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managing the sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis, and corn earworm, helicoverpa zea, using bt corn and insecticide treatments.the sugarcane borer, diatraea saccharalis (fabricius) (lepidoptera: crambidae) and the corn earworm, helicoverpa zea (boddie) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), are important pests of corn in brazil and have not been successfully managed, because of the difficulty of managing them with pesticides. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bt corn mon810, transformed with a gene from bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bacillales: bacillaceae) insecticide seed treatment, and foliar insecticid ...201324735131
mosquitocidal properties of bacillus species isolated from mangroves of vellar estuary, southeast coast of india.samples collected from the mangroves of vellar estuary yielded a mosquitocidal bacterium, whose secondary metabolites exhibited mosquito larvicidal and pupicidal activity. the bacterium was isolated using standard microbiological methods and identified using classical biochemical tests. the mosquitocidal bacterium was identified as bacillus subtilis, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus sphaericus and bacillus cereus. mosquitocidal metabolite(s) was separated from the culture supernatant of the bact ...201326345039
does changing the predicted dynamics of a phospholipase c alter activity and membrane binding?the enzymatic activity of secreted phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) enzymes is associated with bacterial virulence. although the pi-plc active site has no obvious lid, molecular-dynamics simulations suggest that correlated loop motions may limit access to the active site, and two pro residues, pro(245) and pro(254), are associated with these correlated motions. whereas the region containing both pro residues is quite variable among pi-plcs, it shows high conservation in vir ...201323332071
new role for dcr-1/dicer in caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity against the highly virulent bacterium bacillus thuringiensis db27.bacillus thuringiensis produces toxins that target invertebrates, including caenorhabditis elegans. virulence of bacillus strains is often highly specific, such that b. thuringiensis strain db27 is highly pathogenic to c. elegans but shows no virulence for another model nematode, pristionchus pacificus. to uncover the underlying mechanisms of the differential responses of the two nematodes to b. thuringiensis db27 and to reveal the c. elegans defense mechanisms against this pathogen, we conducte ...201323918784
a spodoptera exigua cadherin serves as a putative receptor for bacillus thuringiensis cry1ca toxin and shows differential enhancement of cry1ca and cry1ac toxicity.crystal toxin cry1ca from bacillus thuringiensis has an insecticidal spectrum encompassing lepidopteran insects that are tolerant to current commercially used b. thuringiensis crops (bt crops) expressing cry1a toxins and may be useful as a potential bioinsecticide. the mode of action of cry1a is fairly well understood. however, whether cry1ca interacts with the same receptor proteins as cry1a remains unproven. in the present paper, we first cloned a cadherin-like gene, secad1b, from spodoptera e ...201323835184
identification and characterization of three previously undescribed crystal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan.the total protoxin complement in the parasporal body of mosquitocidal strain, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan 367, was determined by use of a polyacrylamide gel block coupled to mass spectrometry. a total of eight protoxins were identified from this strain, including five reported protoxins (cry11ba, cry19aa, cry24aa, cry25aa, and cyt2bb), as well as three previously undescribed (cry30ca, cry60aa, and cry60ba) in this isolate. it was interesting that the encoding genes of three new prot ...201323524673
bacillus thuringiensis is an environmental pathogen and host-specificity has developed as an adaptation to human-generated ecological niches.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) has been used successfully as a biopesticide for more than 60 years. more recently, genes encoding their toxins have been used to transform plants and other organisms. despite the large amount of research on this bacterium, its true ecology is still a matter of debate, with two major viewpoints dominating: while some understand bt as an insect pathogen, others see it as a saprophytic bacteria from soil. in this context, bt's pathogenicity to other taxa and the possibi ...201326462580
the susceptibility of aedes aegypti populations displaying temephos resistance to bacillus thuringiensis israelensis: a basis for management.aedes aegypti is the vector of dengue virus, and its control is essential to prevent disease transmission. among the agents available to control this species, biolarvicides based on bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (bti) are an effective alternative to replace the organophosphate temephos for controlling populations that display resistance to this insecticide. the major goal of this study was to determine the baseline susceptibility of brazilian ae. aegypti populations to bti, taking i ...201324499507
characterization of a chitin-binding protein from bacillus thuringiensis hd-1.strains of bacillus thuringiensis produce insecticidal proteins. these strains have been isolated from diverse ecological niches, such as soil, phylloplane, insect cadavers and grain dust. to effectively propagate, these strains produce a range of molecules that facilitate its multiplication in a competing environment. in this report, we have examined synthesis of a chitin-binding protein and evaluated its effect on fungi encountered in environment and its interaction with insecticidal proteins ...201323824872
proteome response of tribolium castaneum larvae to bacillus thuringiensis toxin producing strains.susceptibility of tribolium castaneum (tc) larvae was determined against spore-crystal mixtures of five coleopteran specific and one lepidopteran specific bacillus thuringiensis cry toxin producing strains and those containing the structurally unrelated cry3ba and cry23aa/cry37aa proteins were found toxic (lc(50) values 13.53 and 6.30 µg spore-crystal mixture/µl flour disc, respectively). using itraq combined with lc-ms/ms allowed the discovery of seven novel differentially expressed proteins in ...201323372850
retargeting of the bacillus thuringiensis toxin cyt2aa against hemipteran insect pests.although transgenic crops expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins have been used successfully for management of lepidopteran and coleopteran pest species, the sap-sucking insects (hemiptera) are not particularly susceptible to bt toxins. to overcome this limitation, we demonstrate that addition of a short peptide sequence selected for binding to the gut of the targeted pest species serves to increase toxicity against said pest. insertion of a 12-aa pea aphid gut-binding peptide by adding t ...201323650347
transcriptome of the lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) larval midgut in response to infection by bacillus thuringiensis.transcriptomic profiles of the serious lepidopteran insect pest lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) were characterized in the larval midgut in response to infection by bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, a biopesticide commonly used for its control. rna-seq approaches were used to define a set of 49,613 assembled transcript sequences, of which 838, 1,248 and 3,305 were respectively partitioned into high-, mid- and low-quality tiers on the basis of homology information. digital gene expression profiles su ...201323658687
role of upr pathway in defense response of aedes aegypti against cry11aa toxin from bacillus thuringiensis.the insecticidal cry toxins are pore-forming toxins produced by the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis that disrupt insect-midgut cells. cells can trigger different survival mechanisms to counteract the effects of sub-lytic doses of pore forming toxins. particularly, two signaling pathways have been demonstrated to play a role in the defense mechanism to other toxins in caenorhabditis elegans and in mammalian cells. these are the unfolded protein response (upr) and the sterol regulatory element bin ...201323594997
bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis misting for control of aedes in cryptic ground containers in north queensland, australia.in australia, dengue is not endemic, although the vector mosquito aedes aegypti is established in far north queensland (fnq). aedes albopictus has recently invaded the torres strait region, but is not established on mainland australia. to maintain dengue-free, public health departments in fnq closely monitor introduced dengue infections and confine outbreaks through rigorous vector control responses. to safeguard mainland australia from ae. albopictus establishment, pre-emptive strategies are re ...201323358637
immune-related transcriptome of coptotermes formosanus shiraki workers: the defense mechanism.formosan subterranean termites, coptotermes formosanus shiraki, live socially in microbial-rich habitats. to understand the molecular mechanism by which termites combat pathogenic microbes, a full-length normalized cdna library and four suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) libraries were constructed from termite workers infected with entomopathogenic fungi (metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana), gram-positive bacillus thuringiensis and gram-negative escherichia coli, and the libr ...201323874972
comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiles of the beet armyworm spodoptera exigua larvae challenged with bacillus thuringiensis vip3aa toxin.host-pathogen interactions result in complex relationship, many aspects of which are not completely understood. vip proteins, which are bacillus thuringensis (bt) insecticidal toxins produced during the vegetative stage, are selectively effective against specific insect pests. this new group of bt proteins represents an interesting alternative to the classical bt cry toxins because current data suggests that they do not share the same mode of action. we have designed and developed a genome-wide ...201324312604
membrane binding and oligomer membrane insertion are necessary but insufficient for bacillus thuringiensis cyt1aa toxicity.bacillus thuringiensis cyt proteins are pore-forming toxins that have insecticidal activity mainly against dipteran insects. however, certain cyt proteins have toxicity to some insect orders, but not toxicity of cyt1aa against lepidopteran larvae has been found. insect specificity has been proposed to rely in specific binding to certain lipids on the brush border membrane of midgut cells since no protein receptors have been described so far. to determine the molecular basis of cyt1aa insect spec ...201324512949
mtx toxins from lysinibacillus sphaericus enhance mosquitocidal cry-toxin activity and suppress cry-resistance in culex quinquefasciatus.the interaction of mtx toxins from lysinibacillus sphaericus (formerly bacillus sphaericus) with bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis cry toxins and the influence of such interactions on cry-resistance were evaluated in susceptible and cry-resistant culex quinquefasciatus larvae. mtx-1 and mtx-2 were observed to be active against both susceptible and resistant mosquitoes; however varying levels of cross-resistance toward mtx toxins were observed in the resistant mosquitoes. a 1:1 mixture of ...201324144574
a 104 kda aedes aegypti aminopeptidase n is a putative receptor for the cry11aa toxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.the cry11aa protein produced in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, a bacterial strain used worldwide for the control of aedes aegypti larvae, binds midgut brush border membrane vesicles (bbmv) with an apparent k(d) of 29.8 nm. previously an aminopeptidase n (apn), named aaeapn2, was identified as a putative cry11aa toxin binding protein by pull-down assays using biotinylated cry11aa toxin (chen et al., 2009. insect biochem. mol. biol. 39, 688-696). here we show this protein localizes to ...201324128608
insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis cry1bh1 against ostrinia nubilalis (hubner) (lepidoptera: crambidae) and other lepidopteran pests.bacillus thuringiensis is an important source of insect resistance traits in commercial crops. in an effort to prolong b. thuringiensis trait durability, insect resistance management programs often include combinations of insecticidal proteins that are not cross resistant or have demonstrable differences in their site of action as a means to mitigate the development of resistant insect populations. in this report, we describe the activity spectrum of a novel b. thuringiensis cry protein, cry1bh1 ...201324077715
efficacy of genetically modified bt toxins alone and in combinations against pink bollworm resistant to cry1ac and cry2ab.evolution of resistance in pests threatens the long-term efficacy of insecticidal proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) used in sprays and transgenic crops. previous work showed that genetically modified bt toxins cry1abmod and cry1acmod effectively countered resistance to native bt toxins cry1ab and cry1ac in some pests, including pink bollworm (pectinophora gossypiella). here we report that cry1abmod and cry1acmod were also effective against a laboratory-selected strain of pink bollworm re ...201324244692
combining hexanoic acid plant priming with bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal activity against colorado potato beetle.interaction between insect herbivores and host plants can be modulated by endogenous and exogenous compounds present in the source of food and might be successfully exploited in colorado potato beetle (cpb) pest management. feeding tests with cpb larvae reared on three solanaceous plants (potato, eggplant and tomato) resulted in variable larval growth rates and differential susceptibility to bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa toxin as a function of the host plant. an inverse correlation with toxicity ...201323743826
bacillus thuringiensis cry34ab1/cry35ab1 interactions with western corn rootworm midgut membrane binding sites.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry34ab1/cry35ab1 are binary insecticidal proteins that are co-expressed in transgenic corn hybrids for control of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte. bt crystal (cry) proteins with limited potential for field-relevant cross-resistance are used in combination, along with non-transgenic corn refuges, as a strategy to delay development of resistant rootworm populations. differences in insect midgut membrane binding site interactions are one li ...201323308139
promise for plant pest control: root-associated pseudomonads with insecticidal activities.insects are an important and probably the most challenging pest to control in agriculture, in particular when they feed on belowground parts of plants. the application of synthetic pesticides is problematic owing to side effects on the environment, concerns for public health and the rapid development of resistance. entomopathogenic bacteria, notably bacillus thuringiensis and photorhabdus/xenorhabdus species, are promising alternatives to chemical insecticides, for they are able to efficiently k ...201323914197
extended genetic analysis of brazilian isolates of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis.multiple locus sequence typing (mlst) was undertaken to extend the genetic characterization of 29 isolates of bacillus cereus and bacillus thuringiensis previously characterized in terms of presence/absence of sequences encoding virulence factors and via variable number tandem repeat (vntr). additional analysis involved polymerase chain reaction for the presence of sequences (be, cytk, ina, pag, lef, cya and cap), encoding putative virulence factors, not investigated in the earlier study. mlst a ...201323440117
structural studies of a bacterial trna(his) guanylyltransferase (thg1)-like protein, with nucleotide in the activation and nucleotidyl transfer sites.all nucleotide polymerases and transferases catalyze nucleotide addition in a 5' to 3' direction. in contrast, trna(his) guanylyltransferase (thg1) enzymes catalyze the unusual reverse addition (3' to 5') of nucleotides to polynucleotide substrates. in eukaryotes, thg1 enzymes use the 3'-5' addition activity to add g-1 to the 5'-end of trna(his), a modification required for efficient aminoacylation of the trna by the histidyl-trna synthetase. thg1-like proteins (tlps) are found in archaea, bacte ...201323844012
functional screening of metagenome and genome libraries for detection of novel flavonoid-modifying enzymes.the functional detection of novel enzymes other than hydrolases from metagenomes is limited since only a very few reliable screening procedures are available that allow the rapid screening of large clone libraries. for the discovery of flavonoid-modifying enzymes in genome and metagenome clone libraries, we have developed a new screening system based on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (hptlc). this metagenome extract thin-layer chromatography analysis (meta) allows the rapid detection ...201323686272
bacillus subtilis strain engineered for treatment of soil-transmitted helminth diseases.soil-transmitted helminths (hookworms, whipworms, and large roundworms) are agents of intestinal roundworm diseases of poverty that infect upwards of 2 billion people worldwide. a great challenge in treating these diseases is the development of anthelmintic therapeutics that are inexpensive, can be produced in great quantity, and are capable of delivery under varied and adverse environmental conditions. a potential solution to this challenge is the use of live bacteria that are acceptable for hu ...201323835175
use of silkworms to evaluate the pathogenicity of bacteria attached to cedar pollen.injection of a japanese cedar pollen suspension into silkworm hemolymph kills the silkworms. a certain species of bacteria proliferated in the hemolymph of the dead silkworms. a 16s rdna analysis demonstrated that the proliferating bacteria were bacillus cereus, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus weihenstephanensis, and bacillus amyloliquefaciens. among them, b. cereus, b. thuringiensis, and b. weihenstephanensis exhibited hemolysis against sheep red blood cells and were lethal to mice. a culture ...201324071577
characterisation and profiling of bacillus subtilis, bacillus cereus and bacillus licheniformis by maldi-tof mass fingerprinting.the bacillus genus includes species such as bacillus cereus, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis, some of which may be pathogenic or causative agents in the spoilage of food products. the main goal of this work was to apply matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass fingerprinting to the classification of these bacillus species. genetic analyses were also compared to phyloproteomic analyses. a collection of 57 bacillus strains isolated from fresh and pro ...201323200657
effect of silver nanoparticles on oryza sativa l. and its rhizosphere bacteria.silver nanoparticles (agnps) are widely used as antibacterial and antifungal agents in agriculture. nevertheless, these nanoparticles with newborn properties pose a potential risk to the environment, due to contact with crops and bacteria that are beneficial to the soil. this study is based on the examination of the phytotoxic effects of agnps on oryza sativa l. and some of its rhizosphere bacteria, by physiological and biochemical assays. in order to study the complex interaction of the agnps l ...201323174269
an amoeba phagocytosis model reveals a novel developmental switch in the insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis.the bacillus cereus group bacteria contain pathogens of economic and medical importance. from security and health perspectives, the lethal mammalian pathogen bacillus anthracis remains a serious threat. in addition the potent insect pathogen bacillus thuringiensis is extensively used as a biological control agent for insect pests. this relies upon the industrial scale induction of bacterial spore formation with the associated production of orally toxic cry-toxins. understanding the ecology and p ...201322750551
[bacillus anthracis: a molecular look at a famous pathogen].bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive rod belonging to the bacillus cereus group, has an extremely monomorphic genome, and presents high structural and physiological similarity with b. cereus and bacillus thuringiensis. in this work, the new molecular methods for the identification and typing of b. anthracis developed in the last years, based on variable number tandem repeats or on genetic differences detected through sequencing, are described. the molecular aspects of traditional virulence factor ...201322274828
d-cycloserine or similar physiochemical compounds may be uniquely suited for use in bacillus anthracis spore decontamination strategies.as observed in the aftermath of the anthrax attacks of 2001, decontamination and remediation of a site contaminated by the accidental or intentional release of bacillus anthracis spores is difficult, costly and potentially damaging to the environment. the identification of novel strategies that neutralize the threat of spores while minimizing environmental damage remains a high priority. we investigated the efficacy of d-cycloserine (dcs), an antibiotic and inhibitor of the spore-associated enzy ...201323927578
differentiation of strains from the bacillus cereus group by rflp-pfge genomic fingerprinting.bacillus mycoides, bacillus pseudomycoides, bacillus weihenstephanensis, bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis, and bacillus cereus belong to the b. cereus group. the last three species are characterized by different phenotype features and pathogenicity spectrum, but it has been shown that these species are genetically closely related. the macrorestriction analysis of the genomic dna with the noti enzyme was used to generate polymorphism of restriction profiles for 39 food-borne isolates (b ...201323893780
decontamination of materials contaminated with bacillus anthracis and bacillus thuringiensis al hakam spores using pes-solid, a solid source of peracetic acid.to develop test methods and evaluate survival of bacillus anthracis ames, b. anthracis ∆sterne and b. thuringiensis al hakam spores after exposure to pes-solid (a solid source of peracetic acid), including pes-solid formulations with bacteriostatic surfactants.201323692445
differentiation of bacillus anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis on the basis of the csab gene reflects host source.csab gene analysis clustered 198 strains of bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis into two groups related to mammalian and insect hosts, respectively. mammal-related group i strains also have more s-layer homology (slh) protein genes than group ii strains. this indicates that csab-based differentiation reflects selective pressure from animal hosts.201323563945
diversity of thermal ecotypes and potential pathotypes of bacillus thuringiensis soil isolates.ecological diversification of bacillus thuringiensis soil isolates was examined to determine whether bacteria adapted to grow at low temperature and/or potentially pathogenic correspond to genetically distinct lineages. altogether, nine phylogenetic lineages were found among bacilli originating from north-eastern poland (n = 24) and lithuania (n = 25) using multi-locus sequence typing. this clustering was chiefly confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. one third of the bacilli were found ...201323521504
bacillus weihenstephanensis characteristics are present in bacillus cereus and bacillus mycoides strains.the bacillus cereus group comprises seven bacterial species: bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus mycoides, bacillus pseudomycoides, bacillus cytotoxicus, and bacillus weihenstephanensis. bacillus weihenstephanensis is distinguished based on its capability to grow at 7 °c but not at 43 °c, and the presence of specific signature sequences in the 16s rrna and cspa genes and in several housekeeping genes: glpf, gmk, purh, and tpi. bacillus weihenstephanensis-specifi ...201323413955
role of mechanical vs. chemical action in the removal of adherent bacillus spores during cip procedures.this study was designed to evaluate the respective roles of mechanical and chemical effects on the removal of bacillus spores during cleaning-in-place. this analysis was performed on 12 strains belonging to the bacillus cereus group (b. cereus, bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis) or to less related bacillus species (bacillus pumilus, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus sporothermodurans, bacillus subtilis). adherent spores were subjected to rinsing-in-place (mechanical action) and cleaning- ...201323200646
multilocus sequence analysis of bacillus thuringiensis serovars navarrensis, bolivia and vazensis and bacillus weihenstephanensis reveals a common phylogeny.the bacillus cereus group sensu lato includes six closely-related bacterial species: bacillus cereus, bacillus anthracis, bacillus thuringiensis, bacillus mycoides, bacillus pseudomycoides and bacillus weihenstephanensis. b. thuringiensis is distinguished from the other species mainly by the appearance of an inclusion body upon sporulation. b. weihenstephanensis is distinguished based on its psychrotolerance and the presence of specific signature sequences in the 16s rrna gene and cspa genes. a ...201323073664
occurrence of bacillus thuringiensis and their phages in yemen soil.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) isolates were found in all samples of soil in nine governorates of yemen. from 384 isolates of bacillus recovered from these soil samples after acetate selection, 104 isolates (27.1 %) were bt. five isolates of bt were selected and insecticidal activity was tested against culex pipiens, callosobruchus maculatus and spodoptera littoralis. the bt isolate yh18 gave toxicity to all tested insects larvae. this study extended to isolate phages active against the selected bt ...201324426317
in silico identification of cross affinity towards cry1ac pesticidal protein with receptor enzyme in bos taurus and sequence, structure analysis of crystal proteins for stability.any novel protein introduced into the gm crops need to be evaluated for cross affinity on living organisms. many researchers are currently focusing on the impact of bacillus thuringiensis cotton on soil and microbial diversity by field experiments. in spite of this, in silico approach might be helpful to elucidate the impact of cry genes. the crystal a protein which was produced by bt at the time of sporulation has been used as a biological pesticide to target the insectivorous pests like cry1ac ...201324023423
bacillus thuringiensis-derived cry5b has potent anthelmintic activity against ascaris suum.ascaris suum and ascaris lumbricoides are two closely related geo-helminth parasites that ubiquitously infect pigs and humans, respectively. ascaris suum infection in pigs is considered a good model for a. lumbricoides infection in humans because of a similar biology and tissue migration to the intestines. ascaris lumbricoides infections in children are associated with malnutrition, growth and cognitive stunting, immune defects, and, in extreme cases, life-threatening blockage of the digestive t ...201323818995
indica rice cultivar irga 424, transformed with cry genes of b. thuringiensis, provided high resistance against spodoptera frugiperda (lepidoptera: noctuidae).plant expression of the entomopathogenic bacteria bacillus thuringiensis cry gene has reduced the damage created by insect pests in several economically important cultures. for this study, we have conducted genetic transformation of the indica rice "irga 424", via agrobacterium tumefaciens, using the b. thuringiensis cry1aa and cry1b genes, with the objective of obtaining rice plants resistant to the insect pests from this culture. the gene constructions harbor the promoters maize proteinase inh ...201324498761
norway spruce (picea abies) genetic transformation with modified cry3a gene of bacillus thuringiensis.modified versions of the cry3a gene of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) were transferred into norway spruce (picea abies). both the biolistic approach and agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated procedure were employed for transformation of embryogenic tissue (et) cultures. the latter method proved to be more efficient yielding 70 transgenic embryogenic tissue lines compared with 18 lines obtained by biolistics. the modified cry3a genes were driven by a 35s promoter and the nptii screenable selection mark ...201323888296
chloroplast-targeted expression of the codon-optimized truncated cry1ah gene in transgenic tobacco confers a high level of protection against insects.the study of insect-resistant transgenic tobacco provides a good foundation for the further application of the cry1ah gene in other important crops. to improve transgene expression levels and insect resistance, the coding sequence of the novel bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal gene cry1ah (truncated cry1ah) was modified according to the codon bias of the plant by increasing its gc content from the original 37 % to 48, 55, and 63 % (designated m1-cry1ah, m2-cry1ah, and m3-cry1ah, respectively). ...201323620344
purification and biochemical characterization of a highly thermostable bacteriocin isolated from brevibacillus brevis strain gm100.a bacteriocin-producing (11,000 au ml(-1)) strain was isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy algerian plants ononis angustissima lam., and identified as brevibacillus brevis strain gm100. the bacteriocin, called bac-gm100, was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant, and, based on maldi-tof/ms analysis, was a monomer protein with a molecular mass of 4375.66 da. the 21 n-terminal residues of bac-gm100 displayed 65% homology with thurincin h from bacillus thuringiensis. bac-gm100 wa ...201323291759
konagabase: a genomic and transcriptomic database for the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.the diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella, is one of the most harmful insect pests for crucifer crops worldwide. dbm has rapidly evolved high resistance to most conventional insecticides such as pyrethroids, organophosphates, fipronil, spinosad, bacillus thuringiensis, and diamides. therefore, it is important to develop genomic and transcriptomic dbm resources for analysis of genes related to insecticide resistance, both to clarify the mechanism of resistance of dbm and to facilitate the d ...201323837716
use of bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis as a viable option in an integrated malaria vector control programme in the kumasi metropolis, ghana.integrated vector control (ivc) remains the approach for managing the malaria-causing vector. the study investigated the contribution of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) in the control of malaria by targeting the larvae and also mapped and documented major breeding sites in the kumasi metropolis, ghana.201323607376
dynamics of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and lysinibacillus sphaericus spores in urban catch basins after simultaneous application against mosquito larvae.bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) and lysinibacillus sphaericus (lsph) are extensively used in mosquito control programs. these biocides are the active ingredients of a commercial larvicide. quantitative data on the fate of both bti and lsph applied together for the control of mosquitoes in urban drainage structures such as catch basins are lacking. we evaluated the dynamics and persistence of bti and lsph spores released through their concomitant application in urban catch basins in ...201323390547
oligomerization is a key step in cyt1aa membrane insertion and toxicity but not necessary to synergize cry11aa toxicity in aedes aegypti larvae.bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal cry and cyt proteins that are toxic to different insect orders. in addition, cyt toxins also display haemolytic activity. both toxins are pore-forming proteins that form oligomeric structures that insert into the target membrane to lyse cells. cyt toxins play an important role in mosquitocidal activity since they synergize cry toxins and are able to overcome resistance to cry toxins. cry and cyt toxins interact by specific epitopes, and this interacti ...201324112611
investigating the genetics of bti resistance using mrna tag sequencing: application on laboratory strains and natural populations of the dengue vector aedes aegypti.mosquito control is often the main method used to reduce mosquito-transmitted diseases. in order to investigate the genetic basis of resistance to the bio-insecticide bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti), we used information on polymorphism obtained from cdna tag sequences from pooled larvae of laboratory bti-resistant and susceptible aedes aegypti mosquito strains to identify and analyse 1520 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). of the 372 snps tested, 99.2% were validated using d ...201324187584
antibacterial activity of elephant garlic and its effect against u2os human osteosarcoma cells.the present study was designed to investigate the antibacterial function and pharmacological effect of elephant garlic (allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum) on u2os human osteosarcoma cells.201324379966
antimicrobial activity of a honeybee (apis cerana) venom kazal-type serine protease inhibitor.insect-derived kazal-type serine protease inhibitors exhibit thrombin, elastase, plasmin, proteinase k, or subtilisin a inhibition activity, but so far, no functional roles for bee-derived kazal-type serine protease inhibitors have been identified. in this study, a bee (apis cerana) venom kazal-type serine protease inhibitor (acktspi) that acts as a microbial serine protease inhibitor was identified. acktspi contained a single kazal domain that displayed six conserved cysteine residues and a p1 ...201324076031
potentiating 1-(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-styryl-5-nitroimidazole derivatives against antibacterial agents: design, synthesis and biology analysis.a series of novel 1-(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-styryl-5-nitroimidazole derivatives had been designed, synthesized, isolated and evaluated as potentiators of antibacterial agents. all these synthesized compounds were determined by elemental analysis, (1)h nmr, and ms. their biological activities were also evaluated against two gram-negative bacterial strains: escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa and two gram-positive bacterial strains: bacillus thuringiensis and bacillus subtilis by mtt method as ...201323770447
antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of cichorium intybus root extract using orthogonal matrix design.solvent, impregnation time, sonication repetitions, and ultrasonic power were important factors in the process of ultrasound-assisted extraction from chicory (cichorium intybus) root, while there were no studies about optimizing these 4 factors for extract yield, total phenolic content (tpc), antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity of the extracts using orthogonal matrix design. the present research demonstrated that the solvent composition played a significant role in the improving ...201323387896
complete genome of bacillus thuringiensis myophage bigbertha.bigbertha is a myophage of bacillus thuringiensis, a widely used biocontrol agent that is active against many insect pests of plants. here, we present the complete annotated genome of bigbertha. the genome shares 85.9% sequence identity with bacillus cereus phage b4.201324309723
pcr detection of cytk gene in bacillus cereus group strains isolated from food samples.a method for detection of the cytotoxin k cytk structural gene and its active promoter preceded by the plcr-binding box, controlling the expression level of this enterotoxin, was developed. the method was applied for the purpose of the analysis of 47 bacterial strains belonging to the bacillus cereus group isolated from different food products. it was found that the majority of the analyzed strains carried the fully functional cytk gene with its plcr regulated promoter. the cytk gene was not det ...201324060693
pgiak1, a heavy metal resistant plasmid from an obligate alkaliphilic and halotolerant bacterium isolated from the antarctic concordia station confined environment.pgiak1 is a 38-kb plasmid originating from the obligate alkaliphilic and halotolerant bacillaceae strain jmak1. the strain was originally isolated from the confined environments of the antarctic concordia station. analysis of the pgiak1 38,362-bp sequence revealed that, in addition to its replication region, this plasmid contains the genetic determinants for cadmium and arsenic resistances, putative methyltransferase, tyrosine recombinase, spore coat protein and potassium transport protein, as w ...201324009682
polyphosphate storage during sporulation in the gram-negative bacterium acetonema longum.using electron cryotomography, we show that the gram-negative sporulating bacterium acetonema longum synthesizes high-density storage granules at the leading edges of engulfing membranes. the granules appear in the prespore and increase in size and number as engulfment proceeds. typically, a cluster of 8 to 12 storage granules closely associates with the inner spore membrane and ultimately accounts for ∼7% of the total volume in mature spores. energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (edx) analyses ...201323813732
[transcriptional regulation of exosporium basal layer structural gene exsb in bacillus thuringiensis by sigmak and gere].to identify the transcriptional regulation of exosporium basal layer structural gene exsb in bacillus thuringiensis.201323678570
identification of tet45, a tetracycline efflux pump, from a poultry-litter-exposed soil isolate and persistence of tet(45) in the soil.to characterize a tetracycline resistance (tc(r)) determinant, closely related to the tetl efflux pump, in a bhargavaea cecembensis strain previously isolated from a poultry-litter-impacted soil.201323595824
genetic diversity of bacillus thuringiensis from different geo-ecological regions of ukraine by analyzing the 16s rrna and gyrb genes and by ap-pcr and saaflp.the bacillus cereus group consists of closely related species of bacteria and is of interest to researchers due to its importance in industry and medicine. however, it remains difficult to distinguish these bacteria at the intra- and inter-species level. bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is a member of the b. cereus group. in this work, we studied the inter-species structure of five entomopathogenic strains and 20 isolates of bt, which were collected from different geo-ecological regions of ukraine, u ...201323556134
activity of the bacillus thuringiensis nprr-nprx cell-cell communication system is co-ordinated to the physiological stage through a complex transcriptional regulation.nprr is a quorum sensor of the rnpp family found in bacteria of the bacillus cereus group. in association with its cognate peptide nprx, nprr controls the expression of genes essential for survival and sporulation of bacillus thuringiensis during its necrotrophic development in insects. here, we report that the nprr-nprx genes are not autoregulated and are co-transcribed from a σ(a) -dependent promoter (pa ) located upstream from nprr. the transcription from pa starts at the onset of the station ...201323388036
inactivation of foodborne pathogens in ground beef by cooking with highly controlled radio frequency energy.the consumer demand for fresh tasting, high quality, low salt, preservative-free meals which require minimal preparation time magnifies the safety concern and emphasizes the need to use innovative technologies for food processing. a modern technique to uniformly heat and cook foods is based on a combination of convection and controlled radio frequency (rf) energy. however any advantage conferred on meat cooked by this method would be lost if application of the technology results in decreased saf ...201323290228
bacillus thuringiensis metalloproteinase bmp1 functions as a nematicidal virulence factor.some bacillus thuringiensis strains have high toxicity to nematodes. nematicidal activity has been found in several families of crystal proteins, such as cry5, cry6, and cry55. the b. thuringiensis strain ybt-1518 has three cry genes that have high nematicidal activity. the whole genome sequence of this strain contains multiple potential virulence factors. to evaluate the pathogenic potential of virulence factors, we focused on a metalloproteinase called bmp1. it encompasses a consecutive n-term ...201323124228
evaluation of a commercial bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis formulation for the control of chironomid midge larvae (diptera: chironomidae) in establishing rice crops in south-eastern australia.a commercial formulation of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (b.t.i.) was evaluated for its potential to control chironomid midge larvae in newly sown rice crops in south-eastern australia. two replicated small-plot field trials were conducted using product application rates of 0.5-6 kg/ha. in trial 1 application rates between 2 and 6 kg product/ha all significantly (p<0.05) reduced populations of target chironominae/orthocladiinae by between 71% and 93% over the 19 day post-treatment mon ...201323131719
dna-based diagnostics for genetically modified cotton: decaplex pcr assay to differentiate mon531 and mon15985 bt cotton events.the adoption rate and global area under cultivation of genetically modified (gm) crops is dramatically increasing in recent past. gm cotton has occupied 25.0 million hectares (mha) comprising 15.6% of the global area under gm cultivation. bt cotton, expressing delta-endotoxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), is the only commercialized crop in india that is planted on an area of 10.6 mha. with the increase in development and commercialization of gm crops, it is necessary to develop appropriate ...201323143489
distribution and diversity analysis of bacillus thuringiensis cry genes in different soil types and geographical regions of india.molecular characterization of 117 bacillus thuringiensis (bt) isolates from various geographical locations was previously done by pcr amplification of cry genes. in present investigation, diversity of cry genes from different soil types and climatic environments was studied using rarefaction method. presence of cry1, cry2, cry3, 7, 8, cry4, cry5, 12, 14, 21, cry11, cry13 and cyt1 genes from bt strains isolated from various regions of india was determined by pcr amplification. a varied distributi ...201323160085
effect of wolbachia on insecticide susceptibility in lines of aedes aegypti.two stable infections of wolbachia pipientis, wmelpop and wmel, now established in aedes aegypti, are being used in a biocontrol program to suppress the transmission of dengue. any effects of wolbachia infection on insecticide resistance of mosquitoes may undermine the success of this program. bioassays of ae. aegypti were conducted to test for differences in response to insecticides between wolbachia infected (wmelpop, wmel) and uninfected lines. insecticides screened were bifenthrin, the pyret ...201323149015
increase in larval gut proteolytic activities and bti resistance in the dengue fever mosquito.the bioinsecticide bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) is increasingly used worldwide for mosquito control. although no established resistance to bti has been described in the field so far, a resistant aedes aegypti strain (litox strain) was selected in the laboratory using field-collected leaf litter containing bti toxins. this selected strain exhibits a moderate resistance level to bti, but a high resistance level to individual cry toxins. as bti contains four different toxins, gener ...201323192850
effects of oral bt-maize (mon810) exposure on growth and health parameters in normal and sensitised atlantic salmon, salmo salar l.responses to gm maize bt-maize, mon810) expressing cry1ab protein from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in diets for both normal and immune-sensitised (with soyabean meal (sbm)-induced enteropathy) post-smolt atlantic salmon were investigated following 33 and 97 d of exposure. triplicate tanks of salmon were fed one of four diets, all containing 20% whole-kernel meal maize, either bt-maize or its near-isogenic maternal line, without or with 15% extracted sbm inclusion. the fish fed ...201323182224
eco-physiological response of two marine bivalves to acute exposition to commercial bt-based pesticide.microbial products based on the entomopathogenic bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are among the most common biopesticides used worldwide to suppress insect pests in forests, horticulture and agricultural crops. some of the effects of commercial bt have been recorded for terrestrial and freshwater non-target organisms but little research is available on marine fauna. nevertheless, due to the contiguity of agro-ecosystems and coastal habitats, marine fauna may be highly influenced by this con ...201323168358
development and validation of a confirmative lc-ms/ms method for the determination of ß-exotoxin thuringiensin in plant protection products and selected greenhouse crops.bacterial products based on bacillus thuringiensis are registered in many countries as plant protection products (ppps) and are widely used as insecticides and nematocides. however, certain b. thuringiensis strains produce harmful toxins and are therefore not allowed to be used as ppps. the serotype b. thuringiensis thuringiensis produces the beta-exotoxin thuringiensin (ßet) which is considered to be toxic for almost all forms of life including humans (who 1999). the use of a non-registered ppp ...201323208288
molecular characterization and genetic diversity of insecticidal crystal protein genes in native bacillus thuringiensis isolates.the western ghats of karnataka natural ecosystem are among the most diverse and is one of the eight hottest hotspots of biological diversity in the world, that runs along the western part of india through four states including karnataka. bacillus thuringiensis (bt) strains were isolated from soils of western ghats of karnataka and characterized by molecular and analytical methods as a result of which 28 new bt-like isolates were identified. bt strains were isolated from soil samples using sodium ...201323207696
bacillus thuringiensis isolates from great nicobar islands.bacillus thuringiensis (bt) strains were isolated from soil samples of great nicobar islands, one of the "hottest biodiversity hotspots," where no collection has been characterized previously. the 36 new bt isolates were obtained from 153 samples analyzed by crystal protein production with light/phase-contrast microscopy, determination of cry gene profile by sds-page, evaluation of toxicity against coleopteran, and lepidopteran insect pests, finally cloning and sequencing. majority of the isolat ...201323377491
overexpression of polyphosphate kinase gene (ppk) increases bioinsecticide production by bacillus thuringiensis.polyphosphate (polyp), synthesized by polyp kinase (ppk) using the terminal phosphate of atp as substrate, performs important functions in every living cell. the present work reports on the relationship between polyp metabolism and bioinsecticide production in bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti). the ppk gene of bti was cloned into vector pht315 and the effect of its overexpression on endotoxin production was determined. endotoxin production by the recombinant strain was found to be ...201323369305
agcad2 cadherin in anopheles gambiae larvae is a putative receptor of cry11ba toxin of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jegathesan.in an effort to study the mode of action of cry11ba, we identified toxin binding proteins in anopheles gambiae larval midgut and investigated their receptor roles. previously, an aminopeptidase (agapn2) and an alkaline phosphatase (agalp1) were identified as receptors for cry11ba toxin in a. gambiae. however, an a. gambiae cadherin (agcad1) that bound cry11ba with low affinity (k(d) = 766 nm) did not support a receptor role of agcad1 for cry11ba. here, we studied a second a. gambiae cadherin (ag ...201323231770
cloning, characterization, and expression of a new cry1ab gene from dor bt-1, an indigenous isolate of bacillus thuringiensis.a new cry1ab gene was cloned from the promising local isolate, dor bt-1, a bacillus thuringiensis strain isolated from castor semilooper (achaea janata l.) cadavers from castor bean (ricinus communis l.) field. the nucleotide sequence of the cloned cry1ab gene indicated that the open reading frame consisted of 3,465 bases encoding a protein of 1,155 amino acid residues with an estimated molecular weight of 130 kda. homology comparisons revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of cry1ab had ...201323224937
bacillus thuringiensis cry1ia10 and vip3aa protein interactions and their toxicity in spodoptera spp. (lepidoptera).the polyphagous pests belonging to the genus spodoptera are considered to be among the most important causes of damage and are widely distributed throughout the americas'. due to the extensive use of genetically modified plants containing bacillus thuringiensis genes that code for insecticidal proteins, resistant insects may arise. to prevent the development of resistance, pyramided plants, which express multiple insecticidal proteins that act through distinct mode of actions, can be used. this ...201323220241
histopathological effects and determination of the putative receptor of bacillus thuringiensis cry1da toxin in spodoptera littoralis midgut.bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain hd133, known by its effectiveness against spodoptera species, produces many insecticidal proteins including cry1ab, cry1ca and cry1da. in the present study, the insecticidal activity of cry1da against spodoptera littoralis was investigated. it showed toxicity with an lc(50) of 224.4 ng/cm(2) with 95% confidence limits of (178.61-270.19) and an lc(90) of 467.77 ng/cm(2) with 95% confidence limits of (392.89-542.65). the midgut histopathology of cry1da ...201323220238
ochratoxin a management in vineyards by lobesia botrana biocontrol.grape berries attacked by lobesia botrana larvae are more easily infected by aspergillus section nigri (black aspergilli) ochratoxigenic species. two-year field trials were carried out in apulia (italy) to evaluate a bioinsecticide control strategy against l. botrana and the indirect effect on reducing ochratoxin a (ota) contamination in vineyards. a commercial bacillus thuringiensis formulate and an experimental beauveria bassiana (item-1559) formulate were tested in two vineyards cultivated wi ...201323282670
affinity maturation of cry1aa toxin to the bombyx mori cadherin-like receptor by directed evolution.improvement of the activity and insecticidal spectrum of cloned cry toxins of bacillus thuringiensis should allow for their wider application as biopesticides and a gene source for gene-modified crops. the insecticidal activity of cry toxins depends on their binding to the receptor. therefore, as a model, we aimed to generate improved binding affinity mutant toxins against bombyx mori cadherin-like receptor (btr175) using methods of directed evolution with the expectation of insecticidal activit ...201323247992
parasporin 1ac2, a novel cytotoxic crystal protein isolated from bacillus thuringiensis b0462 strain.two novel parasporin (ps) genes were cloned from bacillus thuringiensis b0462 strain. one was 100 % identical even in nucleotide sequence level with that of parasporin-1aa (ps1aa1) from b. thuringiensis a1190 strain. the other (ps1ac2) showed significant homology (99 % identity) to that of ps1ac1 from b. thuringiensis 87-29 strain. the 15 kda (s(113)-r(250)) and 60 kda (i(251)-s(777)) fragments consisting of an active form of ps1ac2 were expressed as his-tag fusion. upon purification under denat ...201323306354
sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution.the red queen hypothesis proposes that coevolving parasites select for outcrossing in the host. outcrossing relies on males, which often show lower immune investment due to, for example, sexual selection. here, we demonstrate that such sex differences in immunity interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing. two independent coevolution experiments with caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite bacillus thuringiensis produced decreased yet stable frequencies of outcrossing male h ...201323301667
impact of six transgenic bacillus thuringiensis rice lines on four nontarget thrips species attacking rice panicles in the paddy field.as a key component of ecological risk assessments, nontarget effects of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) rice have been tested under laboratory and field conditions for various organisms. a 2-yr field experiment was conducted to observe the nontarget effects of six transgenic rice lines (expressing the cry1ab or fused protein of cry1ab and cry1ac) on four nontarget thrips species including frankliniella intonsa (trybom), f. tenuicornis (uzel), haplothrips aculeatus (f.), and h. tritici (kurd), as com ...201323339799
application of box-behnken experimental design to optimize the extraction of insecticidal cry1ac from soil.a validated method for analyzing cry proteins is a premise to study the fate and ecological effects of contaminants associated with genetically engineered bacillus thuringiensis crops. the current study has optimized the extraction method to analyze cry1ac protein in soil using a response surface methodology with a three-level-three-factor box-behnken experimental design (bbd). the optimum extraction conditions were at 21 °c and 630 rpm for 2 h. regression analysis showed a good fit of the exper ...201323327690
laboratory assessment of the impacts of transgenic bt rice on the ecological fitness of the soil non-target arthropod, folsomia candida (collembola: isotomidae).transgenic rice expressing bacillus thuringiensis (bt) endotoxins (bt rice) for pest control is considered an important solution to food security in china. however, tests for potential effects on non-target soil organisms are required for environmental risk assessment. the soil collembolan folsomia candida l. (collembola: isotomidae) is a potential non-target arthropod that is often used as a biological indicator in bio-safety assessments of transgenic crops. in the present study, the roots, ste ...201323322316
electrogenerated chemiluminescence immunosensor for bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac based on fe3o4@au nanoparticles.a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ecl) immunosensor for cry1ac was fabricated. the primary antibody anti-cry1ac was immobilized onto core-shell structural fe(3)o(4)@au nanoparticles. the antigen and glucose-oxidase-labeled secondary antibody were then successively combined to form sandwich-type immunocomplexes through a specific interaction. the magnetic particles loaded with sandwich immune complexes were attracted to a magnet-controlled glass carbon electrode (gce) by an external ma ...201323317307
cyt1aa from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis enhances mosquitocidal activity of b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 against aedes aegypti but not culex quinquefasciatus.the cyt1aa protein of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis is known to synergize mosquitocidal proteins of b. thuringiensis and bacillus sphaericus strains. cyt1aa is highly lipophilic, and after binding in vivo to the midgut microvillar membrane serves as a "receptor" for mosquitocidal cry proteins, which subsequently form cation channels that kill mosquito larvae. here we report that cyt1aa can serve a similar function for lepidopteran-specific cry proteins of b. thuringiensis in certain ...201323314373
influence of oxalic and malic acids in chickpea leaf exudates on the biological activity of cryiac towards helicoverpa armigera.efforts are being made to express toxin genes from the bacterium, bacillus thuringiensis (bt) in chickpea for minimizing the losses due to the pod borer, helicoverpa armigera. however, there is an apprehension that acidic exudates in chickpea leaves may influence the protoxin-toxin conversion in the insect midgut, and thus, reduce the efficacy of bt toxins. therefore, we studied the influence of organic acids (oxalic acid and malic acid) present in the trichome exudates of chickpea on the biolog ...201323391855
long-term survival of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in a field trial.long-term survival of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki dmu67r has been investigated in a field trial. an experimental cabbage plot was sprayed with dmu67r in 1993 and was allowed to lie fallow since then. the investigation reported here was carried out from 2001 to 2007 in a single square meter within the plot using a systematic randomized sampling approach. the bacterium survived at relative low densities in these 13 years after spraying. statistical analyses revealed that the overall den ...201323391227
effect of vegetation on the presence and genetic diversity of bacillus thuringiensis in soil.bacillus thuringiensis isolates were obtained from soil samples collected at different sites located in the same region but with different vegetation. the sites showed different frequencies of b. thuringiensis, depending on the type of vegetation. strains of b. thuringiensis were found to be less common in samples of riparian forest soil than in soil of other types of vegetation. the rate of occurrence of b. thuringiensis in the samples also varied according to the vegetation. these results show ...201323391226
a phenylalanine clamp controls substrate specificity in the quorum-quenching metallo-γ-lactonase from bacillus thuringiensis.autoinducer inactivator a (aiia) is a metal-dependent n-acyl homoserine lactone hydrolase that displays broad substrate specificity but shows a preference for substrates with long n-acyl substitutions. previously, crystal structures of aiia in complex with the ring-opened product n-hexanoyl-l-homoserine revealed binding interactions near the metal center but did not identify a binding pocket for the n-acyl chains of longer substrates. here we report the crystal structure of an aiia mutant, f107w ...201323387521
insecticidal activity of vip3aa, vip3ad, vip3ae, and vip3af from bacillus thuringiensis against lepidopteran corn pests.vip3aa, vip3ad, vip3ae, and vip3af proteins from bacillus thuringiensis were tested for their toxicity against spodoptera frugiperda and agrotis ipsilon. vip3ad was non-toxic to the two species. vip3ae and vip3af were significantly more toxic than vip3aa against s. frugiperda, both as protoxins and as toxins. against a. ipsilon, vip3ae protoxin was more toxic than vip3aa and vip3af protoxins. purification by metal-chelate affinity chromatography significantly affected vip3ae toxicity against the ...201323415860
purification and characterization of the bacteriocin thuricin bn1 produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki bn1 isolated from a hazelnut pest.a novel bioactive molecule produced by bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki bn1 (bt-bn1), isolated from a common pest of hazelnut, balaninus nucum l. (coleoptera: curculionidae), was determined, purified, and characterized in this study. the bt-bn1 strain was investigated for antibacterial activity with an agar spot assay and well diffusion assay against b. cereus, b. weinhenstephenensis, l. monocytogenes, p. savastanoi, p. syringae, p. lemoignei, and many other b. thuringiensis strains. the p ...201323412058
the metabolic regulation of sporulation and parasporal crystal formation in bacillus thuringiensis revealed by transcriptomics and proteomics.bacillus thuringiensis is a well-known entomopathogenic bacterium used worldwide as an environmentally compatible biopesticide. during sporulation, b. thuringiensis accumulates a large number of parasporal crystals consisting of insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) that can account for nearly 20-30% of the cell's dry weight. however, the metabolic regulation mechanisms of icp synthesis remain to be elucidated. in this study, the combined efforts in transcriptomics and proteomics mainly uncovered ...201323408684
complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis strain 407 cry-.bacillus thuringiensis is an insect pathogen that has been used widely as a biopesticide. here, we report the genome sequence of strain 407 cry-, which is used to study the genetic determinants of pathogenicity. the genome consists of a 5.5-mb chromosome and nine plasmids, including a novel 502-kb megaplasmid.201323405326
complete genome sequence of bacillus thuringiensis bacteriophage bmbtp2.bacillus thuringiensis is an insect pathogen which has been widely used for biocontrol. during b. thuringiensis fermentation, lysogenic bacteriophages cause severe losses of yield. here, we announce the complete genome sequence of a bacteriophage, bmbtp2, which is induced from b. thuringiensis strain ybt-1765, which may be helpful to clarify the mechanism involved in bacteriophage contamination.201323405296
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