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microridges of oral mucosal epithelium in carp, cyprinus carpio.the surface of carp oral mucosa is characterized by various patterns of microridges about 0.3 micron wide, 0.1 micron high, and of various lengths. to elucidate the derivation and function of these microridges, the oral epithelium was examined by light- and electron microscopy. microridges were present only on the surfaces of the superficial cells. therefore, microridges on renewed superficial cells have been discarded, and the various patterns of microridges found on the cell surface appear to ...20123365750
effects of graded levels of dietary methionine hydroxy analogue on immune response and antioxidant status of immune organs in juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian).immune response and antioxidant status of immune organs in juvenile jian carp (cyprinus carpio var. jian) fed graded levels of methionine hydroxy analogue (mha) (0, 5.1, 7.6, 10.2, 12.7, 15.3 g kg(-1) diet) for 60 days were investigated. results indicated that head kidney index, spleen index, red and white blood cell counts significantly increased with increasing mha levels up to a point (p < 0.05), whereupon decreased (p < 0.05). glutathione reductase activity in head kidney and spleen, anti-hy ...201222245840
Interspecies comparisons on the uptake and toxicity of silver and cerium dioxide nanoparticles.An increasing number and quantity of manufactured nanoparticles are entering the environment as the diversity of their applications increases, and this will lead to the exposure of both humans and wildlife. However, little is known regarding their potential health effects. We compared the potential biological effects of silver (Ag; nominally 35 and 600-1,600?nm) and cerium dioxide (CeO(2;) nominally <25?nm and 1-5?µm) particles in a range of cell (human hepatocyte and intestinal and fish hepato ...201222002553
Down-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 by SVCV infection.Heme oxygenase (HO-1) is a cytoprotective enzyme that plays a critical role in defending the body against oxidant-induced injury during inflammatory processes. In mammalian systems, viral infection or antigen expression can down-regulate the expression of HO-1. In turn, the induction of HO-1 or overexpression of HO-1 results in potent and direct antiviral activity that targets the replication of several mammalian viruses. In this study, the HO-1 gene of Cyprinus carpio was cloned, and the expres ...201222146702
Gene expression profiling in the skin of zebrafish infected with Citrobacter freundii.Skin is considered the largest immunologically active organ, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear in fish. Here, Affymetrix Zebrafish GeneChip was used to assess gene expression in the skin of zebrafish (Danio rerio) infected with the bacterium Citrobacter freundii. The results showed that 229 genes were differentially expressed, of which 196 genes were upregulated and 33 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses indicated 88 genes significantly associated with ski ...201222155693
[hypophysectomy and plasma free fatty acids in the carp (cyprinus carpio l.)]. 20124258237
[a morphometric analysis of erythrocytes and the level of antiviral antibodies in the carp blood at the final stage of the infectious process]. 20123248597
orally administered thermostable n-acyl homoserine lactonase from bacillus sp. strain ai96 attenuates aeromonas hydrophila infection in zebrafish.n-acylated homoserine lactone (ahl) lactonases are capable of degrading signal molecules involved in bacterial quorum sensing and therefore represent a new approach to control bacterial infection. here a gene responsible for the ahl lactonase activity of bacillus sp. strain ai96, 753 bp in length, was cloned and then expressed in escherichia coli. the deduced amino acid sequence of bacillus sp. ai96 aiia (aiia(ai96)) is most similar to those of other bacillus sp. ahl lactonases (~80% sequence id ...201222247159
identification of distant agouti-like sequences and re-evaluation of the evolutionary history of the agouti-related peptide (agrp).the agouti-like peptides including agrp, asip and the teleost-specific a2 (asip2 and agrp2) peptides have potent and diverse functional roles in feeding, pigmentation and background adaptation mechanisms. there are contradictory theories about the evolution of the agouti-like peptide family as well the nomenclature. here we performed comprehensive mining and annotation of vertebrate agouti-like sequences. we identified a2 sequences from salmon, trout, seabass, cod, cichlid, tilapia, gilt-headed ...201222815886
transcriptome analysis of silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by paired-end rna sequencing.the silver carp (hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is among the most intensively pond-cultured fish species and is used in the wild to counteract water bloom in china. however, little genomic information is available for this species, especially regarding its ability to grow rapidly in water, even water contaminated with high concentrations of poisonous microcystin. in this study, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly and analysis of the 17.10 million short-read sequences produced by the illumi ...201222279088
β-glucan protects neutrophil extracellular traps against degradation by aeromonas hydrophila in carp (cyprinus carpio).a novel host innate immune defence mechanism against invading pathogens, namely the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (nets), has recently been discovered. these nets are described as dna fibres released by dying neutrophils, which are able to entrap and kill various microbes. here we studied the effect of the feed additive β-glucan, namely macrogard(®), on the degradation of nets by the important fish pathogen aeromonas hydrophila. therefore, common carp (cyprinus carpio) head kidney ...201222959188
evaluation of two outer membrane proteins, aha1 and ompw of aeromonas hydrophila as vaccine candidate for common carp.aeromonas hydrophila is an important fish pathogen responsible for huge economic losses in aquaculture sector. the bacterial outer membrane proteins (omps), especially adhesins play a key role in the virulence of the bacteria and are considered potential vaccine candidates. we evaluated the immunogenicity of two important outer membrane proteins namely aha1 and ompw of a. hydrophila. these proteins were over-expressed in escherichia coli, purified and used for the vaccination of common carp. seq ...201222917476
haemato-immunological and growth response of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio) fed a tropical earthworm meal in experimental diets.an investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding a tropical earthworm meal (perionyx escavatus) on the haemato-immunological response and growth performance of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio). fish were fed diets for a total of 88 days, fishmeal served as the main protein source in the control diet. two remaining diets consisted of fishmeal fixed at 33.65% provision of protein and the remaining 66.35% protein was provided by soybean meal (sbm diet) or p. excavatus meal (ew diet). c ...201222554572
expressed sequences and polymorphisms in rohu carp (labeo rohita, hamilton) revealed by mrna-seq.expressed genes and polymorphisms were identified in lines of rohu labeo rohita selected for resistance or susceptibility to aeromonas hydrophila, an important bacterial pathogen causing aeromoniasis. all animals were grown in a common environment and rna from ten individuals from each line pooled for illumina mrna-seq. de novo transcriptome assembly produced 137,629 contigs with 40× average coverage.forty-four percent of the assembled sequences were annotated with gene names and ontology terms. ...201222298294
the influence of dietary β-glucan, pamp exposure and aeromonas salmonicida on apoptosis modulation in common carp (cyprinus carpio).the association between β-glucan (macrogard®) supplemented feed and apoptosis in immune-related organs of common carp (cyprinus carpio) was studied using fluorescence microscopy and real-time pcr. in addition the effect of aeromonas salmonicida, lps and poly(i:c) injections on this relationship was evaluated. whilst acridine orange staining revealed that apoptosis levels were independent of macrogard® and lps/poly(i:c) administration or their combination, it was shown that injection with a. salm ...201223198291
reduced inflammatory response to aeromonas salmonicida infection in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) fed with β-glucan supplements.the objective of the present study was to determine the action of β-glucans as feed additives on the gene expression profile of some inflammatory-related cytokines from common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) during the early stages of a non-lethal bacterial infection with aeromonas salmonicida. β-glucan (macrogard(®)), was administered daily to carp (6 mg per kg body weight) in the form of supplemented commercial food pellets for 14 days prior to infection. control and treated fish were then intraperi ...201222406448
vitellogenesis in archigetes sieboldi leuckart, 1878 (cestoda, caryophyllidea, caryophyllaeidae), an intestinal parasite of carp (cyprinus carpio l.).vitellogenesis in the caryophyllidean tapeworm archigetes sieboldi leuckart, 1878, from carp cyprinus carpio l. in slovakia, has been examined using transmission electron microscopy and cytochemical staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate (pa-tsc-sp) for glycogen. vitelline follicles extend in two lateral bands in the medullary parenchyma along both sides of the monozoic body. they are surrounded by an external basal lamina and contain vitellocytes and an interstitial tis ...201223059891
bioguided fractionation shows cassia alata extract to inhibit staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation.plant extracts have a long history to be used in folk medicine. cassia alata extracts are known to exert antibacterial activity but details on compounds and mechanism of action remain poorly explored. we purified and concentrated the aqueous leaf extract of c. alata by reverse phase-solid phase extraction and screened the resulting carp extract for antimicrobial activity. carp extract exhibited antimicrobial activity for pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus epidermidis, s. aureus, and bacillus ...201222548121
achyranthes aspera enhances immunity and antigen clearance in common carp, cyprinus carpio l. 201222458776
evaluation of immunostimulatory and growth promoting effect of seed fractions of achyranthes aspera in common carp cyprinus carpio and identification of active constituents.immunostimulatory and growth promoting properties of achyranthes aspera seeds were studied with larvae of common carp cyprinus carpio. four experimental diets were prepared using raw (d1) and alcohol (d2), petroleum ether (d3) and 50% aqueous alcohol (d4) extracts of a. aspera seeds. diet without seed served as control (d5). fish were fed with test/control diet for 30 days and then immunized with 10 μl of c-rbc. blood samples were collected 7 days after immunization. survival (93 ± 3%) of fish w ...201222348815
persistence of viral rna in fish infected with vhsv-ivb at 15°c and then moved to warmer temperatures after the onset of disease.smallmouth bass, micropterus dolomieu lacepède, bluegill, lepomis macrochirus rafinesque (coppernose strain), koi carp, cyprinus carpio l., and channel catfish ictalurus punctatus (rafinesque), were infected by intraperitoneal injection with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus genotype ivb (vhsv-ivb) at 15 °c. when clinical signs of disease developed, one-third of the fish was moved to 20°c and one-third to 25°c. mortality in challenged fish at all three temperatures ranged from 25 to 45% in sm ...201222582793
trypsin inhibitory activity and gel-enhancing effect of sarcoplasmic proteins from common carp.proteinase inhibitory activity of sarcoplasmic protein (sp) extracted from common carp (cyprinus carpio) muscle and its gel-improving ability were investigated. sps displayed 89% and 54% inhibitory activity toward trypsin at 40 and 65 °c, respectively. protein bands with molecular mass of 69, 50, 44, 41, and 35 kda appeared on trypsin inhibitory activity staining under nonreducing condition when incubated at 40 °c, while 2 protein bands at 54 and 35 kda were observed at 65 °c. addition of sp at ...201222978469
the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors for molybdenum in the aquatic environment from natural environmental concentrations up to the toxicity boundary.in a regulatory context, bioaccumulation or bioconcentration factors are used for considering secondary poisoning potential and assessing risks to human health via the food chain. in this paper, literature data on the bioaccumulation of molybdenum in the aquatic organisms are reviewed and assessed for relevance and reliability. the data available in the literature were generated at exposure concentrations below those recommended in the reach registration dossiers for molybdenum compounds i.e. pn ...201222846769
metals in edible fish from vistula river and dead vistula river channel, baltic sea.metals including al, ba, ca, cd, co, cr, cu, fe, hg, k, mg, mn, na, ni, pb, sr and zn were determined in muscle tissue of 12 fish species by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (icp-aes) and cold vapour-atomic absorption spectroscopy (cv-aas). fish were collected from vistula river at lower course and dead vistula river channel in south of baltic sea in poland. the fish species examined include round goby (neogobius melanostomus), crucian carp (carassius carassius), bull-rout ...201222428891
[eels, carp, bream and other pyralenes ]. 201222364081
assessment of copper and zinc levels in fish from freshwater ecosystems of moldova.the aim of this work was to assess the levels of copper and zinc in fish from the main freshwater ecosystems of moldova, in relation with species, habitat, age, sex, season, and development stage.201222234853
safeguarding the welfare of farmed fish at harvest.fish welfare at harvest is easily compromised by poor choice of handling and slaughter methods, lack of attention to detail and by unnecessary adherence to fish farming traditions. the harvest process comprises fasting the fish to empty the gut, crowding the fish, gathering and moving the fish using brails, fish pumps, and sometimes also road or boat transport and finally stunning and killing the fish. the harvesting processes commonly used for bass, bream, carp, catfish, cod, eel, halibut, pang ...201221989953
introduced pathogens and native freshwater biodiversity: a case study of sphaerothecum destruens.a recent threat to european fish diversity was attributed to the association between an intracellular parasite, sphaerothecum destruens, and a healthy freshwater fish carrier, the invasive pseudorasbora parva originating from china. the pathogen was found to be responsible for the decline and local extinction of the european endangered cyprinid leucaspius delineatus and high mortalities in stocks of chinook and atlantic salmon in the usa. here, we show that the emerging s. destruens is also a th ...201222615866
the effect of dietary organic chromium on specific growth rate, tissue chromium concentrations, enzyme activities and histology in common carp, cyprinus carpio l.a 63-day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of three levels of cr yeast (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg cr/kg) on the utilization of diets containing 38.5 % of maize starch or dextrin in common carp, cyprinus carpio l. (initial mean body mass 14 ± 0.3 g) in an auto circulator system at 25 ± 0.5 °c. a two-way analysis of variance (anova) showed that the final body mass (fbm), percentage mass gain (%mg), specific growth rate (sgr) and feed conversion ratio (fcr) were significantly (p < 0 ...201222569805
astragalin from cassia alata induces dna adducts in vitro and repairable dna damage in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae.reverse phase-solid phase extraction from cassia alata leaves (carp) was used to obtain a refined extract. higher than wild-type sensitivity to carp was exhibited by 16 haploid saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with defects in dna repair and membrane transport. carp had a strong dpph free radical scavenging activity with an ic(50) value of 2.27 μg ml(-1) and showed no pro-oxidant activity in yeast. carp compounds were separated by hplc and the three major components were shown to bind to dna in v ...201222489129
the efficacy of chromium as a growth enhancer for mirror carp (cyprinus carpio l): an integrated study using biochemical, genetic, and histological responses.a growth trial was conducted on juvenile mirror carp (cyprinus carpio l.) for 8 weeks to compare the efficacy of three chromium (cr) compounds (cr chloride, cr picolinate, and cr yeast) at a level 0.5 mg/kg as a potential growth enhancer. in addition, a high level of cr (2.0 mg/kg) as cr chloride has also been added in parallel for comparison. all cr fortified diets at a level 0.5 mg/kg produced superior growth for carp compared to the control group and the group fed the high level of cr chlorid ...201222351105
spring viremia of carp virus in minnehaha creek, minnesota.spring viremia of carp virus (svcv) causes a highly contagious and serious disease of freshwater cyprinid fishes, generating significant economic and ecological impacts throughout the world. the svcv is therefore listed as a notifiable pathogen by the international organization for animal health. in june 2011, a significant mortality event of wild common carp cyprinus carpio occurred in minnehaha creek near its confluence with mississippi river pool 2 in minneapolis, minnesota. clinical signs of ...201223072656
direct detection of unamplified spring viraemia of carp virus rna using unmodified gold nanoparticles.spring viraemia of carp (svc) is a viral disease that mainly affects carp cyprinus carpio and other cyprinid fish, causing severe economic losses. rapid detection and identification of spring viraemia of carp virus (svcv) is crucial for effective disease management. recent advances in nanoscience are having a significant impact on many scientific fields, especially biodiagnostics, where a number of nanoparticle-based assays have been introduced for biomolecular detection. single- and double-stra ...201222885508
structural changes in freshwater fish and chironomids exposed to bacterial exotoxins.mass fish mortalities have been reported in the past decade from british waters, often coinciding with blooms of filamentous actinobacteria, particularly strains of streptomyces griseus. the present study has shown that some fractions of the exudate of s. griseus, prepared after a series of high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc) separations, and analysed with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (lc-ms), induced pathological changes to the gills of carp and/or tench fry following exposure ...201222381615
closing the serological gap: promising novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.rheumatoid arthritis (ra) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and damage of the joints affecting about 0.5% of the general population. early treatment in ra is important as it can prevent disease progression and irreversible damage of the joints. despite the high diagnostic value of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (acpa) and rheumatoid factor (rf), there is a strong demand for novel serological biomarkers to further improve the diagnosis of this abundant disease. ...201222664776
sequence structure and intragenomic variability of ribosomal its2 in monozoic tapeworms of the genus khawia (cestoda: caryophyllidea), parasites of cyprinid fish.the sequence structure of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) was determined for six species of khawia (cestoda: caryophyllidea), parasites of cyprinid fish in the holarctic region. homologous intragenomic its2 structure was found in khawia armeniaca, khawia baltica, and khawia rossittensis; whereas divergent intragenomic its2 copies were detected in chinese, japanese, and slovak isolates of khawia sinensis and in khawia japonensis, both parasitic in common carp, and in khawia sau ...201222814768
low prevalence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 found in common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) collected from nine locations in the great lakes.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) is a viral disease of fish first detected in the united states in 1998. since that time, mortality events in common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) have occurred in several locations within the great lakes basin, but not within the great lakes themselves. we sampled 675 carp from 20 sites across the great lakes and lake st. clair, michigan, usa, between 19 july and 26 september 2010. we tested the gill and a pooled internal organ sample from each fish for cyhv3 with ...201223060516
down-regulation of the cyprinid herpesvirus-3 annotated genes in cultured cells maintained at restrictive high temperature.cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is a member of the alloherpesviridae, in the order herpesvirales. it causes a fatal disease in carp and koi fish. the disease is seasonal and is active when water temperatures ranges from 18 to 28 °c. little is known about how and where the virus is preserved between the permissive seasons. the hallmark of the herpesviruses is their ability to become latent, persisting in the host in an apparently inactive state for varying periods of time. hence, it could be expe ...201222841492
spatio-temporal analysis of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 genetic diversity at a local scale.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), the causative agent of koi herpesvirus disease, is a major threat for carp populations in many countries worldwide, including indonesia. it has been shown that many genotypes circulate worldwide, all highly related to one of the two known lineages u/i and j. in this study, we evaluated the spatial and temporal distribution of cyhv-3 strains in a small enzootic area, the lake of cirata (west java, indonesia). of the 365 samples analysed, from clinical or asymptoma ...201222805046
interferon type i responses to virus infections in carp cells: in vitro studies on cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and rhabdovirus carpio infections.interferons (ifns) are secreted mediators that play a fundamental role in the innate immune response against viruses among all vertebrate classes. common carp is a host for two highly contagious viruses: spring viraemia of carp virus (rhabdovirus carpio, svcv) and the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), which belong to rhabdoviridae and alloherpesviridae families, respectively. both viruses are responsible for significant losses in carp aquaculture. in this paper we studied the mrna expression prof ...201222683518
feeding cyprinus carpio with infectious materials mediates cyprinid herpesvirus 3 entry through infection of pharyngeal periodontal mucosa.cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus, is the etiological agent of a mortal disease in common and koi carp. recently, we investigated the entry of cyhv-3 in carp using bioluminescence imaging and a cyhv-3 recombinant strain expressing luciferase (luc). we demonstrated that the skin is the major portal of entry after inoculation of carp by immersion in water containing cyhv-3. while this model of infection mimics some natural conditions in which infection takes place, oth ...201222276598
identification of dactylogyrus spp. and other parasites of common carp in northeast of iran.this research was carried out in order to get overview of current status of infestation with dactylogyrus spp. and other parasites in common carp (cyprinus carpio) collected from the ponds around mashhad in northeast of iran. a total of 100 common carps from march to december 2011, 61 (61 %) specimens were hosts to parasites. monogenea dominated the parasite load most of all fishes, whereas argulus foliaceus (arthropoda) was the less parasite. parasites were found as followed: dactylogyrus exten ...201224082535
metazoan parasites of the common carp (cyprinus carpio l., 1758) from tahtalı dam lake (izmir).the aim of this study was identification of the parasites of the common carp from tahtalı dam lake.201223169163
koi herpesvirus encodes and expresses a functional interleukin-10.koi herpesvirus (khv) (species cyprinid herpesvirus 3) orf134 was shown to transcribe a spliced transcript encoding a 179-amino-acid (aa) interleukin-10 (il-10) homolog (khvil-10) in koi fin (kf-1) cells. pairwise sequence alignment indicated that the expressed product shares 25% identity with carp il-10, 22 to 24% identity with mammalian (including primate) il-10s, and 19.1% identity with european eel herpesvirus il-10 (ahvil-10). in phylogenetic analyses, khvil-10 fell in a divergent position ...201222896613
intensity of parasitic infestation in silver carp, hypophthalmichthys molitrix.silver carp, hypopthalmichthys molitrix is one of the most economically valuable fish species in bangladesh. however, its production is often hindered by parasite-induced mortality. the present study reports the intensity of parasitic infestation in 216 specimens of h. molitrix collected from different fish markets in rajshahi city, bangladesh. nine different parasite species (trichodina pediculatus, dactylogyrus vastator, ichthyophthirius multifilis, gyrodactylus elegans, lernaea sp., apiosoma ...201223225858
[isolation and identification of citrobacter freundii from diseased giant salamander, andrias davidianus].to determine the pathogenic bacterium infecting giant salamander (andrias davidianus).201222586994
[nosoareas of clonorchiasis in the primorye territory].the mammalian liver parasite (clonorchis sinensis flukes) has spread in the primorye territory. the areas of the first intermediate hosts for the parasite mollusks of the genus parafossarulus have been found to recently become wider south-western predominantly due to lotus acclimatization, resulting in the expansion of a parasite habitation area. the intensity of newly formed foci of clonorchiasis is an order of magnitude greater than that of natural ones and they are a higher hazard since they ...201222774498
replacement of the human cytomegalovirus promoter with fish enhancer and core elements to control the expression of the g gene of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv).this work explores some of the possibilities to replace human cytomegalovirus (cmv) core and/or enhancer promoter control elements to create new expression vectors for use with fish. the work is relevant to fish vaccination, since dna vaccines use eukaryotic expression plasmids controlled by the human cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter to be effective against novirhabdoviruses, such as viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv), one of the most devastating fish viral european diseases. to reduce pos ...201222954890
development of mrna-specific rt-pcr for the detection of koi herpesvirus (khv) replication stage.an mrna-specific reverse transcription (rt)-pcr primer set spanning the exon junction of a spliced putative terminase gene in the koi herpesvirus (khv) was developed to detect the replicating stage of the virus. the proposed rt-pcr amplified a target gene from the rna template, but not from a dna template extracted from common carp brain (ccb) cells infected with khv. in addition, the rt-pcr did not amplify the target gene of templates extracted from specific cell lines infected with either cyhv ...201222885509
coordinated and sequential transcription of the cyprinid herpesvirus-3 annotated genes.cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is the cause of a fatal disease in carp and koi fish. the disease is seasonal and appears when water temperatures range from 18 to 28°c. cyhv-3 is a member of the alloherpesviridae, a family in the herpesvirales order that encompasses mammalian, avian and reptilian viruses. cyhv-3 is a large double-stranded dna (dsdna) herpesvirus with a genome of approximately 295kbp, divergent from other mammalian, avian and reptilian herpesviruses, but bearing several genes sim ...201222841491
development of an es-like cell culture system (resc) from rohu, labeo rohita (ham.).an embryonic stem (es)-like cell culture system resc from a commercially important freshwater carp, labeo rohita, was developed using blastula stage embryos. the cells were cultured in leibovitz-15 (l-15) medium in gelatin-coated cell culture flask supplemented with 15 % fetal bovine serum along with 10 ng ml(-1) basic fibroblast growth factor at 28 °c under feeder-free conditions. the es-like cells were characterized by their unique morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity, embryoid body forma ...201222707190
exploring androgen-regulated pathways in teleost fish using transcriptomics and proteomics.in the environment, there are aquatic pollutants that disrupt androgen signaling in fish. laboratory and field-based experiments have utilized omics technologies to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying androgen-receptor agonism/antagonism. transcriptomics and proteomics studies with 17β-trenbolone, a growth-promoting pharmaceutical found in water systems surrounding cattle feed lots, and androgens such as 17α-methyltestosterone and 17α-methyldihydrotestosterone, have been conducted i ...201222596056
sperm characteristics and androgens in acipenser ruthenus after induction of spermiation by carp pituitary extract or gnrha implants.spermiation and changes in androgen (testosterone, t and 11-ketotestosterone, 11-kt) levels were studied in sterlet (acipenser ruthenus) treated with gnrh agonist implants (dala(6)-pro(9)-lhrha) at 25 and 75 μg kg(-1) b.w. and compared with those males treated with 4 mg kg(-1) b.w. of carp pituitary extract (cpe) and 3 pellets of ovopel kg(-1) b.w., which contains dala(6)-pro(9)net-mgnrh and metoclopramide. sperm quality (sperm mass, spermatozoa concentration and sperm motility and velocity) was ...201222665160
variations in the gene expression of zona pellucida proteins, zpb and zpc, in female european eel (anguilla anguilla) during induced sexual maturation.vertebrate eggs are surrounded by an extracellular glycoprotein coat termed zona pellucida (zp). integrity of zp is critical for a correct embryo development. two zona pellucida protein genes (zpb and zpc) from european eel were characterized, specific qpcr assays developed and their expression in immature males and females carried out. an experimental group of silver-stage eel females was maintained at 18 °c and hormonally induced to sexual maturation by weekly injections of carp pituitary extr ...201222750510
quantitative bioassays for measuring biologically functional gonadotropins based on eel gonadotropic receptors.significant declines in eel stocks have been noted in many parts of the world. because eel aquaculture is dependent on wild-caught juveniles, there is a need to achieve artificial reproduction. adult eel maturation is currently induced by repeated injections of purified gonadotropin (human chorionic gonadotropin [hcg]) or pituitary extract. thus the determination of the biological efficacy and quantification of internal levels of gonadotropic hormones is important for optimizing artificial repro ...201222580328
development and validation of a range of endogenous controls to support the implementation of practical taqman real-time pcr-based surveillance for fish diseases within aquaculture.the use of taqman real-time pcr-based technology has recently become more frequent in the detection of pathogens in the aquaculture industry. this interest has necessitated the development of robust and reliable pathogen-detection assays. the development of a range of endogenous control assays to be run alongside these diagnostic assays works to further increase confidence in the latter. this study describes the design of a range of endogenous control assays based on the elongation factor 1-α (e ...201222524565
fish welfare assurance system: initial steps to set up an effective tool to safeguard and monitor farmed fish welfare at a company level.the objective was to take a first step in the development of a process-oriented quality assurance (qa) system for monitoring and safeguarding of fish welfare at a company level. a process-oriented approach is focused on preventing hazards and involves establishment of critical steps in a process that requires careful control. the seven principles of the hazard analysis critical control points (haccp) concept were used as a framework to establish the qa system. haccp is an internationally agreed ...201222278705
biomonitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in heavily polluted aquatic environment in different fish species.the distribution and concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) were determined in fish species (european perch perca fluviatilis, northern pike esox lucius, pike perch sander lucioperca, wels catfish silirus glanus, common carp cyprinus carpio, european eel anguilla anguilla, freshwater bream abramis brama, goldfish carassius auratus, and roach rutilus rutilus) in a heavily polluted water reservoir zemplínska šírava (slovakia). the study performed at two different time points 5 years ap ...201222173787
steroidogenic response of carp ovaries to piscine fsh and lh depends on the reproductive phase.the gonadotropins (gths) follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) and luteinizing hormone (lh) are the key regulators of reproduction. we determined the competence of heterologous recombinant gths at eliciting steroid secretion from carp ovaries at different reproductive stages. we collected carp ovaries at: early, mid and end vitellogenesis, when most of the oocytes still contained a germinal vesicle (gv) at a central stage, and mature ovaries with a migrating gv. plasma estradiol (e2) levels at earl ...201222522050
bioaccumulation of six pcb indicator congeners in a heavily polluted water reservoir in eastern slovakia: tissue-specific distribution in fish and their parasites.concentrations of six indicator pcb congeners (iupac nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) were measured in several organs and adipose tissue of a freshwater predatory fishes (european perch, northern pike, pike perch, wels catfish) as well as in nonpredators (common carp, freshwater bream, goldfish, white bream) and in acanthocephalan acanthocephalus lucii from the water reservoir zemplínska šírava (eastern slovakia), which is considered to be one of the most pcb-contaminated places in europe. c ...201222526286
male primer endocrine responses to preovulatory female cyprinids under natural conditions in sweden.this study investigated two related aspects of male-female reproductive interactions in the family cyprinidae: (1) whether ovulating female rudd scardinius erythrophthalmus (subfamily leuciscinae) induce endocrine and gonadal priming responses in conspecific males, a phenomenon which has been described only in species from the subfamily cyprininae such as goldfish, carassius auratus, crucian carp carassius carassius and common carp, cyprinus carpio and (2) whether the stimuli mediating these res ...201222220895
detection of mutagens and bapmo inducers in river water using the blue cotton adsorption technique.induction of mixed function oxidase (mfo) activity and bioactivation potential were measured in experimental carp and in native fish species from two rivers with different pollution level (sava and mrežnica). the experimental carp were intraperitoneally exposed to various water volume equivalents of blue cotton extracts from both rivers. the induction of mfo measured as a benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase (bapmo) activity was increased up to 9.3-fold in experimental carp and up to 11.3-fold in native ...201220549646
the role of neuromedin u during inflammatory response in the common carp.in the current study, we cloned and characterized the neuromedin u (nmu) gene from the common carp cyprinus carpio l., and identified its participation in immune responses in the teleost. five isoforms of the prepronmu genes were generated by alternative splicing and isolated from carp. the longest form of the carp prepronmu1 (isoform 1) cdna was composed of 803 bp, and contained an 18 bp 5'-utr, a 212 bp 3'-utr and a 573 bp open reading frame, which translates into a peptide comprising 190 amin ...201222122861
dramatic increase of nitrite levels in hearts of anoxia-exposed crucian carp supporting a role in cardioprotection.nitrite (no(2)(-)) functions as an important nitric oxide (no) donor under hypoxic conditions. both nitrite and no have been found to protect the mammalian heart and other tissues against ischemia (anoxia)-reoxygenation injury by interacting with mitochondrial electron transport complexes and limiting the generation of reactive oxygen species upon reoxygenation. the crucian carp naturally survives extended periods without oxygen in an active state, which has made it a model for studying how evol ...201222129619
unique physicochemical properties of perfluorinated compounds and their bioconcentration in common carp cyprinus carpio l.carp (cyprinus carpio l.) was exposed to perfluorinated compounds (pfcs)-perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (number of carbon atoms, c = 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, and 18) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (pfos)-in bioconcentration tests to compare the bioconcentration factors (bcfs) and physicochemical properties of each specific compound. despite having the same number of carbon atoms (c = 8), the bcfs of perfulorooctanoic acid (pfoa) and pfos differed by more than two orders of magnitude (pfoa bcf = < 5.1 ...201222127646
gastrointestinal absorption, metabolic debromination, and hydroxylation of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures by common carp.the gastrointestinal absorption, metabolic debromination, and hydroxylation of three commercial brominated diphenyl ether (bde) mixtures were separately studied in juvenile common carp. the absorption rate of penta-bde was higher than that of octa- and deca-bde, likely because of the lower molecular volumes of its major congeners. however, no significantly positive relationships were found between the number of bromine atoms and the absorption rate, especially for congeners with a bromine atom n ...201222170638
functional differentiation of myoglobin isoforms in hypoxia-tolerant carp indicates tissue-specific protective roles.because of a recent whole genome duplication, the hypoxia-tolerant common carp and goldfish are the only vertebrates known to possess two myoglobin (mb) paralogs. one of these, mb1, occurs in oxidative muscle but also in several other tissues, including capillary endothelial cells, whereas the other, mb2, is a unique isoform specific to brain neurons. to help understand the functional roles of these diverged isoforms in the tolerance to severe hypoxia in the carp, we have compared their o(2) equ ...201222170621
molecular cloning and mrna expression of the vitellogenin and nuclear receptor gene induced by 17β-estradiol in the mud carp, cirrhinus molitorella.vitellogenins (vtgs), the precursors of yolk proteins, are crucial for the embryonic development of teleosts, and have also been studied extensively as biomarkers for environmental estrogenic mimics. the cdna of a vtg was isolated from the liver of male mud carp (cirrhinus molitorella) following induction by 17β-estradiol (e(2)) using 3'- and 5'-race methods. it was 4,216 bp in length, and encoded a putative protein of 1,342 amino acids. this putative vtg contained complete portions of lipovitel ...201222193541
distribution of mono-, di- and trisialo gangliosides in the brain of actinopterygian fishes.mono-, di- and trisialo gangliosides are major glycosphingolipids in the brain of higher vertebrates involved in lipid raft assembly. in contrast, the fish brain is abundant in polisialo-gangliosides, whose function is implicated in the modulation of repulsive and attractive intercellular interactions during embryonic development and a temperature adaptation process. the histological distribution of gangliosides is usually studied in rodent and mammalian brains, but to date it has not been descr ...201222206893
patterns of metal composition and biological condition and their association in male common carp across an environmental contaminant gradient in lake mead national recreation area, nevada and arizona, usa.there is a contaminant gradient in lake mead national recreation area (lmnra) that is partly driven by municipal and industrial runoff and wastewater inputs via las vegas wash (lvw). adult male common carp (cyprinus carpio; 10 fish/site) were collected from lvw, las vegas bay (receiving lvw flow), overton arm (oa, upstream reference), and willow beach (wb, downstream) in march 2008. discriminant function analysis was used to describe differences in metal concentrations and biological condition o ...201222206697
cytochrome p450 1c1 complementary dna cloning, sequence analysis and constitutive expression induced by benzo-a-pyrene in nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus).cyp1c is the newest member of the cyp1 family of p450s; however, its physiological significance, inducers, and metabolic functions are unknown. in this study, a new complementary dna of the cyp1c subfamily encoding cyp1c1 was isolated from nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) liver after intracoelomic injection with benzo-a-pyrene (bap). the full-length cdna was 2223 base pair (bp) long and contained an open reading frame of 1581 bp encoding a protein of 526 amino acids and a stop codon. the seq ...201222204985
kinetics and thiol requirements of iodothyronine 5'-deiodination are tissue-specific in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).iodothyronine deiodinases determine the biological activity of thyroid hormones. despite the homology of the catalytic sites of mammalian and teleostean deiodinases, in-vitro requirements for the putative thiol co-substrate dithiothreitol (dtt) vary considerably between vertebrate species. to further our insights in the interactions between the deiodinase protein and its substrates: thyroid hormone and dtt, we measured enzymatic iodothyronine 5'-deiodination, dio1 and dio2 mrna expression, and d ...201222198122
laboratory experiment on the determination of radiostrontium transfer parameter in water - fish compartment system.a laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the water - fish transfer parameter of radiostrontium that potentially contaminate human body through water - fish - human pathway in the nuclear accident cases. in this experiment, carp fish (cyprinus carpio), generally produced and consumed by indonesian people, were cultured in a tank filled with 500 l water contaminated with (85)sr for two months. the observation of fish growth and radioactivity were conducted every five days by taking up ...201222306861
identification and profiling of micrornas from skeletal muscle of the common carp.the common carp is one of the most important cultivated species in the world of freshwater aquaculture. the cultivation of this species is particularly productive due to its high skeletal muscle mass; however, the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle development in the common carp remain unknown. it has been shown that a class of non-coding ∼22 nucleotide rnas called micrornas (mirnas) play important roles in vertebrate development. they regulate gene expression through sequence-specific inte ...201222303472
effect of chronic exposure to simazine on oxidative stress and antioxidant response in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).we investigated the chronic effect of simazine, an s-triazine herbicide commonly present in aquatic environments, on the antioxidant system and oxidative stress indices in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of 0.06 μg l(-1) (environmental concentration in czech rivers), 2 mg l(-1), and 4 mg l(-1) for 14, 28 and 60 days. indices of oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ros), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars)], and antioxidant parame ...201222301164
effect of timing of hormonal induction on reproductive activity in lambari (astyanax bimaculatus).the objective was to evaluate the influence of the timing of hormonal induction, using gonadorelin or common carp pituitary extract (cpe), on the reproductive activity of female astyanax bimaculatus. fish (n = 44) were weighed, measured, and acclimatized to experimental conditions with a photoperiod of 12 h:12 h light:dark (l:d) for 10 days. ovulation was induced with a single dose of cpe (6 mg/kg) or gonadorelin (80 μg/kg), given at 12:00 (halfway through the light phase (lp) or 24:00 (halfway ...201222289217
molecular basis for clinical heterogeneity in inherited cardiomyopathies due to myopalladin mutations.abnormalities in z-disc proteins cause hypertrophic (hcm), dilated (dcm) and/or restrictive cardiomyopathy (rcm), but disease-causing mechanisms are not fully understood. myopalladin (mypn) is a z-disc protein expressed in striated muscle and functions as a structural, signaling and gene expression regulating molecule in response to muscle stress. mypn was genetically screened in 900 patients with hcm, dcm and rcm, and disease-causing mechanisms were investigated using comparative immunohistoche ...201222286171
bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane in fish from a river system in a highly industrialized area, south china.polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdpe) were determined in water, sediment, and three fish species from the dongjiang river, a highly polluted river by brominated flame retardants in south china due to the intensive industry activities. the stable isotope analysis was used to compare differences between the feeding ecology of the fish species. the bioaccumulations of pbdes and dbdpe were evaluated by calculation of bioaccumulation factors (bafs) and biota-sedi ...201222285078
common carp implanted with prostaglandin f2α release a sex pheromone complex that attracts conspecific males in both the laboratory and field.when ovulated, female fish of many species are known to release a f-prostaglandin-derived sex pheromone that attracts conspecific males. recently, this pheromone was identified in the common carp as a mixture of prostaglandin f(2α) (pgf(2α)) and unidentified body metabolites, which we termed a 'pheromone complex.' the present study sought to test the activity of this pheromone complex in the field by developing a system using carps implanted with pgf(2α) as pheromone donors. an initial experimen ...201222273741
bioaccumulation, oxidative stress and hsp70 expression in cyprinus carpio l. exposed to microcystin-lr under laboratory conditions.microcystin-lr (mc-lr) produced by cyanobacteria are potent specific hepatotoxins. so far the pathogenesis of environmental mc-lr toxicity to aquatic organisms has not been fully elucidated. in the present study the accumulation of mc-lr was investigated in various organs/tissues of cyprinus carpio l. (c. carpio) following exposure to mc-lr for 14 d at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1 to 10 μg l(-1)). results showed that the presence of mc-lr enhanced toxin accumulation in all invest ...201222240489
determination of hypoxia and dietary copper mediated sub-lethal toxicity in carp, cyprinus carpio, at different levels of biological organisation.hypoxic events frequently occur in the aquatic environment in association with micro pollutants, including heavy metals. only a few studies are however available on the uptake and biological responses of heavy metals under hypoxic conditions. to elucidate the phenomenon, mirror carp cyprinus carpio l. (16.13-16.22 g) were exposed chronically to dietary copper (cu; 250 and 500 mg kg dry wt.(-1)) for 30 d under normoxic (8.25 mg o(2) l(-1)) and hypoxic (~3 mg o(2) l(-1)) conditions and adopting an ...201222239943
editorial focus: myoglobin-2, an adaptation for life at low oxygen pressure. focus on: "functional differentiation of myoglobin isoforms in the hypoxia-tolerant carp". 201222237594
effects of atrazine and chlorpyrifos on activity and transcription of glutathione s-transferase in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).glutathione s-transferase isoenzymes (gsts) play a critical role in detoxification pathways. here we report the tissue distribution of four antioxidant gsts gene in common carp, and their expression profiles. we also investigated the gsts activity in different tissues after exposure to the agricultural chemicals atrazine (atr), chlorpyrifos (cpf), and their mixture. relative changes in the mrna abundance of the gst isoforms were examined by real time pcr in liver, brain, kidney and gill of commo ...201222236720
effects of microcystin-containing cyanobacterial extract on hematological and biochemical parameters of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).the aim of the study was to assess the effects of a cyanobacterial extract containing microcystins (mcs) on selected hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.), as well as to determine the accumulation of toxins in fish tissues. the fish were immersed for 5 days in water containing toxins at a final concentration of 12 μg/l of microcystin lr equivalent. microcystin lr residues were detected in fish liver, reaching 207, 238 and 260 ng/g f.w. of the tissues taken ...201222228075
molecular cloning and expression of two β-defensin and two mucin genes in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and their up-regulation after β-glucan feeding.in this study, we described the partial structure, mrna tissue distribution and regulation of two carp mucin and two β-defensin genes. this is the first description of these genes in fish. the genes might provide relevant tools to monitor feed-related improvements of fish health under aquaculture conditions. carp mucin 2 and mucin 5b genes show a high similarity to their mammalian and avian counterparts. the carp β-defensin 1 and β-defensin 2 genes cluster together well with their piscine family ...201222227003
risk-benefit evaluation of fish from chinese markets: nutrients and contaminants in 24 fish species from five big cities and related assessment for human health.the risks and benefits of fish from markets in chinese cities have not previously been fully evaluated. in the present study, 24 common fish species with more than 400 individual samples were collected from markets from five big chinese cities in 2007. the main nutrients and contaminants were measured and the risk-benefit was evaluated based on recommended nutrient intakes and risk level criteria set by relevant authorities. the comprehensive effects of nutrients and contaminants in marine oily ...201222225822
morphological, physiological and behavioural response patterns of carp gudgeon hypseleotris spp. to food deprivation: implications for assessing health.morphological (growth, fulton's condition factor), physiological (per cent dry mass, total lipid content) and behavioural (activity levels) response patterns of carp gudgeon hypseleotris spp. were examined in response to food deprivation during a 56 day experiment. considerable variability in the nature and magnitude of these response patterns was observed, suggesting that caution should be taken when interpreting changes in the health of small-bodied fishes based on individual response variable ...201222220900
phenotypic variation and associated predation risk of juvenile common carp cyprinus carpio.juvenile common carp cyprinus carpio were collected from 10 lakes with variable predator abundance over 4 months to evaluate if morphological defences increased with increasing predation risk. cyprinus carpio dorsal and pectoral spines were longer and body depth was deeper when predators were more abundant, with differences becoming more pronounced from july to october. to determine if morphological plasticity successfully reduced predation risk, prey selection of largemouth bass micropterus sal ...201222220889
evolutionary history of c-myc in teleosts and characterization of the duplicated c-myca genes in goldfish embryos.c-myc plays an important role during embryogenesis in mammals, but little is known about its function during embryonic development in teleosts. in addition, the evolutionary history of c-myc gene in teleosts remains unclear, and depending on the species, a variable number of gene duplicates exist in teleosts. to gain new insight into c-myc genes in teleosts, the present study was designed to clarify the evolutionary history of c-myc gene(s) in teleosts and to subsequently characterize dna methyl ...201222213278
effects of 2,4-dinitrotoluene exposure on enzyme activity, energy reserves and condition factors in common carp (cyprinus carpio).in this study relative condition factor (rcf) and hepatosomatic index (hsi) as well as the available energy reserves of common carp (cyprinus carpio) by 2,4-dnt semi-static bioassay were determined and linked to effects of enzymes in liver tissues. fish were exposed at sublethal concentrations of 2,4-dnt (0.13 μg/l, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0mg/l) for 7 and 15 d. based on the results, there was no significant change in all parameters measured in fish exposed to 2,4-dnt at environmental related concentration, ...201222209323
diversity of cd2 subfamily receptors in cyprinid fishes.cd2 family receptor (cd2f) is evolutionarily conserved and is widely expressed by various types of leukocytes. to elucidate the phylogenetic diversity of the cd2f, we characterized cd2f in teleosts using ginbuna crucian carp and zebrafish. the identified cd2f isoforms of the ginbuna carp (caaucd2f) exhibited high sequence similarity to the mammalian cd2 subsets cd48, cd244, and cd319, but it was difficult to classify them into their respective mammalian cd2f based on sequence similarity, the pre ...201224371564
dietary tryptophan changes serum stress markers, enzyme activity, and ions concentration of wild common carp cyprinus carpio exposed to ambient copper.effect of dietary tryptophan (trp) on copper toxicity was investigated in common carp, cyprinus carpio. fish were randomly distributed into two triplicate treatments (control and trp) and fed control (trp = 3.1 g kg(-1)) or trp (trp = 8.1 g kg(-1)) diets over a 2-week period. then, both treatments were subjected to 10 mg l(-1) copper sulfate over a 7-day period. mortality and serum cortisol, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (alt), aspartate aminotransferase (ast), sodium, potassium, and chlorid ...201222415861
in vitro exposure to fullerene c(60) influences redox state and lipid peroxidation in brain and gills from cyprinus carpio (cyprinidae).studies concerning the impact of nanomaterials, especially fullerene (c(60) ), in fresh water environments and their effects on the physiology of aquatic organisms are still scarce and conflicting. we aimed to assess in vitro effects of fullerene in brain and gill homogenates of carp cyprinus carpio, evaluating redox parameters. a fullerene suspension was prepared by continued stirring under fluorescent light during two months. the suspension concentration was measured by total carbon content an ...201222410840
occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of antibiotics in the haihe river in china.the occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of 22 antibiotics, including eight fluoroquinolones (fqs), nine sulfonamides (sas) and five macrolides (mls), in the haihe river were investigated. surface water, sediment and fish samples were analyzed by hplc-ms/ms. ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, erythromycin and roxithromycin were found in all surface water samples. sas were the predominant antibiotics in surface water samples in the mainstream of haihe river, with the maximum conce ...201222402740
evaluation of spatial and temporal changes in biomarker responses in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) for biomonitoring the meriç delta, turkey.the aim of this study is to examine the activity of several biomarkers in carp, cyprinus carpio l., to determine their response to xenobiotics, such as organochlorine pesticides (ocps), in the meriç delta. fish were collected from contaminated sites and from areas regarded as relatively less contaminated in four sampling periods. hepatic glutathione s-transferase (gst), carboxylesterase (cae), lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and acid phosphatase activities were measured as bio ...201222387355
assessment of microcystin distribution and biomagnification in tissues of aquatic food web compartments from a shallow lake and evaluation of potential risks to public health.the objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystins in the main components of the food web (phytoplankton, zooplankton, crayfish, shrimp, mussel, snail, fish, frog) of lake pamvotis (nw greece), (2) to investigate the possibility of microcystin biomagnification and (3) to evaluate the potential threat of the contaminated aquatic organisms to human health. significant microcystin concentrations were detected in all the aquatic organisms during tw ...201222383140
identification and expression analysis of fabp2 gene from common carp cyprinus carpio.two complementary (c)dna fragments, including the complete open reading frame of fabp2 from the common carp cyprinus carpio, were cloned by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). both were putative intestinal-type fabp genes, named fabp2a and fabp2b. fabp2b was mainly expressed in the intestine and the brain. this gene, however, was nearly not expressed in the liver, heart, pancreas and muscle. fabp2a was only expressed at a very low level in the intestine. western blot also s ...201222380561
strong population genetic structure and its management implications in the mud carp cirrhinus molitorella, an indigenous freshwater species subject to an aquaculture and culture-based fishery.this study investigated population genetic structure and diversity of mud carp cirrhinus molitorella, a species widely used in aquaculture and culture-based fisheries in china and mekong river riparian countries. seven newly developed and one published microsatellite dna markers were used to analyse samples from six wild locations, four hatchery broodstocks and one farmed site from the mekong, red and pearl rivers. significant genetic structure was detected in c. molitorella, with isolation-by-d ...201222380559
histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney of common carp exposed to chlorpyrifos.histopathological alterations in gill, liver and kidney of common carp, cyprinus carpio, intoxicated with sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos (o,o,-diethyl-o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) pesticide (1 and 100 μg/l) for a period of 14 days were analyzed under light microscope. gill exhibited hyperplasia and hypertrophy of gill epithelium, blood congestion, dilation of marginal channel, epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, lamellar disorganization, lamellar aneurysm, rupture of ...201222375590
population-level metrics of trophic structure based on stable isotopes and their application to invasion ecology.biological invasions are a significant driver of human-induced global change and many ecosystems sustain sympatric invaders. interactions occurring among these invaders have important implications for ecosystem structure and functioning, yet they are poorly understood. here we apply newly developed metrics derived from stable isotope data to provide quantitative measures of trophic diversity within populations or species. we then use these to test the hypothesis that sympatric invaders belonging ...201222363724
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