Publications

validation of intervention strategies to control escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium dt 104 in mechanically tenderized and brine-enhanced beef.	after three different outbreaks were linked to the consumption of nonintact meat products contaminated with escherichia coli o157:h7, the u.s. department of agriculture, food safety and inspection service published notice requiring establishments producing mechanically tenderized and moisture-enhanced beef products to reassess their respective hazard analysis and critical control point system, due to potential risk to the consumers. the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of ...	2009	19722392
transepithelial activation of human leukocytes by probiotics and commensal bacteria: role of enterobacteriaceae-type endotoxin.	the goal of the current study was to clarify whether commercially available probiotics induce greater trans-epithelial activation of human leukocytes than do commensal, food-derived and pathogenic bacteria and to identify the compounds responsible for this activation. eleven different bacterial strains, and some of their pathogen-associated molecular patterns, were incubated apically on a confluent layer of intestinal epithelial cells (caco-2), which were basolaterally co-cultured with human mon ...	2009	19714861
real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the rapid detection of salmonella using inva primers.	recent outbreaks of salmonella linked to fresh produce emphasize the need for rapid detection methods to help control the spread of disease. reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) can detect the presence of mrna (shorter half-life than dna) with greater potential for detecting viable pathogens. the chromosomally located inva gene required for host invasion by salmonella is widely used for detection of this pathogen by pcr. detection of salmonella was undertaken by real-time rt- ...	2009	19715427
acute acalculous cholecystitis complicating typhoid fever in an adult patient: a case report and review of the literature.	a case of typhoidal acalculous cholecystitis is described in a 31-year-old indian man, who was admitted with 4-day fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting. on examination, he looked ill, but was conscious and febrile with icteric sclera. the right upper quadrant of the abdomen was tender. investigations showed high liver enzymes with high total bilirubin. abdominal ultrasound findings were consistent with the diagnosis of acalculous cholecystitis and salmonella enterica serovar typhi was is ...	2009	19717100
crystal structure of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium virulence factor srfj, a glycoside hydrolase family enzyme.	to cause infection, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium uses type iii secretion systems, which are encoded on two salmonella pathogenicity islands, spi-1 and spi-2, the latter of which is thought to play a crucial role in bacterial proliferation in salmonella-containing vacuoles (scvs) after invading cells. s. typhimurium srfj, located outside spi-2, is also known to be involved in salmonella pathogenicity and has high amino acid sequence homology with human lysosomal glucosylceramidase (glc ...	2009	19717598
dam methylation controls o-antigen chain length in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis by regulating the expression of wzz protein.	we reported previously that a salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis dam mutant expressing a truncated dam protein does not agglutinate in the presence of specific antibodies against o9 polysaccharide. here we investigate the participation of dam in lipopolysaccharide (lps) synthesis in salmonella. the lps o-antigen profiles of a dam null mutant (sedeltadam) and the salmonella serovar enteritidis parental strain were examined by using electrophoresis and silver staining. compared to the parenta ...	2009	19717610
inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis on shell eggs by pulsed light technology.	this is a study on the efficacy of pulsed light (pl) technology for the inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis on shell eggs. in preliminary studies on noble agar, a pl treatment of 0.7 j/cm(2) gave an inactivation of 6.7 log cfu/cm(2). photoreactivation of salmonella (0.5-0.7 log cfu/cm(2)) was observed. different results were obtained in eggs according to the state of the cuticle. when unwashed eggs were pulsed, 24 to 80% of the samples showed the maximum decontamination (3.6 ...	2009	19720417
selectively reduced intracellular proliferation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium within apcs limits antigen presentation and development of a rapid cd8 t cell response.	ag presentation to cd8(+) t cells commences immediately after infection, which facilitates their rapid expansion and control of pathogen. this paradigm is not followed during infection with virulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st), an intracellular bacterium that causes mortality in susceptible c57bl/6j mice within 7 days and a chronic infection in resistant mice (129 x 1svj). infection of mice with ova-expressing st results in the development of a cd8(+) t cell response that is det ...	2009	19692639
tumor invasion of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is accompanied by strong hemorrhage promoted by tnf-alpha.	several facultative anaerobic bacteria with potential therapeutic abilities are known to preferentially colonize solid tumors after systemic administration. how they efficiently find and invade the tumors is still unclear. however, this is an important issue to be clarified when bacteria should be tailored for application in cancer therapy.	2009	19693266
a comparative study of thermal and acid inactivation kinetics in fruit juices of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg grown at acidic conditions.	acid and heat inactivation in orange and apple juices of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium colección española de cultivos tipo (i.e., spanish type culture collection) 443 (cect 443) (salmonella typhimurium) and s. enterica serovar senftenberg cect 4384 (salmonella senftenberg) grown in buffered brain heart infusion (ph 7.0) and acidified brain heart infusion up to ph 4.5 with acetic, citric, lactic, and hydrochloric acids was evaluated. acid adaptation induced an adaptive response that inc ...	2009	19694554
salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104 arta-dependent modification of pertussis toxin-sensitive g proteins in the presence of [32p]nad.	salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium) definitive phage type (dt) 104 has become a widespread cause of human and other animal infections worldwide. the severity of clinical illness in s. typhimurium dt104 outbreaks suggests that this strain possesses enhanced virulence. arta and artb - encoded by a prophage in s. typhimurium dt104 - are homologues of components of pertussis toxin (ptx), including its adp-ribosyltransferase subunit. here, we show that exposing dt104 to mitomyci ...	2009	19696112
development of an indirect elisa for the detection of serum igg antibodies against region iv of phase 1 flagellin of salmonella enterica serovar brandenburg in sheep.	region iv of phase 1 flagellin (flic) of salmonella enterica serovar brandenburg (s. brandenburg) was expressed in escherichia coli and purified by nickel chelate affinity chromatography. the purified recombinant protein was evaluated for its suitability as an antigen in an indirect elisa for the detection of antibodies in sheep sera. a cut-off value of 0.1 was calculated using 80 serum samples collected from sheep with no previous history of s. brandenburg. in the present study we show the resu ...	2009	19696151
plasmid-mediated 16s rrna methylases among extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing salmonella enterica senftenberg isolates from algeria.		2009	19700474
cloning of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis fimbrial protein sefa as a surface protein in escherichia coli confers the ability to attach to eukaryotic cell lines.	the gene for the salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis fimbrial protein sefa was cloned into an escherichia coli surface expression vector and confirmed by western blot assay. e. coli clones expressing sefa attached to avian ovary granulosa cells and hep-2 cells, providing evidence for the involvement of sefa in the ability of salmonella to attach to eukaryotic cells.	2009	19700549
absence of functional hfe protects mice from invasive salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection via induction of lipocalin-2.	mutations of hfe are associated with hereditary hemochromatosis, but their influence on host susceptibility to infection is incompletely understood. we report that mice lacking one or both hfe alleles are protected from septicemia with salmonella typhimurium, displaying prolonged survival and improved control of bacterial replication. this increased resistance is paralleled by an enhanced production of the enterochelin-binding peptide lipocalin-2 (lcn2), which reduces the availability of iron fo ...	2009	19700664
introduction of new multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica strains into commercial dairy herds.	a longitudinal observational study of 59 dairy herds was conducted in washington state to estimate the rate of introduction of new multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica strains onto commercial dairy herds. samples were collected on these herds over 7 visits separated by intervals of 2 to 4 mo over a period of 15 to 21 mo. samples were cultured for salmonella spp. and serogroup, serovar, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were identified for mdr salmonella isolates. fingerprinting ...	2009	19700683
survey of probiotic enterococci from traditional dairy products and their impact upon the infant intestinal microbiota.		2009	19700927
quinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi presenting as acute fulminant hepatitis.		2009	19702041
the tvia auxiliary protein renders the salmonella enterica serotype typhi rcsb regulon responsive to changes in osmolarity.	in response to osmolarity, salmonella enterica serotype typhi (s. typhi) regulates genes required for vi capsular antigen expression oppositely to those required for motility and invasion. previous studies suggest that osmoregulation of motility, invasion and capsule expression is mediated through the rcsc/rcsd/rcsb phosphorelay system. here we performed gene expression profiling and functional studies to determine the role of tvia, an auxiliary protein of the rcsb response regulator, in control ...	2009	19703107
rcs signalling-activated transcription of rcsa induces strong anti-sense transcription of upstream flipqr flagellar genes from a weak intergenic promoter: regulatory roles for the anti-sense transcript in virulence and motility.	in salmonella enterica, an activated rcs signalling system inhibits initiation of transcription of the flhd master operon. under these conditions, where motility is shut down, microarray experiments showed an increased rna signal for three flagellar genes -flipqr- located upstream of rcsa. we show here that it is the anti-sense (as) strand of these genes that is transcribed, originating at a weak promoter in the intergenic region between flir and rcsa. rcsa is an auxiliary regulator for the rcs ...	2009	19703110
national surveillance of salmonella enterica in food-producing animals in japan.	a total of 518 fecal samples collected from 183 apparently healthy cattle, 180 pigs and 155 broilers throughout japan in 1999 were examined to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella. the isolation rates were 36.1% in broilers, 2.8% in pigs and 0.5% in cattle. s. enterica infantis was the most frequent isolate, found in 22.6% of broiler fecal samples. higher resistance rates were observed against oxytetracycline (82.0%), dihydrostreptomycin (77.9%), kanamycin (41. ...	2009	19703311
involvement of spi-2-encoded spic in flagellum synthesis in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	spic encoded within salmonella pathogenicity island 2 on the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium chromosome is required for survival within macrophages and systemic infection in mice. additionally, spic contributes to salmonella-induced activation of the signal transduction pathways in macrophages by affecting the expression of flic, a component of flagella filaments. here, we show the contribution of spic in flagellum synthesis.	2009	19706157
an outer membrane protease of the omptin family prevents activation of the citrobacter rodentium phopq two-component system by antimicrobial peptides.	the phopq two-component system of the intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica senses and controls resistance to alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides (amps) by regulating covalent modifications of lipid a. a homologue of the phopq operon was found in the genome of the murine enteric extracellular pathogen, citrobacter rodentium. here we report that c. rodentium phopq was apparently unable to mediate activation of target genes in the presence of alpha-helical amps. however, these amps activated ...	2009	19708916
intracellular concentrations of enrofloxacin in quinolone-resistant salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis.	the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis is an important concern in several countries, including japan. we examined the intracellular concentration of enrofloxacin in s. choleraesuis to determine the existence of a relationship with the emergence of quinolone resistance. the intracellular concentration of enrofloxacin was significantly lower in nalidixic acid-resistant isolates compared with nalidixic acid-susceptible isol ...	2009	19733466
salmonella enterica serotype dublin bacteraemia mimicking enteric fever.	salmonella enterica serotype dublin, a bovine adapted serotype, is the commonest cause of salmonellosis in cattle. salmonellosis in animals always presents a potential zoonotic threat. infected cattles serves as a source of infection to humans. we present here salmonella dublin bacteraemia in an elderly patient, with all the clinical details, due to the rarity of its occurrence. he was treated successfully with ciprofloxacin and his follow up period was uneventful.	2009	19736411
split marketing as a risk factor for salmonella enterica infection in swine.	on-farm reduction of salmonella carriage prevalence in pigs requires the identification of risk factors to direct interventions development. this study was designed to determine if split marketing of finishing pigs constitutes a risk factor for salmonella infections, by comparing salmonella prevalence in the first group of pigs selected for harvest ("first pull") versus the prevalence in the last group of pigs selected for harvest ("close out") from multiple commercial finishing lots. nine paire ...	2009	19737062
codependent and independent effects of nitric oxide-mediated suppression of phopq and salmonella pathogenicity island 2 on intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium survival.	here we show that the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium phoq sensor kinase lessens the cytotoxicity of reactive nitrogen species (rns) generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) in the innate response of mononuclear phagocytic cells. this observation is consistent with the expression patterns of phop-activated genes during moderate nitrosative stress in the innate host response. in contrast, rns synthesized during high-no fluxes of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-activated macrophage ...	2009	19737903
thioredoxin 1 participates in the activity of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pathogenicity island 2 type iii secretion system.	the facultative intracellular pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium relies on its salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2) type iii secretion system (t3ss) for intracellular replication and virulence. we report that the oxidoreductase thioredoxin 1 (trxa) and spi2 are coinduced for expression under in vitro conditions that mimic an intravacuolar environment, that trxa is needed for proper spi2 activity under these conditions, and that trxa is indispensable for spi2 activity in both ph ...	2009	19767428
a protein important for antimicrobial peptide resistance, ydei/omda, is in the periplasm and interacts with ompd/nmpc.	antimicrobial peptides (amps) kill or prevent the growth of microbes. amps are made by virtually all single and multicellular organisms and are encountered by bacteria in diverse environments, including within a host. bacteria use sensor-kinase systems to respond to amps or damage caused by amps. salmonella enterica deploys at least three different sensor-kinase systems to modify gene expression in the presence of amps: phop-phoq, pmra-pmrb, and rcsb-rcsc-rcsd. the ydei gene is regulated by the ...	2009	19767429
functional characterization of ssae, a novel chaperone protein of the type iii secretion system encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2.	the type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2) is involved in systemic infection and intracellular replication of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. in this study, we investigated the function of ssae, a small cytoplasmic protein encoded within the spi-2 locus, which shows structural similarity to the t3ss class v chaperones. an s. enterica serovar typhimurium ssae mutant failed to secrete spi-2 translocator sseb and spi-2-dependent effector pipb ...	2009	19767440
salmonella--the ultimate insider. salmonella virulence factors that modulate intracellular survival.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a common facultative intracellular pathogen that causes food-borne gastroenteritis in millions of people worldwide. intracellular survival and replication are important virulence determinants and the bacteria can be found in a variety of phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells in vivo. invasion of host cells and intracellular survival are dependent on two type iii secretion systems, t3ss1 and t3ss2, each of which translocates a distinct set of effector prot ...	2009	19775254
exposure of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to triclosan induces a species-specific response, including drug detoxification.	the use of triclosan within various environments has been linked to the development of multiple drug resistance (mdr) through the increased expression of efflux pumps such as acrab-tolc. in this work, we investigate the effect of triclosan exposure in order to ascertain the response of two species to the presence of this widely used biocide.	2009	19759044
application of pcr-based serogrouping of selected salmonella serotypes in malaysia.	differentiation of salmonella enterica into its serogroups is important for epidemiological study. the objective of the study was to apply a multiplex pcr targeting serogroups a, b, c1, d, e and vi-positive strains of salmonella enterica commonly found in malaysia. a separate h-typing multiplex pcr which identified flagellar antigen "a", "b" or "d" was also optimized to confirm clinical serotypes, s. paratyphi a and s. typhi.	2009	19762954
high level of resistance to nalidixic acid in salmonella enterica serovar typhi in central india.	fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choice for the treatment of typhoid fever. but the recent increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values of ciprofloxacin in salmonella typhi may result in delayed response and serious complications. nalidixic acid resistance has been used as an indirect evidence of increased minimum inhibitory concentration for ciprofloxacin in salmonella typhi.	2009	19762961
dam and its role in pathogenicity of salmonella enterica.	dam methylation is an essential factor involved in the virulence of an increasing number of bacterial pathogens including salmonella enterica. lack of dam methylation causes severe attenuation in animal models. it has been proposed that dysregulation of dam activity is potentially a general strategy for the generation of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. in this review, we focus our attention on the role of methylation by dam protein in regulating bacterial gene expression and virulence in s ...	2009	19762965
isolated ulcerative skin lesion caused by salmonella weltevreden.	salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden is not a commonly isolated serotype in india. we report isolation of salmonella weltevreden, from an unusual site--an ulcer on the gluteal region of a patient who had undergone coronary artery bypass surgery. to our knowledge, salmonellae have never been reported to cause isolated ulcerative lesions on the skin. this is the first report of an isolated ulcerative lesion on the skin caused by salmonella weltevreden. our findings indicate that there may be mo ...	2009	19762977
molecular investigation of salmonella choleraesuis and salmonella hadar strains isolated from humans in turkey.	eleven salmonella choleraesuis and seven salmonella hadar strains isolated from various clinical humand samples were investigated by plasmid profile analysis, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (eric-pcr) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) in order to obtain information at a molecular level on the epidemiology of s. choleraesuis and s. hadar, which are significantly present in turkey. plasmid profile analysis showed that 10 (90.9%) of 11 s. cholera ...	2009	19762985
emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of salmonella enterica in tehran, iran.	the purpose of the current study was to investigate the presence and molecular type(s) of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbls) in salmonella spp. isolates obtained from patients with diarrhea in hospitals of tehran, iran. over a period of 17 months, 129 salmonella spp. were isolated from fecal samples and tested for susceptibility using the kirby-bauer disk diffusion method; then, screening for esbl-producing isolates and determination of their minimum inhibitory concentrations were carried ...	2009	19762986
nucleolar proteins suppress caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity by inhibiting p53/cep-1.	the tumor suppressor p53 has been implicated in multiple functions that play key roles in health and disease, including ribosome biogenesis, control of aging, and cell cycle regulation. a genetic screen for negative regulators of innate immunity in caenorhabditis elegans led to the identification of a mutation in nol-6, a nucleolar rna-associated protein (nrap), which is involved in ribosome biogenesis and conserved across eukaryotic organisms. mutation or silencing of nol-6 and other nucleolar ...	2009	19763173
effect of iron on cytolysin a expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhi.	previously, a novel protein clya (cytolysin a) has been identified in escherichia coli k-12, salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a and shigella. salmonella spp. synthesize substantial amounts of clya upon infection of the human host, although the mechanism by which clya is induced in vivo is unclear. since environmental signals could control the expression of virulence determinants, clya expression in s. typhi ty2 was tested by western blotting in the presence of normal pooled human ...	2009	19763423
planktonic and biofilm communities from 7-day-old chicken cecal microflora cultures: characterization and resistance to salmonella colonization.	information implicating bacterial biofilms as contributory factors in the development of environmental bacterial resistance has been increasing. there is a lack of information regarding the role of biofilms within the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of food animals. this work used a continuous-flow chemostat model derived from the ceca of 7-day-old chicks to characterize these communities and their ability to neutralize invasion by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. we char ...	2009	19777880
molecular characterization of biofilm formation and attachment of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 on food contact surfaces.	the molecular mechanism of biofilm formation by salmonella typhimuriun dt104 was characterized for a better understanding of its attachment and colonization in food processing environments. a library of random mutagenized clones was screened for phenotypic analyses of their ability to form biofilm, pellicle, curli, and cellulose. the genes identified were involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis, assembly of flagella, regulation of rrna biosynthesis, and outer membrane transportation and signali ...	2009	19777884
growth and survival of antibiotic-resistant salmonella typhimurium dt104 in liquid egg products.	since 11 september 2001, quality and food safety are no longer the concerns of only consumers, industry, regulatory agencies, or other government officials. liquid foods that are prepared or stored in bulk, including liquid egg products, are considered to be at potential risk for sabotage. because of their versatility, low price, and functional properties, many of these products are being marketed. four of the most common products of this type are whole egg, egg albumen, 10% sugared yolk, and 10 ...	2009	19777905
dogs can harbour more than fleas.		2009	19778761
decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility in mutants of salmonella serovars other than typhimurium: detection of novel mutations involved in modulated expression of rama and soxs.	mutants of five salmonella enterica serovars were investigated for structural changes in regulatory regions known to be involved in the up-regulation of efflux pumps.	2009	19778917
selective inhibition of type iii secretion activated signaling by the salmonella effector avra.	salmonella enterica utilizes a type iii secretion system (ttss) encoded in its pathogenicity island 1 to mediate its initial interactions with intestinal epithelial cells, which are characterized by the stimulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization and a profound reprogramming of gene expression. these responses result from the stimulation of rho-family gtpases and downstream signaling pathways by specific effector proteins delivered by this ttss. we show here that avra, an effector protein o ...	2009	19779561
real-time fret pcr assay for salmonella enterica serotype detection in food.	salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes are leading etiological agents of food-borne gastroenteritis. traditional identification is laborious and time intensive. faster molecular methods may allow early identification in contaminated food products. we developed a real-time, fluorescence resonance energy transfer hybridization probe polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for s. enterica serotypes on the basis of the exclusive presence of the apee gene in salmonella typhimurium. assay sensiti ...	2009	19780376
identification of a new promoter for the response regulator rcsb expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the rcscdb (rcs) phosphorelay system regulates capsule synthesis, flagella production and other cellular activities in several enteric bacteria. this system consists of three proteins: the sensor rcsc, the cognate response regulator rcsb and the histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein rcsd (yojn), which is hypothesized to act as an intermediary in the phosphotransfer from rcsc to rcsb. the rcsc gene is convergently transcribed toward rcsb, which follows rcsd in what appears to be a two-gene ...	2009	19780840
effects of yeast probiotic formulation on viability, revival and protection against infection with salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar typhimurium in mice.	to compare the effects of five yeast probiotic formulations on viability, revival and washout kinetic in the digestive tract of mice, and the protection against an experimental infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	2009	19780950
integration of microfiltration and anion-exchange nanoparticles-based magnetic separation with maldi mass spectrometry for bacterial analysis.	matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (maldi-ms) is powerful in characterizing and identifying bacterial isolates. however, sufficient quantities of bacterial cells are required for generating maldi mass spectra and a procedure to isolate and enrich target bacteria from sample matrix prior to maldi-ms analysis is often necessary. in this paper, anion-exchange superparamagnetic nanoparticles (nps), i.e., fluidmag-deae and fluidmag-q, were employed to capture aeromonas, sal ...	2009	19782231
promoter strength properties of the complete sigma e regulon of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica.	the sigma(e)-directed envelope stress response maintains outer membrane homeostasis and is an important virulence determinant upon host infection in escherichia coli and related bacteria. sigma(e) is activated by at least two distinct mechanisms: accumulation of outer membrane porin precursors and an increase in the alarmone ppgpp upon transition to stationary phase. expression of the sigma(e) regulon is driven from a suite of approximately 60 sigma(e)-dependent promoters. using green fluorescen ...	2009	19783623
luxs-based quorum sensing does not affect the ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to express the spi-1 type 3 secretion system, induce membrane ruffles, or invade epithelial cells.	bacterial species can communicate by producing and sensing small autoinducer molecules by a process known as quorum sensing. salmonella enterica produces autoinducer 2 (ai-2) via the luxs synthase gene, which is used by some bacterial pathogens to coordinate virulence gene expression with population density. we investigated whether the luxs gene might affect the ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to invade epithelial cells. no differences were found between the wild-type strain o ...	2009	19783624
comparative genomics of ethanolamine utilization.	ethanolamine can be used as a source of carbon and nitrogen by phylogenetically diverse bacteria. ethanolamine-ammonia lyase, the enzyme that breaks ethanolamine into acetaldehyde and ammonia, is encoded by the gene tandem eutbc. despite extensive studies of ethanolamine utilization in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, much remains to be learned about eutbc structure and catalytic mechanism, about the evolutionary origin of ethanolamine utilization, and about regulatory links between the ...	2009	19783625
differential involvement of atg16l1 in crohn disease and canonical autophagy: analysis of the organization of the atg16l1 complex in fibroblasts.	a single nucleotide polymorphism in atg16l1, an autophagy-related gene (atg), is a risk factor for crohn disease, a major form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. however, it is still unknown how the atg16l1 variant contributes to disease development. the atg16l1 protein possesses a c-terminal wd repeat domain whose function is entirely unknown, and the crohn disease-associated mutation (t300a) is within this domain. to elucidate the function of the wd repeat domain, we established an experim ...	2009	19783656
effect of carbohydrate composition in barley and oat cultivars on microbial ecophysiology and proliferation of salmonella enterica in an in vitro model of the porcine gastrointestinal tract.	the influence of the carbohydrate (cho) composition of cereal cultivars on microbial ecophysiology was studied using an in vitro model of the porcine gastrointestinal tract. ten hull-less barley cultivars, six barley cultivars with hulls, six oat cultivars, and six oat groats that differed in beta-glucan, nonstarch polysaccharide (nsp), and starch contents and starch type were hydrolyzed enzymatically and incubated for 72 h with pig feces. fermentation kinetics were modeled, and microbial compos ...	2009	19783749
synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of temporin a and modified temporin b in vivo.	temporins are antimicrobial peptides secreted by the granular glands of the european red frog (rana temporaria). they are 10-14 amino acid long polypeptides active prevalently against gram positive bacteria. this study shows that a synthetic temporin b analogue (tb-yk), acquires the capacity to act in synergism with temporin a and to exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. administration of 3.4 mg/kg of temporin a (ta)+1.6 mg/k ...	2009	19784377
comparative proteomic analysis of the phop regulon in salmonella enterica serovar typhi versus typhimurium.	s. typhi, a human-restricted salmonella enterica serovar, causes a systemic intracellular infection in humans (typhoid fever). in comparison, s. typhimurium causes gastroenteritis in humans, but causes a systemic typhoidal illness in mice. the phop regulon is a well studied two component (phop/q) coordinately regulated network of genes whose expression is required for intracellular survival of s. enterica.	2009	19746165
early small bowel perforation and cochleovestibular impairment as rare complications of typhoid fever.	two indian migrant workers suffering from fever and malaise were admitted to the hospital directly after arrival in the netherlands. the first patient was 25-year-old man who had fever and rigors on admission. the patient was treated for presumptive typhoid fever with ciprofloxacin. cefotaxime was added the following day because of the possibility of a nalidixic-acid resistant strain of s. typhi. the clinical course was complicated by a small bowel perforation on the third day of the disease. bl ...	2009	19747660
identification of functional lsrb-like autoinducer-2 receptors.	although a variety of bacterial species have been reported to use the interspecies communication signal autoinducer-2 (ai-2) to regulate multiple behaviors, the molecular mechanisms of ai-2 recognition and signal transduction remain poorly understood. to date, two types of ai-2 receptors have been identified: luxp, present in vibrio spp., and lsrb, first identified in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. in s. typhimurium, lsrb is the ligand binding protein of a transport system that enables ...	2009	19749048
prevalence and antibiotic-resistance of salmonella isolated from food in morocco.	salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent food-borne diseases worldwide, especially in developing countries. the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in salmonella isolates from food can potentially compromise the treatment of these infections. this investigation was conducted for the first time in morocco both to detect the occurrence of salmonella in foods as well as to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of the salmonella isolates.	2009	19749447
salmonella osteomyelitis in new-onset diabetes mellitus.	salmonella species are rare bacterial isolates in osteomyelitis. this article describes a case of an otherwise healthy, active duty male military member with an insidious onset of right knee pain during a deployment to kuwait. his work-up revealed an infectious process in the distal femur. operative treatment and intravenous antibiotics resolved the infection. intraoperative cultures revealed the rare isolate salmonella enterica serotype c2 (newport). postoperative medical management revealed ne ...	2009	19750996
2d proteome analysis initiates new insights on the salmonella typhimurium luxs protein.	quorum sensing is a term describing a bacterial communication system mediated by the production and recognition of small signaling molecules. the luxs enzyme, catalyzing the synthesis of ai-2, is conserved in a wide diversity of bacteria. ai-2 has therefore been suggested as an interspecies quorum sensing signal. to investigate the role of endogenous ai-2 in protein expression of the gram-negative pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), we performed a 2d-dige proteomic ...	2009	19754952
characterisation of a live salmonella vaccine stably expressing the mycobacterium tuberculosis ag85b-esat6 fusion protein.	a recombinant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) vaccine strain was constructed that stably expressed the mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion antigen ag85b-esat6 from the chromosome. live oral vaccination of mice with the salmonella/ag85b-esat6 strain generated a potent anti-ag85b-esat6 t(h)1 response with high antibody titres with a igg2a-bias and significant ifn-gamma production lasting over a 120-day period. when mice primed with the salmonella/ag85b-esat6 vaccine were muc ...	2009	19755145
drug resistance patterns of salmonella isolates of equine origin from india.	salmonellosis is a zoonosis, and one of the most serious public health and animal health problems.	2009	19755745
genetic and phenotypic characterization of the bla(cmy) gene from escherichia coli and salmonella enterica isolated from food-producing animals, humans, the environment, and retail meat.	the bla(cmy-2) family of the ampc beta-lactamase genes confer broad-spectrum resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials, including ceftriaxone and ceftiofur, as well as to beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid. organisms with the bla(cmy-2) phenotype have been recovered from the environment and from retail meat products, posing a potential public health risk. the objectives of this study were to sequence the bla(cmy-2) gene from escherichia coli and salmonella enterica from multiple s ...	2009	19743925
conjugative transferability of the a/c plasmids from salmonella enterica isolates that possess or lack bla(cmy) in the a/c plasmid backbone.	the objective of this study was to understand the conjugative transmissibility of resistance plasmids present in 205 salmonella enterica isolates from bovine sources. polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based replicon typing was used to type plasmid replicons. conjugation experiments were preformed in triplicate at 30 degrees c and 37 degrees c on solid medium. pcr mapping of the a/c transfer gene operon was done on 17 salmonella newport isolates that were only positive for a/c. eighty-six percent ( ...	2009	19743926
periplasmic adaptor protein acra has a distinct role in the antibiotic resistance and virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	acra can function as the periplasmic adaptor protein (pap) in several rnd tripartite efflux pumps, of which acrab-tolc is considered the most important. this system confers innate multiple antibiotic resistance. disruption of acrb or tolc impairs the ability of salmonella typhimurium to colonize and persist in the host. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of acra alone in multidrug resistance and pathogenicity.	2009	19744979
comparison of the entericbio multiplex pcr system with routine culture for detection of bacterial enteric pathogens.	the entericbio system uses a multiplex pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of campylobacter spp., salmonella enterica, shigella spp., and escherichia coli o157 from feces. it combines overnight broth enrichment with pcr amplification and detection by hybridization. an evaluation of this system was conducted by comparing the results obtained with the system with those obtained by routine culture, supplemented with alternative pcr detection methods. in a study of 773 samples, routine culture ...	2009	19726596
use of toll-like receptor assays to detect and identify microbial contaminants in biological products.	toll-like receptor (tlr)-expressing cells, for the first time, detected and identified a microbial contaminant in a product made in escherichia coli using an old manufacturing process. it was suspected of having a microbial contaminant(s) because, although it tested negative by standard pyrogen assays, it was associated with adverse events in early clinical trials. the assay readout is the induction of nf-kappab and/or cytokines in response to tlr activation. four coded samples, labeled a to d, ...	2009	19726599
regulation of sulfur assimilation pathways in salmonella enterica serovar typhi upon up-shift high osmotic treatment: the role of uhpa revealed through transcriptome profiling.	salmonella species were the most deeply and extensively studied prokaryotes, which were used as useful prokaryotic models for the genetic analysis. salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is the etiological agent of typhoid fever, a major health problem in developing countries. uhpb/uhpa couple is a member of two-component regulatory system. it is considered that uhpb/uhpa controls the expression of the transport protein uhpt, which enables the cell to acquire phosphorylated sugars from its ...	2009	19727945
motility revertants of opggh mutants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium remain defective in mice virulence.	we recently demonstrated that osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are required for optimal mouse virulence. however, lack of opgs also generated pleiotropic phenotypes such as reduced motility and slower growth rate under hypoosmotic growth conditions. whether the observed suboptimal virulence of opg mutants was due to reduced motility was investigated by isolating fully motile revertants of opggh mutants. motility revertants remained defective in ...	2009	19727946
effect of age on susceptibility to salmonella typhimurium infection in c57bl/6 mice.	ageing is associated with a decline in immune function, which predisposes the elderly to a higher incidence of infections. information on the mechanism of the age-related increase in susceptibility to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is limited. in particular, little is known regarding the involvement of the immune response in this age-related change. we employed streptomycin (sm)-pretreated c57bl/6 mice to develop a mouse model that would demonstrate age-related differen ...	2009	19729455
o-antigen delays lipopolysaccharide recognition and impairs antibacterial host defense in murine intestinal epithelial cells.	although toll-like receptor (tlr) 4 signals from the cell surface of myeloid cells, it is restricted to an intracellular compartment and requires ligand internalization in intestinal epithelial cells (iecs). yet, the functional consequence of cell-type specific receptor localization and uptake-dependent lipopolysaccharide (lps) recognition is unknown. here, we demonstrate a strikingly delayed activation of iecs but not macrophages by wildtype salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sv. (s.) typhimur ...	2009	19730692
cyclopropane fatty acids are involved in organic solvent tolerance but not in acid stress resistance in pseudomonas putida dot-t1e.	bacterial membranes constitute the first physical barrier against different environmental stresses. pseudomonas putida dot-t1e accumulates cyclopropane fatty acids (cfas) in the stationary phase of growth. in this strain the cfab gene encodes the main cyclopropane synthase responsible of the synthesis of cfas, and its expression is mediated by rna polymerase with sigma factor σ(38). we generated a cfab mutant of p. putida dot-t1e and studied its response to solvents, acid ph and other stress con ...	2009	21261919
nitrous oxide emission and microbial community in the rhizosphere of nodulated soybeans during the late growth period.	we examined n(2)o emissions from the rhizosphere of field-grown soybeans during the late growth stage (99-117 days after sowing). marked emissions were detected from the nodulated root systems of field-grown soybeans, whereas a non-nodulating soybean mutant showed no emission. degraded nodules exclusively generated the n(2)o. a culture-independent analysis of microbial communities showed bradyrhizobium sp., acidvorax facilis, salmonella enterica, xanthomonas sp., enterobacter cloacae, pseudomona ...	2009	21566356
dry-resistance of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is regulated by both sep22, a novel pathogenicity-related factor of salmonella, and nutrients.	environmental isolates of salmonella enterica serover enteritidis (s. enteritidis) clones were grown to the logarithmic phase, washed and re-suspended in saline or luria-bertani (lb) medium, and then 10-µl aliquots of the suspensions were dried overnight at room temperature. the dried bacteria were mixed with 1 ml of ice-cold pbs, suspended and examined for colony-forming activity. all of the pathogenic clones with high levels of sep22, identical to salmonella dps, maintained good viability if s ...	2009	21566364
baseline titer of widal in bijapur.		2009	22010492
[development and validation of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for molecular identification of salmonella enterica serogroups b, c2, d and e].	the scheme kauffman-white (kw) for serotyping of salmonella recognizes 46 o antigens, and 119 h antigens, thereby permitting the characterization of 2541 serotypes. the serotyping is a useful epidemiological tool in identifying circulating serotypes and to characterize outbreaks. however, the method presents technical limitations, difficulty in interpretation of results and high costs.	2009	20128349
high bacterial contamination of pig tonsils at slaughter.	food-borne zoonoses have a major health impact in industrial countries. campylobacter spp., salmonella enterica, yersinia enterocolitica and listeria monocytogenes are high-risk food-borne zoonotic hazards in finishing pigs. the objectives of this work were (1) to study the isolation rate of pathogenic y. enterocolitica, salmonella spp., campylobacter spp. and l. monocytogenes in the tonsils and feces and (2) to determine the number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (mab) and escherichia coli in th ...	2009	20416719
safety and quality of ready-to-eat dry fermented sausages subjected to e-beam radiation.	the inactivation kinetics in the death of listeriainnocua ntc 11288 (more radioresistant than five different strains of listeriamonocytogenes) and salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and s. enterica serovar typhimurium by e-beam irradiation has been studied in two types of vacuum-packed rte dry fermented sausages ("salchichon" and "chorizo") in order to optimize the sanitation treatment of these products. a treatment of 1.29kgy was calculated to reach the food safety objective (fso) accordin ...	2009	20416723
[salmonella choleraesuis infection in children: chinical analysis of 21 cases].		2009	20113613
multidrug resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi.		2009	20387369
plasmid fingerprinting and virulence gene detection among indigenous strains of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.	salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is an important frequently reported zoonotic pathogen and a common cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. the highly conserved sero-specific plasmids (ssps) and salmonella plasmid virulence (spy) genes have been shown to mediate extra-intestinal colonization and systemic infection. the objective of current study was to document the presence of ssps and spvb/spvc genes prevailing in the indigenous population of serovar enteritidis.	2009	20524477
changing antibiotic sensitivity pattern and scope of chloramphenicol in the management of hospitalised patients of typhoid fever.	enteric fever is a global health problem and there is emerging drug resistance with some reports of re-emerging sensitivity to previously used antibiotics eg, chloramphenicol. this study was done to compare the drug sensitivity pattern of enteric fever over a decade period. twenty-five culture positive patients for s typhi from one study done between october 1993 to february 1995 and 35 positive patients from another study done between september 2005 and august 2006 in the same hospital were tak ...	2009	20509470
substitution of the arginine/leucine residues in apidaecin ib with peptoid residues: effect on antimicrobial activity, cellular uptake, and proteolytic degradation.	several aspects of the mechanism of action of pro-rich antimicrobial peptides, together with their low toxicity in mammalian cells, make them good candidates for the development of new antibiotic agents. we investigated the effect induced in the insect antimicrobial peptide apidaecin ib by the replacement of a single arginine/leucine residue with a n-substituted glycine. the resulting peptoid-peptide hybrids are more resistant to proteolysis and devoid of any significant cytotoxic activity, but ...	2009	20560644
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis associated to phage typing improves the discrimination of epidemiologically unrelated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates.	a combination of phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of xbal- and blnl-digested chromosomal dna has been used to study 18 epidemiologically unrelated human salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates, which were collected during 2007 within a single romanian county. phage typing could assign only four of the isolates to three definitive phage types (dt41, dt86, and dt116), the rest being untypable by this classical method. pfge analysis of the double enzyme-digested dna ...	2009	20361529
1-2 test.	a study was conducted to determine the efficacy of detecting low contamination levels of salmonella in peanut butter using the 1-2 test. this study was conducted under the aoac research institute emergency response validation program. a set of samples was analyzed by the 1-2 test and the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual reference method. among the 90 total samples and controls, 32 samples were positive by the 1-2 test and the reference method. statistical ana ...	2009	20166605
transia plate salmonella gold. performance tested method 010602.	a study was conducted to determine the efficacy of detecting low contamination levels of salmonella in peanut butter using transia plate salmonella gold (tpsg). this study was conducted under the aoac emergency response validation program. a set of samples was each analyzed by the tpsg method and the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual reference method. among the 45 total samples and controls, 26 were positive by the tpsg and 24 were positive by the reference me ...	2009	20166607
iq-check salmonella ii: real-time polymerase chain reaction test kit. performance tested method 010803.	iq-check salmonella ii is a real-time pcr kit for detection of salmonella in foods. specific oligonucleotide probes are used to detect target dna during the amplification, by hybridizing to the amplicons. these probes are linked to a fluorophore, which fluoresces only when hybridized to the target sequence. as part of an emergency response validation due to a massive outbreak and subsequent recall, peanut butter was tested to compare the performance of iq-check salmonella ii to the u.s. food and ...	2009	20166609
rapid'salmonella chromogenic medium. performance tested method 050701.	rapid'salmonella is a chromogenic medium for isolation and detection of salmonella spp. in food, based on two enzymatic activities. all presumptive salmonella-positive colonies are magenta, including lactose-positive salmonella. s. typhi, and s. paratyphi serotypes, due to detection of c8 esterase activity. in order to differentiate salmonella from other enterobacteriaceae, the medium includes a second chromogenic substrate. as part of an emergency response validation due to a massive outbreak a ...	2009	20166610
foodproof salmonella detection kit. performance tested method 120301.	the foodproof salmonella detection kit was previously validated in the performance tested methods program for the detection of salmonella species in a variety of foods, including milk powder, egg powder, coconut, cocoa powder, chicken breast, minced meat, sliced sausage, sausage, smoked fish, pasta, white pepper, cumin, dough, wet pet food, dry pet food, ice cream, watermelon, sliced cabbage, food dye, and milk chocolate. the method was shown to be equivalent to the u.s. food and drug administra ...	2009	20166611
singlepath salmonella. performance tested method 060401.	singlepath salmonella is an immunochromatographic (lateral flow) assay for the presumptive qualitative detection of salmonella spp. in food. a previous aoac performance tested method study evaluated singlepath salmonella as an effective method for the detection of salmonella spp. in the following selected foods: dried skimmed milk, black pepper, dried pet food, desiccated coconut, cooked peeled frozen prawns, raw ground beef, and raw ground turkey. in this emergency response validation extension ...	2009	20166612
taqman salmonella enterica detection kit. performance tested method 020803.	peanut butter spiked with salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium was prepared by an independent laboratory and sent to applied biosystems to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the taqman salmonella enterica detection kit for detecting salmonella in peanut butter. the samples were spiked at three levels: five no-spike (0 cfu/25 g); 20 low-spike (0.2 cfu/25 g); and 20 high-spike (2 cfu/25 g). they were coded to create a blind set of 45 samples. the samples were processed based on an unpair ...	2009	20166614
dupont qualicon bax system polymerase chain reaction assay. performance tested method 100201.	a recent outbreak of salmonella in peanut butter has highlighted the need for validation of rapid detection methods. a multilaboratory study for detecting salmonella in peanut butter was conducted as part of the aoac research institute emergency response validation program for methods that detect outbreak threats to food safety. three sites tested spiked samples from the same master mix according to the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual (fda-bam) method and th ...	2009	20166615
chromagar salmonella detection test kit. performance tested method 020502.	bbl chromagar salmonella was evaluated by an external food testing laboratory for the recovery of salmonella in peanut butter using the u.s. food and drug administration's bacteriological analytical manual (fda-bam) procedure. the peanut butter was found to be negative for the presence of salmonella and, therefore, was seeded with heat-stressed salmonella at target concentrations of 0.2 and 2 cfu/25 g. the salmonella-seeded samples remained at room temperature for 14 days before analysis to stab ...	2009	20166616
[study on the epidemiological characteristics and molecular typing of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar senftenberg in shanghai].	to study the molecular epidemiological characteristics of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar senftenberg (salmonella senftenberg) in shanghai, from 2006 to 2007.	2009	20193231
construction and immunogenicity of salmonella vaccine vector expressing hiv-1 antigen and mcp3.	this study aims to determine the efficacy of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stm-1 bearing mcp-3 gene as a delivery vehicle for the hiv gag gene (in particular p24 gene) and hiv env gene. the stm1 delivery hiv-p24 vaccination was carried out in the form of a recombinant or a dna vaccine whereas only a dna vaccine was used for hiv env . naked dna vaccination was also tested and immune responses were evaluated following immunisation in mouse model. results: vaccination cellular immune resp ...	2009	20038492
consumption of groundwater as an independent risk factor of salmonella choleraesuis infection: a case-control study in taiwan.	infection with salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis) in humans can be considered as an endemic disease in certain regions of taiwan, and the number of cases has increased in recent years. the goal of the case-control study discussed in this article was to identify the possible demographic and environmental risk factors associated with s. choleraesuis infection in taiwan. during the period of december 2005 to march 2007, the case-control study was conducted in human patients ...	2009	20063610
[salmonella enterica and cytokine system of the host].	contemporary data on mechanisms of immune defense during salmonellosis as well as on ability of salmonella to resist these mechanisms are presented in the review. main emphasis is made on reaction of cytokine system of innate and adaptive immunity described in experimental and clinical studies.	2009	20066778
morphology of salmonella typhimurium typing phages of the lilleengen set.	the lilleengen scheme for typing salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium consists of 12 tailed phages. ten phages are podoviruses and morphologically identical to salmonella phage p22. two phages are siphoviruses and identical to flagella-specific phage chi.	2009	20029533