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cyhv-3: the third cyprinid herpesvirus.common carp (including ornamental koi carp) cyprinus carpio l. are ecologically and economically important freshwater fish in europe and asia. c. carpio have recently been endangered by a third cyprinid herpesvirus, known as cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3), the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (khvd), which causes significant morbidity and mortality in koi and common carp. clinical and pathological signs include epidermal abrasions, excess mucus production, necrosis of gill and inter ...201323872859
epidemiology of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 infection in latently infected carp from aquaculture.cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3, koi herpesvirus, khv) is the causative agent of an economically important disease in carp. the mode of transmission of this virus, especially how the infectious agent is introduced into ponds de novo, is not known in detail. the aim of this study was to investigate the shedding of cyhv-3 from fish with latent infections, under aquaculture conditions. ponds in saxony, germany, with latently infected carp were examined at different times during the production cycle ...201323872854
evidence for two koi herpesvirus (khv) genotypes in south korea.the geographic distribution of koi herpesvirus (khv) has recently been analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr, based on the alleles of 3 domains) and sequence analysis using 3 regions of khv genomic dna (sphi-5, 9/5, and the thymidine kinase gene). in this study, samples from 6 carp showing symptoms of khv infection in 2008 were examined for the presence of khv by using pcr and cell culture isolation methods. khv was detected in 2 (pyeongtaek and buan) of the samples. sequence analysis revea ...201323759557
characterization of a novel cell line from the caudal fin of koi carp cyprinus carpio.a continuous cell line (kf-101) derived from the caudal fin of the koi carp cyprinus carpio was established and characterized. the kf-101 cell line multiplied abundantly in leibovitz's l-15 medium containing 10% foetal bovine serum at 25° c, and was subcultured for >90 passages over a period of 3 years. immunocytochemistry revealed that the kf-101 cells contain keratin, junction proteins connexin-43 and occludin, and ectodermal stem-cell marker pax-6, but not vimentin. furthermore, the kf-101 ce ...201323731143
spring viraemia of carp (svc) in the uk: the road to freedom.spring viraemia of carp (svc) is a disease of international importance that predominantly affects cyprinid fish and can cause significant mortality. in the united kingdom (uk), svc was first detected in 1977 with further cases occurring in fisheries, farms, wholesale and retail establishments throughout england and wales (but not scotland, where few cyprinid populations exist, nor northern ireland where svc has never been detected) over the subsequent 30 years. following a control and eradicatio ...201323597621
identifying the viral genes encoding envelope glycoproteins for differentiation of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 isolates.cyprinid herpes virus 3 (cyhv-3) diseases have been reported around the world and are associated with high mortalities of koi (cyprinus carpio). although little work has been conducted on the molecular analysis of this virus, glycoprotein genes identified in the present study seem to be valuable targets for genetic comparison of this virus. three envelope glycoprotein genes (orf25, 65 and 116) of the cyhv-3 isolates from the usa, israel, japan and korea were compared, and interestingly, sequence ...201323435236
antibody screening identifies 78 putative host proteins involved in cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection or propagation in common carp, cyprinus carpio l.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of a serious and notifiable disease afflicting common and koi carp, cyprinus carpio l., termed koi herpesvirus disease (khvd). significant progress has been achieved in the last 15 years, since the initial reports surfaced from germany, usa and israel of the cyhv-3 virus, in terms of pathology and detection. however, relatively few studies have been carried out in understanding viral replication and propagation. antibody-based affinity ha ...201323347276
intestinal barrier of carp (cyprinus carpio l.) during a cyprinid herpesvirus 3-infection: molecular identification and regulation of the mrna expression of claudin encoding genes.as a major part of tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium of vertebrates, claudin proteins are crucial to develop a selective permeable function and to maintain integrity of the barrier. the intestine has been reported as one of the targeted tissue of the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) or koi herpesvirus (khv) which causes major disease problems in carp production worldwide. to analyse the impact of the disease on the epithelial barrier of the intestine, carp claudin encoding genes were c ...201323194746
cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection disrupts the skin barrier of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is recognised as a pathogen which causes mass mortality in populations of carp, cyprinus carpio. one of the characteristic symptoms of the disease associated with cyhv-3 infection is the occurrence of skin lesions, sloughing off the epithelium and a lack of mucus. furthermore, fish then seem to be more susceptible to secondary infections by bacterial, parasitic or fungal pathogens which may cause further mortality within the population. the observed pathological a ...201323182910
analysis of koi herpesvirus latency in wild common carp and ornamental koi in oregon, usa.koi herpesvirus (khv) infection is associated with high mortalities in both common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. although acute infection has been reported in both domestic and wild common carp, the status of khv latent infection is largely unknown in wild common carp. to investigate whether khv latency is present in wild common carp, the distribution of khv latent infection was investigated in two geographically distinct populations of wild common c ...201323174162
emergence of fatal european genotype cyhv-3/khv in mainland china.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv), is a highly infectious causative agent to common carp and koi worldwide. the virus is mainly consisted of european and asian genotype isolates. to date, no european genotype cyhv-3 has been found emerging in the east and southeast asian regions. in late march 2011, an outbreak of cyhv-3 disease occurred in guangzhou city, guangdong province, china, resulting in the deaths of approximately 200 large-sized adult koi within four ...201323146169
do wild fish species contribute to the transmission of koi herpesvirus to carp in hatchery ponds?the koi herpesvirus (khv) has spread worldwide since its discovery in 1998 and causes disease and mortality in koi and common carp populations with a high impact on the carp production industry. many investigations have been conducted to examine ways of distribution and to identify possible transmission vectors. the answers, however, raise many new questions. in the present study, different wild fish species taken from carp ponds with a history of khv infection were examined for their susceptibi ...201323121232
fish tapeworm khawia sinensis: an indicator of environmental microcystins?parasites have recently been recognized as accumulation indicators that take up and bio-concentrate substances from environmental pollution. interestingly, helminths of fish are known to accumulate metals from the ambient environment and to contain several orders of magnitude higher concentrations than hosts. while the majority of reports mention inorganic toxin accumulation in parasites, studies concerning effects of organic pollution are infrequent and little is known about the potential of pa ...201324362088
cytocomposition of the vitellarium in khawia sinensis hsü, 1935 (cestoda, caryophyllidea, lytocestidae): another caryophyllidean species with lamellar bodies and lipids.the vitellarium of the invasive caryophyllidean tapeworm khawia sinensis hsü, 1935 from carp cyprinus carpio l. was examined by means of transmission electron microscopy and cytochemical staining for glycogen with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate (pa-tsc-sp). a vitellarium consists of numerous follicles of irregular size that are interconnected by a net of vitelline ducts. vitelline follicles are composed of vitelline cells at various stages of development that are interconnecte ...201323749090
establishment, characterization and viral susceptibility of two cell lines derived from leopard wrasse macropharyngodon geoffroy.two new fish cell lines were established from skin (lwsk) and fin (lwfn) of leopard wrasse macropharyngodon geoffroy. these cells grew optimally at 25° c in leibovitz-15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum. proliferation of m. geoffroy cells remained serum dependent up to cell passage 16, and cell-plating efficiency ranged from 12 to 16%. karyotypic analysis of these new cell lines at cell passage 8 indicated that both cell lines remained diploid with a peak chromosomal count of 144 ...201323991874
anti-platelet-activating factor, antibacterial, and antiradical activities of lipids extract from silver carp brain.epidemiological studies have verified the protective role of fish lipids in cardiovascular diseases. however, the effects of fish lipids on health boost remain undefined. large amounts of by-products, such as fish brain which contains high level of lipids, are produced with silver carp processing. fish brain is rich in bioactive lipids which are overwhelmingly effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases. the aim of this study was to elucidate the pharmacological activities of silver carp bra ...201323805935
selection and characterization of single-chain recombinant antibodies against spring viraemia of carp virus from mouse phage display library.antibody-displaying phage library was selected after three rounds of panning against spring viraemia of carp virus (svcv) by phage display technology. eight positive clones which could produce soluble single-chain fragment variable (scfv) antibody induced by isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg) were obtained. dot blot results showed that the eight scfv antibodies could recognize svcv. the soluble scfv antibodies showed a molecular weight 29 kd by western blot. all scfv antibodies could ...201323994147
proteomic analysis of epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells infected with spring viremia of carp virus.spring viremia of carp (svc), caused by spring viremia of carp virus (svcv) is an important disease due to its drastic effects on carp fisheries in many countries. to better understand molecular responses to svcv infection, two dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and maldi-tof/tof were performed to investigate altered proteins in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells (epcs). differentially expressed proteins in mock-infected epcs and svcv-infected epcs were compared. a total of 54 differentially ex ...201323583725
effects of a dietary β-(1,3)(1,6)-d-glucan supplementation on intestinal microbial communities and intestinal ultrastructure of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio l.).to assess the effects of dietary saccharomyces cerevisiae β-(1,3)(1,6)-d-glucan supplementation (macrogard(®)) on mirror carp (cyprinus carpio l.) intestinal microbiota and ultrastructure of the enterocyte apical brush border.201323889777
oxidative burst and nitric oxide responses in carp macrophages induced by zymosan, macrogard(®) and selective dectin-1 agonists suggest recognition by multiple pattern recognition receptors.β-glucans are glucose polymers that are found in the cell walls of plants, bacteria, certain fungi, mushrooms and the cell wall of baker's yeast. in mammals, myeloid cells express several receptors capable of recognizing β-glucans, with the c-type lectin receptor dectin-1 in conjunction with toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2), considered key receptors for recognition of β-glucan. in our studies to determine the possible involvement of these receptors on carp macrophages a range of sources of β-glucans ...201323831551
16s rrna pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of oral lactobacillus casei group and their phenotypic appearances.this study aimed to develop a 16s rrna pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) to identify the species level of lactobacillus casei group and to investigate their characteristics of acid production and inhibitory effect. pcr-dgge has been developed based on the 16s rrna gene, and a set of hda-1-gc and hda-2, designed at v2-v3 region, and another set of carp-1-gc and carp-2, designed at v1 region, have been used. the bacterial strains included l. casei atcc 393, l. paracasei ccug 32212 ...201324191230
medaka haploid embryonic stem cells are susceptible to singapore grouper iridovirus as well as to other viruses of aquaculture fish species.viral infection is a challenge in high-density aquaculture, as it leads to various diseases and causes massive or even complete loss. the identification and disruption of host factors that viruses utilize for infection offer a novel approach to generate viral-resistant seed stocks for cost-efficient and sustainable aquaculture. genetic screening in haploid cell cultures represents an ideal tool for host factor identification. we have recently generated haploid embryonic stem (es) cells in the la ...201323828270
khawia abbottinae sp. n. (cestoda: caryophyllidea) from the chinese false gudgeon abbottina rivularis (cyprinidae: gobioninae) in china: morphological and molecular data.khawia abbottinae sp. n. is described from the chinese false gudgeon, abbottina rivularis (basilewsky) (cyprinidae: gobioninae), from the yangtze river basin in china. the new species can be distinguished from the congeneric species mainly by the arrangements of the testes, which form two longitudinal bands (other congeneric species have the testes irregularly scattered throughout the testicular region) and their number (at maximum 85 testes versus at least 160 in the other khawia spp.), and the ...201323724733
molecular characterization and expression analysis of toll-like receptor 21 cdna from paralichthys olivaceus.toll-like receptor (tlr) is believed to play crucial role in host defense of pathogenic microbes in innate immune system. in the present study, the full-length cdna of paralichthys olivaceus toll-like receptor 21 (po-tlr21) was cloned by homology cloning and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) technique. the po-tlr21 cdna sequence was 3687 bp, containing an open reading frame of 2922 bp encoding 973 amino acids. tmhmm and smart program analysis indicated that protein contained one transmembr ...201323880453
molecular characterization of hepcidin gene in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and its expression pattern responding to bacterial challenge.hepcidin is a cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptide (amp), which plays an important role in host innate immune system and iron regulation. a great many of hepcidin genes have been identified from vertebrates, including various fish species. here we report the cloning and identification of a hepcidin cdna from the liver of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). the full-length cdna of the common carp hepcidin was 647 bp, which contained an orf of 276 bp encoding a prepropeptide of 91 amino acid ...201323851290
virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) genotypes ia, iva, ivb, and ivc in five fish species.the susceptibility of yellow perch perca flavescens, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, chinook salmon o. tshawytscha, koi cyprinus carpio koi, and pacific herring clupea pallasii to 4 strains of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) was assessed. fish were challenged via intraperitoneal injection with high (1 × 106 plaque-forming units, pfu) and low (1 × 103 pfu) doses of a european strain (genotype ia), and north american strains from the west coast (genotype iva), great lakes (genotype iv ...201324334352
experimental infection of koi carp with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus type ivb.viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) type ivb has a wide host range that includes at least three cyprinid species: fathead minnow pimephales promelas, emerald shiner notropis atherinoides, and bluntnose minnow p. notatus. to date, vhsv ivb has only been found in wild fish. however, the possibility of infection in culture facilities remains. koi carp cyprinus carpio are a major ornamental aquaculture species in the united states; however, their potential to become infected with vhsv ivb has ...201323289973
improving the safety of viral dna vaccines: development of vectors containing both 5' and 3' homologous regulatory sequences from non-viral origin.although some dna vaccines have proved to be very efficient in field trials, their authorisation still remains limited to a few countries. this is in part due to safety issues because most of them contain viral regulatory sequences to driving the expression of the encoded antigen. this is the case of the only dna vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus (a negative ssrna virus), authorised in canada, despite the important economic losses that these viruses cause to aquaculture all over the world. in a ...201323001057
goldfish (carassius auratus l.) possess natural antibodies with trypanocidal activity towards trypanosoma carassii in vitro.natural infection of cyprinids, such as carp, with the extracellular protozoan parasite trypanosoma carassii can attain up to 100% prevalence and cause significant host morbidity and mortality, particularly in aquaculture settings. host recovery from t. carassii infection has been shown to be antibody (immunoglobulin m; igm)-mediated, conferring long-term immunity in recovered animals upon challenge. to assess the role of igm in parasite clearance in the goldfish, igm was purified by peg-6000 pr ...201323333358
content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from latvian lakes.seventeen polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (pcdd/pcdfs) of the highest priority as well as twelve dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-pcbs) were analyzed in the muscle tissues of the following freshwater fish species sampled from eleven latvian freshwater lakes: perch (perca flavescens), carp (cyprinus carpio), eel (anguilla rostrata), bream (abramis brama), chub (leuciscus cephalus), pike (esox lucius), sheatfish (silurus glanis) and roach (rutilus). to ...201323336927
distribution and relationships of as, cd, pb and hg in freshwater fish from five french fishing areas.the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead in 149 muscle samples of eight freshwater fish species (european eel, bream, common carp, european catfish, roach, perch, pike and pikeperch) from five different french fishing areas from contaminated and control sites were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion under pressure. no significant correlation was found between the condition factor (cf), based on the length-mass relationship, and as, c ...201323177713
novel seadornavirus (family reoviridae) related to banna virus in europe.banna virus, whose genome is composed of 12 segments of double-stranded rna, is a member of the genus seadornavirus in the family reoviridae and is thought to be an emerging mosquito-transmitted human pathogen in southeast asia. a novel phylogenetic relative of banna virus (balaton virus, balv, jx947843-jx947850 and kc522611-kc522612) was identified using viral metagenomics in the intestinal contents of freshwater carp (cyprinus carpio) in hungary. the amino acid sequence identity of balaton vir ...201323624680
the tapeworm atractolytocestus tenuicollis (cestoda: caryophyllidea)--a sister species or ancestor of an invasive a. huronensis?atractolytocestus tenuicollis (li, 1964) xi, wang, wu, gao et nie, 2009 is a monozoic, non-segmented tapeworm of the order caryophyllidea, parasitizing exclusively common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). in the current work, the first molecular data, in particular complete ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (cox1) on a. tenuicollis from niushan lake, wuhan, china, are provided. in order to evaluate molecular interrelationships within ...201323832640
draft genome sequence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes as03, an atypical strain isolated from crucian carp (carassius carassius) in the republic of korea.we present the draft genome sequence of aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes strain as03, an atypical a. salmonicida strain that causes erythrodermatitis in crucian carp (carassius carassius). this is the first genome sequence report of a. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes, one of the four subspecies of atypical a. salmonicida.201324092786
dietary β-glucan stimulate complement and c-reactive protein acute phase responses in common carp (cyprinus carpio) during an aeromonas salmonicida infection.the effect of β-glucans as feed additive on the profile of c-reactive protein (crp) and complement acute phase responses was studied in common carp cyprinus carpio after exposition to a bacterial infection with aeromonas salmonicida. carp were orally administered with β-glucan (macrogard®) for 14 days with a daily β-glucan intake of 6 mg per kg body weight. fish were then intraperitoneally injected with either pbs or 1 × 10⁸ bacteria per fish and sampled at time 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 ...201323291104
molecular cloning and expression analysis of two β-defensin genes in the blunt snout bream (megalobrama amblycephala).β-defensins are a group of cysteine-rich, cationic antimicrobial peptides that play important roles in innate immune system against pathogenic microbes invading. in this study, the part-length cdna sequences of two β-defensin genes (maβd-1, maβd-2) in blunt snout bream (megalobrama amblycephala) were identified. homology analysis showed that the cdna sequences of maβd-1 and maβd-2 had high similarities to those in common carp and zebrafish. real-time quantitative pcr results exhibited that expre ...201323876385
detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in association with an aeromonas sobria infection of carassius carassius (l.), in italy.sixteen specimens of female crucian carp, carassius carassius (l.), during the breeding season, were investigated for post-mortem and full diagnostic examination during a mortality outbreak in a tributary stream of the arno river in tuscany in 2011. necropsy highlighted the presence of a swollen anus and widespread haemorrhages in the body, fins, gills and eyes. haemorrhages in internal organs and spleen granulomas were also observed. bacteria isolated from the brain, kidney and spleen of affect ...201323488630
effect of coriolus versicolor polysaccharides on the hematological and biochemical parameters and protection against aeromonas hydrophila in allogynogenetic crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio).the effect of dietary intake of coriolus versicolor polysaccharides (cvp) on the hematological and biochemical indices of allogynogenetic crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) was investigated. fish were fed cvp supplemented diets (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 g cvp kg(-1)) for 56 days. the rbc, wbc counts, hemoglobin content, esr in blood and tp, alt, ast, alp, glu, cho, tg, and bun in serum were measured on day 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. after feeding of 56 days, fish were infected with aeromo ...201322791194
effect of dietary supplemented andrographolide on growth, non-specific immune parameters and resistance against aeromonas hydrophila in labeo rohita (hamilton).the present study evaluated the effect of dietary andrographolide (ec 50%) on growth, non-specific immune parameters and disease resistance against aeromonas hydrophila infection in indian major carp, labeo rohita fingerlings. fishes were fed with formulated diet containing andrographolide as t0 (0.00%), t1 (0.05%), t2 (0.10%), t3 (0.20%), t4 (0.40%) and t5 (0.80%) for 42 days. fishes were challenged with a. hydrophila 42 days post feeding and relative percentage survival (rps) was recorded over ...201323973382
a study on genetic variability of pathogenic aeromonas hydrophila strains and the varied responses of the strains towards phyto-extracts.the present study evaluated genetic variation in aeromonas hydrophila strains using pcr-rapd and their varied susceptibility to phyto-extract. four strains of aeromonas hydrophila isolated from skin infections of common freshwater fish, cyprinus carpio were characterized by various biochemical methods, physiological tests and pcr- rapd. antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts of three medicinal plants, ocimum sanctum, adathoda vasica and calendula officinalis were tested against the four str ...201324511738
characterization and expression analysis of common carp cyprinus carpio tlr5m.tlr5 is responsible for the recognition of bacterial flagellin in vertebrates. in this study, we cloned the tlr5m gene of common carp using the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. the tlr5m cdna was 3182 bp in length and contained a 2658-bp open reading frame, which encoded a protein of 885 amino acids (aa). the entire coding region of the tlr5m gene was successfully amplified from genomic dna and contained a single exon. the aa sequence of carp tlr5m showed the highest similarity (8 ...201323930591
dietary choline modulates immune responses, and gene expressions of tor and eif4e-binding protein2 in immune organs of juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).the present work evaluates the effects of various levels of dietary choline on immune parameters, immune-related gene expression and protection against aeromonas hydrophila (ah) in juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian). fish were fed with six different experimental diets containing graded levels of choline at 165 (choline-deficient control), 310, 607, 896, 1167 and 1820 mg kg(-1) diet for 65 days. at the end of the feeding trail, fish were challenged with ah and mortalities were recorde ...201323774323
effects of dietary isoleucine on the immune response, antioxidant status and gene expression in the head kidney of juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary isoleucine (ile) on the immune response, antioxidant status and gene expression in the head kidney of juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian). six semi-purified isonitrogenous diets (4.2, 7.0, 9.5, 11.9, 13.9 and 16.9 g ile kg(-1) diet) were fed to jian carp (6.9 ± 0.03 g) for 60 days. the results showed that ile supplementation improved the head kidney index, red and white blood cell counts, anti-hydroxyl radical capacity and th ...201323742869
establishment and characterization of a fin cell line from blunt snout bream, megalobrama amblycephala.this study established and characterized a new cell line (maf) from the fin of blunt snout bream (megalobrama amblycephala), a freshwater fish cultivated in china. maf cells proliferated well in medium 199 supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum at 28 °c and have been subcultured more than 95 times in almost a year. maf cells were revived at 90-95 % viability after 3-6 months of storage in liquid nitrogen. karyotyping indicated that the modal chromosome number of maf cells was 48. the maf cell ...201323532304
effects of mannan oligosaccharide on the physiological responses, hsp70 gene expression and disease resistance of allogynogenetic crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) under aeromonas hydrophila infection.we evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide (mos) on the resistance to aeromonas hydrophi1a infection in allogynogenetic crucian carp. the fish were randomly divided into five groups: a control group was fed with basal diet, and four treatment groups fed with basal diet supplemented with 60, 120, 240, 480 mg/kg mos for 10 weeks, respectively. we then challenged the fish with a. hydrophi1a and recorded the mortality and the changes in serum cortisol, t3, t4, lys ...201323481213
evaluation of probiotic bacteria against aeromonads syndrome in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) in simple axenic larviculture.evaluation of probiotics, bacillus firmus and b. coagulans against aeromonas hydrophila in axenic common carp larviculture was conducted. the highest egg hatching rate was obtained from the axenic system + probiotic bacteria (ap) (98.33%), followed by axenic system (a) (96.67%); axenic system + probiotic + a. hydrophila (ac) (93.33%); non-axenic system (na) (93.33%); and axenic system + a. hydrophila (ah) (83.33%). 100% survival rate (sr) was obtained from all treatments, except ah (90%). the hi ...201325141734
cadmium induces liver cell apoptosis through caspase-3a activation in purse red common carp (cyprinus carpio).caspase-3, the essential effector caspase, plays a pivotal role during caspase-dependent apoptosis. in this study, we isolated and characterized caspase-3a gene from common carp. the common carp caspase-3a comprising 273 amino acids showed 71.8% sequence similarity and 59.3% sequence identity to human caspase-3. it exhibited an evolutionarily conserved structure of mammalian caspase-3 genes, including a pro-domain, a large subunit, a small subunit and other motifs such as the pentapeptide active ...201324349509
the il-10 homologue encoded by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 is essential neither for viral replication in vitro nor for virulence in vivo.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), a member of the family alloherpesviridae, is the causative agent of a lethal disease in common and koi carp. cyhv-3 orf134 encodes an interleukin-10 (il-10) homologue. the present study was devoted to this orf. transcriptomic analyses revealed that orf134 is expressed as a spliced gene belonging to the early-late class. proteomic analyses of cyhv-3 infected cell supernatant demonstrated that the orf134 expression product is one of the most abundant proteins of th ...201323865540
enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in australian mosquitoes.viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. a metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. sequence comparisons revealed strains of liao ning virus (reovirus, seadornavirus), previously detected only in china, livestock-infecting stretch lagoon virus (reovirus, orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdov ...201324314645
lateral actions at the inner plexiform layer of the carp retina: effects of turning windmill pattern stimulus.lateral action from amacrine to ganglion cells was studied in the isolated carp retina by using a truncated windmill pattern (twp). about 25% of ganglion cells of both "on" and "off" center types were suppressed or enhanced in firing activity in response to twp turning. the suppressed cells were more sensitive to slow turning velocities of twp than the enhanced cells. in the "on-off" type amacrine cells, a steady depolarizing or hyperpolarizing component (less than several mv) was maintained by ...20134071996
[comparative study of vasomotor reactions of perfused gills of 2 teleosts: carp and conger]. 20134261496
functional and morphological correlates of amacrine cells in carp retina.experiments were conducted on isolated retinas of adult carp (cyprinus carpio) to investigate correlations between photoresponses and morphological features of amacrine cells. the fluorescence dye lucifer yellow ch was iontophoretically injected into single cells which had been characterized electrophysiologically. photoresponses were classified into two main types (transient on-off and sustained), which were further subgrouped into "fast" and "slow" on-off types and into on-center and off-cente ...20133601068
metal-ion binding to parvalbumin. a 113cd-n.m.r. study of the binding of different lanthanide ions.113cd-n.m.r. studies were used to investigate the binding of the lanthanide ions la3+, gd3+, tb3+, yb3+ and lu3+ to parvalbumins. it was shown that lanthanide ions with a smaller ionic radius bind sequentially to cd2+-saturated parvalbumin, whereas those with a larger ionic radius bind with similar affinity to both the cd site and the ef site. the smallest ion, lu3+, does in fact not compete significantly with cd2+ for the cd site in carp parvalbumin, but appears to bind only to the ef site. thi ...20134004793
xenobiotic and endobiotic induction of mixed function monooxygenase in carp cyprinus carpio.3-methylcholanthrene (3-mc) significantly induces aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (ahh) activity in mature and juvenile cyprinus carpio of both sexes. the degree of induction of ahh by 3-mc in mature fish is significantly lower than that in juveniles and induction in mature males is significantly higher than in mature females. pretreatment with sex steroids (testosterone in males and estradiol in females) significantly reduces 3-mc-inducibility of ahh in both mature and juvenile fi ...20134048925
the respiratory function of gill filament muscles in the carp.the activity pattern of the adductor muscles of the gill filaments has been determined with e.m.g. techniques and analysed in relation to the activity of the respiratory pump muscles, the respiratory movements and the hydrostatic pressures in buccal and opercular cavities. the gill filament adductor muscles contract twice during a normal respiratory cycle. first during the transition from the contraction to the expansion phase and for a second time at the end of the expansion phase. these two co ...20134001607
[monoaminergic innervation of the kidney of the carp (cyprinus carpio l.)].by means of fluorescent-histochemical method distribution of monoaminergic structures has been studied in the sympatho-adrenal system of the carp (cyprinus carpio l.) mesonephros. catecholaminergic nervous fibers are revealed in the walls of adrenal and venous vessels and glomerular arterioles. in the glomerular capillaries they are not found. in the walls of the venous vessels, besides catecholamine-containing nervous fibers, chromaffin cells with long processes running along the vessel are obs ...20133741162
morphology and anatomy of the olfactory organs of a silver carp, hypophthalmichthys molitrix (val.). 20133653815
aquaculture in europe.the major aquatic species farmed in europe are atlantic salmon, rainbow trout and carp. eels, flat-fish, mussels, oysters and crayfish are also produced. northern europe, with more temperate climates, centers its production around the salmonidae; further south and east eels and various species of carp are farmed. farm systems vary from extensive fishing lakes to highly intensive tank units. drugs and chemicals appear to be reasonably available in europe to fish farmers. three antimicrobials are ...20133617445
[screening and body correlation analysis of microsatellite markers related to intermuscular bone number in common carp (cyprinus carpio)].in this study, 149 polymorphic markers were screened from 200 microsatellite markers. from a family of mirror carp, which included 107 individuals. all samples were analyzed for body correlation, and intermuscular bone number was tested using the general linear model (glm) single marker regression. determination of the threshold values by 10,000 permutation tests showed that eight markers had significant correlation (p<0.05), in which hlj3086, hlj3642 and hlj3515 had very significant correlation ...201323913892
assessment of antibacterial properties and the active ingredient of plant extracts and its effect on the performance of crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio var. e'erqisi, bloch).in this study, the antibacterial properties and active ingredient of plant extracts and its effect on the performance of crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio var. e'erqisi, bloch) were assessed.201322903651
identification of anti-viral cytotoxic effector cells in the ginbuna crucian carp, carassius auratus langsdorfii.previous studies have suggested that anti-viral cytotoxic effector cells induced by infection with a sublethal dose of crucian carp hematopoietic necrosis virus (chnv) correspond to mammalian cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (ctls), because the mrna expression patterns of the effector cells are similar to those of mammalian ctls. to further characterize the effector population in cell-mediated cytotoxic (cmc) activity, we isolated the effector cells using an anti-cd8α monoclonal antibody, a density gradi ...201323178409
differential responses in ammonia excretion, sodium fluxes and gill permeability explain different sensitivities to acute high environmental ammonia in three freshwater teleosts.we examined the acute physiological responses to high environmental ammonia (hea), particularly the linkages between branchial ammonia fluxes and unidirectional na(+) fluxes, as well as urea excretion, cortisol, and indicators of gill permeability in three freshwater teleosts differing in their sensitivities to ammonia; the highly sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly resistant cyprinid carassius auratus ( ...201323143040
effect of cyanobacteria on immune function of crucian carp (carassius auratus) via chronic exposure in diet.cyanobacterial blooms caused by water eutrophication have become a worldwide problem. microcystins (mcs) released during cyanobacterial blooms exert toxicity on fish. up to now, immunotoxicity of mcs on fish has been rarely reported. the present study investigated immune response of crucian carp (carassius auratus) to cyanobacteria via chronic exposure in diet. fish were fed with diets containing 20% (low dose group) and 40% (high dose group) of cyanobacteria lyophilized powder. after exposure o ...201323063483
application of fisk, an invasiveness screening tool for non-native freshwater fishes, in the murray-darling basin (southeastern australia).the fish invasiveness scoring kit (fisk) is currently one of the most popular pre-screening tools for freshwater fishes. a recent upgrade has ensured its wider climatic relevance to countries with subtropical regions. this enhancement is of particular importance to australia, which encompasses tropical, arid, and temperate zones, and where the introduction of non-native fish species poses a significant risk to biodiversity. in this study, 55 fish species previously evaluated in a u.k.-based cali ...201323051595
[influence of 175-m-impoundment in three gorges reservoir area on the food web energy sources of main commercial fishes in backwater area of xiaojiang river].the impoundment in the three gorges reservoir area (tgra) was first reached 175 m in 2010. to approach the influence of this impoundment on the food web energy sources of fishes in the tributaries of trga, an analysis was made on the food web energy sources of seven economically important fishes (carassius auratus, cyprinus carpio, silurus asotus, culter mongolicus mongolicus, mystus macropterus, pelteobagrus vachelli, and pelteobagrus nitidus) in the backwater area of xiaojiang river by using s ...201324066562
multibiomarker responses upon exposure to tetrabromobisphenol a in the freshwater fish carassius auratus.tetrabromobisphenol a (tbbpa) is a widely used brominated flame retardant. it has been released into aquatic environments, where it is toxic to aquatic organisms. in the present study, five enzymes, glutathione-s-transferase (gst), aspartate aminotransferase (ast), alanine aminotransferase (alt), udp-glucuronosyltransferase (udpgt), and the antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase (gr) in serum and liver of crucian carp (carassius auratus) were selected for screening. these enzymes may be suitab ...201324055989
a specific genomic organization and a novel promoter sequence for both zp2 and zp3 gene expressions in the pingxiang red transparent crucian carp, carassius auratus var. pingxiangnensis.we cloned the full-length cdna of zp2 from carassius auratus var. pingxiangnensis (cap_zp2) and identified a cluster of three zp genes through its dna walker. these three genes, cap_zp3.1, cap_zp2 and cap_zp3.2 were located within a 10,855bp region and each comprised of eight exons spanning 1348bp, 1638bp and 1348bp, respectively. protein bands of egg membrane between 40 and 70kda were in concordance with the deduced amino acid of these three cap_zp genes cdna and with their molecular mass. this ...201324029638
molecular characterization and expression analysis of three membrane-bound complement regulatory protein isoforms in the ginbuna crucian carp carassius auratus langsdorfii.regulators of complement activation (rca) play a role in protecting cells from excessive complement activation in humans. cdna corresponding to three isoforms of teleost membrane-bound rca protein (gtecrem) have been identified in the ginbuna crucian carp. gtecrem-1 consists of seven short consensus repeats (scrs), whereas gtecrem-2 and gtecrem-3 have four scrs. while gtecrem-1 possesses a tyrosine phosphorylation site in its cytoplasmic region, gtecrem-2 and gtecrem-3 lack the site. tissue dist ...201323954695
intraspecific scaling of the resting and maximum metabolic rates of the crucian carp (carassius auratus).the question of how the scaling of metabolic rate with body mass (m) is achieved in animals is unresolved. here, we tested the cell metabolism hypothesis and the organ size hypothesis by assessing the mass scaling of the resting metabolic rate (rmr), maximum metabolic rate (mmr), erythrocyte size, and the masses of metabolically active organs in the crucian carp (carassius auratus). the m of the crucian carp ranged from 4.5 to 323.9 g, representing an approximately 72-fold difference. the rmr an ...201324376588
expression pattern of the zona pellucida 3 (zp3) gene during ovarian development and the location of zp3 protein in oocytes in a natural, wild triploid crucian carp mutant, carassius auratus var. pingxiangnensis.carassius auratus var. pingxiangnensis (designated cap), distributed in the pingxiang region of jiangxi province, china, is a natural, wild triploid crucian carp mutant that has two reproductive development modes: gynogenesis and bisexual reproduction. little information is available about the expression pattern of the zona pellucida 3 (zp3) gene during ovarian development and the location of the zp3 protein in oocytes of this fish. in this study, we obtained the full-length cdna of zp3 (cap_zp3 ...201324301933
effect of selenium nanoparticles with different sizes in primary cultured intestinal epithelial cells of crucian carp, carassius auratus gibelio.nano-selenium (se), with its high bioavailability and low toxicity, has attracted wide attention for its potential application in the prevention of oxidative damage in animal tissues. however, the effect of nano-se of different sizes on the intestinal epithelial cells of the crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) is poorly understood. our study showed that different sizes and doses of nano-se have varied effects on the cellular protein contents and the enzyme activities of secreted lactate deh ...201324204137
a physiologically based pharmacokinetics model for florfenicol in crucian carp and oral-to-intramuscular extrapolation.in this study, an oral physiologically based pharmacokinetics (pbpk) model was developed for florfenicol in crucian carp (carassius auratus). subsequently, oral-to-intramuscular extrapolation was performed and the two models were used to predict florfenicol concentrations in the edible tissues of crucian carp. the oral model gave good predictions in most tissues, except for kidney and liver in which the florfenicol concentrations were underestimated at the later time points. in contrast, using t ...201322712485
effect of cooking temperatures on protein hydrolysates and sensory quality in crucian carp (carassius auratus) soup.cooking methods have a significant impact on flavour compounds in fish soup. the effects of cooking temperatures (55, 65, 75, 85, 95, and 100 °c) on sensory properties and protein hydrolysates were studied in crucian carp (carassius auratus) soup. the results showed that the soup prepared at 85 °c had the best sensory quality in color, flavour, amour, and soup pattern. cooking temperature had significant influence on the hydrolysis of proteins in the soup showed by sds-page result. the contents ...201324425950
expression regulation of zebrafish interferon regulatory factor 9 by promoter analysis.we previously showed that a fish interferon (ifn) regulatory factor 9 (irf9) homologue, crucian carp carassius auratus irf9, displays constitutively nuclear localization and involvement in fish ifn-dependent jak-stat signaling; however, little is known about the expression regulation of fish irf9. here, we characterized the expression of zebrafish irf9 by promoter analysis. zebrafish irf9 gene promoter contained several putative transcription factor binding sites, including one isre (ifn-stimula ...201323916490
molecular characterization of five steroid receptors from pengze crucian carp and their expression profiles of juveniles in response to 17α-ethinylestradiol and 17α-methyltestosterone.pengze crucian carp (carassius auratus var. pengze, pcc), a triploid gynogenetic fish, was used in this study to investigate the cross-talk between edcs and steroid receptors. the full-length cdnas of five steroid receptors (esr1, er alpha2, esr2a, esr2b, ar) and partial cdna of vtg b were isolated. the tissue distributions of these genes were analyzed in adult fish by qrt-pcr. then the expression profiles of five steroid receptors (esrs and ar) and vtg b were detected in the juveniles exposed t ...201323806426
biological response of high-back crucian carp (carassius auratus) during different life stages to wastewater treatment plant effluent.this study presents the adverse effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (edcs) in effluent of wastewater treatment plants (wwtps) on fish health. a study of chronic exposure to wwtps effluent for 10 months was undertaken in high-back crucian carp (carassius auratus) during different life stages, covering early-life-stage (els), prespawning period, and postspawning period. condition factor (cf), gonadosomatic index (gsi), hepatosomatic index (hsi), and plasma vitellogenin (vtg) levels were empl ...201323695857
modulation of rh glycoproteins, ammonia excretion and na+ fluxes in three freshwater teleosts when exposed chronically to high environmental ammonia.we investigated relationships among branchial unidirectional na(+) fluxes, ammonia excretion, urea excretion, plasma ammonia, plasma cortisol, and gill transporter expression and function in three freshwater fish differing in their sensitivity to high environmental ammonia (hea). the highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia-sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid carassius auratus (goldfish) were ex ...201323661781
the effects of caudal fin loss and regeneration on the swimming performance of three cyprinid fish species with different swimming capacities.in nature, the caudal fins of fish species are frequently lost to some extent by aggressive behaviour, predation and diseases. to test whether the swimming performance of fish with different swimming capacities would be differentially affected due to caudal fin loss and regeneration, we investigated the critical swimming speed (ucrit), swimming metabolic rate (m(o2)), tail beat frequency (f(tb)) and tail beat amplitude (a(tb)) after caudal fin loss and regeneration (20 days) in juveniles of thre ...201323661776
transcriptome analysis of crucian carp (carassius auratus), an important aquaculture and hypoxia-tolerant species.the crucian carp is an important aquaculture species and a potential model to study genome evolution and physiological adaptation. however, so far the genomics and transcriptomics data available for this species are still scarce. we performed de novo transcriptome sequencing of four cdna libraries representing brain, muscle, liver and kidney tissues respectively, each with six specimens. the removal of low quality reads resulted in 2.62 million raw reads, which were assembled as 127,711 unigenes ...201323630630
effect of ambient temperature increase on intestinal mucosa amylolytic activity in freshwater fish.the relationship between the level of the intestinal mucosa amylolytic activity (aa) of juvenile goldfish carassius auratus, carp cyprinus carpio, roach rutilus rutilus and perch perca fluviatilis and the rate of water temperature increase was studied. increase in water heating rate significantly influences aa and the level of upper lethal temperatures defined by critical thermal maximum (ctm) during different seasons. at a low rate of water temperature increase, 0.04 °c/h, aa and the level of c ...201323619779
relationship between brain and liver oxidative state and maximum lifespan potential of different fish species.the aim of the present study is to determine whether a relationship exists between the maximum lifespan potential (mlsp) of different fish species (squalius pyrenaicus, cyprinus carpio, carassius auratus, luciobarbus sclateri and oncorhynchus mykiss) and the oxidative state of brain and liver. for this purpose, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (gpx), glutathione reductase (gr), glutathione s-transferase (gst) and dt-diaphorase ( ...201323618756
renal accumulation and effects of intraperitoneal injection of extracted microcystins in omnivorous crucian carp (carassius auratus).an acute toxicological experiment was designed to characterize the sequence of renal ultrastructural changes with accumulated mcs in crucian carp injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with extracted microcystins (mainly mc-rr and -lr) at two doses, 50 and 200 μg mc-lreq. kg⁻¹ body weight. quantitative and qualitative determinations of mcs in the kidney were conducted by hplc and lc-ms, respectively. mc-rr content in kidney of crucian carp showed a time dose-dependent increase within 48 h post-inject ...201323608020
comparative analysis of intermuscular bones in fish of different ploidies.we documented the number, morphology, and distribution of intermuscular bones in five fishes of different ploidy: carassius auratus (abbr.wcc, 2n=100), carassius auratus variety pengze (abbr.pzcc, 3n=150), improved triploid crucian carp (abbr.itcc, 3n=150), improved red crucian carp (carassius auratus red var., abbr.ircc, ♀, 2n=100), and improved allotetraploids (abbr.g×at, ♂, 4n=200). the number of intermuscular bones in wcc, pzcc, and g×at ranged from 78 to 83 ([formula: see text]=81), 80 to 8 ...201323564186
the long-term effect of serotonin on the thermoregulatory behavior in juvenile cyprinidae (cyprinus carpio and carassius auratus).the effect of serotonin after intracerebroventricular (icv) injections in dosage of 0.3 and 0.15 μg/g of the body weight on the thermoregulatory behavior in juvenile carp cyprinus carpio l. and goldfish carassius auratus (l.) has been studied in two experiments of 10- to 11-day duration. it has been found that icv injection of serotonin in dosage of 0.3 μg/g caused the initial decrease in preferred temperatures (pt) (2-3 days) followed by their further increase (4-8 days after the administration ...201323515758
health risk assessment for consumption of fish originating from ponds near dabaoshan mine, south china.mining effluents are a potential source of toxic metals in the surrounding aquatic ecosystem and pose a potential health risk to humans from fish consumption. the objective of this paper is to assess the impact of the long-term dabaoshan mining operation on heavy metal accumulation in different fish species. heavy metal accumulation (lead (pb), cadmium (cd), zinc (zn), and copper (cu)) in four tissues (liver, muscle, intestine, and gills) of five carp species (hypophthalmichthys molitrix, ctenop ...201323508535
molecular cloning and characterization of cat, gpx1 and cu/zn-sod genes in pengze crucian carp (carassius auratus var. pengze) and antioxidant enzyme modulation induced by hexavalent chromium in juveniles.hexavalent chromium (cr(6+)) is a common pollutant transient metal with high toxicity in the environment. the toxicological effects partly result from oxidative damage due to the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ros) in the reductive process of cr(6+). to explore the influence of ros induced directly by cr(6+) on the oxidative stress generation and antioxidant system, the full length cdnas of antioxidant-related genes cat, gpx1 and cu/zn-sod were successfully acquired from pengze ...201323462276
dna methylation analysis of allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (carassius auratus red var.) and common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).hybridization and polyploidization may lead to divergence in adaptation and boost speciation in angiosperms and some lower animals. epigenetic change plays a significant role in the formation and adaptation of polyploidy. studies of the effects of methylation on genomic recombination and gene expression in allopolyploid plants have achieved good progress. however, relevant advances in polyploid animals have been relatively slower. in the present study, we used the bisexual, fertile, genetically ...201323457564
feeding and swimming modulate iono-and-hormonal regulation differently in goldfish, carassius auratus and common carp, cyprinus carpio.feeding and swimming can influence ion balance in fish. therefore we investigated their impact on ionoregulation and its hormonal control in goldfish and common carp. as expected due to the osmorespiratory compromise, exhaustive swimming induced increases in gill na(+)/k(+) atpase (nka) activity in both species, resulting in stable levels of plasma ions. in contrast to our expectations, this only occurred in fed fish and feeding itself increased nka activity, especially in carp. fasting fish wer ...201323422918
regulation of amino acid metabolism as a defensive strategy in the brain of three freshwater teleosts in response to high environmental ammonia exposure.many teleosts have evolved mechanisms to cope with ammonia toxicity in the brain when confronted with high environmental ammonia (hea). in the present study, the possible role of conversion of accumulated ammonia to glutamine and other free amino acids in the brain of three freshwater teleosts differing in their sensitivities to ammonia was investigated. the detoxification mode of ammonia in brain is suggested to be through amination of glutamate to glutamine by the coupled activities of glutama ...201323384996
secretory expression and characterization of the recombinant myofibril-bound serine proteinase of crucian carp (carassius auratus) in pichia pastoris.the myofibril-bound serine proteinase (mbsp) is effective in the degradation of myofibrillar proteins, including myosin heavy chain (mhc), α-actinin, actin, and tropomyosin and was thus regarded as an important proteinase responsible for the metabolism of fish muscle in vivo. in order to better understand the characteristic differences between native mbsp and recombinant mbsp (rmbsp) and to obtain large quantity of mbsp for its application in protein science study, the crucian carp mbsp gene was ...201323313743
the effects of caudal fin amputation on metabolic interaction between digestion and locomotion in juveniles of three cyprinid fish species with different metabolic modes.metabolic competitive modes between digestion and locomotion are classified into three categories, termed the additive, digestion- and locomotion-priority modes. in nature, the caudal fin is frequently observed to sustain damage as a result of social rank, predation or disease. to test whether the metabolic mode changed differently for fish with different metabolic mode after caudal fin amputation as a consequence of intensified energy competition, we investigated the swimming performance of fas ...201323269108
karyotype and chromosome banding of endangered crucian carp, carassius carassius (linnaeus, 1758) (teleostei, cyprinidae).the karyotype and other chromosomal characteristics the crucian carp (carassius carassius (linnaeus, 1758)) were revealed by means of conventional banding protocols (c, cma3, agnor). the diploid chromosome number (2n) in this species was 100. its karyotype was composed of 10 pairs of metacentric, 18 pairs of submetacentric and 22 pairs of subtelo- to acrocentric chromosomes without any microchromosomes. c-banding identified blocks of telomeric heterochromatin on seven chromosome pairs. the nors ...201324260701
inhibition of the cardiac inward rectifier potassium currents by kb-r7943.kb-r7943 (2-[2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea) was developed as a specific inhibitor of the sarcolemmal sodium-calcium exchanger (ncx) with potential experimental and therapeutic use. however, kb-r7943 is shown to be a potent blocker of several ion currents including inward and delayed rectifier k(+) currents of cardiomyocytes. to further characterize kb-r7943 as a blocker of the cardiac inward rectifiers we compared kb-r7943 sensitivity of the background inward rectifier (ik1) an ...201323973826
metacercariae of clinostomum schizothoraxi kaw, 1950 (digenea: clinostomatidae) in carassius carassius (linnaeus) under different environmental conditions.this report addresses the possible impacts of local habitat characteristics on the metacercariae of clinostomum schizothoraxi kaw, 1950 infecting crucian carp, carassius carassius (linnaeus), from three lakes in kashmir. the lakes chosen encompass an extremely wide gradient in trophic status--manasbal (less polluted and mesotrophic), dal (moderately polluted and eutrophic) and anchar (strongly polluted and hypertrophic). the results indicate that infrapopulation-level descriptors of abundance of ...201323724736
excess post-hypoxic oxygen consumption is independent from lactate accumulation in two cyprinid fishes.carassius carassius responds to hypoxic conditions by conversion of lactate into ethanol, which is excreted over the gills. however, a closely related species, cyprinus carpio, does not possess the ability to produce ethanol and would be expected to accumulate lactate during hypoxic exposure. while the increase in oxygen consumption in fish required following strenuous exercise or low environmental oxygen availability has been frequently considered, the primary contributing mechanism remains unk ...201323396307
first report of blood parasites in fishes from kashmir and their effect on the haematological profile.cyprinus carpio communis linnaeus, carassius carassius linnaeus, schizothorax curvifrons heckel and triplophysa marmorata species of fishes were captured from anchar lake and river jhelum of kashmir himalaya for hematological and parasitological analysis. during the investigation haemoflagellates from the genus babesiosoma and trypanosoma were recorded in the blood smears. trypanosomes were present in all the species except c. carpio, whereas babesiosoma were only found in t. marmorata. haematol ...201326623319
temperature dependence of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum ca2+ atpase expression in fish hearts.cardiac function in fish acclimates to long-term temperature shifts by generating compensatory changes in structure and function of sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr) including the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum ca(2+)-atpase (serca2). the current study compares temperature responses of the cardiac serca in two fish species, burbot (lota lota) and crucian carp (carassius carassius), which differ in regard to thermal tolerance and activity pattern. burbot are cold stenothermal and cold-active, while cruci ...201323239195
[effect of adrenaline on amylolytic activity of intestinal mucose, glycemia level, glycogen concentration in tissues of carp carassius auratus and carp carassius carassius]. 201312815969
genotoxicity evaluation of 1,2 dichlorobenzene in the indian major carp, catla catla l. using alkaline comet assay.the genotoxic effect of 1,2 dichlorobenzene (1,2 dcb), a volatile organic compound in the indian major carp, catla catla l. was assessed using the alkaline comet assay in the gills and blood. fish were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of 1,2 dcb in vivo. at 24 h, dna damage scores (expressed as arbitrary units) increased at 0.35 and 0.7 mg/l whereas at 28 days, there was a statistically significant increase in the dna damage score at all the doses tested (0.175, 0.23, 0.35 and 0.7 mg ...201324114273
does interspecies hybridization affect the host specificity of parasites in cyprinid fish?host specificity varies among parasite species. some parasites are strictly host-specific, others show a specificity for congeneric or non-congeneric phylogenetically related host species, whilst some others are non-specific (generalists). two cyprinids, cyprinus carpio and carassius gibelio, plus their respective hybrids were investigated for metazoan parasites. the aim of this study was to analyze whether interspecies hybridization affects host specificity. the different degrees of host specif ...201323587287
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