Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| association between hemagglutinin stem-reactive antibodies and influenza a/h1n1 virus infection during the 2009 pandemic. | the discovery of influenza virus broadly neutralizing (brn) antibodies prompted efforts to develop universal vaccines. influenza virus stem-reactive (sr) broadly neutralizing antibodies have been detected by screening antibody phage display libraries. however, studies of sr brn antibodies in human serum, and their association with natural infection, are limited. to address this, pre- and postpandemic sera from a prospective community cohort study in vietnam were assessed for antibodies that inhi ... | 2016 | 27170747 |
| virulence of a novel reassortant canine h3n2 influenza virus in ferret, dog and mouse models. | an outbreak of a canine influenza virus (civ) h3n2 reassortant derived from pandemic (pdm) h1n1 and civ h3n2 in companion animals has underscored the urgent need to monitor civ infections for potential zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses to humans. in this study, we assessed the virulence of a novel civ h3n2 reassortant, vc378, which was obtained from a dog that was coinfected with pdm h1n1 and civ h3n2, in ferrets, dogs, and mice. significantly enhanced virulence of vc378 was demonstrate ... | 2016 | 27138550 |
| integrated omics analysis of pathogenic host responses during pandemic h1n1 influenza virus infection: the crucial role of lipid metabolism. | pandemic influenza viruses modulate proinflammatory responses that can lead to immunopathogenesis. we present an extensive and systematic profiling of lipids, metabolites, and proteins in respiratory compartments of ferrets infected with either 1918 or 2009 human pandemic h1n1 influenza viruses. integrative analysis of high-throughput omics data with virologic and histopathologic data uncovered relationships between host responses and phenotypic outcomes of viral infection. proinflammatory lipid ... | 2016 | 26867183 |
| molecular requirements for a pandemic influenza virus: an acid-stable hemagglutinin protein. | influenza pandemics require that a virus containing a hemagglutinin (ha) surface antigen previously unseen by a majority of the population becomes airborne-transmissible between humans. although the ha protein is central to the emergence of a pandemic influenza virus, its required molecular properties for sustained transmission between humans are poorly defined. during virus entry, the ha protein binds receptors and is triggered by low ph in the endosome to cause membrane fusion; during egress, ... | 2016 | 26811446 |
| accelerating influenza research: vaccines, antivirals, immunomodulators and monoclonal antibodies. the manufacture of a new wild-type h3n2 virus for the human viral challenge model. | influenza and its associated diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. the united states advisory committee on immunization practices recommends influenza vaccination for everyone over 6 months of age. the failure of the flu vaccine in 2014-2015 demonstrates the need for a model that allows the rapid development of novel antivirals, universal/intra-seasonal vaccines, immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies and other novel treatments. to this end we manufactured a new h3n2 influenza ... | 2016 | 26761707 |
| evaluation of a candidate live attenuated influenza vaccine prepared in changchun bcht (china) for safety and efficacy in ferrets. | we evaluated the safety and efficacy of a live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) product in ferrets. the bcht laiv product was significantly less virulent than wild-type h1n1 virus, when evaluated by comparing virus shedding and histopathologic lesions. the data indicated strong evidence for an attenuated phenotype of laiv. furthermore, the vaccine induced robust humoral immune responses in seronegative ferrets, and protected ferrets against development of fever, weight loss and turbinate infl ... | 2016 | 27997342 |
| human monoclonal antibody 81.39a effectively neutralizes emerging influenza a viruses of group 1 and 2 hemagglutinins. | the pandemic threat posed by emerging zoonotic influenza a viruses necessitates development of antiviral agents effective against various antigenic subtypes. human monoclonal antibody (hmab) targeting the hemagglutinin (ha) stalk offers a promising approach to control influenza virus infections. here, we investigated the ability of the hmab 81.39a to inhibit in vitro replication of human and zoonotic viruses, representing 16 ha subtypes. the majority of viruses were effectively neutralized by 81 ... | 2016 | 27630240 |
| selection of antigenically advanced variants of seasonal influenza viruses. | influenza viruses mutate frequently, necessitating constant updates of vaccine viruses. to establish experimental approaches that may complement the current vaccine strain selection process, we selected antigenic variants from human h1n1 and h3n2 influenza virus libraries possessing random mutations in the globular head of the haemagglutinin protein (which includes the antigenic sites) by incubating them with human and/or ferret convalescent sera to human h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. we also selected ... | 2016 | 27572841 |
| reduction of neuraminidase activity exacerbates disease in 2009 pandemic influenza virus-infected mice. | during the first wave of the 2009 pandemic, caused by a h1n1 influenza virus (ph1n1) of swine origin, antivirals were the only form of therapeutic available to control the proliferation of disease until the conventional strain-matched vaccine was produced. oseltamivir is an antiviral that inhibits the sialidase activity of the viral neuraminidase (na) protein and was shown to be effective against ph1n1 viruses in ferrets. furthermore, it was used in humans to treat infections during the pandemic ... | 2016 | 27558428 |
| a defective interfering influenza rna inhibits infectious influenza virus replication in human respiratory tract cells: a potential new human antiviral. | defective interfering (di) viruses arise during the replication of influenza a virus and contain a non-infective version of the genome that is able to interfere with the production of infectious virus. in this study we hypothesise that a cloned di influenza a virus rna may prevent infection of human respiratory epithelial cells with infection by influenza a. the di rna (244/pr8) was derived by a natural deletion process from segment 1 of influenza a/pr/8/34 (h1n1); it comprises 395 nucleotides a ... | 2016 | 27556481 |
| particle and subunit-based hemagglutinin vaccines provide protective efficacy against h1n1 influenza in pigs. | the increasing diversity of influenza strains circulating in swine herds escalates the potential for the emergence of novel pandemic viruses and highlights the need for swift development of new vaccines. baculovirus has proven to be a flexible platform for the generation of recombinant forms of hemagglutinin (ha) including subunit, vlp-displayed, and baculovirus-displayed antigens. these presentations have been shown to be efficacious in mouse, chicken, and ferret models but little is known abou ... | 2016 | 27374905 |
| flow cytometric and cytokine elispot approaches to characterize the cell-mediated immune response in ferrets following influenza virus infection. | influenza virus infections represent a significant socioeconomic and public health burden worldwide. although ferrets are considered by many to be ideal for modeling human responses to influenza infection and vaccination, efforts to understand the cellular immune response have been severely hampered by a paucity of standardized procedures and reagents. in this study, we developed flow cytometric and t cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (elispot) approaches to characterize the leukocyte compos ... | 2016 | 27356897 |
| evolution of 2009 h1n1 influenza viruses during the pandemic correlates with increased viral pathogenicity and transmissibility in the ferret model. | there is increasing evidence that 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza viruses have evolved after pandemic onset giving rise to severe epidemics in subsequent waves. however, it still remains unclear which viral determinants might have contributed to disease severity after pandemic initiation. here, we show that distinct mutations in the 2009 pandemic h1n1 virus genome have occurred with increased frequency after pandemic declaration. among those, a mutation in the viral hemagglutinin was identified tha ... | 2016 | 27339001 |
| eyedrop vaccination induced systemic and mucosal immunity against influenza virus in ferrets. | we investigated eyedrop vaccination (edv) in pre-clinical development for immunological protection against influenza and for potential side effects involving ocular inflammation and the central nervous system (cns). live attenuated influenza edv, ca07 (h1n1), pz-4 (h1n2) and uruguay (h3n2), induced both systemic and mucosal virus-specific antibody responses in ferrets. in addition, edv resulted in a clinically significant protection against viral challenge, and suppression of viral replication i ... | 2016 | 27333331 |
| prevalence, genetics, and transmissibility in ferrets of eurasian avian-like h1n1 swine influenza viruses. | pigs are important intermediate hosts for generating novel influenza viruses. the eurasian avian-like h1n1 (eah1n1) swine influenza viruses (sivs) have circulated in pigs since 1979, and human cases associated with eah1n1 sivs have been reported in several countries. however, the biologic properties of eah1n1 sivs are largely unknown. here, we performed extensive influenza surveillance in pigs in china and isolated 228 influenza viruses from 36,417 pigs. we found that 139 of the 228 strains from ... | 2016 | 26711995 |
| supplementation of h1n1pdm09 split vaccine with heterologous tandem repeat m2e5x virus-like particles confers improved cross-protection in ferrets. | current influenza vaccines induce strain-specific immunity to the highly variable hemagglutinin (ha) protein. it is therefore a high priority to develop vaccines that induce broadly cross-protective immunity to different strains of influenza. since influenza a m2 proteins are highly conserved among different strains, five tandem repeats of the extracellular peptide of m2 in a membrane-anchored form on virus-like particles (vlps) have been suggested to be a promising candidate for universal influ ... | 2016 | 26709639 |
| development of a high-yield reassortant influenza vaccine virus derived from the a/anhui/1/2013 (h7n9) strain. | in april 2013, the first three fatal cases of human infection with an avian influenza a virus (h7n9) were reported in china. because of a pandemic threat by this virus, we have commenced to develop candidate vaccine viruses (cvvs). three 6:2 genetic reassortant viruses with different hemagglutinin (ha) sequences, niidrg-10, -10.1 and -10.2, were generated by a reverse genetics technique between the high egg-growth master virus, a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) and a/anhui/1/2013 (h7n9), kindly provided ... | 2016 | 26657023 |
| evaluation of the attenuation, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a live virus vaccine generated by codon-pair bias de-optimization of the 2009 pandemic h1n1 influenza virus, in ferrets. | codon-pair bias de-optimization (cpbd) of viruses involves re-writing viral genes using statistically underrepresented codon pairs, without any changes to the amino acid sequence or codon usage. previously, this technology has been used to attenuate the influenza a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) virus. the de-optimized virus was immunogenic and protected inbred mice from challenge. in order to assess whether cpbd could be used to produce a live vaccine against a clinically relevant influenza virus, we ... | 2016 | 26655630 |
| season of deltamethrin application affects flea and plague control in white-tailed prairie dog (cynomys leucurus) colonies, colorado, usa. | in 2008 and 2009, we evaluated the duration of prophylactic deltamethrin treatments in white-tailed prairie dog ( cynomys leucurus ) colonies and compared effects of autumn or spring dust application in suppressing flea numbers and plague. plague occurred before and during our experiment. overall, flea abundance tended to increase from may or june to september, but it was affected by deltamethrin treatment and plague dynamics. success in trapping prairie dogs (animals caught/trap days) declined ... | 2016 | 27195680 |
| expression analysis highlights axl as a candidate zika virus entry receptor in neural stem cells. | the recent outbreak of zika virus (zikv) in brazil has been linked to substantial increases in fetal abnormalities and microcephaly. however, information about the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms connecting viral infection to these defects remains limited. in this study we have examined the expression of receptors implicated in cell entry of several enveloped viruses including zikv across diverse cell types in the developing brain. using single-cell rna-seq and immunohistochemistry, ... | 2016 | 27038591 |
| molecular investigation of cryptosporidium in small caged pets in northeast china: host specificity and zoonotic implications. | this study screened 151 pet-derived fecal specimens randomly collected from four commercial markets in northeast china for the presence of cryptosporidium by genus-specific nested pcrs of the small subunit rrna gene. of these, 14 specimens (9.3 %) from nine species of birds, two types of rodents, and a hedgehog were positive for cryptosporidium. sequence analysis on the pcr-positive isolates facilitated identification of three cryptosporidium species (c. baileyi, c. galli, and c. ubiquitum) and ... | 2016 | 27107987 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of the stoat (mustela erminea) and new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) and their significance for mammalian phylogeny. | the complete mitochondrial genome of three mustelid species, stoats (mustela erminea), weasels (mustela nivalis) and ferrets (mustela furo), and the new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri) were sequenced using direct mitochondrial dna extraction and overlapping long pcrs. the usual 37 mammalian mitochondrial genes (13 protein coding genes, 22 t-rna and 2 r-rna) were identified in all four mitogenomes. the divergence of stoats from other members of the sub-family mustelinae was dated 4.5 mi ... | 2016 | 27246241 |
| in this issue - july 2016: canine distemper in dogs and ferrets in australia · conjunctival myxoma in a dog · antimicrobial resistance genes in porcine pathogens · farm economic impacts of bovine johne's disease · exertional heat illness in horses · suppression of oestrus in mares using injectable altrenogest · sex identification in the eastern blue-tongued lizard. | 2016 | 27349879 | |
| pathogenesis of influenza d virus in cattle. | cattle have been proposed as the natural reservoir of a novel member of the virus family orthomyxoviridae, which has been tentatively classified as influenza d virus (idv). although isolated from sick animals, it is unclear whether idv causes any clinical disease in cattle. to address this aspect of koch's postulates, three dairy calves (treatment animals) held in individual pens were inoculated intranasally with idv strain d/bovine/mississippi/c00046n/2014. at 1 day postinoculation, a seronegat ... | 2016 | 27030270 |
| isolation, characterization, and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in ferrets. | the ferret canine tooth has been introduced as a suitable model for studying dental pulp regeneration. the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize ferret dental pulp stem cells (fdpscs) and their differentiation potential. | 2016 | 26794343 |
| a mouse model for mers coronavirus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel virus that emerged in 2012, causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), severe pneumonia-like symptoms and multi-organ failure, with a case fatality rate of ∼36%. limited clinical studies indicate that humans infected with mers-cov exhibit pathology consistent with the late stages of ards, which is reminiscent of the disease observed in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. models of mers-c ... | 2016 | 27892925 |
| a novel class of small molecule agonists with preference for human over mouse tlr4 activation. | the best-characterized toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) ligands are lipopolysaccharide (lps) and its chemically modified and detoxified variant, monophosphoryl lipid a (mpl). although both molecules are active for human tlr4, they demonstrate a potency preference for mouse tlr4 based on data from transfected cell lines and primary cells of both species. after a high throughput screening process of small molecule libraries, we have discovered a new class of tlr4 agonist with a species preference profi ... | 2016 | 27736941 |
| palisade endings are a constant feature in the extraocular muscles of frontal-eyed, but not lateral-eyed, animals. | to test whether palisade endings are a general feature of mammalian extraocular muscles (eoms). | 2016 | 26830369 |
| small mammals: common surgical procedures of rodents, ferrets, hedgehogs, and sugar gliders. | small mammal surgical procedures are a part of clinical veterinary practice and are performed with regularity. anesthetic and analgesic techniques are important components of any successful small mammal surgical procedure. many basic surgical principles used in dogs and cats can be directly applied to small mammals, but tissues tend to be smaller and thinner, and hemostasis is critical with small patients due to risk of death with minimal blood loss. common surgical procedures in small mammals i ... | 2016 | 26611930 |
| detection, prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of demodex spp and further skin prostigmata mites (acari, arachnida) in wild and domestic mammals. | this study was conceived to detect skin mites in social mammals through real-time qpcr, and to estimate taxonomic demodex and further prostigmata mite relationships in different host species by comparing sequences from two genes: mitochondrial 16s rrna and nuclear 18s rrna. we determined the mite prevalence in the hair follicles of marmots (13%) and bats (17%). the high prevalence found in marmots and bats by sampling only one site on the body may indicate that mites are common inhabitants of th ... | 2016 | 27802314 |
| retention time of chlorophacinone in black-tailed prairie dogs informs secondary hazards from a prairie dog rodenticide bait. | secondary toxicity in mammals and birds that consume animals containing residues of anticoagulant rodenticides represents a persistent conflict between conservation, agriculture and environmental contamination. chlorophacinone residues in black-tailed prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus) represent a secondary exposure hazard to predatory and scavenging avian and mammalian species in the central plains of the united states, especially considering efforts to re-establish black-footed ferrets (muste ... | 2016 | 25997570 |
| an atypical distribution of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the hooded seal (cystophora cristata) brain may reflect a biochemical adaptation to diving. | the brains of some diving mammals can withstand periods of severe hypoxia without signs of deleterious effects. this may in part be due to an enhanced cerebral capacity for anaerobic energy production. here, we have tested this hypothesis by comparing various parameters of the lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) in the brain of the hooded seal (cystophora cristata) with those in the brains of the ferret (mustela putorius furo) and mouse (mus musculus). we found that mrna and protein expression of lactat ... | 2016 | 26820264 |
| ferrets as a novel animal model for studying human respiratory syncytial virus infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is an important cause of severe respiratory tract disease in immunocompromised patients. animal models are indispensable for evaluating novel intervention strategies in this complex patient population. to complement existing models in rodents and non-human primates, we have evaluated the potential benefits of an hrsv infection model in ferrets (mustela putorius furo). nine- to 12-month-old hrsv-seronegative immunocompetent or immunocompromised ferrets wer ... | 2016 | 27314379 |
| generation of influenza a viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines. | the conversion of life-threatening viruses into live but avirulent vaccines represents a revolution in vaccinology. in a proof-of-principle study, we expanded the genetic code of the genome of influenza a virus via a transgenic cell line containing orthogonal translation machinery. this generated premature termination codon (ptc)-harboring viruses that exerted full infectivity but were replication-incompetent in conventional cells. genome-wide optimization of the sites for incorporation of multi ... | 2016 | 27934767 |
| antiviral efficacy of verdinexor in vivo in two animal models of influenza a virus infection. | influenza a virus (iav) causes seasonal epidemics of respiratory illness that can cause mild to severe illness and potentially death. antiviral drugs are an important countermeasure against iav; however, drug resistance has developed, thus new therapeutic approaches are being sought. previously, we demonstrated the antiviral activity of a novel nuclear export inhibitor drug, verdinexor, to reduce influenza replication in vitro and pulmonary virus burden in mice. in this study, in vivo efficacy o ... | 2016 | 27893810 |
| antigenic characterization of h3 subtypes of avian influenza a viruses from north america. | besides humans, h3 subtypes of influenza a viruses (iavs) can infect various animal hosts, including avian, swine, equine, canine, and sea mammal species. these h3 viruses are both antigenically and genetically diverse. here, we characterized the antigenic diversity of contemporary h3 avian iavs recovered from migratory birds in north america. hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays were performed on 37 h3 isolates of avian iavs recovered from 2007 to 2011 using generated reference chicken sera. ... | 2016 | 27309078 |
| neutralizing inhibitors in the airways of naïve ferrets do not play a major role in modulating the virulence of h3 subtype influenza a viruses. | many insights regarding the pathogenesis of human influenza a virus (iav) infections have come from studies in mice and ferrets. surfactant protein (sp)-d is the major neutralizing inhibitor of iav in mouse airway fluids and sp-d-resistant iav mutants show enhanced virus replication and virulence in mice. herein, we demonstrate that sialylated glycoproteins, rather than sp-d, represent the major neutralizing inhibitors against h3 subtype viruses in airway fluids from naïve ferrets. moreover, whi ... | 2016 | 27110707 |
| influenza a virus transmission via respiratory aerosols or droplets as it relates to pandemic potential. | many respiratory viruses of humans originate from animals. for instance, there are now eight paramyxoviruses, four coronaviruses and four orthomxoviruses that cause recurrent epidemics in humans but were once confined to other hosts. in the last decade, several members of the same virus families have jumped the species barrier from animals to humans. fortunately, these viruses have not become established in humans, because they lacked the ability of sustained transmission between humans. however ... | 2016 | 26385895 |
| simple and specific method for detection of antibodies against hepatitis e virus in mammalian species. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of hepatitis e, a food- and water-borne disease. in developed countries, consumption of meats from pigs, wild boars and deer is a major source of infection. although hev and hev-related viruses have been detected in many animal species, their zoonotic potential and prevalence has not been completely understood. to detect anti-hev antibody in mammalian species, a simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was established using extract from cell ... | 2016 | 27732880 |
| genetic evolution of hepatitis e virus. | comparative analysis of the genomic sequences of multiple hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates has revealed extensive genomic diversity among them. recently, a variety of genetically distinct hev variants have also been isolated and identified from large numbers of animal species, including birds, rabbits, rats, ferrets, bats, cutthroat trout, and camels, among others. furthermore, it has been reported that recombination in hev genomes takes place in animals and in human patients. also, chronic hev ... | 2016 | 27738980 |
| divergent hepatitis e virus in birds of prey, common kestrel (falco tinnunculus) and red-footed falcon (f. vespertinus), hungary. | hepatitis e virus (hev), family hepeviridae, has raised considerable public health concerns because of its zoonotic potential; however, the animal to animal transmissions and the natural chain of hepevirus infections in wildlife are less known. using random amplification and next generation sequencing technology a novel hev in birds of prey was serendipitously identified in hungary. hev rna was detected in total of 2 (18%) of the 11 and 1 (14%) of the 7 faecal samples from common kestrels and re ... | 2016 | 27282471 |
| ferret hepatitis e virus infection induces acute hepatitis and persistent infection in ferrets. | ferret hepatitis e virus (hev), a novel hepatitis e virus, has been identified in ferrets. however, the pathogenicity of ferret hev remains unclear. in the present study, we compared the hev rna-positivity rates and alanine aminotransferase (alt) levels of 63 ferrets between before and after import from the us to japan. we found that the ferret hev-rna positivity rates were increased from 12.7% (8/63) to 60.3% (38/63), and alt elevation was observed in 65.8% (25/38) of the ferret hev rna-positiv ... | 2016 | 26790932 |
| production of infectious ferret hepatitis e virus in a human hepatocarcinoma cell line plc/prf/5. | a strain of ferret hepatitis e virus (hev), sf4370, isolated from an imported ferret was used to inoculate a human hepatocarcinoma cell line, plc/prf/5. the virus genome and capsid protein were detected in the cell culture supernatant. immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that the capsid protein was located in the cytoplasm. the virus particles were purified from the culture supernatant by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. the capsid protein with molecular mass of ∼72 kda was detected in ... | 2016 | 26763355 |
| hepatitis e: an emerging global disease - from discovery towards control and cure. | hepatitis e is a systemic disease affecting the liver predominantly and caused by infection with the hepatitis e virus (hev). hev has marked genetic heterogeneity and is known to infect several animal species including pigs, boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit, camel, chicken, rats, ferret, bats and cutthroat trout. hev is the sole member of the family hepeviridae and has been divided into 2 genera: orthohepevirus (mammalian and avian hev) and piscihepevirus (trout hev). human hevs included within the ... | 2016 | 26344932 |
| nb protein does not affect influenza b virus replication in vitro and is not required for replication in or transmission between ferrets. | the influenza b virus encodes a unique protein, nb, a membrane protein whose function in the replication cycle is not, as yet, understood. we engineered a recombinant influenza b virus lacking nb expression, with no concomitant difference in expression or activity of viral neuraminidase (na) protein, an important caveat since na is encoded on the same segment and initiated from a start codon just 4 nt downstream of nb. replication of the virus lacking nb was not different to wild-type virus with ... | 2016 | 26703440 |
| evidence of disseminated infection by mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis in a pet ferret (mustela putorius furo). | the infection caused by the zoonotic opportunistic pathogen mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (mah) was reported for the first time in a pet ferret. both owners were hiv-positive. euthanasia of the pet was recommended due to medical reasons and as a preventive action. disseminated and open tuberculosis lesions were observed in the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems of the ferret. ecographic and radiographic surveys showed a severe generalized lymphadenopathy, strong thickening of the ... | 2016 | 27892873 |
| detection of influenza c virus but not influenza d virus in scottish respiratory samples. | a newly proposed genus of influenza virus (influenza d) is associated with respiratory disease in pigs and cattle. the novel virus is most closely related to human influenza c virus and can infect ferrets but infection has not been reported in humans. | 2016 | 26655269 |
| large-scale phylogenomic analysis reveals the complex evolutionary history of rabies virus in multiple carnivore hosts. | the natural evolution of rabies virus (rabv) provides a potent example of multiple host shifts and an important opportunity to determine the mechanisms that underpin viral emergence. using 321 genome sequences spanning an unprecedented diversity of rabv, we compared evolutionary rates and selection pressures in viruses sampled from multiple primary host shifts that occurred on various continents. two major phylogenetic groups, bat-related rabv and dog-related rabv, experiencing markedly differen ... | 2016 | 27977811 |
| spatial temporal dynamics and molecular evolution of re-emerging rabies virus in taiwan. | taiwan has been recognized by the world organization for animal health as rabies-free since 1961. surprisingly, rabies virus (rabv) was identified in a dead formosan ferret badger in july 2013. later, more infected ferret badgers were reported from different geographic regions of taiwan. in order to know its evolutionary history and spatial temporal dynamics of this virus, phylogeny was reconstructed by maximum likelihood and bayesian methods based on the full-length of glycoprotein (g), matrix ... | 2016 | 26999115 |
| pathology and molecular detection of rabies virus in ferret badgers associated with a rabies outbreak in taiwan. | until rabies virus (rabv) infection in taiwan ferret badgers (twfb; melogale moschata subaurantiaca) was diagnosed in mid-june 2013, taiwan had been considered rabies free for >50 yr. although rabies has also been reported in ferret badgers in china, the pathologic changes and distribution of viral antigens of ferret badger-associated rabies have not been described. we performed a comprehensive pathologic study and molecular detection of rabies virus in three necropsied rabid twfbs and evaluated ... | 2016 | 26560756 |
| government response to the discovery of a rabies virus reservoir species on a previously designated rabies-free island, taiwan, 1999-2014. | taiwan had been considered rabies free since 1961. in 2013, taiwan confirmed the detection of rabies virus in wild taiwan ferret-badgers. up to december 2014, there have been 423 rabies-confirmed ferret-badgers and three cases of spillover infection into non-reservoir hosts. genetic analysis indicates that tfbv is distinct from all other known rabies virus variants. to date, ferret-badger rabies is known to occur only in china and taiwan. the temporal dynamics of rabid ferret-badgers in taiwan s ... | 2016 | 26542085 |
| the nature of exposure drives transmission of nipah viruses from malaysia and bangladesh in ferrets. | person-to-person transmission is a key feature of human nipah virus outbreaks in bangladesh. in contrast, in an outbreak of nipah virus in malaysia, people acquired infections from pigs. it is not known whether this important epidemiological difference is driven primarily by differences between niv bangladesh (niv-bd) and malaysia (niv-my) at a virus level, or by environmental or host factors. in a time course study, ferrets were oronasally exposed to equivalent doses of niv-bd or niv-my. more r ... | 2016 | 27341030 |
| nipah virus c and w proteins contribute to respiratory disease in ferrets. | nipah virus (niv) is a highly lethal paramyxovirus that recently emerged as a causative agent of febrile encephalitis and severe respiratory disease in humans. the ferret model has emerged as the preferred small-animal model with which to study niv disease, but much is still unknown about the viral determinants of niv pathogenesis, including the contribution of the c protein in ferrets. additionally, studies have yet to examine the synergistic effects of the various p gene products on pathogenes ... | 2016 | 27147733 |
| h7n9 live attenuated influenza vaccine is highly immunogenic, prevents virus replication, and protects against severe bronchopneumonia in ferrets. | avian influenza viruses continue to cross the species barrier, and if such viruses become transmissible among humans, it would pose a great threat to public health. since its emergence in china in 2013, h7n9 has caused considerable morbidity and mortality. in the absence of a universal influenza vaccine, preparedness includes development of subtype-specific vaccines. in this study, we developed and evaluated in ferrets an intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine (laiv) against h7n9 based on ... | 2016 | 26796670 |
| antigenic maps of influenza a(h3n2) produced with human antisera obtained after primary infection. | antigenic characterization of influenza viruses is typically based on hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay data for viral isolates tested against strain-specific postinfection ferret antisera. here, similar virus characterizations were performed using serological data from humans with primary influenza a(h3n2) infection. | 2016 | 26142433 |
| peripheral leukocyte migration in ferrets in response to infection with seasonal influenza virus. | in order to better understand inflammation associated with influenza virus infection, we measured cell trafficking, via flow cytometry, to various tissues in the ferret model following infection with an a(h3n2) human seasonal influenza virus (a/perth/16/2009). changes in immune cells were observed in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and spleen, as well as lymph nodes associated with the site of infection or distant from the respiratory system. nevertheless clinical symptoms were mild, wi ... | 2016 | 27315117 |
| effects of egg-adaptation on receptor-binding and antigenic properties of recent influenza a (h3n2) vaccine viruses. | influenza a virus (subtype h3n2) causes seasonal human influenza and is included as a component of influenza vaccines. the majority of vaccine viruses are isolated and propagated in eggs, which commonly results in amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein. these substitutions can affect virus receptor-binding and alter virus antigenicity, thereby, obfuscating the choice of egg-propagated viruses for development into candidate vaccine viruses. to evaluate the effects of egg ... | 2016 | 26974849 |
| new england harbor seal h3n8 influenza virus retains avian-like receptor specificity. | an influenza h3n8 virus, carrying mammalian adaptation mutations, was isolated from new england harbor seals in 2011. we sought to assess the risk of its human transmissibility using two complementary approaches. first, we tested the binding of recombinant hemagglutinin (ha) proteins of seal h3n8 and human-adapted h3n2 viruses to respiratory tissues of humans and ferrets. for human tissues, we observed strong tendency of the seal h3 to bind to lung alveoli, which was in direct contrast to the hu ... | 2016 | 26888262 |
| directed selection of influenza virus produces antigenic variants that match circulating human virus isolates and escape from vaccine-mediated immune protection. | influenza vaccination does not provide 100% protection from infection, partly due to antigenic drift of the haemagglutinin (ha) protein. low serum antibody titres increase the risk of infection. to determine whether there were additional correlates of risk, we examined the relationship between human serum immunity and antigenic variation in seasonal h3n2 influenza viruses. seasonal h3n2 vaccine strains grown in the presence of heterogeneous human or mono-specific ferret antisera selected variant ... | 2016 | 26854888 |
| impact of a large deletion in the neuraminidase protein identified in a laninamivir-selected influenza a/brisbane/10/2007 (h3n2) variant on viral fitness in vitro and in ferrets. | viral fitness of a laninamivir-selected influenza a/brisbane/10/2007-like (h3n2) isolate (lrvp9) containing a 237-amino acid neuraminidase deletion and a p194l hemagglutinin mutation was evaluated in vitro and in ferrets. lrvp9 and the wild-type (wt) virus showed comparable replication kinetics in mdck-st6gali cells. cultured virus was recovered between days 2 and 5 post-infection in nasal washes (nw) from the 4 wt-infected ferrets whereas no virus was recovered from the lrvp9-infected animals. ... | 2016 | 26526406 |
| technology transfer of oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant manufacturing for pandemic influenza vaccine production in romania: preclinical evaluation of split virion inactivated h5n1 vaccine with adjuvant. | millions of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine doses containing oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant have been administered in order to enhance and broaden immune responses and to facilitate antigen sparing. despite the enactment of a global action plan for influenza vaccines and a multi-fold increase in production capabilities over the past 10 years, worldwide capacity for pandemic influenza vaccine production is still limited. in developing countries, where routine influenza vaccination is not ... | 2016 | 26618392 |
| risk assessment of recent egyptian h5n1 influenza viruses. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5n1 subtype are enzootic in poultry populations in different parts of the world, and have caused numerous human infections in recent years, particularly in egypt. however, no sustained human-to-human transmission of these viruses has yet been reported. we tested nine naturally occurring egyptian h5n1 viruses (isolated in 2014-2015) in ferrets and found that three of them transmitted via respiratory droplets, causing a fatal infection in on ... | 2016 | 27922116 |
| highly pathogenic reassortant avian influenza a(h5n1) virus clade 2.3.2.1a in poultry, bhutan. | highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1), clade 2.3.2.1a, with an h9-like polymerase basic protein 1 gene, isolated in bhutan in 2012, replicated faster in vitro than its h5n1 parental genotype and was transmitted more efficiently in a chicken model. these properties likely help limit/eradicate outbreaks, combined with strict control measures. | 2016 | 27584733 |
| cross-protective efficacies of highly-pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 vaccines against a recent h5n8 virus. | to investigate cross-protective vaccine efficacy of highly-pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses against a recent hpai h5n8 virus, we immunized c57bl/6 mice and ferrets with three alum-adjuvanted inactivated whole h5n1 vaccines developed through reverse-genetics (rg): [vietnam/1194/04xpr8 (clade 1), korea/w149/06xpr8 (clade 2.2), and korea/es223n/03xpr8 (clade 2.5)]. although relatively low cross-reactivities (10-40 hi titer) were observed against heterologous h5n8 virus, immunized animals wer ... | 2016 | 27543757 |
| vaccination is more effective than prophylactic oseltamivir in preventing cns invasion by h5n1 virus via the olfactory nerve. | influenza a viruses can replicate in the olfactory mucosa and subsequently use the olfactory nerve to enter the central nervous system (cns). it is currently unknown whether intervention strategies are able to reduce or prevent influenza virus replication within the olfactory mucosa and subsequent spread to the cns. therefore, we tested the efficacy of homologous vaccination and prophylactic oseltamivir to prevent h5n1 virus cns invasion via the olfactory nerve in our ferret model. | 2016 | 27448390 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 viruses exhibit enhanced affinity for human type sialic acid receptor and in-contact transmission in model ferrets. | since may 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 virus has been reported to cause six severe human infections three of which were fatal. the biological properties of this subtype, in particular its relative pathogenicity and transmissibility in mammals, are not known. we characterized the virus receptor-binding affinity, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in mice and ferrets of four h5n6 isolates derived from waterfowl in china from 2013-2014. all four h5n6 viruses have acquired a binding ... | 2016 | 27122581 |
| a cationic liposome-dna complexes adjuvant (jvrs-100) enhances the immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy of pre-pandemic influenza a (h5n1) vaccine in ferrets. | influenza a (h5n1) viruses continue to pose a public health threat. as inactivated h5n1 vaccines are poorly immunogenic, adjuvants are needed to improve the immunogenicity of h5n1 vaccine in humans. here, we investigated the immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy in ferrets of a clade 2.2-derived vaccine with addition of jvrs-100, an adjuvant consisting of cationic liposome-dna complexes (cldc). after the first vaccination, significantly higher levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (hai) a ... | 2016 | 26967975 |
| the comparison of pathology in ferrets infected by h9n2 avian influenza viruses with different genomic features. | h9n2 avian influenza virus circulates widely in poultry and has been responsible for sporadic human infections in several regions. few studies have been conducted on the pathogenicity of h9n2 aiv isolates that have different genomic features. we compared the pathology induced by a novel reassortant h9n2 virus and two currently circulating h9n2 viruses that have different genomic features in ferrets. the results showed that the three viruses can induce infections with various amounts of viral she ... | 2016 | 26638019 |
| pathogenesis and transmission assessments of two h7n8 influenza a viruses recently isolated from turkey farms in indiana using mouse and ferret models. | avian influenza a h7 viruses have caused multiple outbreaks in domestic poultry throughout north america, resulting in occasional infections of humans in close contact with affected birds. in early 2016, the presence of h7n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses and closely related h7n8 low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses was confirmed in commercial turkey farms in indiana. these h7n8 viruses represent the first isolation of this subtype in domestic poultry in north america, ... | 2016 | 27681133 |
| mammalian pathogenesis and transmission of h7n9 influenza viruses from three waves, 2013-2015. | three waves of human infection with h7n9 influenza viruses have concluded to date, but only viruses within the first wave (isolated between march and september 2013) have been extensively studied in mammalian models. while second- and third-wave viruses remain closely linked phylogenetically and antigenically, even subtle molecular changes can impart critical shifts in mammalian virulence. to determine if h7n9 viruses isolated from humans during 2013 to 2015 have maintained the phenotype first i ... | 2016 | 26912620 |
| adrenal ultrasonography correlated with histopathology in ferrets. | the adrenal glands of twenty-six, 12- to 53-month-old, ferrets without clinical signs of adrenal disease were examined and measured by ultrasonography and the findings compared with those from gross examination and histopathology. of 51 adrenal glands examined, 27 were normal, 23 had either nodular or diffuse cortical hyperplasia and 1 had an adenocarcinoma. there was no statistically significant difference between the sonographic nor gross size of normal adrenal glands and those with hyperplasi ... | 2016 | 9238774 |
| retrospective review of the ultrasonographic features of adrenal lesions in 21 ferrets. | clinical signs and follow-up information were recorded. histopathologic diagnoses were obtained for 25 adrenal glands in 21 ferrets. adrenal lesions included ten adenocarcinomas, nine adenomas, one hyperplasia and one cortical cyst. four adrenal glands (all right-sided) were diagnosed as unspecified adrenal tumors but lacked a definite histopathologic diagnosis (adenoma vs. adenocarcinoma) due to incomplete surgical resection and consequent small sample sizes. bilateral adrenal lesions were iden ... | 2016 | 10955499 |
| echocardiographic measurements in clinically healthy ferrets anesthetized with isoflurane. | two-dimensional, m4-mode, and color flow doppler echocardiography was performed in 29 (18 females, 11 males) clinically healthy ferrets anesthetized with isoflurane. m-mode measurements of the left ventricle, left atrial appendage diameter (laad), and aorta (ao) were obtained. the fractional shortening and laad/ao ratio were calculated. the values of the m-mode measurements were compared between the male and female ferrets using a student's t-test. no significant differences were found. the diff ... | 2016 | 15200261 |
| comparisons of tracheostomy incisions in a pediatric model. | tracheostomy in children causes approximately twice the mortality and morbidity as in the adult. the occurrence of complications correlates closely with the severity of the preoperative tracheal disease, the length of time the tracheostomy is needed, and the age of the patient. morbidity documented in the postoperative period includes tracheal stenosis and collapsible anterior tracheal wall. the increased incidence of these problems in the pediatric patient may be related to the less rigid natur ... | 2017 | 4051401 |
| nicotine-induced airway smooth muscle contraction: neural mechanisms involving the airway epithelium. functional and histologic studies in vitro. | to assess the mechanism of and the role of the epithelium in nicotine-induced bronchoconstriction in vitro, we performed a combined functional and histologic study. functional study: we suspended tracheal strips or rings from 16 ferrets (1124 +/- 561 g, mean +/- sd) in organ baths. alternate tracheal strips had their epithelium removed. dose-response curves to acetylcholine (ach) and nicotine were established for pairs of tissues with and without epithelium, each pair receiving only one dose of ... | 2017 | 1355677 |
| lack of relationship between the degree of induced gingival hyperplasia and the concentration of diphenylhydantoin in various tissues of ferrets. | 2017 | 4501305 | |
| distribution and metabolism of diphenylhydantoin in oral and nonoral tissues of ferrets. | 2017 | 4511308 | |
| the immune correlates of protection for an avian influenza h5n1 vaccine in the ferret model using oil-in-water adjuvants. | because of the pathogenicity and low incidence of avian influenza virus infections in humans, the immune correlates of protection for avian influenza vaccines cannot be determined from clinical studies. here, we used the ferret model to address this for an avian influenza h5n1 vaccine. using oil-in-water adjuvants, we generated groups of ferrets with undetectable (geometric mean titer [gmt] < 10), low (gmt = 28.3), or high (gmt > 761.1) hemagglutination-inhibition (hai) titers to the a/viet nam/ ... | 2017 | 28303960 |
| endothelial cell tropism is a determinant of h5n1 pathogenesis in mammalian species. | the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning the unusually high virulence of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses in mammalian species remains unknown. here, we investigated if the cell tropism of h5n1 virus is a determinant of enhanced virulence in mammalian species. we engineered h5n1 viruses with restricted cell tropism through the exploitation of cell type-specific microrna expression by incorporating microrna target sites into the viral genome. restriction of h5n1 replicatio ... | 2017 | 28282445 |
| shifting clade distribution, reassortment, and emergence of new subtypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5) viruses collected from vietnamese poultry from 2012 to 2015. | whole-genome sequences of representative highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5) viruses from vietnam were generated, comprising samples from poultry outbreaks and active market surveillance collected from january 2012 to august 2015. six hemagglutinin gene clades were characterized. clade 1.1.2 was predominant in southern mekong provinces throughout 2012 and 2013 but gradually disappeared and was not detected after april 2014. clade 2.3.2.1c viruses spread rapidly during 2012 and were detected ... | 2017 | 28003481 |
| evolution and divergence of h3n8 equine influenza viruses circulating in the united kingdom from 2013 to 2015. | equine influenza viruses (eiv) are a major cause of acute respiratory disease in horses worldwide and occasionally also affect vaccinated animals. like other influenza a viruses, they undergo antigenic drift, highlighting the importance of both surveillance and virus characterisation in order for vaccine strains to be kept up to date. the aim of the work reported here was to monitor the genetic and antigenic changes occurring in eiv circulating in the uk from 2013 to 2015 and to identify any evi ... | 2017 | 28208721 |
| amino acids in hemagglutinin antigenic site b determine antigenic and receptor binding differences between a(h3n2)v and ancestral seasonal h3n2 influenza viruses. | influenza a h3n2 variant [a(h3n2)v] viruses, which have caused human infections in the united states in recent years, originated from human seasonal h3n2 viruses that were introduced into north american swine in the mid-1990s, but they are antigenically distinct from both the ancestral and current circulating h3n2 strains. a reference a(h3n2)v virus, a/minnesota/11/2010 (mn/10), and a seasonal h3n2 strain, a/beijing/32/1992 (bj/92), were chosen to determine the molecular basis for the antigenic ... | 2017 | 27807224 |
| lyssaviruses and rabies: current conundrums, concerns, contradictions and controversies. | lyssaviruses are bullet-shaped, single-stranded, negative-sense rna viruses and the causative agents of the ancient zoonosis rabies. africa is the likely home to the ancestors of taxa residing within the genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae. diverse lyssaviruses are envisioned as co-evolving with bats, as the ultimate reservoirs, over seemingly millions of years. in terms of relative distribution, overt abundance, and resulting progeny, rabies virus is the most successful lyssavirus species to ... | 2017 | 28299201 |
| proliferative enteropathy caused by lawsonia intracellularis in chickens. | proliferative enteropathy (pe) is an infectious disease caused by lawsonia intracellularis (li), an obligate intracellular bacterium. pe is endemic in swine herds and has been reported in a variety of mammals including horses, hamsters, rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, ferrets, foxes, dogs, sheep, deer and non-human primates. avian cases are reported only in ratite birds, including emus and ostriches. some studies show an absence of lawsonia spp. infection in chickens. in this study, we performed mor ... | 2017 | 28034455 |
| experimental hendra virus infection of dogs: virus replication, shedding and potential for transmission. | characterisation of experimental hendra virus (hev) infection in dogs and assessment of associated transmission risk. | 2017 | 28124415 |
| peromyscus as a model system for human hepatitis c: an opportunity to advance our understanding of a complex host parasite system. | worldwide, there are 185 million people infected with hepatitis c virus and approximately 350,000 people die each year from hepatitis c associated liver diseases. human hepatitis c research has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate in vivo model system. most of the in vivo research has been conducted on chimpanzees, which is complicated by ethical concerns, small sample sizes, high costs, and genetic heterogeneity. the house mouse system has led to greater understanding of a wide variety o ... | 2017 | 27498234 |
| genetic and physicochemical analyses of a novel ferret hepatitis e virus, and clinical signs of infection after birth. | a novel cluster of five ferret hepatitis e virus (hev) strains was detected from nine laboratory ferrets (mustela putorius furo) imported from a ferret farm in the u.s. our detection of ferret hev rna and anti-hev antibodies, and alanine aminotransferase (alt) value assessment indicated that all of the 9 ferrets were infected with ferret hev, and that the infection exhibited three patterns: sub-clinical infection (n=2), acute hepatitis (n=6) and persistent infection (n=1). next-generation sequen ... | 2017 | 28347753 |
| novel urease-negative helicobacter sp. 'h. enhydrae sp. nov.' isolated from inflamed gastric tissue of southern sea otters. | a total of 31 sea otters enhydra lutris nereis found dead or moribund (and then euthanized) were necropsied in california, usa. stomach biopsies were collected and transected with equal portions frozen or placed in formalin and analyzed histologically and screened for helicobacter spp. in gastric tissue. helicobacter spp. were isolated from 9 sea otters (29%); 58% (18 of 31) animals were positive for helicobacter by pcr. the helicobacter sp. was catalase- and oxidase-positive and urease-negative ... | 2017 | 28177288 |
| exploiting interspecific olfactory communication to monitor predators. | olfaction is the primary sense of many mammals and subordinate predators use this sense to detect dominant species, thereby reducing the risk of an encounter and facilitating coexistence. chemical signals can act as repellents or attractants and may therefore have applications for wildlife management. we devised a field experiment to investigate whether dominant predator (ferret mustela furo) body odor would alter the behavior of three common mesopredators: stoats (mustela erminea), hedgehogs (e ... | 2017 | 27983773 |
| connexin36 expression in the mammalian retina: a multiple-species comparison. | much knowledge about interconnection of human retinal neurons is inferred from results on animal models. likewise, there is a lack of information on human retinal electrical synapses/gap junctions (gj). connexin36 (cx36) forms gjs in both the inner and outer plexiform layers (ipl and opl) in most species including humans. however, a comparison of cx36 gj distribution in retinas of humans and popular animal models has not been presented. to this end a multiple-species comparison was performed in ... | 2017 | 28337128 |
| fleas of black-footed ferrets and their potential role in the movement of plague. | sylvatic plague is one of the major impediments to the recovery of the black-footed ferret ( mustela nigripes ) because it decimates their primary prey species, prairie dogs ( cynomys spp.), and directly causes mortality in ferrets. fleas are the primary vector of yersinia pestis , the causative agent of sylvatic plague. the goal of this research was to better understand the flea fauna of ferrets and the factors that might influence flea abundance on ferrets. fleas from ferrets were tested for y ... | 2017 | 28384062 |
| targeting alpha toxin to mitigate its lethal toxicity in ferret and rabbit models of staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia. | the role broad-spectrum antibiotics play in the spread of antimicrobial resistance, coupled with their effect on the healthy microbiome, has led to advances in pathogen-specific approaches for the prevention or treatment of serious bacterial infections. one approach in clinical testing is passive immunization with a monoclonal antibody (mab) targeting alpha toxin for the prevention or treatment of staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. passive immunization with the human anti-alpha toxin mab, medi4893 ... | 2017 | 28115346 |
| novel highly pathogenic avian a(h5n2) and a(h5n8) influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 from north america have limited capacity for replication and transmission in mammals. | highly pathogenic influenza a(h5n8) viruses from clade 2.3.4.4 were introduced to north america by migratory birds in the fall of 2014. reassortment of a(h5n8) viruses with avian viruses of north american lineage resulted in the generation of novel a(h5n2) viruses with novel genotypes. through sequencing of recent avian influenza viruses, we identified pb1 and np gene segments very similar to those in the viruses isolated from north american waterfowl prior to the introduction of a(h5n8) to nort ... | 2017 | 27303732 |
| molecular epidemiology of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 hemagglutinin gene circulating in são paulo state , brazil: 2016 anticipated influenza season. | compared to previous years, seasonal influenza activity commenced early in são paulo state, brazil, southern hemisphere during the 2016 year. in order to investigate the genetic pattern of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 in the state of sao paulo a total of 479 respiratory samples, collected in january by sentinel surveillance units, were screened by real-time rt-pcr. a total of 6 influenza viruses a(h1n1)pdm09 presenting ct values ≤ 30 were sequenced following phylogenetic analysis. the present study id ... | 2017 | 28380120 |
| h1n1 influenza viruses varying widely in hemagglutinin stability transmit efficiently from swine to swine and to ferrets. | a pandemic-capable influenza virus requires a hemagglutinin (ha) surface glycoprotein that is immunologically unseen by most people and is capable of supporting replication and transmission in humans. ha stabilization has been linked to 2009 ph1n1 pandemic potential in humans and h5n1 airborne transmissibility in the ferret model. swine have served as an intermediate host for zoonotic influenza viruses, yet the evolutionary pressure exerted by this host on ha stability was unknown. for over 70 c ... | 2017 | 28282440 |
| generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in mice and ferrets. | new influenza vaccines that provide effective and broad protection are desperately needed. live attenuated viruses are attractive vaccine candidates because they can elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. however, recent formulations of live attenuated influenza vaccines (laivs) have not been protective. we combined high-coverage transposon mutagenesis of influenza virus with a rapid high-throughput screening for attenuation to generate w7-791, a live attenuated mutant virus strain. ... | 2017 | 28279345 |
| selection of multi-drug resistant influenza a and b viruses under zanamivir pressure and their replication fitness in ferrets. | intravenous zanamivir has been used to treat patients with severe influenza. because the majority of cases (including immunocompromised patients) require the drug for an extended period of treatment, there is a higher risk that the virus will develop resistance. therefore, knowing the possible amino acid substitutions that may arise in recently circulating influenza strains under prolonged zanamivir exposure and their impact on antiviral susceptibility is important. | 2017 | 28195559 |
| defining the antibody cross-reactome directed against the influenza virus surface glycoproteins. | infection with influenza virus induces antibodies to the viral surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and these responses can be broadly protective. to assess the breadth and magnitude of antibody responses, we sequentially infected mice, guinea pigs and ferrets with divergent h1n1 or h3n2 subtypes of influenza virus. we measured antibody responses by elisa of an extensive panel of recombinant glycoproteins representing the viral diversity in nature. guinea pigs developed high ti ... | 2017 | 28192418 |
| swine influenza virus (h1n2) characterization and transmission in ferrets, chile. | phylogenetic analysis of the influenza hemagglutinin gene (ha) has suggested that commercial pigs in chile harbor unique human seasonal h1-like influenza viruses, but further information, including characterization of these viruses, was unavailable. we isolated influenza virus (h1n2) from a swine in a backyard production farm in central chile and demonstrated that the ha gene was identical to that in a previous report. its ha and neuraminidase genes were most similar to human h1 and n2 viruses f ... | 2017 | 28098524 |
| recent h3n2 viruses have evolved specificity for extended, branched human-type receptors, conferring potential for increased avidity. | human and avian influenza viruses recognize different sialic acid-containing receptors, referred to as human-type (neuacα2-6gal) and avian-type (neuacα2-3gal), respectively. this presents a species barrier for aerosol droplet transmission of avian viruses in humans and ferrets. recent reports have suggested that current human h3n2 viruses no longer have strict specificity toward human-type receptors. using an influenza receptor glycan microarray with extended airway glycans, we find that h3n2 vi ... | 2017 | 28017661 |