Publications

[citrobacter diversus bacteria (classification position, role in pathology)].		1980	7223190
[in vitro activity of fosfomycin].	the in vitro activity of phosphomycin has been compared with other antibiotics in 1703 bacterial strains isolated from pathological specimens sent to the laboratory from various divisions of the hospital. results were first class on both gram-positive and gram-negative flora. it was in first place as regards staphylococcus (97.4% sensitive strains), citrobacter (68.6%), proteus mirabilis (73.1%), indole positive proteus (48.2%). it also predominated in pseudomonas (54.6%) and e. coli (86.7%). in ...	1980	7224844
a biotype of enterobacteriaceae intermediate between citrobacter and enterobacter.	the authors isolated two strains of an unnamed bacterial biotype with characteristics intermediate between those of enterobacter and citrobacter. the organisms did not produce acetyl-methyl carbinol, but decarboxylated lysine. apart from the latter trait, they most closely resemble h2s-negative citrobacter freundii. they differ biochemically from all other currently accepted species of enterobacteriaceae. their pathogenic significance appears similar to that of the two genera they most closely r ...	1980	7352413
microbial activity of trench leachates from shallow-land, low-level radioactive waste disposal sites.	trench leachate samples collected anoxically from shallow-land, low-level radioactive waste disposal sites were analyzed for total aerobic and anaerobic populations, sulfate reducers, denitrifiers, and methanogens. among the several aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated, only bacillus sp., pseudomonas sp., citrobacter sp., and clostridium sp. were identified. mixed bacterial cultures isolated from the trench leachates were able to grow anaerobically in trench leachates, which indicates that th ...	1980	7406490
evaluation of a new assay for vi antibody in chronic carriers of salmonella typhi.	the assay for serum antibody to the salmonella typhi capsular polysaccharide (vi) antigen has recently been revised because of the availability of a purified, highly polymerized vi antigen. we compared this revised vi antibody assay to the traditional one for potential usefulness in the surveillance of chronic enteric carriers of s. typhi. the purified vi antigen of citrobacter freundii was incorporated into a passive hemagglutination assay for serum vi antibody; the standard vi antibody assay w ...	1980	7419698
nosocomial bacteriuria: a prospective study of case clustering and antimicrobial resistance.	to investigate the role of cross-infection in nonepidemic nosocomial bacteriuria in a large, university-affiliated hospital, we identified in adult patients admitted over an 11-week period all cases caused by organisms of the same genus, species, and antimicrobial susceptibility and clustered by date of onset and hospital ward. further laboratory studies were conducted to verify clustering. among the 3452 patients studied, 194 cases of nosocomial bacteriuria were identified; 49 appeared clustere ...	1980	7436158
growth conditions and heat resistance of citrobacter freundii.	the influence of the growth medium and the growth temperature on the heat resistance of citrobacter freundii has been established. logarithmic growth phase cells grown on rich media have a higher heat resistance than cells of the same phase grown on minimal media. this finding was independent of type of carbon source in the growth medium, but the kind of carbon source has a definite influence on the heat resistance. logarithmic phase cells grown at 37 degrees c are much more heat stable than cel ...	1980	7235690
agglutinins to bacteria in crohn's disease.	sera from patients with crohn's disease were tested for antibodies against organisms which are thought to cause inflammatory bowel disease in animals, or have been implicated in human crohn's disease. control sera were collected from healthy individuals and patients with ulcerative colitis. sera from crohn's disease and controls failed to agglutinate clostridium colinum or campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis and two strains of mycobacterium paratuberculosis (m26 and m27). most of the sera ag ...	1980	7429299
[citrobacter freundii osteomyelitis of the mandible: review of the literature and report of a case].		1980	7471661
netilmicin: its in vitro activity and synergism with penicillin compounds.	the in vitro efficacy of netilmicin and its synergism with penicillins were examined. netilmicin was effective against e. coli, indole-negative and -positive proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter, salmonella, shigella and serratia. netilmicin was less effective than other aminoglycosides against citrobacter and pseudomonas. a combination of netilmicin and piperacillin synergistically inhibited enterococci. netilmicin was not synergistic with either penicillin or carbenicillin against enterococci. ne ...	1980	7353438
covalent linkage of poly(a) to rna produces a molecule altered in both structure and susceptibility to ribonuclease-mediated hydrolysis.		1980	7358703
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of fr-31564, a new phosphonic acid antibiotic.	fr-31564, a new phosphonic acid antibiotic, was active against most gram-negative bacteria except serratia marcescens and glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods excluding pseudomonas aeruginosa. the antibacterial activity in vitro of fr-31564 was stronger than that of fosfomycin especially against escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter species and p. aeruginosa. fr-31564 also was active against gram-negative bacteria resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and against gentamicin-re ...	1980	7372548
gram-negative sepsis in neonates: a nursery outbreak due to hand carriage of citrobacter diversus.	an outbreak of citrobacter diversus infections occurred in a newborn nursery at a 350-bed community hospital during september and october 1978. two infants developed sepsis and meningitis and nine additional infants had asymptomatic umbilical colonization. these infants did not differ from control, noncolonized infants with respect to numerous clinical and environmental variables. surveillance cultures failed to implicate an environmental source for the citrobacter. however, cultures of nursery ...	1980	7375234
bacterial contamination of drinking water supplies in a modern rural neighborhood.	on six occasions during a 15-month period, the private well and spring water supplies in a modern rural neighborhood of 78 households were examined for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, staphylococcus aureus, and standard plate count bacteria. more than one-third of the water supplies were unsatisfactory on at least one occasion as judged by standard plate counts over 10(3)/ml and the presence of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and/or s. aureus. citrobacter freundii, klebsiella pneumoniae, and esche ...	1980	7377773
[isolation, purification and some properties of tyrosine-phenol-lyase from citrobacter freundii cells].	a new procedure for isolation of tyrosine-phenol-lyase from the cells of c. freundii strain 62 allowing to obtain a highly purified enzyme with a high yield at a reduced time expenditure has been developed. the procedure described differs from the well-known method for isolation of the enzyme from the cells of escherichia intermedia and erwinia herbicola. some properties of the enzyme from c. freundii 62, e.g. stability, dependence of the enzyme activity on some mono- and bivalent cations and ph ...	1980	7378508
antimicrobial activity of netilmicin in comparison with gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, and amikacin and their resistance patterns.	the antimicrobial activity of netilmicin, gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin and amikacin was determined by means of the microdilution test. 1000 fresh isolates of strains of staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa and 7 species of the enterobacteriaceae were tested. the activities were compared and cross-resistances were analyzed which appeared among the various drugs. against amikacin, only 0.5% of all strains (3 p. aeruginosa, 1 s. aureus, 1 p. mirabilis) were resistant. of the other dru ...	1980	7387761
[conditions for the formation of molecular hydrogen by citrobacter freundii].	cell suspensions of citrobacter freundii grown under anaerobic and aerobic conditions are capable of evolving molecular hydrogen. hydrogen evolution is more active by the cells of anaerobic cultures in the exponential growth phase in the presence of reduced methylviologen or formate. the optimal temperature for hydrogen evolution from formate is about 40 degrees c, the optimal ph is 6.2 to 6.4. the presence of o2 in the gaseous phase inhibits hydrogen evolution by the cells; however the inhibiti ...	1980	7412615
all meningitis is not alike.		1980	7394604
diagnostic exercise. transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia.		1980	7421111
a coagglutination method for presumptive identification of salmonella typhi.	salmonella group d, vi and d antisera were used to sensitize a-containing staphylococcal cells. the coagglutination (coag) reagents thus obtained, termed d-coag, vi-coag and d-coag were used to test growth taken from kligler iron agar slants following 8-10 hours incubation. in 188 recently isolated strains of s. typhi, the d antigen was detected in 134 (71%) by direct reaction with the d-coag reagent and 51 (27%) others following a simple treatment with 50% ethanol. group d antigen was detected ...	1980	7434082
neonatal intracranial abscess: two cases caused by citrobacter and a literature review.	intracranial abscesses are uncommon in the newborn. observation of 2 infants and a review of the literature reveal that the offending organism was a citrobacter in 12 of the 16 documented cases. in the neonatal meningitis cooperative study this organism was responsible for meningitis in only 4%. however, an analysis of all published cases of neonatal citrobacter meningitis reveals a 42% incidence of intracranial abscess. accordingly, early identification by computerized tomography is important i ...	1980	7436370
modification of early dimethylhydrazine carcinogenesis by colonic mucosal hyperplasia.	the interaction of colonic mucosal hyperplasia with early 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (dmh) carcinogenesis was studied in random-bred nih swiss mice utilizing hyperplasia-inducing citrobacter freundii. mice inoculated with this bacterium developed significantly more dmh focal atypia than did mice without hyperplasia following a single dose of dmh (20 mg/kg). mice with hyperplasia also developed dmh focal atypia with diminished doses of dmh (10 and 5 mg/kg), while normal mice did not. the effect of c. ...	1980	7438077
effect of glucose on the biochemical properties of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.	the cytoplasmic membrane isolated from cells of citrobacter freundii growing in a cultivation medium with glucose was found to exhibit a decreased ability to oxidize formate and succinate and a decreased activity of formate, succinate and lactate dehydrogenase as compared with the cytoplasmic membrane of cells growing on galactose. the activation energy for dehydrogenation and oxidation of succinate simultaneously increases. the quantitative content of cytochromes and quinones in both types of m ...	1980	7439843
citrobacter meningitis (case report and review).		1980	7461832
[enterobacteria of bats (chiroptera) (author's transl)].	the aerobic gram-negative faecal flora of 38 bats consisting of 10 species and genera respectively, of microchiroptera, and of 4 species and genera respectively, of megachiroptera was studied (table 1 and 3). there were no specific differences between insectivora and frugivora: e. coli 15-24%, citrobacter 8-10%, enterobacter-klebsiella-group 40-43% and proteus-group 28-30% (table 2). the overwhelming majority of the isolated bacteria were lactose-positive (table 3), corresponding to the membersh ...	1980	7424248
in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of sporaricin a, a new aminoglycoside.	the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of sporaricin a, a new aminoglycoside, was compared with that of amikacin, dibekacin, and gentamicin. sporaricin a showed a broad spectrum of activity against various gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including amikacin-, dibekacin-, or gentamicin-resistant strains. sporaricin a inhibited more than 90% of clinical isolates of staphylococci, klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter, serratia, and proteus, except for p. morganii and p. inconstans, a ...	1980	7425599
kinetics of manganese oxidation by cell-free extracts of bacteria isolated from manganese concretions from soil.	a study of the kinetics of mn oxidation catalyzed by cell extracts of two bacterial isolates (e(1), pseudomonas iii [new isolate] and e(4), citrobacter freundii) isolated from the core of manganese concretions from greek soils is presented. the reaction velocity of mn oxidation was determined from the rate of consumption of mn. the oxidation of mn was followed by measuring changes in mn concentration by activation analysis and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. the reaction velocity was dir ...	1980	16345498
uric acid-degrading bacteria in guts of termites [reticulitermes flavipes (kollar)].	uricolytic bacteria were present in guts of reticulitermes flavipes in populations up to 6 x 10 cells per gut. of 82 strains isolated under strict anaerobic conditions, most were group n streptococcus sp., bacteroides termitidis, and citrobacter sp. all isolates used uric acid (ua) as an energy source anaerobically, but not aerobically, and nh(3) was the major nitrogenous product of uricolysis. however, none of the isolates had an absolute requirement for ua. utilization of heterocyclic compound ...	1980	16345587
anaerobic degradation of uric acid by gut bacteria of termites.	a study was done of anaerobic degradation of uric acid (ua) by representative strains of uricolytic bacteria isolated from guts of reticulitermes flavipes termites. streptococcus strain uad-1 degraded ua incompletely, secreting a fluorescent compound into the medium, unless formate (or a formicogenic compound) was present as a cosubstrate. formate functioned as a reductant, and its oxidation to co(2) by formate dehydrogenase provided 2h + 2e needed to drive uricolysis to completion. uricolysis b ...	1980	16345588
r-plasmid transfer to and from escherichia coli strains isolated from human fecal samples.	strains of escherichia coli recently isolated from human feces were examined for the frequency with which they accept an r factor (r1) from a derepressed fi strain of e. coli k-12 and transfer it to fecal and laboratory strains. colicins produced by some of the isolates rapidly killed the other half of the mating pair; therefore, conjugation was conducted by a membrane filtration procedure whereby this effect was minimized. the majority of fecal e. coli isolates accepted the r factor at lower fr ...	1981	16345759
microbiota associated with the gastrointestinal tract of the common house cricket, acheta domestica.	the location and morphology of the bacteria associated with the gastrointestinal tract of acheta domestica were studied, and these bacteria were partially characterized. bacteria were associated with the peritrophic membrane in the midgut and with the gut wall and cuticular structures of the hindgut. no bacteria were associated with the fat bodies. colony-forming unit determinations indicated that there were three times more cultivatable bacteria in the hindgut than in the midgut. of these bacte ...	1981	16345692
the susceptibility of nosocomial pathogens to ceftazidime.	the activities in vitro of ceftazidime and of cefuroxime have been compared against 201 strains of bacteria which had been isolated either from outbreaks of nosocomial infection or were typical of strains causing such outbreaks. ceftazidime was found to be about 1000 times more active against pseudomonas spp. and proteus vulgaris, and between 10 and 100 times more active against klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter spp., citrobacter freundii, serratia marcescens, proteus rettgeri, proteus morgani ...	1981	19802966
the in-vitro activity of ceftazidime compared with that of other cephalosporins.	the in-vitro activity of ceftazidime was compared with the activities of cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefsulodin, cefuroxime, cephalothin and cefatriaxon against 331 clinical bacterial isolates. against escherichia coli, salmonella, enterobacter, proteus mirabilis and indole-positive proteus ceftazidime, with mic90 of < or = 0.25 mg/l, was more active than cephalothin, cefoperazone and cefuroxime but less active than cefotaxime and ceftriaxone klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia, acinetobacter and citr ...	1981	19802968
ceftazidime, a pseudomonas-active cephalosporin: in-vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation including recommendations for disc diffusion susceptibility tests.	the in-vitro qualities of ceftazidime, as compared to other beta-lactams and three other antimicrobials (amikacin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol), were evaluated in a multilaboratory, multiphasic study in the united states. a total of 12,986 recent clinical isolates were tested by reference dilution methods in six medical centres over 45-60 days. ceftazidime was superior to the comparison cephalosporin (cefamandole) and comparable in spectrum and activity to gentamicin against enterobacteriacea ...	1981	19802985
in-vitro studies with ceftazidime against aerobic gram-negative bacilli and bacteroides fragilis group.	the in-vitro susceptibility of recent clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli has been assessed for ceftazidime and compared to amikacin, gentamicin, carbenicillin, piperacillin, cefoperazone, moxalactam, ceftriaxone and ceftizoxime. using the ics-who agar dilution method, we found that ceftazidime was the most active beta-lactam agent tested against 147 isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a mode mic=2 mg/l and all but 2% of isolates inhibited at 32 mg/l. 100% of indole-positive and nega ...	1981	19810170
in-vitro comparison of ceftazidime and nine other antimicrobial agents against hospital strains of gram-negative bacteria.	the agar dilution in-vitro susceptibility of 370 isolates of aerobic gram-negative bacteria isolated at ben taub general hospital in houston, texas were determined for five new and five currently available agents. ceftazidime, moxalactam, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime and cefoperazone, all of which are new beta-lactam compounds, were compared with two penicillins, piperacillin, ticarcillin, and three aminoglycosides, gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin. ceftazidime inhibited 100% of pseudomonas strain ...	1981	19802969
in-vitro activity of ceftazidime, a beta-lactamase stable cephalosporin.	the in-vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of ceftazidime were evaluated against 700 gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. ceftazidime was less active than penicillins or older cephalosporins against staphylococcus spp. and streptococcus spp., and it did not inhibit streptococcusfaecalis. however, ceftazidime was as active as moxalactam and cefoperazone against escherichia coli, klebsiella and proteus mirabilis with mics less than 0.2 mg/l. ceftazidime also inhibited enterobacter, ci ...	1981	19810175
variation in skin and environmental survival of hospital gentamicin-resistant enterobacteria.	during a period when 245 patients were infected by or harboured gentamicin-resistant enterobacteria, random sampling showed hand carriage in 33% of affected patients but in only 5% of attendant staff. only klebsiellae were isolated from the latter. recovery was commoner from the hands of bed-ridden patients or faecal carriers and significantly more frequent for klebsiellae (37%) and enterobacter (33%) than citrobacter (5.6%) and e. coli (5.0%). similarly, survival on forearms of volunteers was m ...	1981	7288180
[sero- and biovars of levinea malonatica (syn. citrobacter diversus, citrobacter koseri) in clinical material (author's transl)].	the biochemical and serological examination of 31 strains of levinea malonatica isolated from faeces, urine, sputum, wound infections and blood showed no correlation of bio- or serovars with the origin of the strains. serological cross-reactions between o-antigens of l. malonatica and certain salmonella, shigella and yersinia enterocolitica serovars were analysed. they are low-titred and seem to be of minor importance. sensitivity testing revealed the resistance of l. malonatica against penicill ...	1981	7269856
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of fr-31564, a phosphonic acid antimicrobial agent.	the in vitro and in vivo activity of fr-31564 [sodium hydrogen 3-(n-hydroxyformamido)propylphosphate] against gram-positive and -negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was investigated and compared with that of fosfomycin, cephalexin, carbenicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. the in vitro activity of fr-31564 was markedly enhanced when combined with glucose 6-phosphate or fructose 6-phosphate, but not when combined with ribose phosphate, adenosine monophosphate, or glycerol phosphate. i ...	1981	7271270
dermatologic manifestations of citrobacter septicemia.		1981	7298930
relationship of colonic mucosal background to neoplastic proliferative activity in dimethylhydrazine-treated mice.	proliferative activity of background and neoplastic colonic mucosa was examined following five months of weekly injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20 mg/kg) and one or four months of rest to determine whether previously reported changes may result from an acute or chronic effect of dimethylhydrazine and whether differences exist between stages of neoplasia. to determine whether neoplasia is responsive to a proliferative stimulus, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride-treated mice were inoculat ...	1981	7248933
syntheses of l-tyrosine-related amino acids by tyrosine phenol-lyase of citrobacter intermedius.	degradation of tyrosine to phenol, pyruvate and ammonia by tyrosine phenol-lyase from citrobacter intermedius (formerly named escherichia intermedia) is readily reversible at high concentrations of pyruvate and ammonia. spectrophotometric studies indicate that ammonia is the first substrate which interacts with bound pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. kinetic results show that pyruvate is the second substrate bound, hence phenol must be the third. when an appropriate phenol derivative is substituted for ph ...	1981	7262088
fatal neonatal central nervous system infection caused by citrobacter diversus.	citrobacter diversus is a serious, albeit rare, offender of the central nervous system (cns) in the neonatal period and in early infancy. we report here a case of neonatal cns infection caused by c. diversus. the course of the illness was one of rapid deterioration, leading to recurrent seizures, coma and death. since neonatal c. diversus cns infection carries a grave prognosis, intraventricular administration of gentamicin should be considered.	1981	7263196
"bacteriological bit": citrobacter diversus osteomyelitis in a neonate.		1981	7307414
plasmid specification of resistance to antibacterial compounds in environmental citrobacter freundii.	citrobacter freundii from an environmental source displayed resistance to a wide variety of antibacterials. some of these resistances could be transferred by conjugation with frequencies as high as 10(-2). the complexity of plasmid involvement in the antibacterial resistance of this species was demonstrated by isolation of plasmid dna from two isolates. in one strain, resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics was specified by a 55 x 10(6) molecular weight plasmid, whereas kanamycin and neomycin resi ...	1981	7237280
[fundamental and clinical studies on cefadroxil dry syrup in children (author's transl)].	fundamental and clinical studies were made on cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin, and the following results were obtained. (1) antibacterial activity of the drug against s. aureus, s. epidermidis, e. coli, klebsiella, salmonella and p. mirabilis was almost equal to that of cephalexin. the mic of indole positive proteus. enterobacter, citrobacter, s. marcescens and p. aeruginosa to cefadroxil was higher than 100 microgram/ml in almost all strains. (2) serum concentrations following an oral admi ...	1981	7241805
the effect of polyamines on the poly(adenylic acid)-induced inhibition of ribonuclease activity.	segments of poly(a) at the 3'-termini of 5 s rrna inhibit the activities of ribonucleases from citrobacter, enterobacter, bovine pancreas, human spleen and human plasma. certain polyamines, or compounds containing polyamine substructures, mediate reversal of this inhibition. effective compounds contain three amino groups, at least two of which are charged and are separated from the others by no less than three carbon atoms. spermidine and 9-aminoacridines, which contain substituted propyl- or bu ...	1981	7305928
sensitive and fast simultaneous photometric determination of oxygen consumption and nad(p)h formation or disappearance using a continuous flow cuvette.		1981	7247026
[citrobacter freundii interaction with epithelial cells and macrophages in vitro].	electron-microscopic study has revealed the capacity of enteropathogenic c. freundii strain to adhere to the glycocalyx of epithelial hela cells, to proliferate on their surface and to induce the toxic damage of their organelles. c. freundii, possessing a fibrillar microcapsule, have been shown to be capable of resisting the action of the lysosome enzymes of guinea-pig macrophages and disorganizing macrophage cultures. the latter fact should be taken into consideration in working with c. freundi ...	1981	7293573
[utilization and fermentation of 2-ketogluconate by "enterobacteriaceae" (author's transl)].	two methods were compared: 1) the ability to use 2-ketogluconate (2-kg) as source of carbon and energy in defined medium, and 2) the ability to produce acid by fermentation of 2-kg (0.5 g/100 ml) in peptone water with phenol red. results of growth on, and acid production from, 2-kg were identical. a total of 990 strains was studied. no strain of escherichia coli, shigella (4 species), salmonella (4 sub-genera), yersinia pestis, y. pseudotuberculosis, edwardsiella (2 species), proteus vulgaris, p ...	1981	7235456
[enterobacterial taxonomy: erwinia carotovora and yersinia enterocolitica].	the immunotyping of the intracellular protein complex in enterobacteria has allowed to reveal that the intracellular proteins of e. carotovora and y. enterocolitica possess an antigenic profile characteristics of bacteria belonging to the family enterobacteriaceae. e. carotovora are similar to the main group of enterobacteria (escherichia, shigella, salmonella, enterobacter, klebsiella, citrobacter, arizona) in the degree of the antigenic homology of their intracellular protein complex. y. enter ...	1981	7293572
[quantitative and species composition of conditionally-pathogenic microorganisms of the families enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonadaceae in healthy subjects and intestinal dysbacteriosis].	the spread and quantitative content of opportunistic microorganisms belonging to the families enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonadaceae in clinically healthy persons and in somatic patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis were studied. opportunistic enterobacteria were shown to be widely spread in healthy persons (k. pneumoniae in 45%, citrobacter in 44%, e. aerogenes in 17%, e. cloaceae in 11%). in clinically healthy persons most of these cultures (72.3%) were detected in an amount not exceeding 1 ...	1981	7282190
preparation of 15n-labeled l-aspartic acid using whole bacteria as enzyme source.		1981	7235212
[immobilization of citrobacter l-asparaginase in polyacrylamide gel].	bacterial l-asparaginase, immobilized on polyacrylamide gel, exhibited higher stability to denaturation and to the effect of a proteolytic enzyme. the immobilized enzyme exhibited the ph optimum of activity displaced by one ph unit to the acid side as compared with the free enzyme. the apparent km value was approximately 200-fold higher as compared with the free l-asparaginase. the immobilized asparaginase hydrolyzed both l- and d-asparagine isomers but the free enzyme was highly stereospecific.	1981	7293086
factors affecting salmonellae repopulation in composted sludges.	the repopulation potential and recovery of salmonella sp. and their close relatives arizona spp. and citrobacter spp. in sewage sludge which had been composted was examined. salmonellae growth in previously composted sludge was found to occur in the mesophilic temperature range (20 to 40 degrees c), require a moisture content of greater than or equal to 20%, and require a carbon/nitrogen ratio in excess of 15:1.	1981	7224626
the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of an aminoglycoside administered into the cerebral ventricles in neonates: implications for further evaluation of this route of therapy in meningitis.	the optimal dose, frequency, and duration of intraventricular therapy for gram-negative meningitis (gnm) have never been determined. a prospective evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of intraventricular amikacin was undertaken in neonates with gnm. after the initial intraventricular instillation of 5 mg of amikacin via a rickham reservoir, a 10-fold variation in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) concentration and a fivefold variation in half-life of the drug were noted. these variations were related ...	1981	7012246
epidemic nosocomial meningitis due to citrobacter diversus in neonates.	five infants born at one hospital over a two-year period developed meningitis due to a serotype o2 strain of citrobacter diversus; four infants developed brain abscesses due to this organism. the initial prevalence of stool colonization in infants was 79%; eventually 140 infants (10%) and six nurses (6%) were found to be colonized. one colonized infant remained in the hospital for the entire two-year period. the strains were of two biotypes marked by the presence (biotype d) or absence (biotype ...	1981	7276635
[comparison of antibacterial activity of oral antibacterial agents against recently isolated bacteria of e. coli, klebsiella, citrobacter and proteus from clinical materials of urinary tract infection (author's transl)].		1981	7026823
[histological and bacteriological examination of uterus from the repeat breeder gilt and sow (author's transl)].	the investigation comprised sexual organs from 25 gilts and 97 sows culled because of repeat breeding. among the gilts 24.0 per cent and among the sows 25.8 per cent had endometritis. the following germs were present in uterus from gilts and sows with signs of endometritis: staphylococcus aureus, corynebacterium pyogenes, alpha-hemolytiske streptococcer, escherichia coli, pasteurella sp., aeromonas sp., acinetobacter sp. and citrobacter sp. among gilts and sows with germs present in uterus 40.9 ...	1981	7322875
effect of clindamycin prophylaxis on the colonic microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery.	clindamycin was given intravenously to 15 patients undergoing colorectal surgery in an initial dose of 600 mg, given at induction of anesthesia followed by 6 doses of 600 mg at 8-h intervals. series of serum samples and fecal specimens were taken for analysis of clindamycin concentrations. tissue samples from the gut wall were taken at surgery. the highest serum concentrations observed occurred 30 min after administration of clindamycin and varied between 6.8 and 37.9 microgram/ml (mean, 14.8 +/ ...	1981	7325640
antigenic scheme of citrobacter koseri.	an antigenic scheme, based on the determination of 17 somatic and 9 flagellar antigens, is proposed for citrobacter koseri. seven of the flagellar antigens constituted the specific phase (a through g), and the others (1 and 2) were nonspecific. of the 238 theoretically possible serotypes, 48 were identified among 680 cultures examined.	1981	7334075
r factors in coliform-fecal coliform sewage flora of the prairies and northwest territories of canada.	coliform and fecal coliform populations found in the raw sewages and final sewage effluents of the prairie provinces and the northwest territories were examined for antibiotic resistance and the possession of r factors. it was determined that 8.91% of the total coliform and 10.80% of the fecal coliform populations carried r factors. the following numbers of combinations of r determinants were found: 39 in the escherichia coli population, 6 in the citrobacter population, 20 in the enterobacter po ...	1981	7283425
in vitro synergism of fr-31564, a new phosphonic acid antibiotic.	against most test strains of gram-negative bacilli, the in vitro effect of fr-31564 together with beta-lactam antibiotics or trimethoprim was strongly synergistic; with tetracycline and nalidixic acid the effect was additive; and with gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole the effect was additive or antagonistic. fr-31564 was markedly synergistic with beta-lactam antibiotics against beta-lactam antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli such as klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter aerogenes, e. cloacae, ...	1981	7287590
the murein of citrobacter o-serogroup ci23 vi+.	the isolation and analysis of the citrobacter o-serogroup ci23vi+ murein are described. the murein consists of alanine, glutamic acid, diaminopimelic acid (occurring in the molar ratio 1.5 : 1: 0.9), n-acetylmuramic acid and n-acetylglucosamine. dialysable products resulting from the digestion of the citrobacter o-serogroup ci23vi+ murein with egg white lysozyme resemble closely those obtained from the e. coli b murein.	1981	7023119
exclusive localization of colicin a in cell cytoplasm of producing bacteria.	the production of colicin a in citrobacter freundii and in escherichia coli was studied. after induction with low concentrations of mitomycin c, these organisms differed with regards to cell growth, cell viability, and kinetics of colicin a biosynthesis. despite these differences, immunoferritin labelling on ultra-thin sections of induced frozen cells demonstrated that colicin a was located exclusively within the cell cytoplasm in both types of bacteria. by using protein markers, it was shown th ...	1981	7042335
citrobacter diversus brain abscess and meningitis in neonates.	brain abscess is an infrequent complication of meningitis, including cases caused by gram-negative enteric bacteria in neonates. because brain abscesses recently developed in four of five neonates with citrobacter diversus meningitis at one institution, we reviewed cases of c diversus meningitis reported in the literature and those enrolled in the neonatal meningitis cooperative study groups and reported to the centers for disease control. seventy-four cases in neonates were identified, and a br ...	1981	7230384
rapid presumptive identification of citrobacter diversus as an aid in controlling infections.	during an outbreak of neonatal meningitis caused by kanamycin-resistant citrobacter diversus, a field procedure for presumptive identification of the organism was evaluated, and using it resulted in the early recognition of patients colonized by the epidemic strain of c. diversus. rectal and nasopharyngeal specimens were plated and incubated on macconkey agar containing 10 micrograms of kanamycin per ml. after 18 h of incubation, lactose-nonfermenting colonies present on the selective medium wer ...	1981	7024304
biochemical characteristics and identification of enterobacteriaceae isolated from meats.	the isolation and identification of 2,220 enterobacteriaceae from meats indicated that escherichia coli biotype i, enterobacter agglomerans, and serratia liquefaciens were the principal types to be differentiated in meats. citrobacter freundii, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae, and enterobacter hafniae were also commonly identified. identification of isolates by the encise ii (roche diagnostics inc., nutley, n.j.) and minitek (bbl microbiology systems, cockeysville, md.) coding system ...	1981	7013705
coliform species recovered from untreated surface water and drinking water by the membrane filter, standard, and modified most-probable-number techniques.	the species of total coliform bacteria isolated from drinking water and untreated surface water by the membrane filter (mf), the standard most-probable-number (s-mpn), and modified most-probable-number (m-mpn) techniques were compared. each coliform detection technique selected for a different profile of coliform species from both types of water samples. the mf technique indicated that citrobacter freundii was the most common coliform species in water samples. however, the fermentation tube tech ...	1981	7013706
evaluation of the repliscan ii system for identification of enterobacteriaceae.	in a precious report (woolfrey et al., j clin. microbiol. 13:58-61, 1981), we indicated that the repliscan system did not reliably identify enterobacteriaceae. recent improvements in the system prompted us to evaluate repliscan ii (cathra international, inc., st. paul, minn.) by using representative isolates of the population sample previously used to test the system. isolates (692) representing eight genera were identified in parallel by the repliscan ii and api 20e (analytab products, plainvie ...	1981	7026608
antigenic scheme for citrobacter koseri (syn. c. diversus, levinea malonatica); three new antigens recognized in strains from israel.	an antigenic scheme for citrobacter koseri was described previously and consisted of 14 'o' antigens. three additional antigens are now added to the scheme and type strains for these antigens are designated. their origins and their biochemical and serological reactions are described.	1981	7007489
evaluation of the repliscan system for enterobacteriaceae identification.	a total of 1,013 isolates of enterobacteriaceae were identified in parallel by the repliscan (cathra international, ontario, canada) and api 20e (analytab products, plainview, n.y.) systems. there was a 62% agreement at the genus level between the two systems. of the 38% discrepant results, repliscan classified 22% as "biochemical pattern not on file," 8% as a multiple-genus group which included the api 20e identification, and 8% as a genus other than that designated by api 20e. relative to the ...	1981	7007430
accurate automated identification of selected enterobacteriaceae at four hours.	the enterobacteriaceae biochemical card of the automicrobic system vitek systems, inc., hazelwood, mo.) provides completely automated identification of members of this family within an 8-h test period. identification of 776 clinical and stock isolates to species level by the enterobacteriaceae biochemical card under routine operating conditions correlated at 96% with our present 18- to 24-h methods of identification. further, utilizing a special program, we investigated presumptive identificatio ...	1981	7007419
antenatal and neonatal bacterial infections: pathogenesis, significance, and diagnosis.		1981	7049521
[antigenic relations between enteropathogenic escherichia o151:k, citrobacter and hafnia].	the strains isolated from acute dysentery patients and convalescents and identified as e. coli o151:k--were studied. diagnostic errors due to inexact genus determination were revealed, and the isolated strains were found to belong to citrobacter and hafnia. the main biochemical differences allowing to differentiate e. coli o151:k--from these two genera were established. the study also showed the necessity of some tests, such as the tests for citrate assimilation in simmons' medium and sodium mal ...	1981	7023147
[quantitative bacterial ecology of normal nasal mucosa].	a quantitative research into the aerobic bacteria of human nasal cavities has been carried out; 183 healthy individuals observed, negative results 18 (9.83%). streptococcus, enterococcus, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, micrococcus, streptococcus pneumoniae, neisseria, were numerically determined and the incidence of each single species or genus exactly specified. among gram-negative bacteria, enterobacter, providencia, proteus, citrobacter freundii, haemophilus influenzae, kl ...	1981	7034653
the inhibition of bacterial cell growth by ketone bodies.	the effect of ketone bodies on the growth, in culture, of escherichia coli was investigated. both growth and glucose utilisation were inhibited in the presence of 20 mmol/l d-3-hydroxybutyrate. lower concentrations of d-3-hydroxybutyrate caused proportionally less inhibition of growth. acetoacetate also inhibited growth but other glycolytic inhibitors and chemical analogues of d-3-hydroxybutyrate either did not inhibit or proved to be too toxic for bacterial growth. citrate enhanced the ketone b ...	1981	7034705
[analysis of bacterial septicemia in newborn infants in the last 5 years in the pediatric service of the leonardo guzmán regional hospital of antofagasta].		1981	7031790
failure of the most-probable-number technique to detect coliforms in drinking water and raw water supplies.	a procedure was developed to detect false-negative reactions (interference) in the standard most-probable-number (s-mpn) technique for coliform enumeration of untreated surface water and potable water supplies. this modified mpn (m-mpn) procedure allowed a quantitative assessment of the interference with coliform detection in untreated surface water and potable water supplies. coliform interference was found to occur in the presumptive, confirmed, and completed tests of the s-mpn technique. when ...	1981	7013694
cefmenoxime (sce-1365), a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin: in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities.	the activity of cefmenoxime (sce-1365), 7 beta-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-(z)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[(1-methyl-1h-tetrazol-5-yl)thiomethyl]ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid, was compared with that of other cephalosporins. cefmenoxime exhibited high activity against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the in vitro activity of cefmenoxime against streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, and enterobacteriaceae, including indole-positive proteus, serratia marcescens, ente ...	1981	6941742
antibacterial activity of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine in vivo and in vitro.	2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (dda) was shown not only to possess antibacterial activity in vitro against a variety of enterobacteriaceae, but also to be effective in vivo, dda was active in experimental mouse infections by the oral route against 5 salmonella strains, 2 of 3 arizona strains, 5 of 7 citrobacter strains, 3 of 8 klebsiella strains, 3 of 5 escherichia strains, 1 of 3 shigella strains, and 3 of 15 serratia strains at concentrations generally well below the toxic level. closely related compo ...	1981	6972730
synthesis and export of colicin a and colicin e1 during inhibition of lipid synthesis.	the antibiotic cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis was used to demonstrate that colicin a and colicin e1 can be synthesized and exported during inhibition of lipid synthesis.	1981	6785088
[altered bacterial periurethral flora in young girls with chronic, recurrent urinary tract infections? (author's transl)].	assuming a local weakness in the defence system to be responsible for chronic, recurrent infection of the urinary tract in young girls, we made 86 determinations of the bacterial periurethral flora from 70 female patients aged between five and eleven years. within three patient groups (urologically healthy, temporarily free from infection, currently suffering an acute attack of chronic, recurrent urinary tract infection), we found gram-negative bacteria in 1/20 of the healthy children, in 1/2 of ...	1981	6795130
hypoprothrombinemia associated with moxalactam treatment of a septic sternoclavicular arthritis due to citrobacter diversus.		1981	6456139
correlation of moxalactam (ly127935) susceptibility tests by disk diffusion and agar plate dilution methods.	susceptibility of pathogenic aerobic bacteria to moxalactam (ly127935) was compared by two methods, diffusion from 30-microgram disks and agar plate dilution. the two methods gave a satisfactory degree of correlation when compared by linear regression, but the slope of the linear regression was significantly steeper for gram-negative bacilli (enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa) than for coccal organisms (streptococci and staphylococci). the largest zone diameters by disk diffusion wer ...	1981	6454380
citrobacter meningitis and cerebral abscess in early infancy: cure by moxalactam.	a 7-week-old boy developed multiple cerebral abscesses as a complication of neonatal citrobacter diversus meningitis. he was successfully treated medically with the experimental beta-lactam antibiotic, moxalactam. this is the first nonsurgical cure of brain abscess in early infancy. fifty-eight percent of all previously reported cases of citrobacter meningitis were complicated by brain abscess, mandating early, and serial computed tomography scanning in patients afflicted with the disorder. moxa ...	1981	6458777
biosynthesis and export of colicin a in citrobacter freundii ca31.	synthesis of colicin a after induction with mitomycin c was studied. specific inhibition of chromosomal protein synthesis occurred very shortly after mitomycin addition. there was no coordinate synthesis of colicin a (61000 mr) and low-molecular-weight protein. free and membrane-bound polysome fractions were isolated from cells induced with mitomycin c. colicin a is synthesized in vitro in the free polysomes and not in the membrane-bound polysomes. conditions are described which allow a practica ...	1981	6455292
introduction of bacteriophage mu into bacteria of various genera and intergeneric gene transfer by rp4::mu.	the host range of coliphage mu was greatly expanded to various genera of gram-negative bacteria by using the hybrid plasmic rp4::mu cts, which is temperature sensitive and which confers resistance to ampicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline. these drug resistance genes were transferred from escherichia coli to members of the general klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter, salmonella, proteus, erwinia, serratia, alcaligenes, agrobacterium, rhizobium, pseudomonas, acetobacter, and bacillus. mu phage ...	1981	6450749
characterization of conjugative r plasmids belonging to the new incompatibility group incu.	five conjugative plasmids governing different antibiotic resistance patterns were identified in wild strains of enteric bacteria isolated in czechoslovakia and the g.d.r. between 1976 and 1979. they have been characterized as members of the new incompatibility group incu (reference plasmid ra3 from japan). the molecular sizes of the incu plasmids ranged between 18 and 37 megadaltons; their restriction fragment patterns indicated them to be distinct types.	1981	6279765
[clinical evaluation of cefotaxime at various dosage levels in urinary tract infections (author's transl)].	in this study, 63 patients with various urinary tract infections were treated with cefotaxime in different dosages. they were aged from 10 to 82 years (mean: 59). the cases included 33 cystitis, 25 pyelonephritis, 4 chronic prostatitis and 1 orchiepididymitis. 85 strains of enterobacteria were identified: 20 e. coli, 2 citrobacter freundi, 5 proteus mirabilis, 12 indole positive proteus, 1 providentia, 11 klebsiella, 3 enterobacter cloacae and 31 serratia marescens and liquefaciens. 80 of these ...	1981	6259607
translocatable resistance to mercuric and phenylmercuric ions in soil bacteria.	of a sample of 42 gram-negative hg-resistant bacteria, three (a pseudomonas fluorescens, a klebsiella sp. and a citrobacter sp.) contained translocatable elements conferring resistance to hg2+ (all three) and to hg2+ and phenylmercuric acetate (p. fluorescens). the discovery of transposable phenylmercuric acetate resistance extends the range of known resistance "transposons" from heavy metals and antibiotics to organometallic compounds.	1981	6268601
an r plasmid of broad host-range, coding for resistance to nine antimicrobial agents endemic in gram-negative nosocomial isolates.	of 3952 clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae, 246 exhibited resistance to at least carbenicillin, gentamicin and tobramycin. all these isolates, representing eight genera, were resistant to at least nine antimicrobial agents in common, including the three key antibiotics and streptomycin, kanamycin, sisomycin, ampicillin, cephalothin and sulphonamide. the strains could be subdivided into seven groups depending upon additional resistance traits and some were resistant to as many as 15 antibiot ...	1981	6273563
genetic regulation of variable vi antigen expression in a strain of citrobacter freundii.	certain strains of the genus citrobacter exhibit a variable expression of the vi surface antigen that appears to involve a special mechanism for regulation of gene expression. two nonlinked chromosomal loci, viaa and viab, are known to determine nonvariable vi antigen expression in strains of salmonella. to confirm the presence of analogous loci in citrobacter and to ascertain whether either of them is involved in variable vi antigen expression in this organism, donor strains were constructed fr ...	1981	6161917
[differential-diagnostic value of 4 tests of lysine decarboxylation by citrobacter and salmonella species bacteria].		1981	6168818
effect of combination of cefsulodin and mecillinam.	the effect of cefsulodin in combination with mecillinam was examined against a wide range of bacterial species. the antibacterial spectrum was widened by the combination of cefsulodin and mecillinam in the ratio of 5:1 and 10:1. in overall observations, in the in vitro test, a synergistic effect against clinical isolates was found on klebsiella pneumoniae, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter cloacae, serratia marcescens, proteus mirabilis and proteus vulgaris, and an additive effect was found on ...	1981	6268593
structural and serological analysis of citrobacter-036-specific polysaccharide, the homopolymer of (beta 1 leads to 2)-linked 4-deoxy-d-arabinohexopyranosyl units.		1981	6173213
polysaccharides and their common proteinic carrier in the vi antigens of citrobacter ballerup and salmonella typhi ty2.	immunochemical analysis of citrobacter ballerup and salmonella typhi ty2 showed that the strains share native and heat-resistant proteins that are, apparently, the carriers of a common polysaccharidic determinant present in their respective somatic antigens. after the classic acetic acid hydrolysis, the somatic antigen of c. ballerup reacted, in agar gel, against the homologous antiserum by two precipitation lines, one of which also precipitated against the anti s, typhi ty2 serum; the hydrolysi ...	1981	6176838
beta-lactamase stability and antibacterial activity of cefmenoxime (sce-1365), a novel cephalosporin.	cefmenoxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic, has been shown to be stable to a staphylococcus aureus penicillinase and r plasmid-mediated type i and type iv penicillinases. it was also resistant to hydrolysis by most cephalosporinases, but was susceptible to hydrolysis by a proteus vulgaris beta-lactamase. cefmenoxime was active against cephaloridine-resistant species, except pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was moderately resistant to cefmenoxime. cefmenoxime was an inducer of p. vulgaris beta-lact ...	1981	6269488
[study of the minimum inhibiting concentration of a new cephalosporin (hr 756): comparative data with other beta-lactamic antibiotics].	hr 756 is a new beta-lactamase resistant cephalosporin. the activity of hr 756 was compared in vitro to that of cefamandole, cefoxitine, cefuroxime and cephalothin. a concentration of 1 microgram/ml inhibited practically all isolates of e. coli, salmonella, shigella, proteus indole + and indole --, klebsiella, etc. a lower activity in vitro has been found regarding to enterobacter, serratia, citrobacter and pasteurella. the cefotaxime has some anti-pseudomonas activity at concentrations of 7.5-1 ...	1981	6272823