Publications

a randomized trial of daily and thrice-weekly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. terry beirn community programs for clinical research on aids (cpcra)	we enrolled 2,625 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients into a randomized trial to assess the efficacy and tolerability of daily vs. thrice-weekly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160 mg/800 mg) for prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). the rate of pcp was 3.5 and 4.1 per 100 person-years in the daily and thrice-weekly groups, respectively, with a relative risk (rr) of 0.82 (95% confidence interval [ci], 0.61-1.09; p = .16) (rr of <1.0 favors daily trimethoprim-sulfamethoxa ...	1999	10589887
editorial response: prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia--an evolving tale of two populations.		1999	10589888
detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in the air filter of a ventilated patient with aids.		1999	10589930
blood eosinophilia in tacrolimus-treated patients: an indicator of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in immunocompromised patients is suggested if the following symptoms develop: dyspnea, fever, and interstitial infiltrates on chest x-ray. we observed a significant blood eosinophilia in kidney recipients with pcp under immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus.	1999	10589963
identification and characterization of novel variant major surface glycoprotein gene families in rat pneumocystis carinii.	the major surface glycoprotein (msg) is an abundant, immunodominant protein on the surface of the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii. the current study identified two novel variant msg (vmsg) gene families in rat p. carinii that are closely related to but distinct from msg. these gene families encode proteins of approximately 90 kda (v1msg) and approximately 115 kda (v2msg). compared with msg, v1msg is characterized by a deletion near the carboxyl terminus. the predicted v1msg and v2msg ...	1999	9841839
detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in blood specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by nested pcr.	the detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in blood by pcr could be useful for studying the natural history of pneumocystosis and could also be a noninvasive diagnostic method. the results of previous studies are nevertheless conflicting. in our study, we compared three commercially available dna extraction kits (genereleaser, qiaamp tissue kit, and readyamp genomic dna purification system) and proteinase k and proteinase k-phenol-chloroform treatments for the extraction of p. carinii dna from di ...	1999	9854076
viral and pneumocystis carinii infections of the lung in the immunocompromised host.	viruses and pneumocystis carinii are significant causes of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, particularly patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity. they are often simultaneously considered in the differential diagnosis of diffuse pneumonitis in these patients and, because radiographic appearances and the periods of vulnerability to these infections may overlap, may be difficult to differentiate. this article will correlate radiographic findings to evolving histopathologic changes in ...	1999	9894951
pneumocysterol [(24z)-ethylidenelanost-8-en-3beta-ol], a rare sterol detected in the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii hominis: structural identity and chemical synthesis.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains among the most prevalent opportunistic infections among aids patients. currently, drugs used clinically for deep mycosis act by binding ergosterol or disrupting its biosynthesis. although classified as a fungus, p. carinii lacks ergosterol. instead, the pathogen synthesizes a number of distinct delta7, 24-alkylsterols, despite the abundance of cholesterol, which it can scavenge from the lung alveolus. thus, the pathogen-specific sterols appear vital f ...	1999	9874778
therapeutic potential of terbinafine in subcutaneous and systemic mycoses.	mycoses vary widely in severity, and may present as superficial, subcutaneous and/or systemic infection. effective treatments for most superficial mycoses now exist, but new agents with convenient dosing regimens and a low level of adverse events are still needed to reduce morbidity and mortality from serious subcutaneous and systemic fungal infections. in vitro, terbinafine exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against the pathogenic fungi responsible for deep mycoses. clinical data, while not ...	1999	10730913
pneumocystis carinii infection in young non-immunosuppressed rabbits. kinetics of infection and of the primary specific immune response.	the aim of this study was to determine the kinetics, the dissemination of the infection and the immunological response to pneumocystis carinii primary infection in a non-immunosuppressed rabbit model. for this purpose, we developed a nested pcr that amplified a portion of the mitochondrial large-subunit rrna gene of rabbit-derived p. carinii. the pcr detected p. carinii dna in lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from 14- to 45-day-old rabbits but not in their serum. no p. carinii dna was dete ...	1999	10691087
epidemiology of pediatric aids in puerto rico: 1981-1998.	the objective of this study was to describe the aids-defining conditions (adc) and survival experience of pediatric aids cases (< 13 years age) reported in puerto rico. a descriptive analysis of the data gathered by the puerto rico aids surveillance system was performed. data for the 377 pediatric aids cases reported from january 1981 through june 1998 were reviewed. survival curves following aids diagnosis were estimated using the kaplan--meier method and differences between curves were assesse ...	1999	10743510
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) at ga-rankuwa hospital.	pneumocystis carinii is recognized as one of the leading causes of death in aids patients in developed countries but its role in this regard in developing countries appears to be less prominent. sub-saharan african countries, in spite of their high hiv prevalence, have hardly recorded any cases. we report the first microbiologically proven case of pcp in an adult patient at ga-rankuwa hospital. a 37 year old african woman was referred to ga-rankuwa hospital from the local clinic for chest infect ...	1999	10746400
major surface glycoprotein genes from pneumocystis carinii f. sp. ratti.	pneumocystis carinii occurs in a variety of mammals, each of which harbors one or more genetically distinct "special forms" of the microbe. laboratory rats can be infected by two special forms, p. carinii f. sp. ratti and p. carinii f. sp. carinii. p. carinii f. sp. carinii has a variable antigen, the major surface glycoprotein (msg), the expression of which is controlled by genetic recombination. recombination may involve the crje, a 23-bp dna sequence element invariant among p. carinii f. sp. ...	1999	10669586
microbiologically proven pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) at ga-rankuwa hospital.		1999	10678196
hiv & aids in older adults.	many americans mistakenly believe that older adults are not at risk for hiv/aids. older people do not perceive themselves to be at risk for hiv infection, either. in reality, approximately 10% of aids cases are among people older than 50. many health care providers lack an awareness of the risk of hiv/aids in the elderly population, and as a result, many older people with these conditions are misdiagnosed with other ailments. major manifestations of hiv/aids in elderly adults include pneumocysti ...	1999	10703354
search for agents causing atypical pneumonia in hiv-positive patients by inhibitor-controlled pcr assays.	pneumonia is one of the most frequent complications in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-patients with pneumocystis carinii as the leading cause. the true prevalence of atypical agents such as chlamydia pneumoniae, c. trachomatis, legionella pneumophila and mycoplasma pneumoniae in this population of patients is unknown as the currently used method for diagnosing these agents is measurement of antibody levels. however, this method is of limited value in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positi ...	1999	10836344
pulmonary manifestations of pediatric hiv infection.	vertically acquired hiv infection is becoming increasingly common in india. the main clinical manifestations of hiv in childhood are growth failure, lymphadenopathy, chronic cough and fever, recurrent pulmonary infections, and persistent diarrhoea. pulmonary disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric aids, manifesting itself in more than 80% of cases. the most common causes are pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (lip), recurrent bac ...	1999	10798157
pneumonia due to unusual organisms in children.	generally antimicrobials for treatment of pneumonia are chosen to target the usual bacterial etiological agents. such regimens are unable to cure patients of pneumonia caused by 'unusual organisms' mycoplasma, chlamydia, pneumocystis carinii and legionella pneumophilus). thus, there is a need to anticipate their presence in appropriate cases and to plan the initial antimicrobial therapy accordingly. studies in europe as well as india have shown that such infections form a fairly substantial perc ...	1999	10798161
factors associated with the time elapsed between the initial detection of hiv-1 antibodies and a diagnosis of aids among patients followed in lyons university hospitals. cisih collaborators.	to identify the factors associated with a short period between the initial detection of hiv-1 antibodies and aids diagnosis among patients from lyons, france.	1999	10754941
knowledge of prophylaxis treatment therapy among hiv-positive prisoners.	the present study examined the level of knowledge and understanding of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) treatment therapy among heterosexual and non-heterosexual inmates (prisoners) with hiv-infection. this study seeks to determine if any differences exist between hiv-positive inmates based on sexual orientation, with reference to pcp treatment therapy. it is our contention that this effort will provide health professionals with valuable insight regarding delivering expanded care for hiv-inf ...	1999	10755030
intestinal tuberculosis presenting as fever of unknown origin in a heart transplant patient.	patients undergoing transplantation have an increased risk of developing infections such as tuberculosis, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, candida infections or cytomegalovirus infections because of their immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin a, azathioprine and steroids. mycobacterial infection is well recognized as a complication in the immunocompromised host but diagnosis and therapy are very difficult.	1999	10885848
acute spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a child with hodgkin's disease and pulmonary fibrosis.	a case of acute spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a 13-year-old boy suffering from hodgkin's disease and pulmonary fibrosis is reported. he was initially treated for pneumocystis carinii but his respiratory function progressively deteriorated, and fibrosis secondary to bleomycin was suspected. the day before the admission to the pediatric intensive care unit the patient complained of anterior thoracic pain, and a chest x-ray revealed a left-sided small spontaneous pneumothorax and pneumomediastin ...	1999	10100279
improved survival among hiv-infected patients after initiation of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens.	the efficacy of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens in the treatment of patients infected with hiv has been established in several randomized clinical trials. however, the effectiveness of these new regimens in patient populations outside clinical trials remain unproven. this study compared mortality and aids-free survival among hiv-infected patients in british columbia who were treated with double- and triple-drug regimens.	1999	10102000
discontinuation of prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-1-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.	prophylactic drugs for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are strongly recommended for hiv-1-infected patients with cd4 cell counts of less than 200 cells/microl. because of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) currently available, we speculated that prophylaxis can be discontinued in patients with cd4 cell counts of more than 200 cells/microl.	1999	9923876
high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy with corticosteroids in previously intolerant patients with aids-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1999	10086465
elevated non-transferrin bound iron in the lungs of patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	the aim of the present work was to determine the concentrations of iron and iron-binding proteins in the lungs of patients suffering from pneumocystis carinii (pcp), which is crucial for justifying the treatment with iron-chelating agents in this disease.	1999	10090500
synthesis and antiparasitic and antitumor activity of 2, 4-diamino-6-(arylmethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline analogues of piritrexim.	nineteen previously undescribed 2,4-diamino-6-(arylmethyl)-5,6,7, 8-tetrahydroquinazolines (5a-m, 10-12) were synthesized as part of a larger effort to assess the therapeutic potential of lipophilic dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors against opportunistic infections of aids. condensation of appropriately substituted (arylmethyl)triphenylphosphoranes with 4, 4-ethylenedioxycyclohexanone, followed by hydrogenation (h2/pd-c) and acidolysis, yielded the corresponding 4-(arylmethyl)cyclohexano ...	1999	10090784
laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii infections by pcr directed to genes encoding for mitochondrial 5s and 28s ribosomal rna.	pcr with 5s mitochondrial ribosomal rna (5s) target is a sensitive and specific assay for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in clinical specimens from the respiratory tract. we developed an oligonucleotide probe directed to a 200 bp amplicon generated by fungal-specific universal primers that anneals with sequences specific for p. carinii in the 28s ribosomal rna gene (28s). of 50 archived bronchoalveolar lavage 1(bal) specimens, 46 of 50 samples (92% agreement) gave the same result (23 posi ...	1999	10092964
[dyspnea, fever in immunodeficiency. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].		1999	10097644
application of random effects models and other methods to the analysis of multidimensional quality of life data in an aids clinical trial.	current analytic methods applied to multidimensional health-related quality of life (hrqol) data do not borrow strength across analyses and do not produce summary estimates of effect.	1999	10098569
viruses and bacteria in bronchial samples from patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia.	viruses and bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, protected specimen brush samples, and bronchial biopsies from 14 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia (11 patients with common variable immunodeficiency [cvid] and three patients with x-linked agammaglobulinemia [xla]) were analyzed. at the time of the study, the patients had no signs of acute respiratory infections, and no antibiotics were administered. in addition to routine bacterial and viral cultures, polymerase chain reaction te ...	1999	10194166
ligand-induced conformational changes in the crystal structures of pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase complexes with folate and nadp+.	structural data from two independent crystal forms (p212121 and p21) of the folate (fa) binary complex and from the ternary complex with the oxidized coenzyme, nadp+, and recombinant pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase (pcdhfr) refined to an average of 2.15 a resolution, show the first evidence of ligand-induced conformational changes in the structure of pcdhfr. these data are also compared with the crystal structure of the ternary complex of methotrexate (mtx) with nadph and pcdhfr in ...	1999	10194348
pneumocystosis versus pulmonary pneumocystis carinii colonization in hiv-negative and hiv-positive patients.		1999	10197390
prognostic value of plasma hiv rna in the natural history of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus and mycobacterium avium complex. multicenter aids cohort study.	to use follow-up on untreated hiv-positive men to assess the prognostic information provided by baseline data on plasma hiv rna, cd4 cell count, age, and hiv-related symptom status, separately for three specific aids-defining illnesses: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and mycobacterium avium complex (mac).	1999	10199224
bone marrow macrophage iron grade and survival of hiv-seropositive patients.	increased iron stores predispose to certain microbial infections. this association might be especially important in patients whose immune system is impaired by hiv. this study examined the relationship between iron stores and the survival times of patients with hiv infection.	1999	10199228
the impact of potent antiretroviral therapy on the characteristics of hospitalized patients with hiv infection.	despite advances in antiretroviral treatment, a large number of hiv-infected patients still require hospitalization. this study describes the characteristics of hiv patients requiring hospitalization before and after the advent of potent antiretroviral therapies.	1999	10199233
evidence for cdc2 gene in pneumocystis carinii hominis and its implication for culture.		1999	10199234
hypercalcaemia caused by pneumocystis carinii pneumonia while in leukaemic remission.		1999	10200829
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].		1999	10201241
access and use of medications in hiv disease.	to examine if measures of access to medical care are associated with outpatient use of antiretroviral and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) medications among a cohort of individuals with hiv disease.	1999	10201855
the lung in the immunocompromised patient. infectious complications part 1.	pulmonary infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the immunosuppressed patient. among the infections encountered are pneumocystis carinii, mycobacterial, fungal, and bacterial infection. in this review, we will discuss these various possible infections, their frequency of occurrence, and their clinical presentation in the various immunosuppressed groups.	1999	10202312
aids diagnoses at higher cd4 counts in australia following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment.	to assess whether aids cases in australia have been diagnosed at higher cd4 counts since the widespread availability of highly active antiretroviral treatment (haart) in mid-1996.	1999	10202833
predictors of survival and eradication of mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia (mac) in aids patients in the canadian randomized mac treatment trial. canadian hiv trials network protocol 010 study group.	to assess the importance of baseline characteristics including medical history, indicators of current disease status, therapeutic drug use, in vitro drug susceptibility, immune status and mycobacterial load on bacteriologic response and survival in hiv-positive patients with mycobacterium avium complex (mac) bacteremia.	1999	10203382
latent pneumocystis carinii infection in commercial rat colonies: comparison of inductive immunosuppressants plus histopathology, pcr, and serology as detection methods.	histopathologic evaluation combined with a period of immunosuppression has been the standard procedure for detection of pneumocystis carinii in commercial rat colonies. variation in induction regimens and in the sensitivity of detection methods may result in underreporting of the presence of p. carinii in breeding colonies or delay its detection. in the present study, methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide were evaluated for the ability to induce p. carinii infection in rats from an enzooticall ...	1999	10203502
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the federal republic of germany in the era of changing antiretroviral therapy - idkf 13 -. german aids study group (gasg/idkf).	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is one of the most common aids defining diagnoses.	1999	10205287
an hiv autopsy--characterization of zidovudine-resistant subtype e hiv-1 from autopsy tissue suggests the route of infection and an alternative protocol of therapy.	this cpc concerns a 47-year-old male patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the patient became symptomatic when he developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, but recovered sufficiently to be treated as an outpatient. two years after falling ill, he developed septic shock and died within a short time. during this period, he failed to respond to hiv drugs, and there was no improvement in his immunodeficient status. the hiv retrieved from the patient's organs at autopsy was found to ...	1999	10206018
defects of t-cell effector function and post-thymic maturation in x-linked hyper-igm syndrome.	x-linked hyper-igm syndrome (xhim) results from mutations in the gene encoding for cd40 ligand (cd154). patients with the syndrome suffer from infections with opportunistic pathogens such as cryptosporidium and pneumocystis carinii. in this study, we demonstrate that activated t cells from patients with xhim produce markedly reduced levels of ifn-gamma, fail to induce antigen-presenting cells to synthesize il-12, and induce greatly reduced levels of tnf-alpha. in addition, we show that the patie ...	1999	10207167
performance of an algorithm to detect pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in symptomatic hiv-infected persons. pulmonary complications of hiv infection study group.	to determine whether an algorithm consisting of a chest radiograph and the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (d(lco)) is effective in detecting pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) in symptomatic hiv-infected persons; and to establish a benchmark for future comparisons of alternative algorithms.	1999	10208204
discrimination of rat-derived pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii and pneumocystis carinii f. sp. ratti using the polymerase chain reaction.	the rat model of pneumocystis carinii infection is widely used for the study of this non-culturable pathogen. two genetically divergent <<special forms>> of the organism have been detected in infected rat lungs, p. carinii formae specialis carinii and p. carinii formae specialis ratti, in some cases as a co-infection. we have developed a simple and rapid method to analyse rat-derived p. carinii samples, based on dna amplification of a portion of the gene encoding the mitochondrial large subunit ...	1999	10208806
cell surface protease prt1 identified in the fungal pathogen pneumocystis carinii.	the subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes of many organisms contain gene families that allow adaptation to a changing environment. in a number of parasites, these subtelomeric gene families encode cell surface proteins that undergo antigenic variation. proteases are another important virulence determinant in pathogenic microorganisms. we report the localization of the prt1 protease of the pathogenic fungus pneumocystis carinii sp. f. carinii, encoded by a subtelomeric gene family, to the cell ...	1999	10209745
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with connective tissue diseases: the role of hospital experience in diagnosis and mortality.	pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii has been increasingly reported in patients with connective tissue diseases, but the frequency of this complication is not known. we sought to determine the frequency of p carinii pneumonia (pcp) in patients with connective tissue diseases, and to determine the role that a hospital's acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids)-related experience may have in the diagnosis of pcp in these patients.	1999	10211894
determinants of survival in hiv-positive patients.	variation in the clinical stage at which aids is diagnosed has hindered the ability of investigators to generate survival estimates which are stable across study cohorts. as a result, little is known about how clinical and sociodemographic factors are associated with survival, independent of aids diagnosis stage. by estimating survival following seroconversion while adjusting for baseline cd4 lymphocyte count, the present study generated survival determinants which were unconfounded by time-rela ...	1999	10215125
withdrawal of prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1999	10218521
discontinuation of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after start of highly active antiretroviral therapy in hiv-1 infection. eurosida study group.	highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has improved rates of cd4-lymphocyte recovery and decreased the incidence of hiv-1-related morbidity and mortality. we assessed whether prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) can be safely discontinued after haart is started.	1999	10218526
determinants of short- and long-term outcome in patients with respiratory failure caused by aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to determine (1) predictors of in-hospital mortality and long-term survival in patients with acute respiratory failure (arf) caused by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and (2) long-term survival for patients with arf relative to those without arf.	1999	10218755
discontinuation of primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-1-infected adults treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. swiss hiv cohort study.	it is unclear whether primary prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia can be discontinued in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) who are successfully treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. we prospectively studied the safety of stopping prophylaxis among patients in the swiss hiv cohort study.	1999	10219064
does pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis still need to be lifelong?		1999	10219072
is streptococcus pneumoniae the leading cause of pneumonia of unknown etiology? a microbiologic study of lung aspirates in consecutive patients with community-acquired pneumonia.	although a wide variety of recognized pathogens can cause community-acquired pneumonia, in many patients the etiology remains unknown after routine diagnostic workup. the aim of this study was to identify the causal agent in these patients by obtaining lung aspirates with transthoracic needle aspiration.	1999	10225239
concurrent infection with legionella pneumophila and pneumocystis carinii in a patient with adult t cell leukemia.	a 48-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with high fever, chills, cough, and exertional dyspnea. on admission, the chest roentgenogram and computed tomography scan showed bilateral alveolar infiltration in the middle and lower lung fields. microscopic examination of the bronchial lavage fluid showed flower cells typical for adult t-cell leukemia (atl) and cysts of pneumocystis carinii, and legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 grew on buffered charcoal yeast extract (bcye)-alpha agar. the p ...	1999	10225673
gamma interferon stimulates rat alveolar macrophages to kill pneumocystis carinii by l-arginine- and tumor necrosis factor-dependent mechanisms.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains a serious complication for immunocompromised patients. in the present study, p. carinii organisms interacted with gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-stimulated alveolar macrophages (ams) to activate the l-arginine-dependent cytocidal pathway involving reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) that were assayed as nitrite (no2-). unstimulated cultures of ams produced negligible quantities of rni. addition of p. carinii organisms to ifn-gamma-primed ams resulted in gre ...	1999	10024581
[pneumocystis carinii is still a dangerous opportunist. the infection is continuously a threat to immunocompromised patients].	despite recent decrease in the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) among patients infected with hiv (human immunodeficiency virus), pcp remains a threat to other categories of immunocompromised patients. the article provides an outline of recent, mainly molecular genetic, findings in p. carinii research, including its new classification as a primitive fungus, host specificity and verified de novo infection in hiv-infected subjects. as the pathogen still defies propagation in vitro, ...	1999	10024821
intranasal immunization confers protection against murine pneumocystis carinii lung infection.	to evaluate the feasibility of mucosal immunization against pneumocystis carinii (pc) experimental infection, female balb/c mice were intranasally immunized three times with soluble pc antigens plus cholera toxin fraction b (pc-ctb); control groups received either pc antigen, ctb, or phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) alone. two weeks after the last immunization, five animals from each group were sacrificed, and cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated. the remaining five mice were cd4 ...	1999	9916094
urokinase-type plasminogen activator in inflammatory cell recruitment and host defense against pneumocystis carinii in mice.	effective host defense against pneumocystis carinii depends upon the integrated actions of inflammatory cells and mediators in the lungs. using immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice, our laboratory has defined inflammatory changes in the lungs in response to p. carinii. however, the essential molecules and mechanisms required for cellular recruitment and for host defense against p. carinii are undefined. we hypothesized that urokinase-type plasminogen activator (upa), a protease intimately i ...	1999	9916103
successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in four children with malignant disease and severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	toxic deaths due to intensified treatment are of increasing concern in view of the generally improved prognosis for children with malignancies. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) during immunosuppressive treatment in children with malignancies is a severe complication with a poor prognosis if mechanical ventilation is required. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) is a recognized technique that provides temporary respiratory support for patients with intractable respiratory failure.	1999	9917749
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mutant mice deficient in both tcralphabeta and tcrgammadelta cells: cytokine and antibody responses.	resistance to pneumocystis carinii is achieved through cell-mediated and humoral immunity, but the interplay between these two systems in the immunocompetent host is not fully understood. tcrbetaxdelta-/- double-mutant mice deficient of all t cell populations naturally acquired p. carinii pneumonia with lethal consequences. moribund mutants displayed numbers of pulmonary pathogens comparable to rag-1-/- mice lacking all functional t and b lymphocytes. pulmonary lavage cells of diseased tcrbetaxd ...	1999	9878031
bilateral upper-lobe cavitary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient on dapsone prophylaxis.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) presenting as bilateral upper-lobe cavitary disease is rare. isolated upper-lobe involvement has traditionally been associated with aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. dapsone is a cheap and effective prophylactic agent against p carinii in patients who cannot tolerate trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. this is a case of a man who presented with bilateral upper-lobe cavitary p carinii pneumonia despite being on dapsone prophylaxis. bronchoalveolar lavage was neg ...	1999	10037118
pneumocystis carinii severe pneumonia among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in thailand: the effect of a primary prophylaxis strategy.	a knowledge of the epidemiology of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is important for the development of a strategy for primary pcp prophylaxis and empiric treatment for severe pneumonia in hiv-infected children. however, little is known about the epidemiology of pcp in developing countries. objective. to measure the relative rate of pcp among hospitalized hiv-infected children with severe pneumonia in bangkok and evaluate the effect of a strategy of primary pcp prophylaxis in hiv-exposed inf ...	1999	10048687
effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis on bacterial illness, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and death in persons with aids.	to measure the effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in preventing bacterial illness, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and death in people with aids, we conducted a retrospective medical record review of 1078 persons who were observed for 3 years on average who attended nine outpatient facilities in seattle, washington between january 1990 and april 1996. we calculated relative risk estimates to measure the protective effect of tmp-smx on the development of major bacterial illne ...	1999	10048909
continuous axenic cultivation of pneumocystis carinii.	continuous axenic culture of pneumocystis carinii has been achieved. a culture vessel is used that allows for frequent medium exchange without disturbance of organisms that grow attached to a collagen-coated porous membrane. the growth medium is based on minimal essential medium with earle's salt supplemented with s-adenosyl-l-methionine, putrescine, ferric pyrophosphate, n-acetyl glucosamine, putrescine, p-aminobenzoic acid, l-cysteine and l-glutamine, and horse serum. incubation is in room air ...	1999	10051654
should prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients ever be discontinued?	solid organ transplant recipients are at risk for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), but the risk of pcp beyond 1 year is poorly defined. we identified 25 cases of pcp in 1,299 patients undergoing solid organ transplantation between 1987 and 1996 at the cleveland clinic foundation (4.8 cases per 1,000 person transplant-years [pty]). ten (36%) of 28 pcp cases (transplantation was performed before 1987 in three cases) occurred > or = 1 year after transplantation, and no patient developed pcp wh ...	1999	10064238
editorial response: prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients--as long as the pros outweigh the cons.		1999	10064239
human immunodeficiency virus-associated fever of unknown origin: a study of 70 patients in the united states and review.	to characterize the clinical features of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated fever of unknown origin (fuo) in the united states, we performed a retrospective analysis of cases that fulfilled specific criteria (published by durack and street in 1991) at two medical centers in the united states between 1992 and 1997. seventy cases met criteria for hiv-associated fuo; the mean cd4 cell count was 58/mm3, and the mean duration of fever was 42 days. a cause of fuo was found in 56 of the 70 c ...	1999	10064253
immunological features of pneumocystis carinii infection in humans.		1999	10066645
opportunistic pneumocystis carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (saguinus labiatus).	p. carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (saguinus labiatus), born and maintained in a laboratory breeding colony, was examined by histopathologic examination postmortem. p. carinii cysts were detected in 6 of 10 red-bellied tamarins examined, by using grocott's, toluidine blue o and immunostaining with avidin-biotin complex using antisera for rat-, simian-, and human-p. carinii. the results obtained from the present studies imply that p. carinii may be an important pathogen in this species.	1999	10067208
seasonal dynamics of pneumocystis carinii in the field vole, microtus agrestis, and in the common shrew, sorex araneus, in finland.	seasonal dynamics of pneumocystis carinii in the field vole, microtus agrestis, and in the common shrew, sorex araneus, were investigated in southern and central finland by microscopical examination of methenamine silver-stained tissue sections. in both host species at both localities the number of p. carinii cyst forms was highest in late autumn (november). in s. araneus, prevalence was higher than in m. agrestis during all seasons. none of the animals was heavily infected or apparently ill, an ...	1999	10070655
ifn-gamma and cd8+ t cells restore host defenses against pneumocystis carinii in mice depleted of cd4+ t cells.	host defenses against infection are profoundly compromised in hiv-infected hosts due to progressive depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes and defective cell-mediated immunity. although recent advances in antiretroviral therapy can dramatically lower hiv viral load, blood cd4+ t lymphocytes are not restored to normal levels. therefore, we investigated mechanisms of host defense other than those involving cd4+ t lymphocytes against a common hiv-related opportunistic infection, pneumocystis carinii (pc) ...	1999	10072538
pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate and dapsone in aids patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	the objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate and dapsone in aids patients with moderate to severe pneumocystis pneumonia. trimetrexate, leucovorin, and dapsone were administered for 21 +/- 3 days in the following doses: trimetrexate glucuronate, 45 mg/m2; leucovorin, 20 mg/m2; and dapsone, 100 mg daily. the pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate, dapsone, and dapsone's metabolite, monoacetyldapsone, were determined at three separate periods over the course of treat ...	1999	10073326
in vitro suicide inhibition of self-splicing of a group i intron from pneumocystis carinii by an n3' --> p5' phosphoramidate hexanucleotide.	binding enhancement by tertiary interactions is a strategy that takes advantage of the higher order folding of functionally important rnas to bind short nucleic acid-based compounds tightly and more specifically than possible by simple base pairing. for example, tertiary interactions enhance binding of specific hexamers to a group i intron ribozyme from the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii by 1,000- to 100,000-fold relative to binding by only base pairing. one such hexamer, d(antngnan ...	1999	10077580
a new family of pneumocystis carinii genes related to those encoding the major surface glycoprotein.	a new family of pneumocystis carinii genes (called msr for msg-related) that encodes peptides related to the major surface glycoprotein (msg) is described. members of the msr sequence family are linked to msg genes and are located near the ends of at least 13 chromosomes. transcripts encoding different msr isoforms were present in a single population of p. carinii f. sp. carinii, showing that multiple msr genes were expressed. two size classes of msr mrna, 2.4 and 3.5 kb, were detected. both siz ...	1999	10079332
animal pneumocystosis: a model for man.	pneumocystis carinii is an important pulmonary pathogen responsible for morbidity and mortality in patients with aids. apart from aids, cases of pneumocystosis have been reported in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy associated with organ transplantation without chemoprophylaxis and in malignant blood diseases. in vitro models are only of limited interest because there is no continuous in vitro culture. the in vivo models have contributed a great deal to the understanding of human pneu ...	1999	10081109
bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with pneumocystis carinii infection in a liver transplant patient receiving tacrolimus.	we report on a case of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) after liver transplantation and tacrolimus based immunosuppression. radiologically, bilateral diffuse interstitial shadowing and patchy alveolar infiltrates developed after switching the patient from cyclosporin a to tacrolimus for persistent rejection. bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid showed inflammatory cells but no pathogenic organisms. open lung biopsy revealed b ...	1999	10081638
breakthrough pneumocystis carinii infections in lung and heart-lung transplant patients with chemoprophylaxis.		1999	10083076
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and pulmonary surfactant.		1999	10235122
inhibition of lung surfactant protein b expression during pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice.	the pathogenesis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) suggests an important role for dysfunction of the pulmonary surfactant system in the hypoxemic respiratory insufficiency associated with this infection. surfactant protein b (sp-b) is a hydrophobic protein shown to be essential for normal surfactant function in vivo. therefore, we hypothesized that the inhibition of sp-b expression occurs during pcp, and we tested this hypothesis in two immunodeficient animal models. pcp was induced in c.b ...	1999	10235125
abnormalities of serum amylase and lipase in hiv-positive patients.	we sought to study asymptomatic pancreatic enzyme abnormalities in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection.	1999	10235202
escalating multiple-dose safety and tolerance study of oral wr 6026 in hiv-infected subjects: aids clinical trials group 173.	wr 6026 is an 8-aminoquinoline with activity against pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in an animal model of p. carinii pneumonia that has predicted the clinical utility of related compounds. this study was conducted to assess the safety and tolerance of wr 6026 given once daily for 21 days to hiv-infected subjects with cd4 counts <500 cells/microl. this double-blind, placebo-controlled study employed wr 6026 doses starting at 30 mg once daily and increasing to 60, 90, 120, or 150 mg once daily. ...	1999	10235511
atovaquone suspension in hiv-infected volunteers: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tmp-smx interaction study.	to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of atovaquone suspension in volunteers infected with the human immunodeficiency virus ((hiv).	1999	10610011
antimicrobial activity of polycationic peptides.	the in vitro activity of six polycationic peptides, buforin ii, cecropin p1, indolicidin, magainin ii, nisin, and ranalexin, were evaluated against several clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic bacteria, yeasts, pneumocystis carinii and cryptosporidium parvum, by using microbroth dilution methods. the peptides exhibited different antibacterial activities and rapid time-dependent killing. the gram-negative organisms were more susceptible to buforin ii and cecropin p1, where ...	1999	10612440
[pathogenesis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	pneumocystis carinii is a ubiquitous fungus and opportunistic resident of the bronchoalveolar lumen of men and a variety of other mammalian species. this microorganism replicates under immunosuppressive conditions, ultimately resulting in lethal pneumonia (pcp) if left untreated. in the past decade, considerable progress has been made concerning the understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of this infection, mostly with the help of animal models such as scid (severe combined immunod ...	1999	10613069
karyotypes of pneumocystis carinii derived from several mammals.	pneumocystis carinii is the most important opportunistic pathogen of humans in the world. pneumocystis carinii is experimentally detected in the lungs of rats, mice, rabbits, and monkeys, however, the organisms from different mammals are identical in microscopic morphology. the present study tried to find out more mammalian hosts of p. carinii and also to differentiate the organisms from different mammals by karyotyping. rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits, cats, and dogs were successfully infected by ...	1999	10634044
epidemiology and risk of pulmonary disease.	although pulmonary diseases are important causes of illness and death in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, advances in treatment and the demographics of hiv-infected populations are changing their incidence and manifestations. the rates of acquires immune deficiency syndrome (aids)- related mortality and opportunistic infections have fallen drastically since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) in 1996. the risk of developing specific disorde ...	1999	10638509
screening and noninvasive testing for pulmonary disease.	although detection of preclinical disease using screening tests is desirable if earlier treatment improves outcome, the available data show no morbidity or mortality benefit using chest radiography, sputum analysis for pneumocystis carinii and acid-fast bacilli, or serial measurements of single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity to detect pulmonary disease in asymptomatic persons with hiv. it seems prudent to evaluate asymptomatic patients periodically with a careful history and focused p ...	1999	10638510
bronchoscopic techniques for the diagnosis of pulmonary complications of hiv infection.	bronchoscopy has played the central role in defining the spectrum of pulmonary disorders that occur in patients with hiv infection. transbronchial biopsy (tbb) and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) both have high yields in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and other infections. paradoxically, despite our knowledge and experience using bronchoscopy, controversy still exists regarding whether to attempt to make a bronchoscopic diagnosis in most patients with suspected pcp who have n ...	1999	10638511
bacterial pneumonia.	bacterial pneumonia is significantly more common in persons who are hiv-infected than in the general population and is most common among injection drug users and in persons with advanced hiv disease and immunosuppression. the clinical features of bacterial pneumonia are similar to those in hiv-seronegative persons, but bacteremia is more common. when a pathogen is identified, streptococcus pneumoniae is consistently the most common, occurring in 20% to 70% of cases. haemophilus influenzae, staph ...	1999	10638512
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	throughout the epidemic, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) has been the most common aids-defining opportunistic infection in the united states. with the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) and prophylaxis in patients known to be at risk, the incidence of pcp in patients with aids has declined dramatically. however, it is still seen regularly in patients with previously undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, those who do not comply with prophylacti ...	1999	10638513
cytomegalovirus pneumonia.	cytomegalovirus (cmv) pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic bone marrow transplant and lung transplant recipients. however, its role as a cause of lung disease in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is controversial. although cmv can be isolated from lung specimens in patients with hiv-associated respiratory illness, it is rarely the causative pathogen. most adults with hiv infection have latent cmv infection of many tissues including the lung, and ...	1999	10638515
thoracic surgical spectrum of hiv infection.	the thoracic surgeon is often called on to diagnose or treat a variety of disorders associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. surgical mediastinal exploration through cervical and anterior approaches is a safe and valuable modality in appropriately selected patients with unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy. open lung biopsy is used in a small subset of hiv-infected patients with undiagnosed diffuse or multifocal pulmonary disease, with an anticipated diagnostic yield of m ...	1999	10638516
intensive care of patients with hiv infection.	despite the improvements in the prognosis associated with the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), more than 410,000 people in the united states were reported to have died from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) by the end of 1998. the number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and aids in the united states continues to increase, estimated at more than 370,000 in 1998, and there is good reason for optimism that hiv infection may be a ...	1999	10638517
a retrospective study of the addition of ciprofloxacin to clarithromycin and ethambutol in the treatment of disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection.	disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (dmac) infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in hiv-infected individuals. the combination antibiotic regimens containing clarithromycin can decrease symptoms and improve survival in patients with dmac, however, optimal therapy remains to be defined. quinolones have been widely used in the treatment of dmac but their utility has not been established. a retrospective cohort study of dmac infection was established in a metropolitan h ...	1999	10639059
an unusual case of pneumocystis carinii presenting as an aural mass.	extrapulmonary involvement of organs with the protozoan pneumocystis carinii is rare. we describe a case of pneumocystis carinii presenting as an erosive aural mass in a young male patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. as far as the authors are aware such an example has never been described in a british journal and is the first case worldwide where otic pneumocystosis has extended into the middle cranial fossa. we also present a review of the literature on otological manifestations of ...	1999	10605587