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genome-wide characterization of isr induced in arabidopsis thaliana by trichoderma hamatum t382 against botrytis cinerea infection.in this study, the molecular basis of the induced systemic resistance (isr) in arabidopsis thaliana by the biocontrol fungus trichoderma hamatum t382 against the phytopathogen botrytis cinerea b05-10 was unraveled by microarray analysis both before (isr-prime) and after (isr-boost) additional pathogen inoculation. the observed high numbers of differentially expressed genes allowed us to classify them according to the biological pathways in which they are involved. by focusing on pathways instead ...201222661981
haemoglobin modulates salicylate and jasmonate/ethylene-mediated resistance mechanisms against pathogens.nitric oxide (no) plays a role in defence against hemibiotrophic pathogens mediated by salicylate (sa) and also necrotrophic pathogens influenced by jasmonate/ethylene (ja/et). this study examined how no-oxidizing haemoglobins (hb) encoded by glb1, glb2, and glb3 in arabidopsis could influence both defence pathways. the impact of hb on responses to the hemibiotrophic pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato (pst) avrrpm1 and the necrotrophic botrytis cinerea were investigated using glb1, glb2, and g ...201222641422
the vascular pathogen verticillium longisporum requires a jasmonic acid-independent coi1 function in roots to elicit disease symptoms in arabidopsis shoots.verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne vascular pathogen that causes reduced shoot growth and early senescence in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). here, we report that these disease symptoms are less pronounced in plants that lack the receptor of the plant defense hormone jasmonic acid (ja), coronatine insensitive1 (coi1). initial colonization of the roots was comparable in wild-type and coi1 plants, and fungal dna accumulated to almost similar levels in petioles of wild-type and coi1 plant ...201222635114
genetic mapping and identification of qtl for earliness in the globe artichoke/cultivated cardoon complex.the asteraceae species cynara cardunculus (2n = 2x = 34) includes the two fully cross-compatible domesticated taxa globe artichoke (var. scolymus l.) and cultivated cardoon (var. altilis dc). as both are out-pollinators and suffer from marked inbreeding depression, linkage analysis has focussed on the use of a two way pseudo-test cross approach.201222621324
micrornas as regulators in plant metal toxicity response.metal toxicity is a major stress affecting crop production. this includes metals that are essential for plants (copper, iron, zinc, manganese), and non-essential metals (cadmium, aluminum, cobalt, mercury). a primary common effect of high concentrations of metal such as aluminum, copper, cadmium, or mercury is root growth inhibition. metal toxicity triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species leading to damage of lipids, proteins, and dna. the plants response to metal toxicity involves s ...201222661980
tracing hidden herbivores: time-resolved non-invasive analysis of belowground volatiles by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (ptr-ms).root herbivores are notoriously difficult to study, as they feed hidden in the soil. however, root herbivores may be traced by analyzing specific volatile organic compounds (vocs) that are produced by damaged roots. these vocs not only support parasitoids in the localization of their host, but also may help scientists study belowground plant-herbivore interactions. herbivore-induced vocs are usually analyzed by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (gc-ms), but with this off-line method, the gase ...201222592334
the mbo operon is specific and essential for biosynthesis of mangotoxin in pseudomonas syringae.mangotoxin is an antimetabolite toxin produced by certain pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains. this toxin is an oligopeptide that inhibits ornithine n-acetyl transferase, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of ornithine and arginine. previous studies have reported the involvement of the putative nonribosomal peptide synthetase mgoa in virulence and mangotoxin production. in this study, we analyse a new chromosomal region of p. syringae pv. syringae umaf0158, which contains six coding sequence ...201222615797
npr3 and npr4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants.salicylic acid (sa) is a plant immune signal produced after pathogen challenge to induce systemic acquired resistance. it is the only major plant hormone for which the receptor has not been firmly identified. systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis requires the transcription cofactor nonexpresser of pr genes 1 (npr1), the degradation of which acts as a molecular switch. here we show that the npr1 paralogues npr3 and npr4 are sa receptors that bind sa with different affinities. npr3 and npr4 ...201222699612
fluoride ion encapsulation by mg2+ ions and phosphates in a fluoride riboswitch.significant advances in our understanding of rna architecture, folding and recognition have emerged from structure-function studies on riboswitches, non-coding rnas whose sensing domains bind small ligands and whose adjacent expression platforms contain rna elements involved in the control of gene regulation. we now report on the ligand-bound structure of the thermotoga petrophila fluoride riboswitch, which adopts a higher-order rna architecture stabilized by pseudoknot and long-range reversed w ...201222678284
the ustilago maydis effector pep1 suppresses plant immunity by inhibition of host peroxidase activity.the corn smut ustilago maydis establishes a biotrophic interaction with its host plant maize. this interaction requires efficient suppression of plant immune responses, which is attributed to secreted effector proteins. previously we identified pep1 (protein essential during penetration-1) as a secreted effector with an essential role for u. maydis virulence. pep1 deletion mutants induce strong defense responses leading to an early block in pathogenic development of the fungus. using cytological ...201222589719
the β-subunit of the snrk1 complex is phosphorylated by the plant cell death suppressor adi3.the protein kinase avrpto-dependent pto-interacting protein3 (adi3) is a known suppressor of cell death, and loss of its function has been correlated with cell death induction during the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) resistance response to its pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. however, adi3 downstream interactors that may play a role in cell death regulation have not been identified. we used a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify the plant snrk1 (for sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protei ...201222573803
pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa) isolates from recent bacterial canker of kiwifruit outbreaks belong to the same genetic lineage.intercontinental spread of emerging plant diseases is one of the most serious threats to world agriculture. one emerging disease is bacterial canker of kiwi fruit (actinidia deliciosa and a. chinensis) caused by pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (psa). the disease first occurred in china and japan in the 1980s and in korea and italy in the 1990s. a more severe form of the disease broke out in italy in 2008 and in additional countries in 2010 and 2011 threatening the viability of the global kiw ...201222590555
cml42-mediated calcium signaling coordinates responses to spodoptera herbivory and abiotic stresses in arabidopsis.in the interaction between arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and the generalist herbivorous insect spodoptera littoralis, little is known about early events in defense signaling and their link to downstream phytohormone pathways. s. littoralis oral secretions induced both ca²⁺ and phytohormone elevation in arabidopsis. plant gene expression induced by oral secretions revealed up-regulation of a gene encoding a calmodulin-like protein, cml42. functional analysis of cml42 plants revealed more res ...201222570470
the plant cell wall: a dynamic barrier against pathogen invasion.prospective plant pathogens must overcome the physical barrier presented by the plant cell wall. in addition to being a preformed, passive barrier limiting access of pathogens to plant cells, the cell wall is actively remodeled and reinforced specifically at discrete sites of interaction with potentially pathogenic microbes. active reinforcement of the cell wall through the deposition of cell wall appositions, referred to as papillae, is an early response to perception of numerous categories of ...201222639669
looking deep inside: detection of low-abundance proteins in leaf extracts of arabidopsis and phloem exudates of pumpkin.the field of proteomics suffers from the immense complexity of even small proteomes and the enormous dynamic range of protein concentrations within a given sample. most protein samples contain a few major proteins, which hamper in-depth proteomic analysis. in the human field, combinatorial hexapeptide ligand libraries (cpll; such as proteominer) have been used for reduction of the dynamic range of protein concentrations; however, this technique is not established in plant research. in this work, ...201222555880
extracellular atp signaling and homeostasis in plant cells.extracellular atp (eatp) is now recognized as an important signaling agent in plant growth and defense response to environmental stimuli. eatp has dual functions in plant cell signaling, which is largely dependent on its concentration in the extracellular matrix (ecm). a lethal level of eatp (extremely low or high) causes cell death, whereas a moderate level of eatp benefits plant growth and development. ecto-apyrases (nucleoside triphosphate-diphosphohydrolase) help control the eatp concentrati ...201222516815
structural basis for the impact of phosphorylation on the activation of plant receptor-like kinase bak1. 201222547027
genetics of ascites resistance and tolerance in chicken: a random regression approach.resistance and tolerance are two complementary mechanisms to reduce the detrimental effects of parasites, pathogens, and production diseases on host performance. using body weight and ascites data on domesticated chicken gallus gallus domesticus, we demonstrate the use of random regression animal model and covariance functions to estimate genetic parameters for ascites resistance and tolerance and illustrate the way individual variation in resistance and tolerance induce both genotype re-ranking ...201222670223
the role of polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins and other hnrnp proteins in plant splicing regulation.alternative precursor mrna splicing is a widespread phenomenon in multicellular eukaryotes and represents a major means for functional expansion of the transcriptome. while several recent studies have revealed an important link between splicing regulation and fundamental biological processes in plants, many important aspects, such as the underlying splicing regulatory mechanisms, are so far not well understood. splicing decisions are in general based on a splicing code that is determined by the ...201222639666
bacteriophage ϕ6 nucleocapsid surface protein 8 interacts with virus-specific membrane vesicles containing major envelope protein 9.enveloped double-stranded rna (dsrna) bacterial virus pseudomonas phage ϕ6 has been developed into an advanced assembly system where purified virion proteins and genome segments self-assemble into infectious viral particles, inferring the assembly pathway. the most intriguing step is the membrane assembly occurring inside the bacterial cell. here, we demonstrate that the middle virion shell, made of protein 8, associates with the expanded viral core particle and the virus-specific membrane vesic ...201222379079
a pseudomonas viridiflava-related bacterium causes a dark-reddish spot disease in glycine max.a virulent pseudomonas viridiflava-related bacterium has been identified as a new pathogen of soybean, one of the most important crops worldwide. the bacterium was recovered from forage soybean leaves with dark-reddish spots, and damage on petioles and pods was also observed. in contrast, common bean was not affected.201222407694
brassinosteroid action in flowering plants: a darwinian perspective.the year 2012 marks the 150th anniversary of the publication of charles darwin's first botanical book, on the fertilization of orchids (1862), wherein he described pollen grains and outlined his evolutionary principles with respect to plant research. five decades later, the growth-promoting effect of extracts of orchid pollen on coleoptile elongation was documented. these studies led to the discovery of a new class of phytohormones, the brassinosteroids (brs) that were isolated from rapeseed (br ...201222547659
salivary glucose oxidase from caterpillars mediates the induction of rapid and delayed-induced defenses in the tomato plant.caterpillars produce oral secretions that may serve as cues to elicit plant defenses, but in other cases these secretions have been shown to suppress plant defenses. ongoing work in our laboratory has focused on the salivary secretions of the tomato fruitworm, helicoverpa zea. in previous studies we have shown that saliva and its principal component glucose oxidase acts as an effector by suppressing defenses in tobacco. in this current study, we report that saliva elicits a burst of jasmonic aci ...201222558369
genetic analysis of the individual contribution to virulence of the type iii effector inventory of pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola.several reports have recently contributed to determine the effector inventory of the sequenced strain pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (pph) 1448a. however, the contribution to virulence of most of these effectors remains to be established. genetic analysis of the contribution to virulence of individual p. syringae effectors has been traditionally hindered by the lack of phenotypes of the corresponding knockout mutants, largely attributed to a high degree of functional redundancy within the ...201222558247
silencing coi1 in rice increases susceptibility to chewing insects and impairs inducible defense.the jasmonic acid (ja) pathway plays a key role in plant defense responses against herbivorous insects. coronatine insensitive1 (coi1) is an f-box protein essential for all jasmonate responses. however, the precise defense function of coi1 in monocotyledonous plants, especially in rice (oryza sativa l.) is largely unknown. we silenced oscoi1 in rice plants via rna interference (rnai) to determine the role of oscoi1 in rice defense against rice leaf folder (lf) cnaphalocrocis medinalis, a chewing ...201222558386
pseudomonas viridiflava, a multi host plant pathogen with significant genetic variation at the molecular level.the pectinolytic species pseudomonas viridiflava has a wide host range among plants, causing foliar and stem necrotic lesions and basal stem and root rots. however, little is known about the molecular evolution of this species. in this study we investigated the intraspecies genetic variation of p. viridiflava amongst local (cretan), as well as international isolates of the pathogen. the genetic and phenotypic variability were investigated by molecular fingerprinting (rep-pcr) and partial sequenc ...201222558343
epigenetic variation in plant responses to defence hormones.there is currently much speculation about the role of epigenetic variation as a determinant of heritable variation in ecologically important plant traits. however, we still know very little about the phenotypic consequences of epigenetic variation, in particular with regard to more complex traits related to biotic interactions.201222543179
erf5 and erf6 play redundant roles as positive regulators of ja/et-mediated defense against botrytis cinerea in arabidopsis.the ethylene response factor (erf) family in arabidopsis thaliana comprises 122 members in 12 groups, yet the biological functions of the majority remain unknown. of the group ix erfs, the ixc subgroup has been studied the most, and includes erf1, erf14 and ora59, which play roles in plant innate immunity. here we investigate the biological functions of two members of the less studied ixb subgroup: erf5 and erf6. in order to identify potential targets of these transcription factors, microarray a ...201222563431
plasma membrane calcium atpases are important components of receptor-mediated signaling in plant immune responses and development.plasma membrane-resident receptor kinases (rks) initiate signaling pathways important for plant immunity and development. in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), the receptor for the elicitor-active peptide epitope of bacterial flagellin, flg22, is encoded by flagellin sensing2 (fls2), which promotes plant immunity. despite its relevance, the molecular components regulating fls2-mediated signaling remain largely unknown. we show that plasma membrane arabidopsis-autoinhibited ca(2+)-atpase (aca8) ...201222535420
genome-wide profiling of mirnas and other small non-coding rnas in the verticillium dahliae-inoculated cotton roots.micrornas (mirnas) and small interfering rnas (sirnas) are short (19-25 nucleotides) non-coding rna molecules that have large-scale regulatory effects on development and stress responses in plants. verticillium wilt is a vascular disease in plants caused by the fungal pathogen verticillium dahliae. the objective of this study is to investigate the transcriptional profile of mirnas and other small non-coding rnas in verticillium-inoculated cotton roots. four small rna libraries were constructed f ...201222558219
structural and functional analysis of vq motif-containing proteins in arabidopsis as interacting proteins of wrky transcription factors.wrky transcription factors are encoded by a large gene superfamily with a broad range of roles in plants. recently, several groups have reported that proteins containing a short vq (fxxxvqxltg) motif interact with wrky proteins. we have recently discovered that two vq proteins from arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), sigma factor-interacting protein1 and sigma factor-interacting protein2, act as coactivators of wrky33 in plant defense by specifically recognizing the c-terminal wrky domain and st ...201222535423
expression profiling of cucumis sativus in response to infection by pseudoperonospora cubensis.the oomycete pathogen, pseudoperonospora cubensis, is the causal agent of downy mildew on cucurbits, and at present, no effective resistance to this pathogen is available in cultivated cucumber (cucumis sativus). to better understand the host response to a virulent pathogen, we performed expression profiling throughout a time course of a compatible interaction using whole transcriptome sequencing. as described herein, we were able to detect the expression of 15,286 cucumber genes, of which 14,47 ...201222545095
complete genome sequence, lifestyle, and multi-drug resistance of the human pathogen corynebacterium resistens dsm 45100 isolated from blood samples of a leukemia patient.corynebacterium resistens was initially recovered from human infections and recognized as a new coryneform species that is highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. bacteremia associated with this organism in immunocompromised patients was rapidly fatal as standard minocycline therapies failed. c. resistens dsm 45100 was isolated from a blood culture of samples taken from a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia. the complete genome sequence of c. resistens dsm 45100 was determined by pyrosequen ...201222524407
rna-seq analysis reveals that an ecf σ factor, acss, regulates achromobactin biosynthesis in pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae b728a.iron is an essential micronutrient for pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain b728a and many other microorganisms; therefore, b728a has evolved methods of iron acquirement including the use of iron-chelating siderophores. in this study an extracytoplasmic function (ecf) sigma factor, acss, encoded within the achromobactin gene cluster is shown to be a major regulator of genes involved in the biosynthesis and secretion of this siderophore. however, production of achromobactin was not completely ...201222529937
two homologous putative protein tyrosine phosphatases, ospfa-dsp2 and atpfa-dsp4, negatively regulate the pathogen response in transgenic plants.protein phosphatases, together with protein kinases, regulate protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, and play critical roles in plant growth and biotic stress responses. however, little is known about the biological functions of plant protein tyrosine dual-specificity phosphatase (pfa-dsp) in biotic stresses. here, we found that ospfa-dsp2 was mainly expressed in calli, seedlings, roots, and young panicles, and localized in cytoplasm and nucleus. ectopic overexpression of ospfa-dsp2 in r ...201222514699
genetic manipulation of staphylococci-breaking through the barrier.most strains of staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis possess a strong restriction barrier that hinders exchange of dna. recently, major advances have been made in identifying and characterizing the restriction-modification (rm) systems involved. in particular a novel type iv restriction enzyme that recognizes cytosine methylated dna has been shown to be the major barrier to transfer of plasmid dna from escherichia coli into s. aureus and s. epidermidis. while the conserved type i ...201222919640
najazh regulates a subset of defense responses against herbivores and spontaneous leaf necrosis in nicotiana attenuata plants.the jasmonate zim domain (jaz) proteins function as negative regulators of jasmonic acid signaling in plants. we cloned 12 jaz genes from native tobacco (nicotiana attenuata), including nine novel jazs in tobacco, and examined their expression in plants that had leaves elicited by wounding or simulated herbivory. most jaz genes showed strong expression in the elicited leaves, but najazg was mainly expressed in roots. another novel herbivory-elicited gene, najazh, was analyzed in detail. rna inte ...201222496510
requirement of the cytosolic interaction between pathogenesis-related protein10 and leucine-rich repeat protein1 for cell death and defense signaling in pepper.plants recruit innate immune receptors such as leucine-rich repeat (lrr) proteins to recognize pathogen attack and activate defense genes. here, we identified the pepper (capsicum annuum) pathogenesis-related protein10 (pr10) as a leucine-rich repeat protein1 (lrr1)-interacting partner. bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed the specific interaction between lrr1 and pr10 in planta. avirulent xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria infection induces pr10 ...201222492811
oleic acid-dependent modulation of nitric oxide associated1 protein levels regulates nitric oxide-mediated defense signaling in arabidopsis.the conserved cellular metabolites nitric oxide (no) and oleic acid (18:1) are well-known regulators of disease physiologies in diverse organism. we show that no production in plants is regulated via 18:1. reduction in 18:1 levels, via a genetic mutation in the 18:1-synthesizing gene suppressor of sa insensitivity of npr1-5 (ssi2) or exogenous application of glycerol, induced no accumulation. furthermore, both no application and reduction in 18:1 induced the expression of similar sets of nuclear ...201222492810
sequential delivery of host-induced virulence effectors by appressoria and intracellular hyphae of the phytopathogen colletotrichum higginsianum.phytopathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate their hosts for effective colonization. hemibiotrophic fungi must maintain host viability during initial biotrophic growth and elicit host death for subsequent necrotrophic growth. to identify effectors mediating these opposing processes, we deeply sequenced the transcriptome of colletotrichum higginsianum infecting arabidopsis. most effector genes are host-induced and expressed in consecutive waves associated with pathogenic transitions, in ...201222496661
putative resistance gene markers associated with quantitative trait loci for fire blight resistance in malus 'robusta 5' accessions.breeding of fire blight resistant scions and rootstocks is a goal of several international apple breeding programs, as options are limited for management of this destructive disease caused by the bacterial pathogen erwinia amylovora. a broad, large-effect quantitative trait locus (qtl) for fire blight resistance has been reported on linkage group 3 of malus 'robusta 5'. in this study we identified markers derived from putative fire blight resistance genes associated with the qtl by integrating f ...201222471693
a pair of partially overlapping arabidopsis genes with antagonistic circadian expression.a large number of plant genes are aligned with partially overlapping genes in antisense orientation. transcription of both genes would therefore favour the formation of double-stranded rna, providing a substrate for the rnai machinery, and enhanced antisense transcription should therefore reduce sense transcript levels. we have identified a gene pair that resembles a model for antisense-based gene regulation as a t-dna insertion into the antisense gene causes a reduction in antisense transcript ...201222548050
function of arabidopsis swap70 gef in immune response.in animals, major classes of rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) possess a dbl (diffuse b-cell lymphoma)- homology (dh) domain that functions as a gef-catalytic domain. however, no gefs with the dh domain had been identified in plants. recently, we found that the rice homolog of human swap70, oryza sative (os) swap70, containing the dh domain, exhibited gef activity toward the rice rho gtpase osrac1, and regulates chitin-induced production of reactive oxygen species and defense gene e ...201222499172
membrane microdomain may be a platform for immune signaling.arabidopsis rps2 is a typical disease resistance (r) protein with nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (nb-lrr). previously, we reported that rps2 is physically associated with some arabidopsis hypersensitive induced reaction (athir) proteins, which are enriched in membrane microdomains. biochemical and genetic analyses suggested that members of the athir gene family have a function in rps2-mediated immune signaling. here, we provide evidence that the pattern recognition receptor (prr) fls2 i ...201222499178
large-scale analysis of conserved rare codon clusters suggests an involvement in co-translational molecular recognition events.an increasing amount of evidence from experimental and computational analysis suggests that rare codon clusters are functionally important for protein activity. most of the studies on rare codon clusters were performed on a limited number of proteins or protein families. in the present study, we present the sherlocc program and how it can be used for large scale protein family analysis of evolutionarily conserved rare codon clusters and their relation to protein function and structure. this larg ...201222467916
oligo-dna custom macroarray for monitoring major pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi and bacteria in the phyllosphere of apple trees.to monitor the richness in microbial inhabitants in the phyllosphere of apple trees cultivated under various cultural and environmental conditions, we developed an oligo-dna macroarray for major pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi and bacteria inhabiting the phyllosphere of apple trees.201222479577
evolution of a complex disease resistance gene cluster in diploid phaseolus and tetraploid glycine.we used a comparative genomics approach to investigate the evolution of a complex nucleotide-binding (nb)-leucine-rich repeat (lrr) gene cluster found in soybean (glycine max) and common bean (phaseolus vulgaris) that is associated with several disease resistance (r) genes of known function, including rpg1b (for resistance to pseudomonas glycinea1b), an r gene effective against specific races of bacterial blight. analysis of domains revealed that the amino-terminal coiled-coil (cc) domain, centr ...201222457424
activation of a plant nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat disease resistance protein by a modified self protein.nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (nb-lrr) proteins function as intracellular receptors for the detection of pathogens in both plants and animals. despite their central role in innate immunity, the molecular mechanisms that govern nb-lrr activation are poorly understood. the arabidopsis nb-lrr protein rps5 detects the presence of the pseudomonas syringae effector protein avrpphb by monitoring the status of the arabidopsis protein kinase pbs1. avrpphb is a cysteine protease that targets pbs1 ...201222372664
abscisic acid deficiency antagonizes high-temperature inhibition of disease resistance through enhancing nuclear accumulation of resistance proteins snc1 and rps4 in arabidopsis.plant defense responses to pathogens are influenced by abiotic factors, including temperature. elevated temperatures often inhibit the activities of disease resistance proteins and the defense responses they mediate. a mutant screen with an arabidopsis thaliana temperature-sensitive autoimmune mutant bonzai1 revealed that the abscisic acid (aba)-deficient mutant aba2 enhances resistance mediated by the resistance (r) gene suppressor of npr1-1 constitutive1 (snc1) at high temperature. aba deficie ...201222454454
a maize cystatin suppresses host immunity by inhibiting apoplastic cysteine proteases.ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen causing maize (zea mays) smut disease. transcriptome profiling of infected maize plants indicated that a gene encoding a putative cystatin (cc9) is induced upon penetration by u. maydis wild type. by contrast, cc9 is not induced after infection with the u. maydis effector mutant δpep1, which elicits massive plant defenses. silencing of cc9 resulted in a strongly induced maize defense gene expression and a hypersensitive response to u. maydis wild-type inf ...201222454455
profiling thiol redox proteome using isotope tagging mass spectrometry.pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 not only causes bacterial speck disease in solanum lycopersicum but also on brassica species, as well as on arabidopsis thaliana, a genetically tractable host plant(1,2). the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) in cotyledons inoculated with dc3000 indicates a role of ros in modulating necrotic cell death during bacterial speck disease of tomato(3). hydrogen peroxide, a component of ros, is produced after inoculation of tomato plants with ps ...201222472559
identification of expressed resistance gene-like sequences by data mining in 454-derived transcriptomic sequences of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.).common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) is one of the most important legumes in the world. several diseases severely reduce bean production and quality; therefore, it is very important to better understand disease resistance in common bean in order to prevent these losses. more than 70 resistance (r) genes which confer resistance against various pathogens have been cloned from diverse plant species. most r genes share highly conserved domains which facilitates the identification of new candidate r g ...201222443214
genome-wide analysis of plant nat-sirnas reveals insights into their distribution, biogenesis and function.many eukaryotic genomes encode cis-natural antisense transcripts (cis-nats). sense and antisense transcripts may form double-stranded rnas that are processed by the rna interference machinery into small interfering rnas (sirnas). a few so-called nat-sirnas have been reported in plants, mammals, drosophila, and yeasts. however, many questions remain regarding the features and biogenesis of nat-sirnas.201222439910
proteomic analysis of ripening tomato fruit infected by botrytis cinerea.botrytis cinerea, a model necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes gray mold as it infects different organs on more than 200 plant species, is a significant contributor to postharvest rot in fresh fruit and vegetables, including tomatoes. by describing host and pathogen proteomes simultaneously in infected tissues, the plant proteins that provide resistance and allow susceptibility and the pathogen proteins that promote colonization and facilitate quiescence can be identified. this study charact ...201222364583
boosting crop yields with plant steroids.plant sterols and steroid hormones, the brassinosteroids (brs), are compounds that exert a wide range of biological activities. they are essential for plant growth, reproduction, and responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. given the importance of sterols and brs in these processes, engineering their biosynthetic and signaling pathways offers exciting potentials for enhancing crop yield. in this review, we focus on how alterations in components of sterol and br metabolism and signaling ...201222438020
crosstalk between phospholipase d and sphingosine kinase in plant stress signaling.the activation of phospholipase d (pld) produces phosphatidic acid (pa), whereas plant sphingosine kinase (sphk) phosphorylates long-chain bases to generate long-chain base-1-phosphates such as phytosphingosine-1-phosphate (phyto-s1p). pa and phyto-s1p have been identified as lipid messengers. recent studies have shown that pa interacts directly with sphks in arabidopsis, and that the interaction promotes sphk activity. however, sphk and phyto-s1p act upstream of pldα1 and pa in the stomatal res ...201222639650
non-canonical processing of arabidopsis pri-mir319a/b/c generates additional micrornas to target one rap2.12 mrna isoform.arabidopsis mir319a/b/c primary transcripts are unusual due to the presence of a long stem and loop structure containing functional mir319a/b/c molecules. in our experiments carried out using high throughput sequencing (hts), we have shown that additional micrornas (mirnas), mir319a.2/b.2/c.2 are generated from the upper part of the same hairpin structure. we have also found cognate mirnaa.2*/b.2*/c.2* to be present in the hts results with a considerably lower number of reads. northern hybridiza ...201222639648
prediction of the three-dimensional structure of serine/threonine protein kinase pto of solanum lycopersicum by homology modelling.the resistant gene pto of solanum lycopersicum interacts with the avr pto gene product of the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv tomato to launch a cascade of molecular events that triggers the hypersensitive disease-resistance response in tamato. the paper describes attempts to predict the structure of pto encoding a serine/threonine protein kinase to understand the mechanism and function. a three-dimensional model based on the crystal structure of effect protein avr ptob complexed with ...201222493521
heat shock factor hsfb1 primes gene transcription and systemic acquired resistance in arabidopsis. 201222427343
the lectin receptor kinase-vi.2 is required for priming and positively regulates arabidopsis pattern-triggered immunity.plant cells can be sensitized toward a subsequent pathogen attack by avirulent pathogens or by chemicals such as β-aminobutyric acid (baba). this process is called priming. using a reverse genetic approach in arabidopsis thaliana, we demonstrate that the baba-responsive l-type lectin receptor kinase-vi.2 (lecrk-vi.2) contributes to disease resistance against the hemibiotrophic pseudomonas syringae and the necrotrophic pectobacterium carotovorum bacteria. accordingly, lecrk-vi.2 mrna levels incre ...201222427336
regulation of small rna stability: methylation and beyond.as central components of rna silencing, small rnas play diverse and important roles in many biological processes in eukaryotes. aberrant reduction or elevation in the levels of small rnas is associated with many developmental and physiological defects. the in vivo levels of small rnas are precisely regulated through modulating the rates of their biogenesis and turnover. 2'-o-methylation on the 3' terminal ribose is a major mechanism that increases the stability of small rnas. the small rna methy ...201222410795
valuable nutrients and functional bioactives in different parts of olive (olea europaea l.)-a review.the olive tree (olea europaea l.), a native of the mediterranean basin and parts of asia, is now widely cultivated in many other parts of the world for production of olive oil and table olives. olive is a rich source of valuable nutrients and bioactives of medicinal and therapeutic interest. olive fruit contains appreciable concentration, 1-3% of fresh pulp weight, of hydrophilic (phenolic acids, phenolic alchohols, flavonoids and secoiridoids) and lipophilic (cresols) phenolic compounds that ar ...201222489153
dissecting phosphite-induced priming in arabidopsis infected with hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis.phosphite (phi), a phloem-mobile oxyanion of phosphorous acid (h(3)po(3)), protects plants against diseases caused by oomycetes. its mode of action is unclear, as evidence indicates both direct antibiotic effects on pathogens as well as inhibition through enhanced plant defense responses, and its target(s) in the plants is unknown. here, we demonstrate that the biotrophic oomycete hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (hpa) exhibits an unusual biphasic dose-dependent response to phi after inoculation o ...201222408091
a microrna superfamily regulates nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeats and other mrnas.analysis of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) small rna data sets revealed the presence of a regulatory cascade affecting disease resistance. the initiators of the cascade are microrna members of an unusually diverse superfamily in which mir482 and mir2118 are prominent members. members of this superfamily are variable in sequence and abundance in different species, but all variants target the coding sequence for the p-loop motif in the mrna sequences for disease resistance proteins with nucleotide ...201222408077
a glycine betaine importer limits salmonella stress resistance and tissue colonization by reducing trehalose production.mechanisms by which salmonella establish chronic infections are not well understood. microbes respond to stress by importing or producing compatible solutes, small molecules that stabilize proteins and lipids. the salmonella locus opuabcd (also called opuc) encodes a predicted importer of the compatible solute glycine betaine. under stress conditions, if glycine betaine cannot be imported, salmonella enterica produce the disaccharide trehalose, a highly effective compatible solute. we demonstrat ...201222375627
identification of immunogenic microbial patterns takes the fast lane. 201222403065
ferredoxin containing bacteriocins suggest a novel mechanism of iron uptake in pectobacterium spp.in order to kill competing strains of the same or closely related bacterial species, many bacteria produce potent narrow-spectrum protein antibiotics known as bacteriocins. two sequenced strains of the phytopathogenic bacterium pectobacterium carotovorum carry genes encoding putative bacteriocins which have seemingly evolved through a recombination event to encode proteins containing an n-terminal domain with extensive similarity to a [2fe-2s] plant ferredoxin and a c-terminal colicin m-like cat ...201222427936
erwinia amylovora expresses fast and simultaneously hrp/dsp virulence genes during flower infection on apple trees.pathogen entry through host blossoms is the predominant infection pathway of the gram-negative bacterium erwinia amylovora leading to manifestation of the disease fire blight. like in other economically important plant pathogens, e. amylovora pathogenicity depends on a type iii secretion system encoded by hrp genes. however, timing and transcriptional order of hrp gene expression during flower infections are unknown.201222412891
arabidopsis wrky33 is a key transcriptional regulator of hormonal and metabolic responses toward botrytis cinerea infection.the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) transcription factor wrky33 is essential for defense toward the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea. here, we aimed at identifying early transcriptional responses mediated by wrky33. global expression profiling on susceptible wrky33 and resistant wild-type plants uncovered massive differential transcriptional reprogramming upon b. cinerea infection. subsequent detailed kinetic analyses revealed that loss of wrky33 function results in inappropriate activati ...201222392279
synergistic biosynthesis of biphasic ethylene and reactive oxygen species in response to hemibiotrophic phytophthora parasitica in tobacco plants.we observed the biphasic production of ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ros) in susceptible tobacco (nicotiana tabacum 'wisconsin 38') plants after shoot inoculation with phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae. the initial transient increase in ros and ethylene at 1 and 3 h (phase i), respectively, was followed by a second massive increase at 48 and 72 h (phase ii), respectively, after pathogen inoculation. this biphasic pattern of ros production significantly differed from the hypersensiti ...201222388490
probing the arabidopsis flagellin receptor: fls2-fls2 association and the contributions of specific domains to signaling function.flagellin sensing2 (fls2) is a transmembrane receptor kinase that activates antimicrobial defense responses upon binding of bacterial flagellin or the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. we find that some arabidopsis thaliana fls2 is present in fls2-fls2 complexes before and after plant exposure to flg22. flg22 binding capability is not required for fls2-fls2 association. cys pairs flank the extracellular leucine rich repeat (lrr) domain in fls2 and many other lrr receptors, and we find that the cy ...201222388452
non-symbiotic haemoglobins-what's happening beyond nitric oxide scavenging?non-symbiotic haemoglobins have been an active research topic for over 30 years, during which time a considerable portfolio of knowledge has accumulated relative to their chemical and molecular properties, and their presence and mode of induction in plants. while progress has been made towards understanding their physiological role, there remain a number of unanswered questions with respect to their biological function. this review attempts to update recent progress in this area and to introduce ...201222479675
the tho/trex complex functions in disease resistance in arabidopsis.powdery mildew pathogens are biotrophic fungi that infect large number of plant species. edr1 (enhanced disease resistance 1) is a negative regulator of plant disease resistance, and loss-of-function in the edr1 gene confers enhanced disease resistance to powdery mildew pathogen golovinomyces cichoracearum. in an edr1 suppressor screen, we recently found that a mutation in hpr1, a component of the tho/trex complex, suppresses edr1-mediated disease resistance, however the hpr1 mutation enhances t ...201222499202
paranoid potato: phytophthora-resistant genotype shows constitutively activated defense.phytophthora is the most devastating pathogen of dicot plants. there is a need for resistance sources with different modes of action to counteract the fast evolution of this pathogen. in order to better understand mechanisms of defense against p. infestans, we analyzed several clones of potato. two of the genotypes tested, sarpo mira and sw93-1015, exhibited strong resistance against p. infestans in field trials, whole plant assays and detached leaf assays. the resistant genotypes developed diff ...201222476463
shigella: a model of virulence regulation in vivo.much is known about the molecular effectors of pathogenicity of gram-negative enteric pathogens, among which shigella can be considered a model. this is due to its capacity to recapitulate the multiple steps required for a pathogenic microbe to survive close to its mucosal target, colonize and then invade its epithelial surface, cause its inflammatory destruction and simultaneously regulate the extent of the elicited innate response to likely survive the encounter and achieve successful subseque ...201222356862
the u-box/arm e3 ligase pub13 regulates cell death, defense, and flowering time in arabidopsis.the components in plant signal transduction pathways are intertwined and affect each other to coordinate plant growth, development, and defenses to stresses. the role of ubiquitination in connecting these pathways, particularly plant innate immunity and flowering, is largely unknown. here, we report the dual roles for the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) plant u-box protein13 (pub13) in defense and flowering time control. in vitro ubiquitination assays indicated that pub13 is an active e3 ubiq ...201222383540
identification of a target cell permissive factor required for contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi).bacterial contact-dependent growth inhibition (cdi) is mediated by the cdib/cdia family of two-partner secretion proteins. cdia effector proteins are exported onto the surface of cdi(+) inhibitor cells, where they interact with susceptible bacteria and deliver effectors/toxins derived from their c-terminal regions (cdia-ct). cdi(+) cells also produce an immunity protein that binds the cdia-ct and blocks its activity to prevent autoinhibition. here, we show that the cdia-ct from uropathogenic esc ...201222333533
regulatory linkages between flagella and surfactant during swarming behavior: lubricating the flagellar propeller? 201222267512
genomic analysis of the hydrocarbon-producing, cellulolytic, endophytic fungus ascocoryne sarcoides.the microbial conversion of solid cellulosic biomass to liquid biofuels may provide a renewable energy source for transportation fuels. endophytes represent a promising group of organisms, as they are a mostly untapped reservoir of metabolic diversity. they are often able to degrade cellulose, and they can produce an extraordinary diversity of metabolites. the filamentous fungal endophyte ascocoryne sarcoides was shown to produce potential-biofuel metabolites when grown on a cellulose-based medi ...201222396667
chromosomal arrangement of ahl-driven quorum sensing circuits in pseudomonas.pseudomonas spp. are able to colonize a large variety of environments due to their wide adaptability which is also associated with an n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) gene regulation mechanism called quorum sensing (qs). in this article we present a systematic overview of the genomic arrangement patterns of quorum sensing genes found in pseudomonas and compare the topologies with those found in other bacterial genomes. we find that the topological arrangement of qs genes is more variable than pre ...201223724324
aberrant growth and lethality of arabidopsis deficient in nonsense-mediated rna decay factors is caused by autoimmune-like response.nonsense-mediated rna decay (nmd) is an evolutionarily conserved rna quality control mechanism that eliminates transcripts containing nonsense mutations. nmd has also been shown to affect the expression of numerous genes, and inactivation of this pathway is lethal in higher eukaryotes. however, despite relatively detailed knowledge of the molecular basis of nmd, our understanding of its physiological functions is still limited and the underlying causes of lethality are unknown. in this study, we ...201222379136
evidence of a role for foliar salicylic acid in regulating the rate of post-ingestive protein breakdown in ruminants and contributing to landscape pollution.ruminant farming is important to global food security, but excessive proteolysis in the rumen causes inefficient use of nitrogenous plant constituents and environmental pollution. while both plant and microbial proteases contribute to ruminal proteolysis, little is known about post-ingestion regulation of plant proteases except that activity in the first few hours after ingestion of fresh forage can result in significant degradation of foliar protein. as the signal salicylic acid (sa) influences ...201222378947
low red/far-red ratios reduce arabidopsis resistance to botrytis cinerea and jasmonate responses via a coi1-jaz10-dependent, salicylic acid-independent mechanism.light is an important modulator of plant immune responses. here, we show that inactivation of the photoreceptor phytochrome b (phyb) by a low red/far-red ratio (r:fr), which is a signal of competition in plant canopies, down-regulates the expression of defense markers induced by the necrotrophic fungus botrytis cinerea, including the genes that encode the transcription factor ethylene response factor1 (erf1) and the plant defensin plant defensin1.2 (pdf1.2). this effect of low r:fr correlated wi ...201222371506
in vivo characterization of nonribosomal peptide synthetases noca and nocb in the biosynthesis of nocardicin a.two nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrps), noca and nocb, together comprising five modules, are essential for the biosynthesis of the d,l,d configured tripeptide backbone of the monocyclic β-lactam nocardicin a. we report a double replacement gene strategy in which point mutations were engineered in the two encoding nrps genes without disruption of the nocabc operon by placing selective markers in adjacent genes. a series of mutants was constructed to inactivate the thiolation (t) domain of ea ...201222365611
bioinformatic identification of cassava mirnas differentially expressed in response to infection by xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis.micrornas (mirnas) are short rna molecules that control gene expression by silencing complementary mrna. they play a crucial role in stress response in plants, including biotic stress. some mirnas are known to respond to bacterial infection in arabidopsis thaliana but it is currently unknown whether these responses are conserved in other plants and whether novel species-specific mirnas could have a role in defense.201222361011
a role for nonsense-mediated mrna decay in plants: pathogen responses are induced in arabidopsis thaliana nmd mutants.nonsense-mediated mrna decay (nmd) is a conserved mechanism that targets aberrant mrnas for destruction. nmd has also been found to regulate the expression of large numbers of genes in diverse organisms, although the biological role for this is unclear and few evolutionarily conserved targets have been identified. expression analyses of three arabidopsis thaliana lines deficient in nmd reveal that the vast majority of nmd-targeted transcripts are associated with response to pathogens. congruentl ...201222384098
matapax: an online high-throughput genome-wide association study pipeline.high-throughput sequencing and genotyping methods are dramatically increasing the number of observable genetic intraspecies differences that can be exploited as genetic markers. in addition, automated phenotyping platforms and "omics" profiling technologies further enlarge the set of quantifiable macroscopic and molecular traits at an ever-increasing pace. combined, both lines of technological advances create unparalleled opportunities to identify candidate gene regions and, ideally, even single ...201222353578
discrimination of arabidopsis pad4 activities in defense against green peach aphid and pathogens.the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) lipase-like protein phytoalexin deficient4 (pad4) is essential for defense against green peach aphid (gpa; myzus persicae) and the pathogens pseudomonas syringae and hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. in basal resistance to virulent strains of p. syringae and h. arabidopsidis, pad4 functions together with its interacting partner enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1) to promote salicylic acid (sa)-dependent and sa-independent defenses. by contrast, dissociate ...201222353573
brassinosteroids antagonize gibberellin- and salicylate-mediated root immunity in rice.brassinosteroids (brs) are a unique class of plant steroid hormones that orchestrate myriad growth and developmental processes. although brs have long been known to protect plants from a suite of biotic and abiotic stresses, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is still rudimentary. aiming to further decipher the molecular logic of br-modulated immunity, we have examined the dynamics and impact of brs during infection of rice (oryza sativa) with the root oomycete pythium gram ...201222353574
a rice transient assay system identifies a novel domain in nrr required for interaction with nh1/osnpr1 and inhibition of nh1-mediated transcriptional activation.arabidopsis npr1 is a master regulator of systemic acquired resistance. npr1 binds to tga transcription factors and functions as a transcriptional co-activator. in rice, nh1/osnpr1 functions to enhance innate immunity. nrr disrupts nh1 function, when over-expressed.201222353606
sr1, a calmodulin-binding transcription factor, modulates plant defense and ethylene-induced senescence by directly regulating ndr1 and ein3.plant defense responses are tightly controlled by many positive and negative regulators to cope with attacks from various pathogens. arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) enhanced disease resistance2 (edr2) is a negative regulator of powdery mildew resistance, and edr2 mutants display enhanced resistance to powdery mildew (golovinomyces cichoracearum). to identify components acting in the edr2 pathway, we screened for edr2 suppressors and identified a gain-of-function mutation in signal responsive1 ...201222345509
xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is an information resource to explore the annotation, genomic features, and biology of different strains.the xylella fastidiosa comparative genomic database is a scientific resource with the aim to provide a user-friendly interface for accessing high-quality manually curated genomic annotation and comparative sequence analysis, as well as for identifying and mapping prophage-like elements, a marked feature of xylella genomes. here we describe a database and tools for exploring the biology of this important plant pathogen. the hallmarks of this database are the high quality genomic annotation, the f ...201222481888
ire1/bzip60-mediated unfolded protein response plays distinct roles in plant immunity and abiotic stress responses.endoplasmic reticulum (er)-mediated protein secretion and quality control have been shown to play an important role in immune responses in both animals and plants. in mammals, the er membrane-located ire1 kinase/endoribonuclease, a key regulator of unfolded protein response (upr), is required for plasma cell development to accommodate massive secretion of immunoglobulins. plant cells can secrete the so-called pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins with antimicrobial activities upon pathogen challeng ...201222359644
investigation of phenolic acids in suspension cultures of vitis vinifera stimulated with indanoyl-isoleucine, n-linolenoyl-l-glutamine, malonyl coenzyme a and insect saliva.vitis vinifera c.v. muscat de frontignan (grape) contains various high valuable bioactive phenolic compounds with pharmaceutical properties and industrial interest which are not fully exploited. the focus of this investigation consists in testing the effects of various biological elicitors on a non-morphogenic callus suspension culture of v. vinifera. the investigated elicitors: indanoyl-isoleucine (in), n-linolenoyl-l-glutamine (lg), insect saliva (is) and malonyl coenzyme a (mcoa) were aimed a ...201224957372
protein-protein interactions as a proxy to monitor conformational changes and activation states of the tomato resistance protein i-2.plant resistance proteins (r) are involved in pathogen recognition and subsequent initiation of defence responses. their activity is regulated by inter- and intramolecular interactions. in a yeast two-hybrid screen two clones (i2i-1 and i2i-2) specifically interacting with i-2, a fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici resistance protein of the cc-nb-lrr family, were identified. sequence analysis revealed that i2i-1 belongs to the formin gene family (slformin) whereas i2i-2 has homology to transli ...201222345637
the gene encoding arabidopsis acyl-coa-binding protein 3 is pathogen inducible and subject to circadian regulation.in arabidopsis thaliana, acyl-coa-binding protein 3 ( acbp3), one of six acbps, is unique in terms of the c-terminal location of its acyl-coa-binding domain. it promotes autophagy-mediated leaf senescence and confers resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000. to understand the regulation of acbp3, a 1.7 kb 5'-flanking region of acbp3 and its deletion derivatives were characterized using β-glucuronidase (gus) fusions. a 374 bp minimal fragment (-151/+223) could drive gus expression whi ...201222345636
crystal structure of a putative isochorismatase hydrolase from oleispira antarctica.isochorismatase-like hydrolases (ihl) constitute a large family of enzymes divided into five structural families (by scop). ihls are crucial for siderophore-mediated ferric iron acquisition by cells. knowledge of the structural characteristics of these molecules will enhance the understanding of the molecular basis of iron transport, and perhaps resolve which of the mechanisms previously proposed in the literature is the correct one. we determined the crystal structure of the apo-form of a putat ...201222350524
two translation products of yersinia yscq assemble to form a complex essential to type iii secretion.the bacterial flagellar c-ring is composed of two essential proteins, flim and flin. the smaller protein, flin, is similar to the c-terminus of the larger protein, flim, both being composed of spoa domains. while bacterial type iii secretion (t3s) systems encode many proteins in common with the flagellum, they mostly have a single protein in place of flim and flin. this protein resembles flim at its n-terminus and is as large as flim but is more like flin at its c-terminal spoa domain. we have d ...201222320351
structure-function analysis of the coiled-coil and leucine-rich repeat domains of the rps5 disease resistance protein.the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to pseudomonas syringae5 (rps5) disease resistance protein mediates recognition of the pseudomonas syringae effector protein avrpphb. rps5 belongs to the coiled-coil-nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (cc-nbs-lrr) family and is activated by avrpphb-mediated cleavage of the protein kinase pbs1. here, we present a structure-function analysis of the cc and lrr domains of rps5 using transient expression assays in nicotiana benthamiana. we fo ...201222331412
genomic distribution and divergence of levansucrase-coding genes in pseudomonas syringae.in the plant pathogenic bacterium, pseudomonas syringae, the exopolysaccharide levan is synthesized by extracellular levansucrase (lsc), which is encoded by two conserved 1,296-bp genes termed lscb and lscc in p. syringae strain pg4180. a third gene, lsca, is homologous to the 1,248-bp lsc gene of the bacterium erwinia amylovora, causing fire blight. however, lsca is not expressed in p. syringae strain pg4180. herein, pg4180 lsca was shown to be expressed from its native promoter in the lsc-defi ...201224704846
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