage identification using conventional biochemical tests in tubes for enterobacteriaceae, such as tsi agar slant and sim medium, the results for lactose reaction (-), saccharose reaction (-), gas (very weak +) and motility (-) were obtained, and shigella spp. was suspected. serological tests (b ...	2003	15552836
identification and characterization of simple sequence repeats in the genomes of shigella species.	a variety of simple sequence repeats (ssrs) have been identified in the genome of shigella flexneri serotype 2a (strain sf301), an enteric pathogen that causes bacillary dysentery in man. the distribution of ssrs, with unit length ranging from 1 to 9 nucleotides, was biased in different regions of the genome. the tri-, tetra- and hexanucleotide ssrs prevailed in the coding regions while the mono- and dinucleotide ssrs were more common in the noncoding regions. many intergenic ssrs are less than ...	2003	14644500
receptive fields of cerebellar cells receiving exteroceptive input in a gymnotid fish.	single neurons in the caudal lobe of the cerebellum of the weakly electric fish apteronotus albifrons respond to distortions in the normal electric field produced by the animal. moving plastic or metal objects as well as a simpler stimulus, a moving electrical dipole, produce adequate distortions of the fish's field to cause the cerebellar cells to respond. the moving dipole stimulated small enough areas of the fish's skin, as determined by the responses of single electroreceptors, to allow maps ...	2003	165269
[echocardiography: iii--myocardiopathies].		2003	161966
[endolaryngeal nevocarcinoma].		2003	142805
[multicentric chemodectoma].		2003	3020621
relationships among the secretion of acth, gh, and cortisol during the insulin-induced hypoglycemia test in the normal and obese child.	the behavior of the secretion of acth, gh, and plasma cortisol during the insulin-induced hypoglycemia test on normal and obese children was studied. the secretion of the above-mentioned hormones was determined by calculating the integrals of the curves. the mean values of the integrals of the plasma cortisol and acth curves do not show any significant differences between the two groups of children. the mean values of the ratios between the integrals of the plasma cortisol and acth curves show a ...	2003	165219
liver surface characteristics as observed during laparoscopy correlated with biopsy findings.		2003	153256
blood chemistry and lipid profiles of elite distance runners.	in summary, we conclude that the analysis of the blood profiles of elite runners offers no explanation for their superior fitness of physical ability when compared to the good runners. selected enzymes related to cellular or tissue damage may be elevated in distance runners and could be classified as abnormal on routine clinical evaluation if unaware of their physical lifestyles. it is also important to note that certain blood profile parameters, especially the hematocrit, could be classified as ...	2003	201207
it is our problem too.		2003	155703
[functional recovery in pseudoterminal edentia].		2003	148082
[measurements of sputum viscoelasticity using conventional dynamic measurements and the newly developed raised cosine pulse method (author's transl,].		2004	522300
the aetiology and outcome of abruptio placentae.	a series of 193 cases of abruptio placentae in a hospital population of 35,217 is described. this is an incidence of 0.55%. in the series both age and parity, but not pre-eclampsia or anaemia, are significant associated factors. the recurrence rate of abruptio placentae was 5.6%. there were no maternal deaths and the perinatal mortality was 35%. epidural analgesia does not abolish the pain of the abruptio placentae in spite of abolishing the pain of labour.	2004	419953
[100 years of professional expositions of heating- and air-technology installations. on the 9th ish 1977 from 23--27 march 1977].		2004	321293
moorcroft: the first modern eye-surgeon in punjab.		2004	387585
presentation of the 1977 henry baldwin ward medal.		2004	368303
[achievements in gastric surgery in ukraine during 60 years of the soviet rule].		2004	342803
structural and genetic characterization of the shigella boydii type 13 o antigen.	shigella is an important human pathogen. it is generally agreed that shigella and escherichia coli constitute a single species; the only exception is shigella boydii type 13, which is more distantly related to e. coli and other shigella forms and seems to represent another species. this gives s. boydii type 13 an important status in evolution. o antigen is the polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and plays an important role in pathogenicit ...	2004	14702307
the o-antigen gene cluster of shigella boydii o11 and functional identification of its wzy gene.	shigella strains are human pathogens and their identification is usually based on their o-antigens. the o-antigen gene cluster of shigella boydii o11 was sequenced. all the expected genes for the synthesis of the o-antigen were identified on the basis of homology and genes for the biosynthesis of dtdp-l-rhamnose, genes encoding sugar transferases, as well as genes encoding o unit flippase (wzx) and o-antigen polymerase (wzy). the identity of the putative wzy gene was confirmed by showing that a ...	2004	15109730
laboratory-confirmed shigellosis in the united states, 1989-2002: epidemiologic trends and patterns.	during 1989-2002, a total of 208,368 laboratory-confirmed shigella infections were reported to the centers for disease control and prevention. shigella sonnei accounted for 71.7%, shigella flexneri accounted for 18.4%, shigella boydii accounted for 1.6%, and shigella dysenteriae accounted for 0.7% of infections; for 7.6%, no serogroup was reported. national incidence rates ranged from 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons in 1993 to 3.7 cases per 100,000 persons in 1999. incidence rates for s. boydii, s ...	2004	15156473
[dysentery in poland in 2002].	the notified number of dysentery cases was still very low, but a little higher than in 2001. only 220 cases were notified in the year 2002 (incidence 0.58/100,000 population) while 128 cases were notified in 2001 (incidence 0.33/100,000). no one death case was notified. four outbreaks of dysentery were observed: among them one foodborne infection due to s. sonnei involving 109 participants of a summer holiday camp for children from the poor families and one due to s. flexneri 2a involving 16 pat ...	2004	15218646
epidemiological features of a newly described serotype of shigella boydii.	we report the clinical, microbiological, and epidemiological features of an emerging serotype, shigella boydii 20. we interviewed patients about symptoms, and history of travel and visitors during the week before illness onset. seventy-five per cent of the 56 patients were hispanic. during the week before illness onset, 18 (32%) travelled abroad; 17 (94%) had visited mexico. eight (21%) out of 38 who had not travelled had foreign visitors. there were eight closely related patterns by pfge with x ...	2004	15310158
spectroscopic quantification of bacteria using artificial neural networks.	fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, in conjunction with artificial neural networks, has been used for identification and classification of selected foodborne pathogens. five bacterial species (enterococcus faecium, salmonella enteritidis, bacillus cereus, yersinia enterocolitica, shigella boydii) and five escherichia coli strains (o103, o55, o121, o30, o26) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline were enumerated to provide seven different concentrations ranging from 10(9) to 10(3) cfu/ ml. t ...	2004	15553640
experimental analysis of antimicrobial action of dicyclomine hydrochloride.	dicyclomine hydrochloride is an antispasmodic agent. the mic of dicyclomine against standard strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria were performed by nccls broth dilution technique. these drugs showed a rapid killing action on gram positive bacteria, staphylococcus aureus nctc 6571, 8530 and several other reference strains. the killing effect against gram negative bacteria, shigella boydii 8 nctc 254/66 and salmonella typhimurium nctc 74 showed that the drug was bacteriostatic with ...	2004	15577222
evolutionary genetics of a new pathogenic escherichia species: escherichia albertii and related shigella boydii strains.	a bacterium originally described as hafnia alvei induces diarrhea in rabbits and causes epithelial damage similar to the attachment and effacement associated with enteropathogenic escherichia coli. subsequent studies identified similar h. alvei-like strains that are positive for an intimin gene (eae) probe and, based on dna relatedness, are classified as a distinct escherichia species, escherichia albertii. we determined sequences for multiple housekeeping genes in five e. albertii strains and c ...	2005	15629933
spectroscopic characterization of microorganisms by fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy.	spectroscopic fingerprints of bacteria were investigated by fourier transform infrared (ftir) microspectroscopy for the elucidation of chemical composition and structural information during growth. good differentiation of six microorganisms was achieved down to the strain level. the inherent compositional and structural differences of cell envelopes and cytoplasm were investigated and utilized to obtain more detailed analysis of the spectroscopic features. bands or regions of key functional grou ...	2005	15700299
shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, masquerading as necrotizing enterocolitis.	a rare case of neonatal shigellosis caused by shigella boydii in a preterm neonate, severe enough to necessitate intensive care support, is presented. the roles of breast-feeding, hand-washing and surveillance for enteric infections in the prevention of shigellosis in low risk settings such as a special care baby unit are highlighted.	2005	15702053
molecular strategies for the detection, identification, and differentiation between enteroinvasive escherichia coli and shigella spp.	a strategy for the detection, identification, and differentiation of enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) and shigella spp. has been developed. the strategy includes (i) a multiplex pcr for the amplification of two virulence genes, i.e., iuc (222 bp) and ipah (629 bp); (ii) amplification of the ial gene (a 1,038-bp amplicon) located within a large plasmid; and (iii) restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the ial gene amplicon. the multiplex pcr provided three patterns. pattern 1 (i ...	2005	15726963
shigella antibiotic resistance in central turkey: comparison of the years 1987-1994 and 1995-2002.	the epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of shigella species changes over time. updated susceptibility knowledge is necessary for appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment.	2005	15735493
comparative analysis of shigella boydii 18 foodborne outbreak isolate and related enteric bacteria: role of rpos and adia in acid stress response.	shigella boydii cdph (chicago department of public health) serotype 18 was implicated in an outbreak of foodborne illness in 1998. the suspected food vehicles were parsley and cilantro imported from mexico used to prepare bean salad. previous studies revealed that s. boydii cdph serotype 18 can survive in bean salad, which contains organic acids and whose ph decreases over time. acid challenge assays in acidified tryptic soy broth at ph 4.5, acidified luria-bertani broth at ph 4.5, and acidified ...	2005	15771176
comparison of chromogenic shigella spp. plating medium with standard media for the recovery of shigella boydii and shigella sonnei from tomato surfaces.	isolation of shigella spp. from food is difficult because of a lack of appropriate selective media and the presence of low numbers of shigellae relative to competitive microorganisms. chromogenic shigella spp. plating medium (cspm) was evaluated for use with the u.s. food and drug administration bacteriological analytical manual (bam) enrichment procedure for isolation of artificially contaminated shigella boydii ui02 and shigella sonnei ui05 from tomato surfaces. tomatoes were inoculated with v ...	2005	15771194
structural and genetic characterization of the shigella boydii type 10 and type 6 o antigens.	comparison of the o antigens of shigella boydii types 10 and 6 by chemical analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that their structures are similar, with the only difference being the presence or absence of d-ribofuranose, which is the immunodominant sugar in s. boydii type 10. in s. boydii type 6, a residue previously reported as alpha-d-glcpa, was shown to be beta-d-glcpa as in s. boydii type 10. s. boydii types 10 and 6 are reported not to cross-react serologically, and t ...	2005	15774901
isolation and characterization of provisional serovar shigella boydii e16553 from diarrhoeal patients in bangladesh.	in previous studies with strains of the shigella dysenteriae provisional serovars e22383 and e23507 from diarrhoeal stools from patients in bangladesh, two strains of shigella species were identified as shigella boydii provisional serovar e16553 by a reference laboratory. further tests with an antiserum to an international type strain of the provisional serovar e16553 identified an additional 15 isolates. none of the isolates reacted with antisera to the established shigella serovars or any othe ...	2005	15824427
survival of shigella boydii 18 in bean salad.	a strain of shigella boydii 18 involved in a bean salad outbreak and s. boydii 18 atcc 35966 were used to inoculate bean salad. bean salad samples were stored at 4 or 23 degrees c. at 4 degrees c, the s. boydii survived for the duration of the shelf life of the salad but did not grow. at 23 degrees c, both strains increased by two orders of magnitude by day 2 and decreased rapidly thereafter. this demonstrates the importance of proper storage in preventing the outgrowth of foodborne pathogens.	2005	15830680
frequency of isolation of shigella serogroups/serotypes and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in children from slum areas in karachi.	to assess the frequency of serogroups and serotypes, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of shigella species isolated from known cases of diarrhoea and dysentery from karachi, pakistan.	2005	15960281