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estimating nitrate leaching with a transfer function model incorporating net mineralization and uptake of nitrogen.because of the complex interaction of chemical and biological processes of nitrogen (n) in soils, it is difficult to estimate the leaching of nitrate with various n transformations in porous media. in this study, a transfer function model was developed to simulate the outflow concentration of nitrate in soils during the growth of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.), taking into account the main n transformations using source and sink terms. the source and sink terms were treated as inputs to the ...201312931902
effect of chloride in soil solution on the plant availability of biosolid-borne cadmium.increasing chloride (cl) concentration in soil solution has been shown to increase cadmium (cd) concentration in soil solution and cd uptake by plants, when grown in phosphate fertilizer- or biosolid-amended soils. however, previous experiments did not distinguish between the effect of cl on biosolid-borne cd compared with soil-borne cd inherited from previous fertilizer history. a factorial pot experiment was conducted with biosolid application rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 g biosolids kg(-1) and ...201315074800
[effects of cytokinin preparations on the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus of two wheat cultivars under water deficiency].carboxylase activities of the key enzyme of carbon metabolism, ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco; ec 4.1.1.39), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepc; ec 4.1.1.31), as well as intensities of carbon dioxide photosynthetic assimilation in young seedlings and adult leaves of the wheat triticum aestivum l. cultivars mironovskaya 808 (a more tolerant) and lyutestsens 758 (a less tolerant), were compared under conditions of progressive water deficiency. the water stress had more ...201315609857
radionuclide transport above a near-surface water table: iv. soil migration and crop uptake of chlorine-36 and technetium-99, 1990 to 1993.vertical distributions of (36)cl and (99)tc are presented from deep and shallow lysimeters above artificially controlled water tables for a 4-yr experiment from 1990 to 1993. activity concentration profiles were all measured in late summer when a winter wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. pastiche) crop was harvested. after harvest, activity concentrations in different organs of the crop were determined and crop uptake quantified as both an inventory ratio (ir) and a transfer factor (tf(w)), weighte ...201315537950
influence of organic matter decomposition on soluble carbon and its copper-binding capacity.bulk and low molecular weight (lmw) (<1 kda) water-extractable carbon were collected from fresh and microbially degraded wheat straw (triticum aestivum l.) and crimson clover (trifolium incarnatum l.) residues to monitor early-stage humification over an 8-wk incubation. copper complexation parameters were determined for both bulk and lmw water-extractable c for both plant materials in a separate 1-wk incubation. humification progressed through increasing molar absorptivity (a285) and phenolic an ...201314674534
mapping of quantitative trait loci for grain iron and zinc concentration in diploid a genome wheat.micronutrients, especially iron (fe) and zinc (zn), are deficient in the diets of people in underdeveloped countries. biofortification of food crops is the best approach for alleviating the micronutrient deficiencies. identification of germplasm with high grain fe and zn and understanding the genetic basis of their accumulation are the prerequisites for manipulation of these micronutrients. some wild relatives of wheat were found to have higher grain fe and zn concentrations compared with the cu ...201319520762
differential protection of ethylenediurea (edu) against ambient ozone for five cultivars of tropical wheat.the antiozonant edu (ethylenediurea) was used to assess the impact of ambient o(3) under field conditions on five cultivars of tropical wheat (triticum aestivum l.). edu solution (0 ppm and 400 ppm) was applied as soil drench (100 ml plant(-1)) 10 days after germination (dag) at an interval of 12 days. edu-treated plants showed significant increments in stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, variable fluorescence, total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, proline and protein contents and protective ...201319386404
effect of 2,4-d and isoproturon on chromosomal disturbances during mitotic division in root tip cells of triticum aestivum l.the widespread use of the herbicides for weed control and crop productivity in modern agriculture exert a threat on economically important crops by way of cytological damage to the cells of the crop plant or side effects, if any, induced by the herbicides. in the present communication, author describes the effects of 2,4-d and isoproturon on chromosomal morphology in mitotic cells of triticum aestivum l. the wheat seedlings were treated with range of concentrations (50-1200 ppm) of 2,4-d and iso ...201320480806
modeling nitrogen and water management effects in a wheat-maize double-cropping system.excessive n and water use in agriculture causes environmental degradation and can potentially jeopardize the sustainability of the system. a field study was conducted from 2000 to 2002 to study the effects of four n treatments (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg n ha(-1) per crop) on a wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and maize (zea mays l.) double cropping system under 70 +/- 15% field capacity in the north china plain (ncp). the root zone water quality model (rzwqm), with the crop estimation through resource ...201318948476
induction of phenolic compounds in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) tissue cultures by streptomycin.the tissue cultures of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were induced from the mature embryos (explants) of the dry grains and grown on ms medium containing kinetin (0.1 mg/1) and 2,4 d (1.0 mg/l). the cultures were incubated for two weeks at (25+/-2) degrees c under a light/dark regime (16 h light daily). the formed calli were subcultured at the beginning of the stationary growth phase (15 days) with fresh ms medium containing 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150 mg/l streptomycin elicitor and maintained for ...201317425105
alfalfa rapidly remediates excess inorganic nitrogen at a fertilizer spill site.by 19%, standard remediation techniques had significantly reduced the concentration of nitrate nitrogen (no3- -n) in local ground water at the site of a 1989 anhydrous ammonia spill, but no3- -n concentrations in portions of the site still exceeded the public drinking water standard. our objective was to determine whether local soil and ground water quality could be improved with alfalfa (medicago sativa l.). a 3-yr study was conducted in replicated plots (24 by 30 m) located hydrologically upgr ...201311215664
[a new micromethod for differential quantitative assay of zeatin and zeatin riboside].a new method is proposed for differential quantitative assay of two major endogenous cytokinin forms. it is based on determination of two effective parameters-concentrations of zeatin and zeatin riboside--with the use of appropriate antigens as standards. the method can be used for determining cytokinins in small samples of plant tissues without extract fractionation. this study pioneers in quantitation of changes in the hormonal status of ovules and ovaries of triticum aestivum l. at early stag ...201311530676
[change in the reaction of the antioxidant system of wheat sprouts after uv-irradiation of seeds].the response of the antioxidant system of sprouts of wheat triticum aestivum l. to preliminary irradiation of seeds with uv light was studied. the dependence of lipid peroxidation and the extent of antioxidant activity on the duration of irradiation was studied. it was shown that low doses of uv radiation (5-15 min) stimulate the antioxidant protection of green wheat sprouts grown for eight days. increasing the irradiation time to 30-60 min leads to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the an ...201311040985
cadmium content of wheat grain from a long-term field experiment with sewage sludge.grain cd concentrations were determined in the wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars soissons, brigadier, and hereward grown in 1994,1996, and 1999, respectively, in soils of a long-term field experiment to which sewage sludges contaminated with zn, cu, ni, or cr had previously been added. soil pore water soluble cd and free cd2+ increased linearly with increasing total soil cd (r2=0.82 and 0.84, respectively; p<0.001). similarly, soil pore water free cd2+ increased linearly with increasing soi ...201311577862
wheat response to differences in water and nutritional status between zeoponic and hydroponic growth systems.hydroponic culture has traditionally been used for controlled environment life support systems (celss) because the optimal environment for roots supports high growth rates. recent developments in zeoponic substrate and microporous tube irrigation (zpt) also offer high control of the root environment. this study compared the effect of differences in water and nutrient status of zpt or hydroponic culture on growth and yield of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. usu-apogee). in a side-by-side test in ...201311543523
phytosiderophores influence on cadmium mobilization and uptake by wheat and barley plants.a constant anthropogenic release of cadmium to the environment has resulted in a continuous buildup of cd in soils. uptake and accumulation of cd in plant tissue and in grains may lead to food chain transfer to humans. application of synthetic chelates was suggested to increase metal mobilization and facilitate phytoextraction as a means for the remediation of metal-polluted soils. however, most of the chelate-extracted metal may be leached rather than mobilized to plant roots. in contrast to th ...201311790018
mechanism of calcium ion induced multilamellar vesicle-dna interaction.the effect of ca2+ on the dna interaction with anionic and neutral multilamellar vesicles (mlv) has been investigated. dna from wheat (triticum aestivum l. gerek) was introduced to a suspension of mlv, composed of phosphatidylcholine (pc):dicetylphosphate (dcp):cholesterol (chol) at different molar ratios, to which ca2+ (5-75 mm) was subsequently added. indication of aggregation and/or fusion was obtained via light-scattering examination following the addition of ca2+ and dna to the mlv medium. ...20139463807
wheat protein.results from aid-supported nebraska research to improve the nutritional quality of wheat indicate that substantial genetic variation for grain protein content exists in wheat. experimental lines with 5% higher protein in their grain than ordinary varieties have been selected from a high-protein x high-protein cross. genetic variablity for lysine in wheat grain is limited. the genetic component of total lysine variability among 12,6000 wheats in the usda world collection was only 0.5%. genetic in ...20131032110
[investigation on wheat varieties of better protein quantity and quality (author's transl)].a research has been conducted on several hundreds of cultivars and selection lines of bread wheat to find out new varieties of better nutritive characteristics. for a coarse evaluation of protein quantity and quality, a screening method (dyebinding capacity, dbc) was utilized. on the same samples, nitrogen was determined also by the kjeldahl method; in some cases aminoacids analysis was carried out. a very high correlation was found between protein content and dbc and, even higher in this case, ...20131243931
tripartite interactions of barley yellow dwarf virus, sitobion avenae and wheat varieties.the tripartite interactions in a pathosystem involving wheat (triticum aestivum l.), the barley yellow dwarf virus (bydv), and the bydv vector aphid sitobion avenae were studied under field conditions to determine the impact of these interactions on aphid populations, virus pathology and grain yield. wheat varietal resistance to bydv and aphids varied among the three wheat varieties studied over two consecutive years. the results demonstrated that (1) aphid peak number (apn) in the aphid + bydv ...201425184214
identification of a hidden resistance gene in tetraploid wheat using laboratory strains of pyricularia oryzae produced by backcrossing.in the process (bc3f1 generation) of backcrossing an avena isolate of pyricularia oryzae with a triticum isolate, color mutants with white mycelia were obtained. these white mutants lacked virulence on all (31/31) hexaploid and most (28/32) tetraploid wheat lines tested. in a bc4f1 population, white and black cultures segregated in a 1:1 ratio, suggesting that the mutant phenotype is controlled by a single gene. furthermore, the mycelial color was perfectly linked with avirulence in the bc4f1 po ...201424824421
carbon dioxide emissions as affected by alternative long-term irrigation and tillage management practices in the lower mississippi river valley.ensuring the sustainability of cultivated soils is an ever-increasing priority for producers in the lower mississippi river valley (lmrv). as groundwater sources become depleted and environmental regulations become more strict, producers will look to alternative management practices that will ensure the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of their production systems. this study was conducted to assess the long-term (>7 years) effects of irrigation (i.e., irrigated and dryland production) and t ...201425371912
oxirapentyns a, b and e from the marine-derived strain of isaria felina kmm 4639 as stimulators of initial stages of development of agricultural plants.oxirapentyn a (1), oxirapentyn b (2), and oxirapentyn e (3) were examined for their ability to stimulate growth of seedling roots of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum moench), corn (zea mays l.), soy {glycine max (l.) merr.}, and wheat (triticum aestivum l.). it was shown that the stimulatory effects depend on the chemical structure of the oxirapentyns and on the plant species. compounds 1, and 2 are efficient for growth of seedling roots of barley, and wheat, whereas ...201425115093
alkaloids from marine sponges as stimulators of initial stages of development of agricultural plants.damirone a (1), damirone b (2), makaluvamine g (3), debromohymenialdisine (4), and dibromoagelaspongin (5) were examined for their ability to stimulate growth of seedling roots of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum moench), corn (zea mays l.), soy (glycine max (l.) merr.}, and wheat (triticum aestivum l.). it was shown that the stimulatory effects depend on the chemical structure of the alkaloids and on the plant species. compounds 1, 3, and 4 are efficient for growth o ...201424868854
evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticle toxicity in sludge products applied to agricultural soil using multispecies soil systems.to study the environmental impact of nanoparticles, the sludges of wastewater (wwts) and water treatment (wts) plants enriched with zno nanoparticles were added to agricultural soil, and the toxic effects of the nanoparticles were studied using a microcosm system based on the soil. the wwts treated soils were characterised by statistically significant decreases (p<0.05) in vicia sativa germination at the lowest (76.2%) and medium (95.2%) application rates, decreases in the fresh biomass for trit ...201425194764
mutual impacts of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and earthworms (eisenia fetida) on the bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) in soil.wheat and earthworms were exposed individually and together to soils contaminated with 11 perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass). wheat accumulated pfass from soil with root concentration factors and bioconcentration factors that decreased as the number of perfluorinated carbons in the molecule increased. earthworms accumulated pfass from soil with biota-to-soil accumulation factors that increased with the number of carbons. translocation factors (tf) of perfluorinated carboxylates (pfcas) in wheat p ...201424158108
comparative phosphoproteome analysis of the developing grains in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under well-watered and water-deficit conditions.wheat (triticum aestivum), one of the most important cereal crops, is often threatened by drought. in this study, water deficit significantly reduced the height of plants and yield of grains. to explore further the effect of drought stress on the development and yield of grains, we first performed a large scale phosphoproteome analysis of developing grains in wheat. a total of 590 unique phosphopeptides, representing 471 phosphoproteins, were identified under well-watered conditions. motif-x ana ...201425145454
decolorization and degradation mechanism of amaranth by polyporus sp. s133.polyporus sp. s133 decolorized the amaranth in 72 h (30 mg l(-1)) under static and shaking conditions. liquid medium containing glucose has shown the highest decolorization of amaranth by polyporus sp. s133. when the effect of increasing inoculum concentration on decolorization of amaranth was studied, maximum decolorization was observed with 15 % inoculum concentration. significant increase in the enzyme production of laccase (102.2 u l(-1)) was observed over the period of amaranth decolorizati ...201424623464
biodegradation of methyl red by bacillus sp. strain un2: decolorization capacity, metabolites characterization, and enzyme analysis.azo dyes are recalcitrant and refractory pollutants that constitute a significant menace to the environment. the present study is focused on exploring the capability of bacillus sp. strain un2 for application in methyl red (mr) degradation. effects of physicochemical parameters (ph of medium, temperature, initial concentration of dye, and composition of the medium) were studied in detail. the suitable ph and temperature range for mr degradation by strain un2 were respectively 7.0-9.0 and 30-40 ° ...201424474566
the effect of seed treatment on the main pathogens present in wheat agroecosystems.wheat crop (triticum aestivum l.) from poaceae family is affected by many diseases that cause yield losses. the present paper addresses a topic of economic, agrotechnics and social importance of wheat crop (occupying the first place among the romanian cultivated crop, feeding 35 to 40% of world population). the study had as main objective product testing like yunta 246 fs (imidacloprid 233 g/l + tebuconazol 13 g/l), team micorriza plus (glomus intraradices 150 spore/g + glomus mosseae 150 spore/ ...201426080483
near-isogenic lines of triticum aestivum with distinct modes of resistance exhibit dissimilar transcriptional regulation during diuraphis noxia feeding.russian wheat aphid (diuraphis noxia, kurdjumov) feeding on susceptible triticum aestivum l. leads to leaf rolling, chlorosis and plant death - symptoms not present in resistant lines. although the effects of several d. noxia (dn) resistance genes are known, none have been isolated or characterized. wheat varieties expressing different dn genes exhibit distinct modes of d. noxia resistance, such as antibiosis (dn1), tolerance (dn2), and antixenosis (dn5). however, the mechanism whereby feeding a ...201425361582
hypervirulent diuraphis noxia (hemiptera: aphididae) biotype sam avoids triggering defenses in its host (triticum aestivum) (poales: poaceae) during feeding.in the molecular arms race between aphids and plants, both organisms rely on adaptive strategies to outcompete their evolutionary rival. in the current study, we investigated the difference in elicited defense responses of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) near-isogenic lines with different dn resistance genes, upon feeding by an avirulent and hypervirulent diuraphis noxia kurdjumov biotype. after measuring the activity of a suite of enzymes associated with plant defense, it became apparent that the ...201424874154
bioaccessibility of polyphenols from wheat (triticum aestivum), sorghum (sorghum bicolor), green gram (vigna radiata), and chickpea (cicer arietinum) as influenced by domestic food processing.cereals (wheat and sorghum) and legumes (green gram and chickpea) commonly consumed in asia and africa were evaluated for polyphenolic content. bioaccessibility of polyphenols from these grains as influenced by domestic processing was also estimated. total polyphenol content of wheat and sorghum was 1.20 and 1.12 mg/g respectively, which was increased by 49% and 20% respectively, on roasting. in contrast, a significant reduction of the same was observed in both the cereals after pressure-cooking ...201425340251
qtl analysis of genetic loci affecting domestication-related spike characters in common wheat.domestication-related changes that govern a spike morphology suitable for seed harvesting in cereals have resulted from mutation and selection of the genes. a synthetic hexaploid wheat (s-6214, genome aabbdd) produced by a cross between durum wheat (aabb) and wild goat grass (dd) showed partial non-domestication-related phenotypes due to genetic effects of the wild goat grass genome. quantitative trait loci (qtls) affecting wheat domestication-related spike characters including spike threshabili ...201425475935
seed germination, root elongation, root-tip mitosis, and micronucleus induction of five crop plants exposed to chromium in fluvo-aquic soil.the present study aimed to determine the toxic effects of chromium (cr) on cabbage (brassica oleracea), cucumber (cucumis sativus), lettuce (lactuca sativa), wheat (triticum aestivum), and corn (zea mays), and identify the sensitive plant species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of cr in soil. results showed that seed germination might not be a sensitive assay for assessing cr toxicity because at most of the cr levels there were no toxic effects. root elong ...201424318542
a simple and versatile 2-dimensional platform to study plant germination and growth under controlled humidity.we describe a simple, inexpensive, but remarkably versatile and controlled growth environment for the observation of plant germination and seedling root growth on a flat, horizontal surface over periods of weeks. the setup provides to each plant a controlled humidity (between 56% and 91% rh), and contact with both nutrients and atmosphere. the flat and horizontal geometry of the surface supporting the roots eliminates the gravitropic bias on their development and facilitates the imaging of the e ...201424806462
toxicity of tributyltin (tbt) to terrestrial organisms and its species sensitivity distribution.the contamination of the terrestrial environment by disposal of tributyltin (tbt) by contaminated harbour sediments, sewage sludge and/or biocide products has been raising concerns and it may pose a risk to soil invertebrates and plants. this study aimed to improve the amount and quality of data for tbt toxicity in soils in order to assess the ecological risk of tbt to the terrestrial ecosystems. for this, bioassays were performed with the species porcellionides pruinosus, folsomia candida, bras ...201423994735
solid-substrate fermentation of wheat grains by mycelia of indigenous species of the genus ganoderma (higher basidiomycetes) to enhance the antioxidant activities.species of the genus ganoderma are a cosmopolitan wood decaying white rot fungi, which has been used by the asians for therapeutic purposes for centuries. in the present study, solid-substrate fermentation (ssf) of wheat grains (triticum aestivum l.) was carried out with indigenous ganoderma australe (kum60813) and g. neo-japonicum (kum61076) selected based on ethnomycological knowledge. g. lucidum (vita gl) (a commercial strain) was also included in the study. antioxidant activities of the crud ...201424941167
identifying variation in resistance to the take-all fungus, gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, between different ancestral and modern wheat species.ancestral wheat relatives are important sources of genetic diversity for the introduction of novel traits for the improvement of modern bread wheat. in this study the aim was to assess the susceptibility of 34 accessions of the diploid wheat triticum monococcum (a genome) to gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (ggt), the causal agent of take-all disease. the second aim was to explore the susceptibility of tetraploid wheat (t. durum) and the b genome progenitor species aegilops speltoides to ggt ...201425084989
a consensus map for ug99 stem rust resistance loci in wheat.this consensus map of stem rust genes, qtls, and molecular markers will facilitate the identification of new resistance genes and provide a resource of in formation for development of new markers for breeding wheat varieties resistant to ug99. the global effort to identify new sources of resistance to wheat stem rust, caused by puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race group ug99 has resulted in numerous studies reporting both qualitative genes and quantitative trait loci. the purpose of our study w ...201424903979
complementary epistasis involving sr12 explains adult plant resistance to stem rust in thatcher wheat (triticum aestivum l.).quantitative trait loci conferring adult plant resistance to ug99 stem rust in thatcher wheat display complementary gene action suggesting multiple quantitative trait loci are needed for effective resistance. adult plant resistance (apr) in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) to stem rust, caused by puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (pgt), is desirable because this resistance can be pgt race non-specific. resistance derived from cultivar thatcher can confer high levels of apr to the virulent pgt race tt ...201424838645
identification of leaf rust resistance genes in selected egyptian wheat cultivars by molecular markers.leaf rust, caused by puccinia triticina eriks., is a common and widespread disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) in egypt. host resistance is the most economical, effective, and ecologically sustainable method of controlling the disease. molecular markers help to determine leaf rust resistance genes (lr genes). the objective of this study was to identify lr genes in fifteen wheat cultivars from egypt. ten genes, lr13, lr19, lr24, lr26, lr34, lr35 lr36, lr37, lr39, and lr46, were detected in fi ...201424511291
identification of a robust molecular marker for the detection of the stem rust resistance gene sr45 in common wheat.fine mapping of the ug99 effective stem rust resistance gene sr45 introgressed into common wheat from the d -genome goatgrass aegilops tauschii. stem rust resistance gene sr45, discovered in aegilops tauschii, the progenitor of the d -genome of wheat, is effective against commercially important puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici races prevalent in australia, south africa and the ug99 race group. a synthetic hexaploid wheat (rl5406) generated by crossing ae. tauschii accession rl5289 (carrying sr45 ...201424469473
population divergence in the wheat leaf rust fungus puccinia triticina is correlated with wheat evolution.co-evolution of fungal pathogens with their host species during the domestication of modern crop varieties has likely affected the current genetic divergence of pathogen populations. the objective of this study was to determine if the evolutionary history of the obligate rust pathogen on wheat, puccinia triticina, is correlated with adaptation to hosts with different ploidy levels. sequence data from 15 loci with different levels of polymorphism were generated. phylogenetic analyses (parsimony, ...201424301080
transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing a grass ppexp1 gene exhibit enhanced tolerance to heat stress.heat stress is a detrimental abiotic stress limiting the growth of many plant species and is associated with various cellular and physiological damages. expansins are a family of proteins which are known to play roles in regulating cell wall elongation and expansion, as well as other growth and developmental processes. the in vitro roles of expansins regulating plant heat tolerance are not well understood. the objectives of this study were to isolate and clone an expansin gene in a perennial gra ...201425003197
resistance of callose synthase activity to free fatty acid inhibition as an indicator of fusarium head blight resistance in wheat.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb); a devastating crop disease resulting in heavy yield losses and grain contamination with mycotoxins. we recently showed that the secreted lipase fgl1, a virulence factor of f. graminearum, targets plant defense-related callose biosynthesis during wheat head infection. this effector-like function is based on a fgl1-mediated release of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (ffa) that can inhibit callose synthase ...201425763484
variations for fusarium head blight resistance associated with genomic diversity in different sources of the resistant wheat cultivar 'sumai 3'.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum, is a serious disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) associated with contamination by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don). the fhb-resistant wheat cultivar 'sumai 3' has been used extensively around the world. the existence of variation in fhb resistance among 'sumai 3' accessions has been discussed. in this study, genetic variation among 'sumai 3' accessions collected from six countries were identified using ssr markers; our results dem ...201424987294
identification and differential induction of abcg transporter genes in wheat cultivars challenged by a deoxynivalenol-producing fusarium graminearum strain.fusarium head blight (fhb), predominantly caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) production worldwide. a suppression subtractive hybridization cdna library was constructed from f. graminearum infected spikes of a resistant belgian winter wheat, centenaire, exhibiting type ii resistance to fhb in order to identify differentially expressed members of full-size abcg family. members of the abcg family are pleiotropic drug ...201424973883
transcriptome profiling of wheat differentially expressed genes exposed to different chemotypes of fusarium graminearum.the study is an overview of the behavior of the wheat transcriptome to the fusarium graminearum fungus using two different chemotypes. the transcriptome profiles of seven putative differentially expressed defense-related genes were identified by ssh and further examined using qpcr. fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), caused by several species of the fungus fusarium, is important in all wheat growing regions worldwide. the most dominant species in canada is fusarium gramin ...201424893796
resistance of callose synthase activity to free fatty acid inhibition as an indicator of fusarium head blight resistance in wheat.the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb); a devastating crop disease resulting in heavy yield losses and grain contamination with mycotoxins. we recently showed that the secreted lipase fgl1, a virulence factor of f. graminearum, targets plant defense-related callose biosynthesis during wheat head infection. this effector-like function is based on a fgl1-mediated release of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (ffa) that can inhibit callose synthase ...201424781155
large-scale transcriptome comparison reveals distinct gene activations in wheat responding to stripe rust and powdery mildew.stripe rust (puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; pst) and powdery mildew (blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici; bgt) are important diseases of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. similar mechanisms and gene transcripts are assumed to be involved in the host defense response because both pathogens are biotrophic fungi. the main objective of our study was to identify co-regulated mrnas that show a change in expression pattern after inoculation with pst or bgt, and to identify mrnas specific to the f ...201425318379
molecular mapping of genes yr64 and yr65 for stripe rust resistance in hexaploid derivatives of durum wheat accessions pi 331260 and pi 480016.this manuscript reports two new genes ( yr64 and yr65 ) for effective resistance to stripe rust and usefulness of their flanking ssr markers for marker-assisted selection. stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide and resistance is the best control strategy. durum wheat accessions pi 331260 and pi 480016 were resistant to all tested pst races. to transfer the resistance genes to common wheat and map them to wheat ch ...201425142874
mapping stripe rust resistance in a brundagexcoda winter wheat recombinant inbred line population.a recombinant inbred line (ril) mapping population developed from a cross between winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars coda and brundage was evaluated for reaction to stripe rust (caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici). two hundred and sixty eight ril from the population were evaluated in replicated field trials in a total of nine site-year locations in the u.s. pacific northwest. seedling reaction to stripe rust races pst-100, pst-114 and pst-127 was also examined. a linkage ma ...201424642574
taadf7, an actin-depolymerizing factor, contributes to wheat resistance against puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.the actin cytoskeleton is involved in plant defense responses; however, the role of the actin-depolymerizing factor (adf) family, which regulates actin cytoskeletal dynamics, in plant disease resistance, is largely unknown. here, we characterized a wheat (triticum aestivum) adf gene, taadf7, with three copies located on chromosomes 1a, 1b, and 1d, respectively. all three copies encoded the same protein, although there were variations in 19 nucleotide positions in the open reading frame. transcri ...201424635700
genetic mapping of a putative thinopyrum intermedium-derived stripe rust resistance gene on wheat chromosome 1b.stripe rust resistance transferred from thinopyrum intermedium into common wheat was controlled by a single dominant gene, which mapped to chromosome 1b near yr26 and was designated yrl693. stripe rust caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst) is a highly destructive disease of wheat (triticum aestivum). stripe rust resistance was transferred from thinopyrum intermedium to common wheat, and the resulting introgression line (l693) exhibited all-stage resistance to the widely virulent an ...201424487977
wheat stripe (yellow) rust caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici.stripe (yellow) rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is a serious disease of wheat occurring in most wheat areas with cool and moist weather conditions during the growing season. the basidiomycete fungus is an obligate biotrophic parasite that is difficult to culture on artificial media. pst is a macrocyclic, heteroecious fungus that requires both primary (wheat or grasses) and alternate (berberis or mahonia spp.) host plants to complete its life cycle. urediniospores have ...201424373199
molecular cytogenetic identification of a novel 1al.1rs translocation line with powdery mildew resistance.a wheat germplasm line 13-2-2 with resistance to powdery mildew was isolated; this line was derived from common wheat cv. w770b and rye, secale cereale l. (2n = 2x = 14, rr). the line was characterized based on cytological, genomic in situ hybridization (gish), sequence-characterized amplified region (scar), and simple sequence repeat (ssr) analyses. the mitotic and meiotic investigations showed that the chromosome number and configuration of 13-2-2 were 2n = 42 = 21 ii. gish using rye genomic d ...201425526189
proteomic analysis of the defense response of wheat to the powdery mildew fungus, blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici.powdery mildew of wheat is caused by blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (bgt). although many wheat cultivars resistant to this disease have been developed, little is known about their resistance mechanisms. the aim of this study was to identify proteins showing changes in abundance during the resistance response of the wheat line n0308 infected by bgt. in two-dimensional electrophoresis analyses, 45 spots on the gels showed significant changes in abundance at 24, 48, and 72 h after inoculation, as ...201425260248
the powdery mildew resistance gene pm8 derived from rye is suppressed by its wheat ortholog pm3.the powdery mildew resistance gene pm8 derived from rye is located on a 1bl.1rs chromosome translocation in wheat. however, some wheat lines with this translocation do not show resistance to isolates of the wheat powdery mildew pathogen avirulent to pm8 due to an unknown genetically dominant suppression mechanism. here we show that lines with suppressed pm8 activity contain an intact and expressed pm8 gene. therefore, the absence of pm8 function in certain 1bl.1rs-containing wheat lines is not t ...201424942074
suppression among alleles encoding nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat resistance proteins interferes with resistance in f1 hybrid and allele-pyramided wheat plants.the development of high-yielding varieties with broad-spectrum durable disease resistance is the ultimate goal of crop breeding. in plants, immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) class mediate race-specific resistance against pathogen attack. when employed in agriculture this type of resistance is often rapidly overcome by newly adapted pathogen races. the stacking of different resistance genes or alleles in f1 hybrids or in pyramided lines is a promising strateg ...201424942051
lr67/yr46 confers adult plant resistance to stem rust and powdery mildew in wheat.we demonstrate that lr67/yr46 has pleiotropic effect on stem rust and powdery mildew resistance and is associated with leaf tip necrosis. genes are designated as sr55, pm46 and ltn3 , respectively. wheat (triticum aestivum) accession rl6077, known to carry the pleiotropic slow rusting leaf and yellow rust resistance genes lr67/yr46 in thatcher background, displayed significantly lower stem rust (p. graminis tritici; pgt) and powdery mildew (blumeria graminis tritici; bgt) severities in kenya and ...201424408377
mechanisms involved in mycorrhizal wheat protection against powdery mildew.in france, the ecophyto 2018 national action plan will set out to reduce the use of pesticides by 50% by 2018, if possible. to achieve this goal, the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi could be a potential alternative method allowing the control of crop diseases. the inoculation by am fungi has been demonstrated to protect plants against soil-borne pathogens, but little is known about their effectiveness against aerial pathogens, such as the biotrophic fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. tritic ...201426080475
a procedure to evaluate the efficiency of surface sterilization methods in culture-independent fungal endophyte studies.extraneous dna interferes with pcr studies of endophytic fungi. a procedure was developed with which to evaluate the removal of extraneous dna. wheat (triticum aestivum) leaves were sprayed with saccharomyces cerevisiae and then subjected to physical and chemical surface treatments. the fungal its1 products were amplified from whole tissue dna extractions. anova was performed on the dna bands representing s. cerevisiae on the agarose gel. band profile comparisons using permutational multivariate ...201425477934
the na(+) transporter, tahkt1;5-d, limits shoot na(+) accumulation in bread wheat.bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) has a major salt tolerance locus, kna1, responsible for the maintenance of a high cytosolic k(+) /na(+) ratio in the leaves of salt stressed plants. the kna1 locus encompasses a large dna fragment, the distal 14% of chromosome 4dl. limited recombination has been observed at this locus making it difficult to map genetically and identify the causal gene. here, we decipher the function of tahkt1;5-d, a candidate gene underlying the kna1 locus. transport studies us ...201425158883
a wheat lipid transfer protein 3 could enhance the basal thermotolerance and oxidative stress resistance of arabidopsis.wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is one of the major grain crops, and heat stress adversely affects wheat production in many regions of the world. previously, we found a heat-responsive gene named lipid transfer protein 3 (taltp3) in wheat. taltp3 was deduced to be regulated by cold, aba, meja, auxin and oxidative stress according to cis-acting motifs in its promoter sequences. in this study, we show that taltp3 is responsive to prolonged water deficit, salt or aba treatment in wheat seedlings. also ...201425106859
identification of autophagy-related genes atg4 and atg8 from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and profiling of their expression patterns responding to biotic and abiotic stresses.the genes coding for wheat atg4 and atg8 were cloned and their roles in autophagy were verified. implications of atg4/atg8 in wheat responses to stresses were suggested by expression profiling. autophagy-related proteins atg4 and atg8 are crucial for autophagy biogenesis. atg4 processes atg8 precursor to expose its c-terminal glycine for phosphatidyl ethanolamine (pe) lipidation. atg8, in the form of atg8-pe adduct, functions in the organization dynamics of autophagic membranes. here, we report ...201424996626
wheat tanpsn snare homologues are involved in vesicle-mediated resistance to stripe rust (puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici).subcellular localisation of snares (soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) and their ability to form snare complexes are critical for determining the specificity of vesicle fusion. npsn11, a novel plant snare (npsn) gene, has been reported to be involved in the delivery of cell wall precursors to the newly formed cell plate during cytokinesis. however, functions of npsn genes in plant-pathogen interactions are largely unknown. in this study, we cloned and charact ...201424963004
lcwrky5: an unknown function gene from sheepgrass improves drought tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis.the expression of lcwrky5 was induced significantly by salinity, mannitol and cutting treatments. arabidopsis- overexpressing lcwrky5 greatly increased dehydration tolerance by regulating the expression of multiple stress-responsive genes. based on the data of sheepgrass 454 high-throughout sequencing and expression analysis results, a drought-induced gene lcwrky5 was isolated and cloned, and the biological role of the gene has not been reported until now. bioinformatics analysis showed that lcw ...201424913125
differential expression of structural genes for the late phase of phytic acid biosynthesis in developing seeds of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).in cereals, phytic acid (pa) or inositol hexakisphosphate (ip6) is a well-known phosphate storage compound as well as major chelator of important micronutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, etc.). genes involved in the late phases of pa biosynthesis pathway are known in crops like maize, soybeans and barley but none have been reported from wheat. our in silico analysis identified six wheat genes that might be involved in the biosynthesis of inositol phosphates. four of the genes were inositol tetraphos ...201424908508
overexpression of tanhx3, a vacuolar na⁺/h⁺ antiporter gene in wheat, enhances salt stress tolerance in tobacco by improving related physiological processes.salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant growth, development, and productivity. in this study, we functionally characterized a wheat vacuolar na(+)/h(+) antiporter gene (tanhx3). tanhx3 is 78.9% identical with tanhx2 in nucleic acid level, encoding a polypeptide of 522 amino acids (aa). tanhx3 is targeted onto tonoplast after er sorting and can complement the growth under salt stress in a yeast mutant with a defective vacuolar na(+)/h(+) antiporter exchange. tanhx3 transc ...201424448321
identification and characterization of a novel copper transporter gene family tact1 in common wheat.copper is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development, and copper transporter plays a pivotal role for keeping copper homeostasis. however, little is known about copper transporters in wheat. here, we report a novel copper transporter gene family, tact1, in common wheat. three tact1 homoeologous genes were isolated and assigned to group 5 chromosomes. each of the tact1 genes (tact1-5a, -5b or -5d) possesses 12 transmembrane domains. tact1 genes exhibited higher transcript levels ...201424372025
functional analyses of an e3 ligase gene aip2 from wheat in arabidopsis revealed its roles in seed germination and pre-harvest sprouting.pre-harvest sprouting (phs) seriously affects wheat yield and quality of the grain. abi3 is a key factor in the activation of seed development and repression of germination in arabidopsis. an abi3-interacting protein (aip2) could polyubiquitinate abi3, impair seed dormancy and promote seed germination in arabidopsis. in this study, two wheat aip2 genes, taaip2a and taaip2b, were isolated. subcellular localization assay and yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that taaip2a and taaip2b may function ...201424279988
components from wheat roots modify the bioactivity of zno and cuo nanoparticles in a soil bacterium.zno and cuo nanoparticles (nps) have widespread commercial uses and their impact on agricultural systems is unresolved. this study examined whether the metabolites washed from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) roots modulated the metabolic response to the nps of a biosensor generated in the root colonizer, pseudomonas putida kt2440. the root wash components boosted light output of the biosensor consistent with their catabolism. dose-dependent and rapid inhibition of cell metabolism occurred with both ...201424448483
differential gene expression profile in pseudomonas putida nbric19-treated wheat (triticum aestivum) plants subjected to biotic stress of parthenium hysterophorus.the inoculation of pseudomonas putida nbric19 protected wheat plant from phytotoxic effect of parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium) and enhanced root length, shoot length, dry weight, spike length and chlorophyll content. with the aim to screen for genes differentially expressed in p. putida nbric19-inoculated wheat grown along with parthenium (wpt), the suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) methodology was employed. the ssh analysis was performed with wpc (uninoculated wheat grown along w ...201424407601
effect of urea and certain npk fertilizers on the cereal cyst nematode (heterodera avenae) on wheat.two outdoor pot experiments were conducted in two consecutive years under outdoor conditions during the wheat growing season in saudi arabia to determine the effects of urea and certain compound fertilizers (npk), compared to the effects of the nematicide fenamiphos on the cereal cyst nematode (ccn), heterodera avenae, and wheat growth. the results showed that all of the treatments, except the fertilizer diammonium phosphate (dap), reduced the number of nematode cysts/root system and increased ( ...201424600314
characterization of resistance to pratylenchus thornei (nematoda) in wheat (triticum aestivum): attraction, penetration, motility, and reproduction.lines from a cross between two wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivars with contrasting resistance phenotypes to pratylenchus thornei (nematoda) were investigated to determine the stage at which resistance occurs. host resistance was examined at nematode attraction to and penetration of roots and nematode motility, maturation, and reproduction within roots. there was no significant difference in the rate at which p. thornei was attracted toward or penetrated resistant or susceptible roots. however, ...201424047251
characterization of the surface properties of wheat spikelet components grown under different regimens and the biocontrol yeast cryptococcus flavescens.surface properties play an important role in plant-microbe interactions and determine if microbial propagules adhere to the surface of a plant. fusarium head blight is an important disease of wheat that is initiated by the pathogen colonizing the wheat head. to better understand how surface properties of wheat may affect disease development and spray applications, the surface properties of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) spikelet components were characterized under different environmental growing r ...201424410183
enhanced root and shoot growth of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) by trichoderma harzianum from turkey.it is well known that trichoderma species can be used as biocontrol and plant growth promote agent. in this study, trichoderma harzianum isolates were evaluated for their growth promotion effects on wheat in greenhouse experiments. two isolates of t. harzianum were used. the experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. seeds were inoculated with conidial suspensions of each isolate. wheat plants grown in steriled soil in pots. t. harzianum t8 and t15 isolates incr ...201424783790
chagas disease: a homology model for the three-dimensional structure of the trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal p0 antigenic protein.ribosomal p proteins form a "stalk" complex in the large subunit of the ribosomes. in trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas disease, the complex is formed by five p protein members: tcp0, tcp1α, tcp1β, tcp2α and tcp2β. the tcp0 protein has 34 kda, and tcp1 and tcp2 proteins have 10 kda. the structure of t. cruzi p0 and the stalk complex tcp0-tcp1α-tcp1β-tcp2α-tcp2β have not been solved to date. in this work, we constructed a three-dimensional molecular model for tcp0 using homology ...201424986473
genetic analysis and molecular mapping of crown rust resistance in common wheat.this is the first report on genetic analysis and genome mapping of major dominant genes for near non-host resistance to barley crown rust ( puccinia coronata var. hordei ) in common wheat. barley crown rust, caused by puccinia coronata var. hordei, primarily occurs on barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in the great plain regions of the united states. however, a few genotypes of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were susceptible to this pathogen among 750 wheat accessions evaluated. to investigate the ...201424306320
discovery of novel leaf rust responsive micrornas in wheat and prediction of their target genes.micrornas are endogenous small noncoding rnas which play critical roles in gene regulation. few wheat (triticum aestivum l.) mirna sequences are available in mirbase repertoire and knowledge of their biological functions related to biotic stress is limited. we identified 52 mirnas, belonging to 19 families, from next-generation transcriptome sequence data based on homology search. one wheat specific novel mirna was identified but could not be ascribed or assigned to any known mirna family. diffe ...201425180085
characterisation and mapping of gene lr73 conferring seedling resistance to puccinia triticina in common wheat.a gene conferring seedling resistance to puccinia triticina was mapped to chromosome 2bs in the wheat morocco. the gene was shown to be distinct and was therefore designated lr73. the wheat genotype morocco, widely susceptible to isolates of puccinia triticina, was resistant to an australian isolate of this pathogen collected in 2004. genetic studies established that the resistance in morocco was also present the australian wheat genotypes avocet, halberd, harrier, tincurrin and a selection of c ...201425116148
lr70, a new gene for leaf rust resistance mapped in common wheat accession ku3198.ku3198 is a common wheat accession that carries one novel leaf rust resistance (lr) gene, lr70 , and another lr gene which is either novel, lr52 or an allele of lr52. leaf rust, caused by puccinia triticina eriks. (pt), is a broadly distributed and economically important disease of wheat. deploying cultivars carrying effective leaf rust resistance (lr) genes is a desirable method of disease control. ku3198 is a common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) accession from the kyoto collection that was high ...201425112203
molecular mapping and improvement of leaf rust resistance in wheat breeding lines.leaf rust, caused by puccinia triticina, is the most common and widespread disease of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. deployment of host-plant resistance is one of the strategies to reduce losses due to leaf rust disease. the objective of this study was to map genes for adult-plant resistance to leaf rust in a recombinant inbred line (ril) population originating from mn98550-5/mn99394-1. the mapping population of 139 rils and five checks were evaluated in 2005, 2009, and 2010 in five enviro ...201424521485
dynamics of small rna profiles of virus and host origin in wheat cultivars synergistically infected by wheat streak mosaic virus and triticum mosaic virus: virus infection caused a drastic shift in the endogenous small rna profile.co-infection of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) by wheat streak mosaic virus (wsmv, a tritimovirus) and triticum mosaic virus (trimv, a poacevirus) of the family potyviridae causes synergistic interaction. in this study, the effects of the synergistic interaction between wsmv and trimv on endogenous and virus-derived small interfering rnas (vsirnas) were examined in susceptible ('arapahoe') and temperature-sensitive resistant ('mace') wheat cultivars at 18°c and 27°c. single and double infections i ...201425365307
combining microtomy and confocal laser scanning microscopy for structural analyses of plant-fungus associations.the serious problem of extended tissue thickness in the analysis of plant-fungus associations was overcome using a new method that combines physical and optical sectioning of the resin-embedded sample by microtomy and confocal microscopy. improved tissue infiltration of the fungal-specific, high molecular weight fluorescent probe wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to alexa fluor® 633 resulted in high fungus-specific fluorescence even in deeper tissue sections. if autofluorescence was insufficient, ...201424249491
factors controlling carbon metabolism and humification in different soil agroecosystems.the aim of this study was to describe the processes that control humic carbon sequestration in soil. three experimental sites differing in terms of management system and climate were selected: (i) abanilla-spain, soil treated with municipal solid wastes in mediterranean semiarid climate; (ii) puch-germany, soil under intensive tillage and conventional agriculture in continental climate; and (iii) alberese-italy, soil under organic and conventional agriculture in mediterranean subarid climate. th ...201425614887
interplanting annual ryegrass, wheat, oat, and corn to mitigate iron deficiency in dry beans.this study evaluated whether grass intercropping can be used to alleviate fe deficiency chlorosis in dry beans (phaseolus vulgaris l.) grown in high ph, calcareous soils with low organic matter. field studies were conducted at the university of wyoming sustainable agriculture research and extension center in 2009 and 2010. black- and navy beans were grown alone or intercropped with annual ryegrass (lolium multiflorum lam.), oat (avena sativa l.), corn (zea mays l.), or spring wheat (triticum aes ...201425536084
structural studies of arabinan-rich pectic polysaccharides from abies sibirica l. biological activity of pectins of a. sibirica.highly branched arabinan-rich pectic polysaccharides, containing 84% of arabinose, was extracted from wood greenery of abies sibirica l. the structure of arabinan was studied by the 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy. the macromolecule backbone was represented mainly by rg-i (molar ratio gala:rha ∼ 1.3:1) patterns with high degree of rhamnose branching. side chains were comprised of 1,5-linked α-l-araf residues (the major part of polymer mass), 1,3,5-di-o- and 1,2,3,5-tri-o-linked α-l-araf residues, con ...201425256514
in silico analysis of dreb transcription factor genes and proteins in grasses.plants are exposed to various environmental stresses, including drought, salinity, low temperature, etc. dehydration responsive element binding (dreb) genes, the members of ap2/erf transcription factor family, regulate the biological processes against cold and dehydration stresses. in this study, we analyzed a total of 19 dreb transcription factor genes and proteins from 14 grass species by using bioinformatic approaches, including their physiochemical properties, conserved motif structures, hom ...201425104001
toxicity of naturally-contaminated manganese soil to selected crops.the impact of manganese excess using naturally contaminated soil (mn-soil, pseudototal mn 6494 vs 675 μg g(-1) dw in control soil) in the shoots of four crops was studied. mn content decreased in the order brassica napus > hordeum vulgare > zea mays > triticum aestivum. growth was strongly depressed just in brassica (containing 13696 μg mn g(-1) dw). some essential metals (zn, fe) increased in mn-cultured brassica and zea, while macronutrients (k, ca, mg) decreased in almost all species. toxic m ...201424965550
potential for increased photosynthetic performance and crop productivity in response to climate change: role of cbfs and gibberellic acid.we propose that targeting the enhanced photosynthetic performance associated with the cold acclimation of winter cultivars of rye (secale cereale l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.), and brassica napus l. may provide a novel approach to improve crop productivity under abiotic as well as biotic stress conditions. in support of this hypothesis, we provide the physiological, biochemical, and molecular evidence that the dwarf phenotype induced by cold acclimation is coupled to significant enhancement ...201424860799
space allowance and barriers influence cow competition for mixed rations fed on a feed-pad between bouts of grazing.the objective of this experiment was to evaluate how feeding space allowance and provision of feed barriers interact to affect feeding and social behavior of dairy cows fed a partial mixed ration on a feed-pad. the treatments were factorial with 3 feeding space allowances (0.6, 0.75, or 1.0m of trough space per cow) and feed troughs that were either open or had head barriers that physically separated adjacent cows to reduce interactions during feeding. one hundred and forty-four holstein-friesia ...201424746131
communities of endophytic sebacinales associated with roots of herbaceous plants in agricultural and grassland ecosystems are dominated by serendipita herbamans sp. nov.endophytic fungi are known to be commonly associated with herbaceous plants, however, there are few studies focusing on their occurrence and distribution in plant roots from ecosystems with different land uses. to explore the phylogenetic diversity and community structure of sebacinales endophytes from agricultural and grassland habitats under different land uses, we analysed the roots of herbaceous plants using strain isolation, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), transmission electron microscopy ...201424743185
ethnopharmacological assessment of medicinal plants used against livestock infections by the people living around indus river.the present study was aimed to document detailed ethnopharmacological knowledge of medicinal plants against livestock infections of an unexplored remote region of pakistan. semistructured questionnaires were used for data collection. total 43 plants belonging to 26 families were found to be used in ethnoveterinary practices. seeds (29%) were found to be the most frequent plant part used followed by leaves (22%). ethnoveterinary recipes were mostly prepared in the form of decoction and powdering. ...201425544941
can a late bloomer become an early bird? tools for flowering time adjustment.the transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage followed by inflorescence is a critical step in plant life; therefore, studies of the genes that influence flowering time have always been of great interest to scientists. flowering is a process controlled by many genes interacting mutually in a genetic network, and several hypothesis and models of flowering have been suggested so far. plants in temperate climatic conditions must respond mainly to changes in the day length (photoperiod) an ...201424091290
source/sink interactions underpin crop yield: the case for trehalose 6-phosphate/snrk1 in improvement of wheat.considerable interest has been evoked by the analysis of the regulatory pathway in carbohydrate metabolism and cell growth involving the non-reducing disaccharide trehalose (tre). tre is at small concentrations in mesophytes such as arabidopsis thaliana and triticum aestivum, excluding a role in osmoregulation once suggested for it. studies of tre metabolism, and genetic modification of it, have shown a very wide and more important role of the pathway in regulation of many processes in developme ...201425202319
regulation of meiotic gene expression in plants.with the recent advances in genomics and sequencing technologies, databases of transcriptomes representing many cellular processes have been assembled. meiotic transcriptomes in plants have been studied in arabidopsis thaliana, rice (oryza sativa), wheat (triticum aestivum), petunia (petunia hybrida), sunflower (helianthus annuus), and maize (zea mays). studies in all organisms, but particularly in plants, indicate that a very large number of genes are expressed during meiosis, though relatively ...201425202317
a domain-based approach for analyzing the function of aluminum-activated malate transporters from wheat (triticum aestivum) and arabidopsis thaliana in xenopus oocytes.wheat and arabidopsis plants respond to aluminum (al) ions by releasing malate from their root apices via al-activated malate transporter. malate anions bind with the toxic al ions and contribute to the al tolerance of these species. the genes encoding the transporters in wheat and arabidopsis, taalmt1 and atalmt1, respectively, were expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes and characterized electrophysiologically using the two-electrode voltage clamp system. the al-activated currents generated by ma ...201425311199
in silico analysis of high affinity potassium transporter (hkt) isoforms in different plants.high affinity potassium transporters (hkts) are located in the plasma membrane of the vessels and have significant influence on salt tolerance in some plants. they exclude na(+) from the parenchyma cells to reduce na(+) concentration. despite many studies, the underlying regulatory mechanisms and the exact functions of hkts within different genomic backgrounds are relatively unknown. in this study, various bioinformatics techniques, including promoter analysis, identification of hkt-surrounding ...201425279141
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