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disease severity and viral load are correlated in infants with primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in the community.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, with remarkable variability in disease severity. factors determining severity of disease in previously healthy infants are still unclear. it was hypothesized that disease severity is correlated with viral load in primary rsv infection. infants of a healthy birth cohort were included at signs of their first respiratory tract infection. nasopharyngeal aspirate was obtained within 48-96 hr and disease sev ...201020513094
viral respiratory infections in hospitalized and community control children in alaska.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in alaska native children from the yukon kuskokwim (yk) delta is associated with a hospitalization rate five times higher than that reported for the general us child population. the role of other viral respiratory pathogens has not been studied in this population. yk delta children <3 years of age hospitalized with respiratory infections and same aged community control children were prospectively enrolled between october 2005 and september 2007. polymerase chain ...201020513097
respiratory syncytial virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies motavizumab and palivizumab inhibit fusion.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of virus-induced respiratory disease and hospitalization in infants. palivizumab, an rsv-neutralizing monoclonal antibody, is used clinically to prevent serious rsv-related respiratory disease in high-risk infants. motavizumab, an affinity-optimized version of palivizumab, was developed to improve protection against rsv. these antibodies bind rsv f protein, which plays a role in virus attachment and mediates fusion. determining how these antibod ...201020519399
respiratory syncytial virus limits alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eif2alpha) phosphorylation to maintain translation and viral replication.the impact of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) on morbidity and mortality is significant in that it causes bronchiolitis in infants, exacerbations in patients with obstructive lung disease, and pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. rsv activates protein kinase r (pkr), a cellular kinase relevant to limiting viral replication (groskreutz, d. j., monick, m. m., powers, l. s., yarovinsky, t. o., look, d. c., and hunninghake, g. w. (2006) j. immunol. 176, 1733-1740). it is activated by autophosphor ...201020519500
a highly attenuated recombinant human respiratory syncytial virus lacking the g protein induces long-lasting protection in cotton rats.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a primary cause of serious lower respiratory tract illness for which there is still no safe and effective vaccine available. using reverse genetics, recombinant (r)rsv and an rrsv lacking the g gene (deltag) were constructed based on a clinical rsv isolate (strain 98-25147-x).201020525213
a phase 2, randomized, double-blind safety and pharmacokinetic assessment of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis with motavizumab and palivizumab administered in the same season.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important pathogen causing annual epidemics of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants worldwide. high-risk infants currently receive rsv prophylaxis with palivizumab, a humanized rsv monoclonal antibody (mab). in preclinical in vitro and in vivo (cotton-rat model) studies, motavizumab, a new rsv mab, was shown to have greater anti-rsv activity than palivizumab. motavizumab is currently under review for licensing approval. since both mabs may be availabl ...201020525274
nmr relaxation studies of an rna-binding segment of the rous sarcoma virus gag polyprotein in free and bound states: a model for autoinhibition of assembly.assembly of retrovirus particles is promoted by interaction of the gag polyprotein with rna. nonspecific rna association with the nucleocapsid domain (nc) of gag induces the dimerization of gag through protein-protein contacts in the capsid domain (ca), followed by higher order assembly to form the immature virus particle. nmr relaxation studies were conducted to investigate the initial steps of rous sarcoma virus (rsv) assembly by examining the association with nucleic acid of a fragment of gag ...201020387899
an lypsl late domain in the gag protein contributes to the efficient release and replication of rous sarcoma virus.the efficient release of newly assembled retrovirus particles from the plasma membrane requires the recruitment of a network of cellular proteins (escrt machinery) normally involved in the biogenesis of multivesicular bodies and in cytokinesis. retroviruses and other enveloped viruses recruit the escrt machinery through three classes of short amino acid consensus sequences termed late domains: pt/sap, ppxy, and lypx(n)l. the major late domain of rous sarcoma virus (rsv) has been mapped to a pppy ...201020392845
heliox inhalation therapy for bronchiolitis in infants.acute viral bronchiolitis is associated with airway obstruction and turbulent gas flow. heliox, a mixture of oxygen and the inert gas helium, may improve gas flow through high-resistance airways and decrease the work of breathing.201020393951
children, parents and respiratory syncytial virus in palermo, italy: prevention is primary.a study was conducted to describe the characteristics of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection cases occurring in the season 2006-7 in palermo, italy, and to evaluate the parents' knowledge and behaviours concerning prevention and control of acute respiratory infections (aris). all children aged between 0 and 2 years, admitted for a lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) between october 2006 and may 2007, were enrolled in the study. data were collected about demographic and household ...201020395316
characterization of sirnas derived from rice stripe virus in infected rice plants by deep sequencing.rna interference is a natural defense against viruses in plants. to date, the only viral sirnas characterized have been those for positive-sense rna viruses with one or two genome components. here, we characterized sirnas derived from rice stripe virus (rsv), a member of the genus tenuivirus with four genomic rnas and an ambisense coding strategy. deep sequencing of small rnas from infected rice leaves showed that sirnas were derived almost equally from virion and complementary rna strands and w ...201020396917
global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.the global burden of disease attributable to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains unknown. we aimed to estimate the global incidence of and mortality from episodes of acute lower respiratory infection (alri) due to rsv in children younger than 5 years in 2005.201020399493
autonomic dysfunction with early respiratory syncytial virus-related infection.apparent life-threatening events (alte) and/or prolonged apnoea have been well-documented during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in infants less than 2 months of age but fundamental mechanisms remain unclear. the possibility of a central origin for the development of severe cardiac and respiratory events encouraged us, to explore the autonomic nervous system (ans) profile of infected infants, since ans activity may contribute to the constellation of symptoms observed during severe fo ...201020399711
control of rsv-induced lung injury by alternatively activated macrophages is il-4r alpha-, tlr4-, and ifn-beta-dependent.severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced bronchiolitis has been associated with a mixed "th1" and "th2" cytokine storm. we hypothesized that differentiation of "alternatively activated" macrophages (aa-m phi) would mediate the resolution of rsv-induced lung injury. rsv induced interleukin (il)-4 and il-13 by murine lung and peritoneal macrophages, il-4r alpha/stat6-dependent aa-m phi differentiation, and significantly enhanced inflammation in the lungs of il-4r alpha(-/-) mice. adoptive ...201020404812
self-inactivating alpharetroviral vectors with a split-packaging design.accidental insertional activation of proto-oncogenes and potential vector mobilization pose serious challenges for human gene therapy using retroviral vectors. comparative analyses of integration sites of different retroviral vectors have elucidated distinct target site preferences, highlighting vectors based on the alpharetrovirus rous sarcoma virus (rsv) as those with the most neutral integration spectrum. to date, alpharetroviral vector systems are based mainly on single constructs containing ...201020410274
respiratory syncytial virus-mediated nf-kappa b p65 phosphorylation at serine 536 is dependent on rig-i, traf6, and ikk beta.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the etiological agent of acute respiratory diseases, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia. the exacerbated production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the airways in response to rsv is an important pillar in the development of these pathologies. as such, a keen understanding of the mechanisms that modulate the inflammatory response during rsv infection is of pivotal importance to developing effective treatment. the nf-kappab transcription factor ...201020410276
emergency department septic screening in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and non-rsv bronchiolitis.to identify factors associated with culture-proven serious bacterial infection (sbi) and positive emergency department septic screening (edss) tests in children with bronchiolitis and to identify factors associated with the performance of edss.201020411078
narcissus tazetta lectin shows strong inhibitory effects against respiratory syncytial virus, influenza a (h1n1, h3n2, h5n1) and b viruses.a mannose-binding lectin (narcissus tazetta lectin [ntl]) with potent antiviral activity was isolated and purified from the bulbs of the chinese daffodil narcissus tazetta var. chinensis, using ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (deae)-cellulose, affinity chromatography on mannose-agarose and fast protein liquid chromatography (fplc)-gel filtration on superose 12. the purified lectin was shown to have an apparent molecular mass of 26 kda by gel filtration and 13 kda by sds-page, in ...201020413914
functional disorder of primary immunity responding to respiratory syncytial virus infection in offspring mice exposed to a flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether, perinatally.perinatal exposure to a representative flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (dbde), was shown previously to increase viral titers in the lungs of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-infected offspring on day 5 post-infection, resulting in exacerbation of pneumonia. in this study, the significant increase of pulmonary viral titers was confirmed even on day 1 post-infection and the effect on the primary immune response to rsv infection were examined to assess a mode of dbde action on devel ...201020419825
a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of an rnai-based therapy directed against respiratory syncytial virus.rna interference (rnai) is a natural mechanism regulating protein expression that is mediated by small interfering rnas (sirna). harnessing rnai has potential to treat human disease; however, clinical evidence for the effectiveness of this therapeutic approach is lacking. aln-rsv01 is an sirna directed against the mrna of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) nucleocapsid (n) protein and has substantial antiviral activity in a murine model of rsv infection. we tested the antiviral activity of al ...201020421463
[respiratory syncytial virus increases the expression and release of high mobility group box-1 protein in the lung tissue of mice].to investigate the expression and release of high mobility group box-1 protein (hmgb1) in the lung tissue of mice with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.201020423829
[detection and clinical characterization of wu polyomavirus in acute respiratory tract infection in children].wu polyomavirus (wupyv), a new member of the genus polyomavirus in the family polyomaviridae, has been found to be associated with respiratory tract infections recently. but the role of the wupyv as agents of human disease remains uncertain. we sought to describe the detection and clinical characterization of wupyv in acute respiratory tract infection in children.201020426930
[analysis of viral etiology of severe pneumonia in infants and young children in chongqing area].to investigate the prevalence of viral infections and putative association of viral infection with illness severity in young children with severe lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in chongqing.201020426941
a probasin promoter, conditionally replicating adenovirus that expresses the sodium iodide symporter (nis) for radiovirotherapy of prostate cancer.the sodium iodide symporter (nis) directs the uptake and concentration of iodide in thyroid cells. we have extended the use of nis-mediated radioiodine therapy to other types of cancer, we transferred and expressed the nis gene into prostate, colon and breast cancer cells using adenoviral vectors. to improve vector efficiency we have developed a conditionally replicating adenovirus (crad) in which the e1a gene is driven by the prostate-specific promoter, probasin and the cassette rsv promoter hu ...201020428214
causal direction between respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and asthma studied in monozygotic twins.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis has been associated with later development of asthma, wheezing, abnormal pulmonary function, and sensitization. our aim was to determine the differential effect within monozygotic (mz) twin pairs discordant for severe rsv bronchiolitis in infancy on the subsequent development of asthma, pulmonary function, and allergy.201020435661
directionality of nucleocytoplasmic transport of the retroviral gag protein depends on sequential binding of karyopherins and viral rna.retroviral gag polyproteins coopt host factors to traffic from cytosolic ribosomes to the plasma membrane, where virions are released. before membrane transport, the multidomain gag protein of rous sarcoma virus (rsv) undergoes importin-mediated nuclear import and crm1-dependent nuclear export, an intrinsic step in the assembly pathway. transient nuclear trafficking of gag is required for efficient viral rna (vrna) encapsidation, suggesting that gag:vrna binding might occur in the nucleus. here, ...201020435918
montelukast during primary infection prevents airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation after reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in infants may be followed by the development of asthma-like symptoms. age at first infection dictates consequences upon reinfection. reinfection of mice initially exposed as neonates to rsv enhanced development of airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr), eosinophilic inflammation, and mucus hyperproduction. rsv lower respiratory tract disease is associated with activation of the leukotriene pathway.201020442434
development of multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification for detection of human respiratory tract viruses.a group of common lower respiratory tract infections, influenza a, influenza b, human parainfluenza virus 1-4 (hpiv1-4), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), rubella virus (rv) and coxsackie virus (csv), were selected for the development of a multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) assay. quantifiable measurement utilizing an enzyme-linked oligonucleotide capture (eoc) optical detection method, which was described previously, alleviated the requirement of specialized instrument ...201020447419
transgenic apple expressing an antigenic protein of the human respiratory syncytial virus.a gene coding for the human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-f protein, driven by the constitutively expressed camv 35s promoter, was introduced into leaf tissues of apple, malusxdomestica borkh. cv. royal gala, via agrobacterium-mediated transformation. two putative transgenic lines were identified, and the presence of the rsv-f gene was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a total of 25 plants from these different transgenic events were successfully rooted, acclimatized, and transfer ...201020307914
genotypes of chicken major histocompatibility complex b locus associated with regression of rous sarcoma virus j-strain tumors.the chicken mhc-b locus affects the response to several strains of rous sarcoma virus (rsv). we evaluated the association between haplotypes of the mhc-b locus and responses to the j strain of rsv by using an f(2) experimental resource family constructed with tumor-regressive (white leghorn) and tumor-progressive (rhode island red) chickens. the mhc-b haplotypes were determined by genotyping of the microsatellite marker lei0258 and mhc-b locus class i alpha chain 2 (bf2). two haplotypes in the r ...201020308396
[effects of different factors on the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in respiratory syncytial virus-infected human airway epithelial cells].to investigate the effects of different factors on the expressions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp) in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-infected human airway epithelial cell line 16hbe cells.201020335125
molecular detection and genetic variability of human metapneumovirus in uruguay.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) has been described as circulating among the uruguayan population at least since 1998 based on serologic evidence. however, no isolation attempts, molecular detection, or genetic studies have been carried out so far in the country. in the present study, molecular detection of circulating hmpv in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection in montevideo-uruguay was carried out by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification of ...201020336730
respiratory virus pneumonia after hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct): associations between viral load in bronchoalveolar lavage samples, viral rna detection in serum samples, and clinical outcomes of hct.few data exist on respiratory virus quantitation in lower respiratory samples and detection in serum from hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients with respiratory virus-associated pneumonia.201020350162
[microbiological etiology in children with community acquired pneumonia].to study the distribution of pathogenic microorganisms of community acquired pneumonia (cap) in children.201020350426
a prime-boost vaccination strategy using attenuated salmonella typhimurium and a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus vector elicits protective immunity against human respiratory syncytial virus.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), for which no clinically approved vaccine is available yet, is globally a serious pediatric pathogen of the lower respiratory tract. several approaches have been used to develop vaccines against rsv, but none of these have been approved for use in humans. an efficient vaccine-enhancing strategy for rsv is still urgently needed. we found previously that oral sl7207/pcdna3.1/f and intranasal fgad/f were able to induce an effective protective immune response ...201020350532
respiratory viruses in nepalese children with and without pneumonia: a case-control study.the causative role of respiratory viruses detected in upper airway secretions in childhood pneumonia needs further investigation.201020351618
prospects for defined epitope vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus.the history of vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) illustrates the complex immunity and immunopathology to this ubiquitous virus, starting from the failed formalin-inactivated vaccine trials performed in the 1960s. an attractive alternative to traditional live or killed virus vaccines is a defined vaccine composed of discrete antigenic epitopes for which immunological activities have been characterized as comprehensively as possible. here we present cumulative data on murine and human ...201020353300
the epidemiology of hospitalized influenza in children, a two year population-based study in the people's republic of china.the epidemiology and disease burden of annual influenza in children in mainland people's republic of china have not been reported in detail. to understand the incidence and epidemiology of laboratory-proven influenza hospitalization in children in china, a review of available laboratory and hospital admission data was undertaken.201020353557
incidence of respiratory pathogens in persons hospitalized with pneumonia in two provinces in thailand.although pneumonia is a leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide, comprehensive information about its causes and incidence in low- and middle-income countries is lacking. active surveillance of hospitalized patients with pneumonia is ongoing in thailand. consenting patients are tested for seven bacterial and 14 viral respiratory pathogens by pcr and viral culture on nasopharyngeal swab specimens, serology on acute/convalescent sera, sputum smears and antigen detection tests on ur ...201020353622
antiviral activity of benzimidazole derivatives. ii. antiviral activity of 2-phenylbenzimidazole derivatives.seventy-six 2-phenylbenzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against a panel of 10 rna and dna viruses. the most commonly affected viruses were, in decreasing order, cvb-2, bvdv, sb-1, hsv-1, and yfv, while hiv-1 and vsv were not affected, and rsv, vv and reo-1 were only susceptible to a few compounds. thirty-nine compounds exhibited high activity (ec(50)=0.1-10microm) against at least one virus, and four of them were o ...201020359898
development of a multiplex real-time rt-pcr assay for detection of influenza a, influenza b, rsv and typing of the 2009-h1n1 influenza virus.a high-throughput real-time rt-pcr assay was developed to amplify and detect a conserved region of the hemagglutinin gene of the 2009-h1n1 influenza a virus using a minor groove binder-conjugated hybridization probe. the assay was paired with a separate triplex real-time assay that detects influenza a via the matrix gene, influenza b and rsv in a multiplex format and compared with the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) rrt-pcr assay using 143 samples. the 2009-h1n1 portion of the m ...201020362006
single mucosal immunization of recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine expressing f1 protein fragment induces protective mucosal immunity against respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infancy and early childhood. despite its importance as a pathogen, there is no licensed vaccine against rsv. the fusion (f) protein of rsv is a potentially important target for protective antiviral immune responses. here, we studied the immune responses elicited by recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus (rad)-based vaccines expressing the soluble f1 fragment of f protein (amino acids 155-524) in ...201020362203
etiology of bronchiolitis in a hospitalized pediatric population: prospective multicenter study.in 2006, bronchiolitis due to adenovirus nosocomial infections resulted in the closure of a pediatric department in northern portugal.201020362492
response network analysis of differential gene expression in human epithelial lung cells during avian influenza infections.the recent emergence of the h5n1 influenza virus from avian reservoirs has raised concern about future influenza strains of high virulence emerging that could easily infect humans. we analyzed differential gene expression of lung epithelial cells to compare the response to h5n1 infection with a more benign infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). these gene expression data are then used as seeds to find important nodes by using a novel combination of the gene ontology database and the h ...201020370926
modeling competing infectious pathogens from a bayesian perspective: application to influenza studies with incomplete laboratory results.in seasonal influenza epidemics, pathogens such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) often co-circulate with influenza and cause influenza-like illness (ili) in human hosts. however, it is often impractical to test for each potential pathogen or to collect specimens for each observed ili episode, making inference about influenza transmission difficult. in the setting of infectious diseases, missing outcomes impose a particular challenge because of the dependence among individuals. we propose a b ...201021472041
mortality attributable to pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 in san luis potosí, mexico.acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. starting in 2009, pandemic influenza a(h1n1) 2009 virus has become one of the leading respiratory pathogens worldwide. however, the overall impact of this virus as a cause of mortality has not been clearly defined.201021306570
using the full spectral capacity (six channels) of a real-time pcr instrument can simplify diagnostic laboratory screening and typing protocols for pandemic h1n1 influenza.timely reporting of influenza a virus subtype affects patient management. real-time pcr is a rapid and sensitive method routinely used to characterise viral nucleic acid, but the full spectral capability of the instruments is not employed.201021306574
influenza and other respiratory viruses in three central american countries.despite the disease burden imposed by respiratory diseases on children in central america, there is a paucity of data describing the etiologic agents of the disease.201021306576
exploratory spatial analysis of in vitro respiratory syncytial virus co-infections.the cell response to virus infection and virus perturbation of that response is dynamic and is reflected by changes in cell susceptibility to infection. in this study, we evaluated the response of human epithelial cells to sequential infections with human respiratory syncytial virus strains a2 and b to determine if a primary infection with one strain will impact the ability of cells to be infected with the second as a function of virus strain and time elapsed between the two exposures. infected ...201021994640
equal virulence of rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in infants hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinovirus (rv) are predominant viruses associated with lower respiratory tract infection in infants. we compared the symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection caused by rsv and rv in hospitalized infants. rv showed the same symptoms as rsv, so on clinical grounds, no difference can be made between these pathogens. no relation between polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold value and length of hospital stay was found.201121909047
Virological and clinical characterization of respiratory infections in children attending an emergency department during the first autumn-winter circulation of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus.Clin Microbiol Infect ABSTRACT: To characterize respiratory virus infections during the first autumn-winter season of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus (A/H1N1/2009) circulation, a prospective study in children attending a paediatric emergency department at the Sapienza University hospital, Rome, was conducted from November 2009 to March 2010. By means of both nasal washings and pharyngeal swabs, enrolled children were checked for 14 respiratory viruses. The majority of acute respiratory in ...201121923780
infections caused by rsv among children and adults during two epidemic seasons.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infections in young children, immunocompromised patients (children and adults), patients with chronic respiratory diseases and elderly people. reinfections occur throughout the life, but the severity of disease decreased with subsequent infection. the aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of rsv infections in two selected subpopulations: young children (below 5 y.) and adults with chronic respi ...201122184933
flavone c-glycosides from the leaves of lophatherum gracile and their in vitro antiviral activity.four new flavone c-glycosides, luteolin 6- c- α-l-arabinopyranosyl-7- o- β-d-glucopyranoside ( 1), apigenin 6- c- β-d-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-l-arabinopyranoside ( 2), luteolin 6- c- β-d-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-l-arabinopyranoside ( 3), and luteolin 6- c- β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-l-arabinofuranoside ( 4), along with three known ones, were isolated from the leaves of lophatherum gracile. the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensi ...201121870321
Respiratory viruses in children with cystic fibrosis: viral detection and clinical findings.Please cite this paper as: Burns et al. (2011) Respiratory viruses in children with cystic fibrosis: viral detection and clinical findings. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00292.x. Background Viral detection from different respiratory sample types in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) is facilitated by available molecular methods, but optimum sampling strategies have not been identified. In addition, associations between viral detection and respiratory symp ...201121955319
protein kinase r is a novel mediator of cd40 signaling and plays a critical role in modulating immunoglobulin expression during respiratory syncytial virus infection.effective immunoglobulin responses play a vital role in protection against most pathogens. however, the molecular mediators and mechanisms responsible for signaling and selective expression of immunoglobulin types remain to be elucidated. previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that protein kinase r (pkr) plays a crucial role in ige responses to double-stranded rna (dsrna) in vitro. in this study, we show that pkr plays a critical role in igg expression both in vivo and in vitro. pk ...201121994357
respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization trends in infants with chronic lung disease of infancy, 1998-2008.infants with chronic lung disease of infancy (cldi) are at high risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) illness requiring hospitalization. palivizumab was first licensed in 1998 for the prevention of rsv disease in high-risk infants, including those with cldi. we performed a retrospective cohort study of all hospitalized children with cldi aged <2 years between 1998 and 2008 in the usa to determine trends in rates of hospitalizations due to rsv (rsvh) since the launch of palivizumab.201122003308
Non-invasive sample collection for respiratory virus testing by multiplex PCR.Identifying respiratory pathogens within populations is difficult because invasive sample collection, such as with nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), is generally required. PCR technology could allow for non-invasive sampling methods.201121855405
clinical and epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus associated hospitalization in urban thai infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza infections are among the leading cause of hospitalized lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in children especially among those younger than 1 year of age. few descriptions of these 2 important viruses in thai children less than 1 year of age have been published.201122043771
respiratory hospitalizations and respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in special populations.palivizumab utilization, compliance, and outcomes were examined in infants with preexisting medical diseases within the canadian registry database (caress) to aid in developing guidelines for potential "at-risk" infants in the future. infants who received ≥1 dose of palivizumab during the 2006-2010 respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons at 29 sites were recruited and utilization, compliance, and outcomes related to respiratory infection/illness (ri) events were collected monthly. hazard ratio ...201122203430
Krüppel-like factor 6 regulates transforming growth factor-ß gene expression during human respiratory syncytial virus infection.Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with airway remodeling and subsequent asthma development. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF) plays a crucial role in asthma development. The mechanism regulating TGF gene expression during RSV infection is not known. Kruppel-like factor family of transcription factors are critical regulators of cellular/tissue homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) could function as a trans-activator of TGF gen ...201121849067
renal transplant with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) attributable to tacrolimus and herpes simplex virus (hsv) pneumonia.background: solid organ transplants (sots) may be complicated by a wide variety of infectious and noninfectious pulmonary disorders. transplant patients receive immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, but these drugs also predispose them to infection. because immunosuppressive therapy impairs t-lymphocyte function, ie, cell-mediated immunity, such therapy, not surprisingly, predisposes patients to intracellular pulmonary pathogens. community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in patients with sot us ...201121996615
a simplified immune suppression scheme leads to persistent micro-dystrophin expression in duchenne muscular dystrophy dogs.abstract highly abbreviated micro-dystrophin genes have been intensively studied for duchenne muscular dystrophy (dmd) gene therapy. following adeno-associated virus (aav) gene transfer, robust microgene expression is achieved in murine dmd models in the absence of immune suppression. interestingly, a recent study suggests that aav gene transfer in dystrophic dogs may require up to 18 weeks' immune suppression using a combination of three different immune-suppressive drugs (cyclosporine, mycop ...201121967249
rela ser276 phosphorylation-coupled lys310 acetylation controls transcriptional elongation of inflammatory cytokines in respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a negative-sense single-stranded rna virus responsible for lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in humans. in experimental models of rsv lrti, the actions of the nuclear factor κb (nf-κb) transcription factor mediate inflammation and pathology. we have shown that rsv replication induces a mitogen-and-stress-related kinase 1 (msk-1) pathway that activates nf-κb rela transcriptional activity by a process involving serine phosphorylation at serine (ser) re ...201121900162
th17 cytokines are critical for respiratory syncytial virus-associated airway hyperreponsiveness through regulation by complement c3a and tachykinins.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is associated with serious lung disease in infants and immunocompromised individuals and is linked to development of asthma. in mice, acute rsv infection causes airway hyperresponsiveness (ahr), inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion. infected cells induce complement activation, producing the anaphylatoxin c3a. in this paper, we show rsv-infected wild-type mice produce th17 cytokines, a response not previously associated with viral infections. mice def ...201121918196
clinical and radiological features of respiratory syncytial virus in solid organ transplant recipients: a single-center experience.background: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections range from upper respiratory illness to severe lower respiratory disease. there is no universally accepted treatment for rsv in solid organ transplant (sot) recipients. methods: retrospective review of adult sot patients with rsv infections, between january 2007 and december 2009, in a single transplant center was performed. results: during the 3-year period, a total of 24 adults developed rsv infection, including 12 (50%) sot recipients ( ...201122093238
simultaneous mutations in multi-viral proteins are required for soybean mosaic virus to gain virulence on soybean genotypes carrying different r genes.genetic resistance is the most effective and sustainable approach to the control of plant pathogens that are a major constraint to agriculture worldwide. in soybean, three dominant r genes, i.e., rsv1, rsv3 and rsv4, have been identified and deployed against soybean mosaic virus (smv) with strain-specificities. molecular identification of virulent determinants of smv on these resistance genes will provide essential information for the proper utilization of these resistance genes to protect soybe ...201122140577
Effectiveness of palivizumab prophylaxis in infants and children in Florida.PURPOSE: Palivizumab effectiveness data on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are limited to trial settings and vary considerably between selected high-risk populations. This study aimed to evaluate effectiveness in a community-based sample. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of children with =3?months Florida Medicaid fee-for-service eligibility between 1998 and 2004 who also had matching birth certificates. Children entered the cohort at the beginning of the RSV season, after a min ...201121919115
evaluation of protective efficacy of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine against a and b subgroup human isolates in korea.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a significant cause of upper and lower respiratory tract illness mainly in infants and young children worldwide. hrsv is divided into two subgroups, hrsv-a and hrsv-b, based on sequence variation within the g gene. despite its importance as a respiratory pathogen, there is currently no safe and effective vaccine for hrsv. in this study, we have detected and identified the hrsv by rt-pcr from nasopharyngeal aspirates of korean pediatric patients. intere ...201121915262
distinguishing characteristics between pandemic 2009-2010 influenza a (h1n1) and other viruses in patients hospitalized with respiratory illness.differences in clinical presentation and outcomes among patients infected with pandemic 2009 influenza a h1n1 (ph1n1) compared to other respiratory viruses have not been fully elucidated.201121949746
[a guinea pig model of respiratory syncytial virus infection for cough and its neurogenic inflammatory mechanism].to establish a guinea pig model of acute and postinfectious cough caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and investigate the role of neurogenic inflammation in its pathogenesis.201121914323
low neonatal toll-like receptor 4-mediated interleukin-10 production is associated with subsequent atopic dermatitis.atopic dermatitis (ad) and respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (rsv lrti) are common diseases during early life. impaired th1-cell polarizing toll-like receptor (tlr) responses play an important role in the pathogenesis of both diseases. neonatal tlr-mediated production of th1-type cytokines is decreased at birth, but rapidly increases during the first month of life.201122092594
respiratory syncytial virus load, viral dynamics, and disease severity in previously healthy naturally infected children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease severity was thought to be a result of host immunopathology but alternatively may be driven by high-level viral replication. the relationships between rsv load, viral clearance dynamics, and disease severity have not been carefully evaluated.201121881113
in vitro inhibition of influenza virus infection by a crude extract from isatis indigotica root resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.isatis indigotica root (iir) has been widely used as a chinese medicinal herb to treat regular seasonal influenza over the long history of traditional chinese medicinal practice. however, its inhibitory activities against influenza virus infections along with the associated mechanisms have not been investigated comprehensively. in this study, the chemical nature, mode of action and in vitro anti-influenza activities of a crude extract ( ...201122179315
performance on a multipathogen external quality assessment (eqa) panel by different mono- and multiplex nucleic acid amplification tests.an external quality assessment (eqa) panel consisting of a total of 48 samples in broncho alveolar lavage (bal) or transport medium was prepared in collaboration with quality control for molecular diagnostics (qcmd) (www.qcmd.org). the panel was used to assess the proficiency of the 3 laboratories that would be responsible to examine the 6000 samples to be collected in the grace network of excellence (www.grace-lrti.org). the main objective was to decide on the best performing testing approach f ...201122170925
rna-dependent rna polymerase 6 of rice (oryza sativa) plays role in host defense against negative-strand rna virus, rice stripe virus.rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrs) from fungi, plants and some invertebrate animals play fundamental roles in antiviral defense. here, we investigated the role of rdr6 in the defense of economically important rice plants against a negative-strand rna virus (rice stripe virus, rsv) that causes enormous crop damage. in three independent transgenic lines (osrdr6as line a, b and c) in which osrdr6 transcription levels were reduced by 70-80% through antisense silencing, the infection and disease sy ...201122142475
five proteins of laodelphax striatellus are potentially involved in the interactions between rice stripe virus and vector.rice stripe virus (rsv) is the type member of the genus tenuivirus, which relies on the small brown planthopper (laodelphax striatellus fallén) for its transmission in a persistent, circulative-propagative manner. to be transmitted, virus must cross the midgut and salivary glands epithelial barriers in a transcytosis mechanism where vector receptors interact with virions, and as propagative virus, rsv need utilize host components to complete viral propagation in vector cells. at present, these m ...201122028913
airway ifn-γ production during rsv bronchiolitis is associated with eosinophilic inflammation.study objective: this study was designed to investigate the possible role of ifn-γ in eosinophil degranulation that occurs during respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. methods: sixty-seven infants, 2-24 months old and hospitalized with their first episode of acute rsv bronchiolitis, were selected for this study. eosinophil-active cytokine and chemokine profiles in nasal lavage supernatants taken within ...201122160185
progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: still crazy after all these years.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects everyone worldwide early in life and is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in the pediatric population as well as in the elderly and in profoundly immunosuppressed individuals. rsv is an enveloped, nonsegmented negative-sense rna virus that is classified in family paramyxoviridae and is one of its more complex members. although the replicative cycle of rsv follows the general pattern of the param ...201121963675
use of data linkage to investigate the aetiology of acute lower respiratory infection hospitalisations in children.aim:  to document the aetiology of acute lower respiratory infection (alri) hospitalisations in western australian children by linking population-based laboratory data with hospital morbidity data. methods:  data from all alri hospitalisations and laboratory records related to respiratory pathogens between 2000 and 2005 were extracted and linked through a population-based record linkage system. the proportion of specimens that were positive for each respiratory viral or bacterial pathogen was do ...201122077532
soluble respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in the fully cleaved, pretriggered state is triggered by exposure to low-molarity buffer.the paramyxovirus fusion (f) glycoprotein is anchored in the virion membrane in a metastable, pretriggered form. once triggered, the f protein undergoes a dramatic conformational extension that inserts its hydrophobic fusion peptide into the target cell membrane, then folds back on itself to bring the membranes together and initiate fusion. unlike most other paramyxoviruses, the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f protein alone is sufficient to mediate membrane fusion and virus infection. to stu ...201121307202
exogenous administration of vascular endothelial growth factor prior to human respiratory syncytial virus a2 infection reduces pulmonary pathology in neonatal lambs and alters epithelial innate immune responses.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) affects thousands of children every year. vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is a regulator of vasculogenesis, pulmonary maturation, and immunity. in order to test the extent to which vegf may alter rsv infection, 4 groups of lambs received either human recombinant vegf (rhvegf) or phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) pretreatment followed by inoculation with human rsv strain a2 or sterile medium. lambs in each group were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 6 days p ...201121309731
health care-acquired viral respiratory diseases.health care-associated viral respiratory infections, common among hospitalized children, also occur among adults and institutionalized persons and result in increased patient morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. approximately 20% of patients with healthcare-associated pneumonia have viral respiratory infections, with 70% of these infections caused by adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). these infections typically reflect the level of vi ...201121316002
local innate and adaptive immune responses regulate inflammatory cell influx into the lungs after vaccination with formalin inactivated rsv.inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines tend to predispose for immune mediated enhanced disease, characterized by th2 responses and airway hypersensitivity reactions. we show in a c57bl/6 mouse model that the early innate response elicited by the challenge virus (rsv versus influenza virus) influences the outcome of the th1/th2 balance in the lung after intramuscular priming with inactivated vaccine. priming of cd4(+)/ifn-?(+) t cells by mature dendritic cells administered intrave ...201121316502
characterization of human metapneumovirus from pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in a 4-year period in beijing, china.human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was discovered by scientists in the netherlands as a novel respiratory virus in 2001 and had been found in children with acute respiratory tract infections (arti) in china. the objective of this study was to determine the importance of hmpv infection in children in beijing and the genotypes of the circulating virus by the surveillance during a four-consecutive-year period.201121740766
respiratory syncytial virus binds and undergoes transcription in neutrophils from the blood and airways of infants with severe bronchiolitis.neutrophils are the predominant cell in the lung inflammatory infiltrate of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. although it has previously been shown that neutrophils from both blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) are activated, little is understood about their role in response to rsv infection. this study investigated whether rsv proteins and mrna are present in neutrophils from blood and bal of infected infants.201121742845
p2 of Rice stripe virus (RSV) interacts with OsSGS3 and is a silencing suppressor.A rice cDNA library was screened by a galactosidase 4 (Gal4)-based yeast two-hybrid system with Rice stripe virus (RSV) p2 as bait. The results revealed that RSV p2 interacted with a rice protein exhibiting a high degree of identity with Arabidopsis thaliana suppressor of gene silencing 3 (AtSGS3). The interaction was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. SGS3 has been shown to be involved in sense transgene-induced RNA silencing and in the biogenesis of trans-acting small ...201121726383
Preschool asthma after bronchiolitis in infancy.Asthma risk is lower after wheezing associated with RSV than with non-RSV infection in infancy. RSV is the main wheezing-associated virus in infants aged <6 months. We evaluated the outcome of children hospitalised for bronchiolitis at <6 months of age, with special focus on viral etiology and early risk factors. Out of 205 infants hospitalised for bronchiolitis at <6 months of age, 127 (62%) attended the control visit at age (mean) 6.5 years, and the parents of additional 39 children were inter ...201121700604
respiratory syncytial virus prevention in children with congenital heart disease: who and how?respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory infection in children. most of the pediatric population have rsv infection before the age of 2, and recurrent infections are common even within one season. chronic lung disease, prematurity, along with congenital heart disease (chd) are major risk factors in severe lower respiratory infection. in hemo-dynamically significant chd patients with rsv infection, hospitalization is usually needed and the possibility of treatment in inte ...201121829410
RSV 2010: Recent advances in research on respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are important causes of acute respiratory tract disease in infants, immunocompromised patients and the elderly. The Seventh International RSV symposium was held in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, from December 2-5, 2010. This symposium is the flagship event for leading investigators engaged in RSV and HMPV research around the world. The objective of the symposium was to provide a forum to review recent advances in research on RSV, HM ...201121827813
comparative dynamics, morbidity and mortality burden of pediatric viral respiratory infections in an equatorial city.: although acute respiratory infections (aris) are the global leading cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality, the relative impact of viral pathogens on pediatric aris is still poorly understood, especially in equatorial settings. long-term studies of multiple viruses concurrently circulating in these regions are still lacking. here, we report the results of a systematic prospective surveillance of multiple respiratory viruses conducted every weekday for nearly a decade in an equatorial city ...201122001966
rna viruses in young nepalese children hospitalized with severe pneumonia.pneumonia is among the leading causes of illness and death in children <5 years of age worldwide. there is little information on the viral etiology of severe pneumonia in low-income countries, where the disease burden is particularly high.201121860338
[respiratory syncytial virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients with primary immunodeficiencies].to understand the clinical characteristics and outcome associated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) recipients with primary immunodeficiencies (pids).201122088176
Infection with multiple viruses is not associated with increased disease severity in children with bronchiolitis.BACKGROUND: The clinical relevance of parallel detection of multiple viruses by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) remains unclear. This study evaluated the association between the detection of multiple viruses by RT-PCR and disease severity in children with bronchiolitis. METHODS: Children less than 2 years of age with clinical symptoms of bronchiolitis were prospectively included during three winter seasons. Patients were categorized in three groups based on disease severity; mild (n ...201121901859
Respiratory syncytial virus--the unrecognised cause of health and economic burden among young children in Australia.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) presents very similar to influenza and is the principle cause of bronchiolitis in infants and young children worldwide. Yet, there is no systematic monitoring of RSV activity in Australia. This study uses existing published data sources to estimate incidence, hospitalisation rates, and associated costs of RSV among young children in Australia. Published reports from the Laboratory Virology and Serology Reporting Scheme, a passive voluntary surveillance system, a ...201122010512
Viruslike particle vaccine induces protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and viral death in infants. Despite decades of research with traditional or subunit vaccine approaches, there are no approved RSV vaccines. New approaches are therefore urgently needed to develop effective RSV vaccines.201121881112
comparative evaluation of the seegene seeplex rv15 and real-time pcr for respiratory virus detection.respiratory virus infections contribute substantially both to hospitalizations of young children, and to morbidity in immunocompromised patients such as those with hematological malignancies. their rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential to patient management. to evaluate the prospective utility of seeplex-« dpo technology in respiratory virus diagnosis, a panel of 99 respiratory samples positive by real-time rt-pcr for one or more viruses was assayed by the seegene seeplex-« rv12 system. as w ...201121678451
respiratory syncytial virus infection is associated with an altered innate immunity and a heightened pro-inflammatory response in the lungs of preterm lambs.abstract:201121827668
replacement of previously circulating respiratory syncytial virus subtype b strains with the ba genotype in south africa.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants, the immunocompromised, and the elderly in both developed and developing countries. reinfections are common, and g protein variability is one mechanism to overcome herd immunity. this is illustrated by the appearance of the ba genotype with a 60-nucleotide duplication dominating the subtype b genotypes in epidemics worldwide. to investigate the evolution of subtype b in south africa since 2002, the genet ...201121715483
increased eosinophilic cationic protein in nasal fluid in hospitalized wheezy infants with rsv infection.background: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major respiratory pathogen which causes bronchiolitis with dyspnea and wheezing in children less than 2 years old. rsv bronchiolitis in infancy severe enough to cause hospitalization might be a risk factor for allergic sensitization and bronchial asthma in future. however, the pathophysiology behind this development has not been clearly characterized. to evaluate the existence of airway inflammation and characteristic of rsv bronchiolitis, we an ...201121681019
attenuated interleukin-8/leukocyte immunoresponse in preterm infants compared with term infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a pilot study.decreased transplacental transfer of antibodies and altered immunoresponsiveness may place preterm (pt) infants at higher risk for serious consequences from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. we hypothesize that among infants hospitalized with rsv bronchiolitis, immune response in pt infants may be different when compared with that of term infants. nasal-wash samples were collected from 11 pt (<37 weeks of gestation) and 13 term infants (ôëñ37 weeks of gestation) hospitalized with ...201121683109
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