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5'-flanking variants of equine casein genes (csn1s1, csn1s2, csn2, csn3) and their relationship with gene expression and milk composition.genes encoding casein proteins are important candidates for milk composition traits in mammals. in the case of the domestic horse, our knowledge of casein genes is limited mainly to coding sequence variants. this study involved screening for polymorphism in 5'-flanking regions of four genes encoding equine caseins (csn1s1, csn1s2, csn2, and csn3) and making a preliminary assessment of their effect on the gene expression (on the mrna and protein levels) and milk composition traits in selected hor ...201930328055
successful embryo transfer from hokkaido native pony after artificial insemination with frozen semen.there has been no report of equine embryo transfer in japan for the last 24 years. our objective was to establish an effective protocol for embryo transfer in domestic horse. a hokkaido native pony was bred by deep-horn artificial insemination with frozen semen from a connemara pony. embryo collection was performed using a non-surgical method on day 7. two embryos were obtained from three flushes (67% recovery) and were transferred fresh into crossbred recipient mares. both recipient mares were ...201930606892
expression analysis of mir-221-3p and its target genes in horses.a microrna (mirna) is a small non-coding rna (ncrna) approximately 20 nucleotides long and it affects gene expression through mrna cleavage or translational repression. horses (equus caballus) have been domesticated and bred to enhance their speed for racing. it has been studied extensively with genetic diversity, origins and evolution.201930604147
comprehensive characterization of horse genome variation by whole-genome sequencing of 88 horses.whole-genome sequencing studies are vital to gain a thorough understanding of genomic variation. here, we summarize the results of a whole-genome sequencing study comprising 88 horses and ponies from diverse breeds at 19.1× average coverage. the paired-end reads were mapped to the current equcab3.0 horse reference genome assembly, and we identified approximately 23.5 million single nucleotide variants and 2.3 million short indel variants. our dataset included at least 7 million variants that wer ...201930525216
equus caballus papillomavirus 8 (ecpv8) associated with multiple viral plaques, viral papillomas, and squamous cell carcinoma in a horse.equus caballus papillomavirus 8, a recently discovered virus, has been reported to cause generalised papillomavirus in horses.201930456819
whole-genome sequencing reveals a large deletion in the mitf gene in horses with white spotted coat colour and increased risk of deafness.white spotting phenotypes in horses are highly valued in some breeds. they are quite variable and may range from the common white markings up to completely white horses. ednrb, kit, mitf, pax3 and trpm1 represent known candidate genes for white spotting phenotypes in horses. for the present study, we investigated an american paint horse family segregating a phenotype involving white spotting and blue eyes. six of eight horses with the white-spotting phenotype were deaf. we obtained whole-genome ...201930644113
local origin or external input: modern horse origin in east asia.despite decades of research, the horse domestication scenario in east asia remains poorly understood.201931775623
horses' (equus caballus) laterality, stress hormones, and task related behavior in innovative problem-solving.domesticated horses are constantly confronted with novel tasks. a recent study on anecdotal data indicates that some are innovative in dealing with such tasks. however, innovative behavior in horses has not previously been investigated under experimental conditions. in this study, we investigated whether 16 horses found an innovative solution when confronted with a novel feeder. moreover, we investigated whether innovative behavior in horses may be affected by individual aspects such as: age, se ...201931121937
modeling the pasture-associated severe equine asthma bronchoalveolar lavage fluid proteome identifies molecular events mediating neutrophilic airway inflammation.background: pasture-associated severe equine asthma is a warm season, environmentally-induced respiratory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, persistent and non-specific airway hyper-responsiveness, and chronic neutrophilic airway inflammation. during seasonal exacerbation, signs vary from mild to life-threatening episodes of wheezing, coughing, and chronic debilitating labored breathing. purpose: in human asthma, neutrophilic airway inflammation is associated with more sever ...201931119093
environmental and demographic drivers of male mating success vary across sequential reproductive episodes in a polygynous breeder.ecological and social factors underpinning the inequality of male mating success in animal societies can be related to sex ratio, sexual conflict between breeders, effects of nonbreeders, resource dispersion, climatic conditions, and the various sequential stages of mating competition that constitute the sexual selection process. here, we conducted an individual-based study to investigate how local resource availability and demography interact with annual climate conditions to determine the degr ...201931110665
horse paleogenomes and human-animal interactions in prehistory.a new analysis of paleogenomic data from 278 ancient horses (fages et al. cellhttp://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049) finds that this animal - crucially important to many ancient and contemporary human societies for subsistence, transportation, conflict, and more - was domesticated in at least two different regions, but with the geographic and cultural origins of the modern domestic horse lineage remaining unknown. by tracing ancient horse population movements and inferring the spatiotemporal ...201931109769
chinese mongolian horses may retain early domestic male genetic lineages yet to be discovered.the mongolian horse represents one of the most ancient extant horse populations. in this study we determined the male-specific region of the y chromosome (msy) haplotype distribution in 60 chinese mongolian horses representing five distinct populations. cosmopolitan male lineages were predominant in horses from one improved (sanhe), one chinese mongolian subtype (baicha iron hoof) and one indigenous (abaga black) population. in contrast, autochthonous y chromosome diversity was evident among the ...201931073991
testing for behavioral and physiological responses of domestic horses (equus caballus) across different contexts - consistency over time and effects of context.in a number of species, consistent behavioral differences between individuals have been described in standardized tests, e.g., novel object, open field test. different behavioral expressions are reflective of different coping strategies of individuals in stressful situations. a causal link between behavioral responses and the activation of the physiological stress response is assumed but not thoroughly studied. also, most standard paradigms investigating individual behavioral differences are fra ...201931057468
a month in a horse's life: healing process of a fractured third metatarsal bone from medieval viljandi, estonia.the remains of a horse's hind foot - a third metatarsal bone and three phalanges - were found in a presumed waste pit of a prosperous medieval household in viljandi, estonia, dated from the second half of the 13th to the beginning of the 15th century. the metatarsal bone had been broken during the horse's lifetime and showed evidence of partial healing. using archaeological, zooarchaeological, morphological, microscopic, densitometric and radiographic analyses, we investigated the bones and the ...201930146463
identification and expression analysis of a novel mirna derived from erv-e1 ltr in equus caballus.horses (equus caballus) have been domesticated and bred to enhance speed, strength, and agility. members of the equus caballus endogenous retrovirus (eqerv) family affect several of these abilities in horses. eqerv elements have been integrated in the horse genome during evolution and generate repeat elements such as long terminal repeats (ltrs). ltr sequences are involved in retrovirus replication and play an essential function in post-transcriptional control mechanisms, such as by providing bi ...201930453070
the mule (equus mulus) as a recipient of horse (equus caballus) embryos: comparative aspects of early pregnancy with mares.the aim of this study was to compare the embryonic and early fetal development of horse embryos between recipient mules and mares from day 10-60 of pregnancy, in addition to hormonal (ecg and progesterone), ovarian, and uterine characteristics for approximately 4 months. embryo donor mares (n = 5) and two groups of recipients (acyclic mules, n = 7; cyclic mares, n = 7) were used. donor mares were monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography and inseminated using fresh semen. cyclic recipient m ...202031759756
effect of age and of reproductive status on reproductive indices in horse mares carrying mule pregnancies.mules (equus mulus) are interspecific hybrids derived from crossing horse (equus caballus) mares with jackasses (equus asinus). in italy, the production of mules is very important for the special environmental areas, where they are used as working animals, instead of the forbidden agricultural machines. although many horse mares carry mule pregnancy successfully at term, low fertility of mares used for producing mules was reported, but limited data about reproductive efficiency in mares carrying ...202033083622
variability analyses of the maternal lineage of horses and donkeys.equid breeds originating from the iberian peninsula and north africa are believed to have genetically contributed to the formation of breeds and ecotypes from brazil. the country has numerous breeds and ecotypes of horses and donkeys but there are no extensive studies on maternal genetic diversity and their origins. this study reports the results of the first genetic analysis of all horse and donkey breeds/ecotypes from brazil based on sequences of the mitochondrial dna control region (d-loop) w ...202033065240
mortality and operational attributes relative to feral horse and burro capture techniques based on publicly available data from 2010-2019.management of excessive feral horse (equus ferus caballus) and burro (equus asinus) populations in the united states and globally has been a controversial subject for decades. i reviewed all available us federal feral horse and burro daily gather reports from 2010 to 2019 to extract equine species, technique (bait trapping or helicopter gathering), reason (emergency or other), number gathered, number of mortalities, and mortality attributes (acute or chronic/pre-existing condition, specific caus ...202032067672
tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus of male equids.here we report the unusual presence of thalamic reticular neurons immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase in equids. the diencephalons of one adult male of four equid species, domestic donkey (equus africanus asinus), domestic horse (equus caballus), cape mountain zebra (equus zebra zebra) and plains zebra (equus quagga), were sectioned in a coronal plane with series of sections stained for nissl substance, myelin, or immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase, and the calcium-binding proteins parva ...202033086098
anthelmintic resistance in strongylids (nematoda: strongylidae) parasitizing wild and domestic equids in the askania nova biosphere reserve, ukraineresistance of strongylids in domestic horses to benzimidazole anthelmintics (bz) has been detected worldwide; however, information on the presence of bz-resistance in wild equids has not been published to date. the purpose of this study was to analyze the manifestations of the bz resistance in strongylids in domestic and wild equids kept in the askania nova biosphere reserve, ukraine. four species of equids: domestic horses and shetland ponies (equus caballus), donkeys (e. asinus), plains zebras ...202032198995
sympatric western lowland gorillas, central chimpanzees and humans are infected with different trichomonads.we investigated intestinal trichomonads in western lowland gorillas, central chimpanzees and humans cohabiting the forest ecosystem of dzanga-sangha protected area in central african republic, using the internal transcribed spacer (its) region and ssu rrna gene sequences. trichomonads belonging to the genus tetratrichomonas were detected in 23% of the faecal samples and in all host species. different hosts were infected with different genotypes of tetratrichomonas. in chimpanzees, we detected te ...202031559930
how do horses (equus caballus) learn from observing human action?a previous study demonstrated that horses can learn socially from observing humans, but could not draw any conclusions about the social learning mechanisms. here we develop this by showing horses four different human action sequences as demonstrations of how to press a button to open a feed box. we tested 68 horses aged between 3 and 12 years. 63 horses passed the habituation phase and were assigned either to the group hand demo (n = 13) for which a kneeling person used a hand to press the butto ...202031531748
levelling playing field: synchronization and rapid facial mimicry in dog-horse play.social play is a window on cognitive and communicative abilities of species. inter-specific play, in particular, is a fertile venue to explore the capacity to correctly perceive and interpret signals emitted by partners. up to now, most studies have focussed on dog-human play due to the important implications such studies have in understanding the peculiar relationship we establish with our pets. here, we focussed on social play between dogs and horses. by using a set of specific keywords (dog, ...202032156560
acholeplasma equirhinis sp. nov. isolated from respiratory tract of horse (equus caballus) and mycoplasma procyoni sp. nov. isolated from oral cavity of raccoon (procyon lotor).we describe two novel species of acholeplasma sp. strain n93 and mycoplasma sp. strain lr5794 which were isolated from the nasopharynx of a horse from the united kingdom and from the oral cavity of a north american raccoon from canada, respectively. these strains were phenotypically and genetically characterized and compared to other established mycoplasma and acholeplasma species. both strains are facultative anaerobes, resistant to penicillin, and produce acid from glucose but do not hydrolyze ...202031828363
bearing the brunt: mongolian khulan (equus hemionus hemionus) are exposed to multiple influenza a strains.the majority of influenza a virus strains are hosted in nature by avian species in the orders of anseriformes and charadriformes. a minority of strains have been able to cross species boundaries and establish themselves in novel non-avian hosts. influenza viruses of horses, donkeys, and mules represent such successful events of avian to mammal influenza virus adaptation. mongolia has over 3 million domestic horses and is home to two wild equids, the asiatic wild ass or khulan (equus hemionus hem ...202032122608
detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in escherichia coli isolated from black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra) and domestic animals in fragmented rain-forest areas in tabasco, mexico.the appearance and spread of antimicrobial resistance (amr) in bacteria in natural environments and wildlife are related to agricultural and livestock activities and are a global health and conservation problem. we assessed the presence of amr genes in escherichia coli isolated from black howler monkeys (alouatta pigra), sheep (ovis aries), cattle (bos taurus), and horses (equus caballus) from a highly fragmented forest in southern mexico. fresh fecal samples were collected using swabs, seeded o ...202032402234
new putative animal reservoirs of sars-cov-2 in italian fauna: a bioinformatic approach.sars-cov-2 is a virus belonging to the betacoronavirus family, causing fatal respiratory disease in humans, which became pandemic in 2020. italy is one of the most affected countries by covid-19, particularly in the northern regions. several studies consider covid-19 a zoonotic disease and, since italy is the repository of a high biodiversity, sars-cov-2 infection in animals can be considered as a reservoir of the virus or favor the spreading between animals and humans. in this work, we analyzed ...202033173837
human face recognition in horses: data in favor of a holistic process.recent studies have demonstrated that horses can recognize humans based simply on visual information. however, none of these studies have investigated whether this involves the recognition of the face itself, or simply identifying people from non-complex external clues, such as hair color. to go beyond this we wanted to know whether certain features of the face were indispensable for this recognition (e.g., colors, hair or eyes). the 11 horses in this study had previously learned to identify fou ...202033041946
an integrative mirna-mrna expression analysis reveals striking transcriptomic similarities between severe equine asthma and specific asthma endotypes in humans.severe equine asthma is an incurable obstructive respiratory condition affecting 10-15% of horses in temperate climates. upon exposure to airborne antigens from hay feeding, affected horses show neutrophilic airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, leading to increased respiratory effort. the resulting implications range from welfare concerns to economic impacts on equestrian sports and horse breeding. immunological and pathophysiological characteristics of severe equine asthma show importan ...202032998415
the evolutionary and historical foundation of the modern horse: lessons from ancient genomics.the domestication of the horse some 5,500 years ago followed those of dogs, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs by ∼2,500-10,000 years. by providing fast transportation and transforming warfare, the horse had an impact on human history with no equivalent in the animal kingdom. even though the equine sport industry has considerable economic value today, the evolutionary history underlying the emergence of the modern domestic horse remains contentious. in the last decade, novel sequencing technologies ...202032960653
susceptibility to size visual illusions in a non-primate mammal (equus caballus).the perception of different size illusions is believed to be determined by size-scaling mechanisms that lead individuals to extrapolate inappropriate 3d information from 2d stimuli. the muller-lyer illusion represents one of the most investigated size illusions. studies on non-human primates showed a human-like perception of this illusory pattern. to date, it is not clear whether non-primate mammals experience a similar illusory effect. here, we investigated whether horses perceive the muller-ly ...202032957449
hendra virus infection in horses: a review on emerging mystery paramyxovirus.hendra virus (hev) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus which causes acute and deadly infection in horses (equus caballus). it is a rare and unmanaged emerging viral infection in horses which is harbored by bats of the genus pteropus (australian flying foxes or fruit bats). the virus is pleomorphic in shape and its genome contains nonsegmented negative-stranded rna with 18234 nucleotides in length. the virus is transmitted from flying foxes to horses, horse to horse, and horse to humans. human-to-human t ...202032684248
copro-prevalence of fasciola hepatica in chilean breed horses in the province of concepción, chile.the aim of this research was to assess the copro-prevalence of fasciola hepatica in owned chilean breed horses (equus caballus) residing in the province of concepción, chile. the study was carried out throughout october 2017. samples were taken from all (100%) chilean breed horse (124 specimens; 45 females and 79 males, aged between 7 months and 24 years old) from the concepción province. a rectal stool sample was obtained from each animal. this was analyzed using the army medical school method ...202032609241
using histomorphometry for human and nonhuman distinction: a test of four methods on fresh and archaeological fragmented bones.positive identification of human remains is the very first step in anthropological analysis, and the task may be particularly difficult in the case of fragmented bones. histomorphometry methods have been developed to discriminate human from nonhuman bones, based on differences in the size and shape of haversian systems between the two groups. those methods all focus on a very specific type of bone, section, and zone. therefore, the objective of this study was to test the efficiency of four histo ...202032593113
comparative analysis of tear composition in humans, domestic mammals, reptiles, and birds.tears are an important component of the ocular surface protection mechanism and are in close contact with the corneal epithelium and the environment. their composition is well-known in humans; however, there are few investigations on the composition and function of tears in reptiles, birds and others mammals, which would elucidate the mechanisms governing the maintenance of ocular homeostasis. in this work, electrophoretic profiles and an evaluation of total protein, albumin, urea, glucose, and ...202032528986
unwilling or willing but unable: can horses interpret human actions as goal directed?social animals can gain important benefits by inferring the goals behind the behavior of others. however, this ability has only been investigated in a handful of species outside of primates. in this study, we tested for the first time whether domestic horses can interpret human actions as goal directed. we used the classical "unwilling versus unable" paradigm: an experimenter performed three similar actions that have the same outcome, but the goal of the experimenter differed. in the unwilling c ...202032449047
characterization of equine inflammasomes and their regulation.inflammasome, a cytosolic multi-protein complex, assembly is a response to sensing intracellular pathogenic and endogenic danger signals followed by caspase-1 activation, which maturates precursor cytokines such as interleukin (il)-1β. most inflammasome research has been undertaken in humans and rodents, and inflammasomes in veterinary species have not been well-characterized. in this study, we observed the effects of well-known inflammasome activators on equine peripheral blood monocytes (pbmcs ...202032297137
social referencing in the domestic horse.dogs and cats use human emotional information directed to an unfamiliar situation to guide their behavior, known as social referencing. it is not clear whether other domestic species show similar socio-cognitive abilities in interacting with humans. we investigated whether horses (n = 46) use human emotional information to adjust their behavior to a novel object and whether the behavior of horses differed depending on breed type. horses were randomly assigned to one of two groups: an experimente ...202031963699
androgen receptor gene variants in new cases of equine androgen insensitivity syndrome.in the domestic horse; failure of normal masculinization and virilization due to deficiency of androgenic action leads to a specific disorder of sexual development known as equine androgen insensitivity syndrome (ais). affected individuals appear to demonstrate an incoherency between their genetic sex and sexual phenotype; i.e., xy-sex chromosome constitution and female phenotypic appearance. ais is well documented in humans. here we report the finding of two novel genetic variants for the ar-ge ...202031936796
high genetic diversity of ancient horses from the ukok plateau.a growing number of researchers studying horse domestication come to a conclusion that this process happened in multiple locations and involved multiple wild maternal lines. the most promising approach to address this problem involves mitochondrial haplotype comparison of wild and domestic horses from various locations coupled with studies of possible migration routes of the ancient shepherds. here, we sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes of six horses from burials of the ukok plateau (russi ...202033180850
early evidence for mounted horseback riding in northwest china.horseback riding was a transformative force in the ancient world, prompting radical shifts in human mobility, warfare, trade, and interaction. in china, domestic horses laid the foundation for trade, communication, and state infrastructure along the ancient silk road, while also stimulating key military, social, and political changes in chinese society. nonetheless, the emergence and adoption of mounted horseback riding in china is still poorly understood, particularly due to a lack of direct ar ...202033139545
principal components for morphometric traits in campolina horses.principal component analysis (pca) was applied to evaluate the genetic variability and relationship between 15 morphometric traits in 91,483 campolina horses, as well as to propose an index based on an aggregate genotype that promotes a particular selection objective. pca was applied to the genetic (co)variance matrix among variables. after calculation of the principal components, the breeding values were estimated to obtain an index related to the component that explained most of the variation. ...202033137219
an investigation into factors influencing basal eye temperature in the domestic horse (equus caballus) when measured using infrared thermography in field conditions.infrared thermography (irt) is a popular technology used for the detection of thermal changes given its non-invasive nature and lack of direct contact with the individual. accordingly, the maximal eye temperature (maxet) measured with irt has been extensively applied in equine research. however, there is little information available about the potential limitations of the maxet in field studies. thus, the aims of this study were to 1) quantify the individual variation of maxet in field conditions ...202033131744
equine penile squamous cell carcinomas as a model for human disease: a preliminary investigation on tumor immune microenvironment.penile squamous cell carcinomas (sccs) are common tumors in older horses, with poor prognosis mostly due to local invasion and recurrence. these tumors are thought to be mainly caused by equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv-2). the aim of this study is to characterize the tumor immune environment (time) in equine penile tumors. equine penile epithelial tumors (17 epsccs; 2 carcinomas in situ, cis; 1 papilloma, p) were retrospectively selected; immune infiltrate was assessed by histology an ...202033121116
structure and elevator mechanism of the mammalian sodium/proton exchanger nhe9.na+ /h+ exchangers (nhes) are ancient membrane-bound nanomachines that work to regulate intracellular ph, sodium levels and cell volume. nhe activities contribute to the control of the cell cycle, cell proliferation, cell migration and vesicle trafficking. nhe dysfunction has been linked to many diseases, and they are targets of pharmaceutical drugs. despite their fundamental importance to cell homeostasis and human physiology, structural information for the mammalian nhes was lacking. here, we ...202033118634
horses solve visible but not invisible displacement tasks in an object permanence paradigm.a key question in the field of animal cognition is how animals comprehend their physical world. object permanence is one of the fundamental features of physical cognition. it is the ability to reason about hidden objects and to mentally reconstruct their invisible displacements. this cognitive skill has been studied in a wide range of species but never directly in the horse (equus caballus). in this study, we therefore assessed the understanding of visible and invisible displacements in adult we ...202033117229
hormone-responsive organoids from domestic mare and endangered przewalski's horse endometrium.the endometrium, the inner uterine lining, is composed of cell layers that come in direct contact with an embryo during early pregnancy and later with the fetal placenta. the endometrium is responsible for signals associated with normal reproductive cyclicity as well as maintenance of pregnancy. in the mare, functionally competent in vitro models of the endometrium have not been successful. furthermore, the ability to study various reproductive processes in vitro may allow critical evaluation of ...202033112764
does size matter? examining the possible mechanisms of multi-stallion groups in horse societies.in some feral horse populations, adult females are either associated with a single male or multiple males (stallions). however, little is known on why such groups with more than one male exist, considering that stallions fight to monopolize females. body size is often an important determinant of male fighting ability and/or dominance rank and, consequently, reproductive success. stallions may, therefore, vary in "quality" which could be a differentiating factor between single-stallion and multi- ...202033096141
variation of hematochemical profile and vitamin e status in feral giara horses from free grazing in the wild to hay feeding during captivity.wildlife protection and management are important priorities for landscape identity and biodiversity preservation. feeding practices of fauna confined in facilities during temporary captivity are fundamental to support animal health and natural behavior. appropriate provision of feedstuffs appears to be necessary to support the best practices in respect of animal species-specific natural diet. this investigation explored the variation of the metabolic profile by means of selected metabolite and r ...202033077079
inconsistencies in horse coat color registration: a case study.grullo is a dun dilution on a black coat that is common in the campolina horse: an autochthonous brazilian breed. the aims of this case study were to evaluate inconsistencies in grullo coat color registration and to explain their possible causes. a total of 3,270 grullo campolina horses were evaluated. to confirm the genetic possibility of having grullo animals, the coat color genotypes of parents were inferred by phenotype and compared with those of progeny. a total of 242 horses that were regi ...202033061785
meta-analysis of cyathostomin species-specific prevalence and relative abundance in domestic horses from 1975-2020: emphasis on geographical region and specimen collection method.cyathostomins infect virtually all horses, and concomitant infections with 10 or more species per horse is standard. species-specific knowledge is limited, despite potential species bias in development of disease and anthelmintic resistance. this is the first meta-analysis to examine effects of geographical region and cyathostomin collection method on reported composition of cyathostomin communities.202033046130
detection of a putative novel papillomavirus type within a large exophytic papilloma on the fetlock of a horse.a 10-year-old horse presented with two 3-cm diameter exophytic masses over the fetlock. histology was consistent with a hyperplastic squamous papilloma and numerous cell changes consistent with papillomavirus (pv) infection were visible. partial sequences of pv l1 and e1 orfs were amplified using consensus pcr primers. the sequences were most similar to equus caballus type 1 (ecpv1). however, as the sequences were only around 73% similar to ecpv1, they appear to be from a novel pv type that is l ...202033027924
causes and consequences of an unusually male-biased adult sex ratio in an unmanaged feral horse population.the adult sex ratio (asr) is important within ecology due to its predicted effects on behaviour, demography and evolution, but research examining the causes and consequences of asr bias have lagged behind the studies of sex ratios at earlier life stages. although ungulate asr is relatively well-studied, exceptions to the usual female-biased asr challenge our understanding of the underlying drivers of biased asr and provide an opportunity to better understand its consequences. some feral ungulate ...202032996590
seroprevalence of antibodies against anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi in horses (equus caballus) from northern algeria.horses (equus caballus) are susceptible to tick-borne diseases. two of them, lyme borreliosis due to borrelia burgdorferi and granulocytic anaplasmosis due to anaplasma phagocytophilum were investigated in algerian horses. the diseases have been less extensively studied in horses and results pertinent to algeria have not been published.202032984632
functional contexts of adipose and gluteal muscle tissue gene co-expression networks in the domestic horse.a gene's response to an environment is tightly bound to the underlying genetic variation present in an individual's genome and varies greatly depending on the tissue it is being expressed in. gene co-expression networks provide a mechanism to understand and interpret the collective transcriptional responses of genes. here, we use the camoco co-expression network framework to characterize the transcriptional landscape of adipose and gluteal muscle tissue in 83 domestic horses (equus caballus) rep ...202032970803
seed germination and early seedling survival of the invasive species prosopis juliflora (fabaceae) depend on habitat and seed dispersal mode in the caatinga dry forest.biological invasion is one of the main threats to tropical biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. prosopis juliflora (sw) dc. (fabales: fabaceae: caesalpinioideae) was introduced in the caatinga dry forest of northeast brazil at early 1940s and successfully spread across the region. as other invasive species, it may benefit from the soils and seed dispersal by livestock. here we examine how seed dispersal ecology and soil conditions collectively affect seed germination, early seedling performan ...202032953255
fine-scale estimation of inbreeding rates, runs of homozygosity and genome-wide heterozygosity levels in the mangalarga marchador horse breed.with the availability of high-density snp panels and the establishment of approaches for characterizing homozygosity and heterozygosity sites, it is possible to access fine-scale information regarding genomes, providing more than just comparisons of different inbreeding coefficients. this is the first study that seeks to access such information for the mangalarga marchador (mm) horse breed on a genomic scale. to this end, we aimed to assess inbreeding levels using different coefficients, as well ...202032949478
ancient dna shows domestic horses were introduced in the southern caucasus and anatolia during the bronze age.despite the important roles that horses have played in human history, particularly in the spread of languages and cultures, and correspondingly intensive research on this topic, the origin of domestic horses remains elusive. several domestication centers have been hypothesized, but most of these have been invalidated through recent paleogenetic studies. anatolia is a region with an extended history of horse exploitation that has been considered a candidate for the origins of domestic horses but ...202032938680
horse ooplasm supports in vitro preimplantation development of zebra icsi and scnt embryos without compromising yap1 and sox2 expression pattern.several equids have gone extinct and many extant equids are currently considered vulnerable to critically endangered. this work aimed to evaluate whether domestic horse oocytes support preimplantation development of zebra embryos obtained by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi, zebroid) and cloning, and to study the hippo signaling pathway during the lineage specification of trophectoderm cells and inner cell mass cells. we first showed that zebra and horse sperm cells induce porcine oocyte a ...202032915925
the contribution of mutual grooming to affiliative relationships in a feral misaki horse herd.although herd size, structure, stability, and social rank among misaki feral horses have been reported, no studies have been conducted on the affiliative relationships and interactions among members in a misaki horse herd. the validity of three hypotheses regarding the function of social grooming, the affiliative relationship strengthening hypothesis, the worsened relationship restoring hypothesis, and the grooming parasite removal hypothesis, were tested in a misaki feral horse (equus caballus) ...202032899116
erratum to "the mule (equus mulus) as a recipient of horse (equus caballus) embryos: comparative aspects of early pregnancy with mares" [theriogenology, volume 145, 15 march 2020, 217-225]. 202032871447
metagenomic analysis of bacteria in stallion semen.bacteria colonize stallion semen during collection and processing which may cause disease in inseminated females or negatively affect sperm quality during storage prior to insemination. antibiotics are added to semen extenders to control the growth of these bacteria but may induce antimicrobial resistance. research into alternatives to antibiotics for this purpose requires knowledge of which bacteria are present in semen. not all bacteria in semen, however, can be identified by conventional micr ...202032861118
prevalence and prognostic impact of equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 infection in equine squamous cell carcinomas in western canadian horses.equus caballus papillomavirus type-2 (ecpv-2) has been proposed as a causal factor in equine genital squamous cell carcinoma (scc). this study had 2 objectives: first, calculate the frequency of papillomavirus (pv) and ecpv-2 infection in papillomas, carcinomas in situ (cis), and sccs in western canadian horses; and second, determine if ecpv-2 status of equine sccs is associated with overall survival (os). ecpv-2 status of 115 archived tissue samples, spanning 6 years, was determined using broad ...202032812522
prevalence of equus caballus papillomavirus type-2 infection and seropositivity in asymptomatic western canadian horses.equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv-2) has been recognized as a potential cause of a subset of genital squamous cell carcinomas (sccs) in horses. in the current study, we measured ecpv-2 seropositivity in 50 healthy horses from western canada, and these were compared to a herd of horses with known ecpv-2 exposure. second, the presence of ecpv-2 dna was measured using ecpv-2-specific pcr (polymerase chain reaction), performed on a variety of tissues collected at necropsy from 70 horses tha ...202032812517
ectoparasites of feral horses [equus ferus caballus (linnaeus., 1758)] on karadağ mountain, karaman, turkey.approximately 250 feral horses [equus ferus caballus (linnaeus, 1758)] living on karadağ mountain near karaman city were caught by kazakh horse herdsmen with permission of the turkish ministry of agriculture and forestry and brought to a farm in karkın village in konya province, 70 km from karadağ, in november, 2017. this study was carried out to determine the presence of ectoparasites infesting a subsample of 36 feral horses. the horses were visually inspected, and then their bodies were checke ...202032801511
a genome-wide scan for candidate lethal variants in thoroughbred horses.domestic animal populations are often characterised by high rates of inbreeding and low effective population sizes due to selective breeding practices. these practices can result in otherwise rare recessive deleterious alleles drifting to high frequencies, resulting in reduced fertility rates. this study aimed to identify potential recessive lethal haplotypes in the thoroughbred horse breed, a closed population that has been selectively bred for racing performance. in this study, we identified a ...202032753654
epigenetic control of exercise adaptations in the equine athlete: current evidence and future directions.horses (equus ferus caballus) have evolved over the past 300 years in response to man-made selection for particular athletic traits. some of the selected traits were selected based on the size and horses' muscular power (eg clydesdales), whereas other breeds were bred for peak running performance (eg thoroughbred and arabian). although the physiological changes and some of the cellular adaptations responsible for athletic potential of horses have been identified, the molecular mechanisms are onl ...202032671871
identification of sarcocystis spp. in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) from riyadh and dammam, saudi arabia, via histological and phylogenetic approaches.sarcocystis(s.) spp. are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect birds and animals, resulting in substantial commercial losses. sarcocystis spp. have an indirect life cycle; canines and felines are known to act as final hosts, and numerous domestic and wild animals act as intermediate hosts. the presence of sarcocysts in camel meat may diminish its commercial quality. there is limited knowledge regarding the taxonomy and diagnosis of sarcocystis spp. that infect camels in saudi arabia. in ...202032605261
welfare of free-roaming horses: 70 years of experience with konik polski breeding in poland.to prevent abuse and to assure the welfare of domestic horses, attempts to assess welfare in a standardized way have been made. welfare-assessment tools often refer to the physical and social environments of feral domestic horses as examples of welfare-friendly conditions for horses. however, free-roaming horses are often exposed to conditions or states that may be regarded as welfare threats or abuse. the aim of this review was to present cases of welfare compromises as well as natural ways to ...202032599935
equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2) in co-occurring vulvar and gastric lesions of a pony.in horses, squamous cell carcinomas (sccs) are the most common malignant tumors developing on non-pigmented skin, muco-cutaneous areas, like external genitalia, and, less frequently, in the stomach. growing evidence suggests equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2) as causative agent of genital sccs. our case report describes a 20-year-old, female, mixed-breed pony with co-occurring vulvar papilloma and in situ carcinoma and gastric scc. both lesions were positive for the same ecpv2, as conf ...202032590224
statistical approach to trichinella infection in horses handled by rural slaughterhouses across five distinctive socioeconomic regions in mexico.this work aimed to investigate the prevalence of trichinella infection in horses (equus ferus caballus) handled by rural slaughterhouses across five distinctive socioeconomic regions in mexico. serum samples were obtained by non-probabilistic convenience sampling in the eastern, southern central and western regions (100 samples of each). additionally, muscle tissue samples were collected from the east (n=45), southeastern (n=88), southern central (n=39) and southwestern (n=11) regions. antibodie ...202032507326
major inconsistencies of inferred population genetic structure estimated in a large set of domestic horse breeds using microsatellites.structure remains the most applied software aimed at recovering the true, but unknown, population structure from microsatellite or other genetic markers. about 30% of structure-based studies could not be reproduced (molecular ecology, 21, 2012, 4925). here we use a large set of data from 2,323 horses from 93 domestic breeds plus the przewalski horse, typed at 15 microsatellites, to evaluate how program settings impact the estimation of the optimal number of population clusters kopt that best des ...202032489595
molecular phylogeny of sarcocystis fayeri (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) from the domestic horse equus caballus based on 18s rrna gene sequences and its prevalence.sarcocystosis is a parasitic disease caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite sarcocystis belonging to the phylum apicomplexa. these parasites have a requisite two-host life cycle. recently, there are many sarcocystis species that identified morphologically. in the present study, diaphragmatic muscle samples from the domestic horse (equus caballus) were examined for sarcocystis infection. the natural infection with sarcocysts was recorded to be 62·5% for only microcysts in the infected musc ...202032472702
kisspeptin/gnrh1 system in leydig cells of horse (equus caballus): presence and function.the objectives of this study were to evaluate in horse testes the expression of kisspeptin (kiss) and gnrh1 neuropeptides and their cognate receptors, kiss1r and gnrh1r, as well as their action on testosterone, gnrh1, prostaglandin f2α (pgf2α), and pge2 synthesis and cyclooxygenase 1 (cox1) and cox2 activity by leydig cells in vitro. testes were obtained from 9 sexually mature horses by surgical castration. immunohistochemistry, evidenced the presence of kiss, kiss1r, gnrh, and gnrh1r in leydig ...202032339963
daddy, daddy cool: stallion-foal relationships in a socially-natural herd of exmoor ponies.different forms of direct paternal investment have been described in mammals. one such species where paternal care was noticed, but remains poorly understood, is the horse (equus caballus), where the male keeps a long-term relationship with several females and offspring. therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the interactions between the harem stallion and his foals. two herds of exmoor ponies living under semi-feral conditions in two separate reserves within czech republic were studied ...202032335767
genes encoding equine β-lactoglobulin (lgb1 and lgb2): polymorphism, expression, and impact on milk composition.β-lactoglobulin is one of the most abundant milk whey proteins in many mammal species, including the domestic horse. the aim of this study was to screen for polymorphism in the equine lgb1 and lgb2 gene sequences (all exons, introns, and 5'-flanking region) and to assess potential relationship of particular genotypes with gene expression levels (measured in milk somatic cells) and milk composition traits (protein, fat, lactose, and total β-lactoglobulin content). direct dna sequencing analysis w ...202032320437
communication is key: mother-offspring signaling can affect behavioral responses and offspring survival in feral horses (equus caballus).acoustic signaling plays an important role in mother-offspring recognition and subsequent bond-formation. it remains unclear, however, if mothers and offspring use acoustic signaling in the same ways and for the same reasons throughout the juvenile stage, particularly after mutual recognition has been adequately established. moreover, despite its critical role in mother-offspring bond formation, research explicitly linking mother-infant communication strategies to offspring survival are lacking. ...202032302348
a first comparison of bone histomorphometry in extant domestic horses (equus caballus) and a pleistocene indian wild horse (equus namadicus).the microstructural features of the tissue of long bones subjected to different biomechanical stresses could be a helpful tool for a better understanding of locomotor behavior in extant and extinct mammals, including equids. however, few researches have attempted to describe the bone tissue of extinct horses. in our study, we analyze and compare the histomorphometric features of the bone tissue in extant modern horses, equus caballus, and equus namadicus, a pleistocene indian extinct wild horse. ...202032297705
a radiographic technique for assessment of morphologic variations of the equine caudal cervical spine.equine caudal cervical morphologic variation (eccmv) is a congenital malformation of the caudal cervical spine distinct from the more commonly recognized cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (cvsm). the most common presentation of eccmv is recognized on the sixth cervical vertebra (c6). in "normal" presentations, the transverse processes on the left and right sides have a caudal lamina projecting ventrally below the caudal vertebral body in a heel shape. with eccmv, variations occur to the str ...202032290538
whole genome detection of sequence and structural polymorphism in six diverse horses.the domesticated horse has played a unique role in human history, serving not just as a source of animal protein, but also as a catalyst for long-distance migration and military conquest. as a result, the horse developed unique physiological adaptations to meet the demands of both their climatic environment and their relationship with man. completed in 2009, the first domesticated horse reference genome assembly (equcab 2.0) produced most of the publicly available genetic variations annotations ...202032271776
relationship between postpartum uterine involution and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in clinically healthy mares (equus caballus).to test the hypothesis that delayed/impaired uterine involution could be associated with oxinflammation, we studied the progression of the uterine involution in association with some biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in clinically healthy mares (n = 26) during early postpartum. the examination of the reproductive tract was performed on days 7 and 21 after foaling. uterine involution was assessed considering: a) the increase of the gravid uterine horn diameter (guhd) compared with d ...202032258514
non-invasive stress evaluation in domestic horses (equus caballus): impact of housing conditions on sensory laterality and immunoglobulin a.the study aimed to evaluate sensory laterality and concentration of faecal immunoglobulin a (iga) as non-invasive measures of stress in horses by comparing them with the already established measures of motor laterality and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fgms). eleven three-year-old horses were exposed to known stressful situations (change of housing, initial training) to assess the two new parameters. sensory laterality initially shifted significantly to the left and faecal fgms were signifi ...202032257351
harem stallion changes are not associated with diminished reproductive performance of females in semi-feral konik polski horses (equus caballus).infanticide, related to a stallion's aggression toward a foal sired by another stallion, and feticide related to a new stallion's aggression and/or pheromonal influence (the bruce effect) inducing loss of a fetus sired by another stallion, a female's counteraction to infanticide, have been proposed for domestic horses (equus caballus) in human-managed conditions. the aim of the present study was, in conditions close to natural, to investigate the influence of the natural succession of a harem st ...202032251935
a subset of equine gastric squamous cell carcinomas is associated with equus caballus papillomavirus-2 infection.squamous cell carcinoma (scc) is the most common neoplasm of the equine stomach. however, the mechanisms underlying malignant transformation are unknown. as equus caballus papillomavirus-2 (ecpv-2) is a likely cause of some genital sccs, we hypothesized that ecpv-2 is associated with a subset of equine gastric sccs. to this aim, we performed polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and in situ hybridization (ish) for ecpv-2 e6/ e7 oncogenes on 11 gastric sccs and on gastric samples from 15 control horses ...202032180540
horses feel emotions when they watch positive and negative horse-human interactions in a video and transpose what they saw to real life.animals can indirectly gather meaningful information about other individuals by eavesdropping on their third-party interactions. in particular, eavesdropping can be used to indirectly attribute a negative or positive valence to an individual and to adjust one's future behavior towards that individual. few studies have focused on this ability in nonhuman animals, especially in nonprimate species. here, we investigated this ability for the first time in domestic horses (equus caballus) by projecti ...202032162112
not playing by the rules: unusual patterns in the epidemiology of parasites in a natural population of feral horses (equus caballus) on sable island, canada.sable island, nova scotia, canada hosts one of few natural populations of feral horses (equus caballus) never exposed to anthelmintics. coproculture revealed cyathostomes, strongylus equinus, s. edentatus, and s. vulgaris, with s. equinus (unusually) dominating in adult horses and cyathostomes dominating in young horses (<3 years of age). we examined 35 horses found dead in the springs of 2017 and 2018, as well as fecal samples from live horses in spring (n = 45) and summer 2018 (n = 236) using ...202032095427
laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (la-icp-ms) 87sr/86sr isotope data from scythian iron age barrows in altai, russia.this paper reports la-icp-ms 87sr/86sr isotopic data collected from archaeological human remains uncovered in manzherok region, altai republic, russian federation ("mobility of nomads in central asia: chronology and 87sr/86sr isotope evidence from the pazyryk barrows of northern altai, russia" [1]. the skeletal remains derive from scythian barrows dated to 6th - 3rd century bc located at chultukov log 1 cemetery. the chultukov log cemetery, located approximately 470km south of novosibirsk, is co ...202032071955
how does the expressiveness of leaders affect followership in domestic horses (equus ferus caballus)?in collective movements, some individuals are more effective and attractive leaders than others. parameters such as social network, personality, and physiologic needs failed to explain why group members follow one leader more than another. in this study in the domestic horse, we propose to focus on the leader's attitude and its impact to the followers' recruitment during two conditions: spontaneous group departures or experimentally induced departures. we postulate that the expressiveness of the ...202032065307
the oxytocin-prostaglandins pathways in the horse (equus caballus) placenta during pregnancy, physiological parturition, and parturition with fetal membrane retention.despite their importance in mammalian reproduction, substances in the oxytocin-prostaglandins pathways have not been investigated in the horse placenta during most of pregnancy and parturition. therefore, we quantified placental content of oxytocin (oxt), oxytocin receptor (oxtr), and prostaglandin e2 and f2 alpha during days 90-240 of pregnancy (preg), physiological parturition (phys), and parturition with fetal membrane retention (fmr) in heavy draft horses (preg = 13, phys = 11, fmr = 10). we ...202032034259
inter- and intrabreed diversity of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) in primitive and draft horse breeds.polymorphism of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes ensures effective immune responses against a wide array of pathogens. however, artificial selection, as performed in the case of domestic animals, may influence mhc diversity. here, we investigate and compare the mhc diversity of three populations of horses, for which different breeding policies were applied, to evaluate the impact of artificial selection and the environment on mhc polymorphism.202032012208
sniff, look and loop excursions as the unit of "exploration" in the horse (equus ferus caballis) when free or under saddle in an equestrian arena.spontaneous locomotor behavior in a novel space reveals insights into an animal's world view or umwelt. for example, in many animal species, spontaneous behavior in a novel environment is parsed into activities at a home base and excursions from the home base. domestic horses (equus ferus caballas) are frequently ridden for recreation or in performance events in an equestrian arena but there has been no description of horse behavior in an arena when they are unconstrained and "exploring" or when ...202032006619
embryo survival in the oviduct not significantly influenced by major histocompatibility complex social signaling in the horse.the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) influences sexual selection in various vertebrates. recently, mhc-linked social signaling was also shown to influence female fertility in horses (equus caballus) diagnosed 17 days after fertilization. however, it remained unclear at which stage the pregnancy was terminated. here we test if mhc-linked cryptic female choice in horses happens during the first days of pregnancy, i.e., until shortly after embryonic entrance into the uterus and before fixatio ...202031974438
a ten-stage protocol for assessing the welfare of individual non-captive wild animals: free-roaming horses (equus ferus caballus) as an example.knowledge of the welfare status of wild animals is vital for informing debates about the ways in which we interact with wild animals and their habitats. currently, there is no published information about how to scientifically assess the welfare of free-roaming wild animals during their normal day-to-day lives. using free-roaming horses as an example, we describe a ten-stage protocol for systematically and scientifically assessing the welfare of individual non-captive wild animals. the protocol s ...202031963232
preliminary proof of the concept of wild (feral) horses following light aircraft into a trap.feral horses, wherever managed, typically require population control involving capture for permanent removal or repeatedly for fertility control treatments. the most common method for capturing feral horses is helicopter chasing into traps. with this fear-based strategy, it is difficult to safely capture entire groups. recapture becomes increasingly difficult, with greater safety risks for pilots and ground staff. as preliminary proof of the concept of capturing free-roaming horses by leading in ...202031906531
microrna-9119 regulates cell viability of granulosa cells in polycystic ovarian syndrome via mediating dicer expression.polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. although much is understood concerning the pathology of pcos, further investigation into the influence of microribonucleic acids (mirnas) on the proliferation of ovarian granulosa cells (gcs) is needed. this study investigated the role of specific mirnas in ovarian dysfunction of pcos and its effect on the proliferation of gcs. initially, mirna profiling was performed on the ovarian cortexes of 15 rat ...202031894528
rare finding of a full nuchal ligament lamellae with attachment points from c2-c7 in one australian stock horse.for over 200 years, equine anatomic literature has chiefly portrayed the attachment points of the nuchal ligament lamellae (nll) from the second to the seventh cervical vertebrae (c2-c7). however, recent studies have shown that the modern domestic horse, equus caballus, primarily exhibits the attachments points from c2-c5. here we present the rare finding of a complete nll attached from c2-c7 in one australian stock horse (ash) and discuss the potential implications of these findings. previously ...202031864465
ancient genomes reveal unexpected horse domestication and management dynamics.the horse was essential to past human societies but became a recreational animal during the twentieth century as the world became increasingly mechanized. as the author reviews here, recent studies of ancient genomes have revisited the understanding of horse domestication, from the very early stages to the most modern developments. they have uncovered several extinct lineages roaming the far ends of eurasia some 4000 years ago. they have shown that the domestic horse has been significantly resha ...202031808562
exploring the genetics underpinning dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion in norwegian-swedish coldblooded trotter racehorses.dynamic laryngeal collapse (dlc) associated with poll flexion is the most common disorder of the upper respiratory tract (urt) in the norwegian-swedish coldblooded trotter (nsct). the disorder, which has also been diagnosed in other breeds of trotters and gaited horses, appears to be related to anatomic phenotypes and only occurs during poll flexion when the horse is exercised 'on the bit'.202031461557
comparative forelimb myology and muscular architecture of a juvenile malayan tapir (tapirus indicus).the absence of preserved soft tissues in the fossil record is frequently a hindrance for palaeontologists wishing to investigate morphological shifts in key skeletal systems, such as the limbs. understanding the soft tissue composition of modern species can aid in understanding changes in musculoskeletal features through evolution, including those pertaining to locomotion. establishing anatomical differences in soft tissues utilising an extant phylogenetic bracket can, in turn, assist in interpr ...202031515803
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