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In vitro studies on intestinal calcium and phosphate transport in horses.Transepithelial transport mechanisms play a key role in regulating the absorption and secretion of calcium (Ca(2+)) and inorganic phosphate (P(i)) in the gastrointestinal tract. Although intestinal disorders with imbalances in macromineral homeostasis are frequently observed in horses, available data on intestinal Ca(2+) and P(i) transport are limited. The aim of the present study was to characterize the intestinal Ca(2+) and P(i) transport functionally by using the in vitro radioisotope tracer ...201222119207
Genomic structure, polymorphism and expression of the horse alpha-actinin-3 gene.Gene characterization is an important feature for genome annotation and more particularly for candidate genes that could be selected in domestic species. Associations between an alpha-actinin-3 gene polymorphism and muscle performance were reported in humans involving a nonsense mutation (R577X) and in mice after inactivation of the gene. Here, we characterized the equine alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) gene by sequencing and transcript analysis. The cDNA was determined to be 3.47 kb in length with an o ...201221979116
postmenopausal hormone use impact on emotion processing circuitry.despite considerable evidence for potential effects of estrogen on emotional processing, several studies of postmenopausal women who began hormone therapy (ht) remote from menopause report no effects of ht on emotional measures. as early ht initiation may preserve brain mechanisms, we examined effects of ht on emotional processing in postmenopausal women who started ht early after menopause. we performed a cross-sectional comparison of 52 postmenopausal women 66±5 years old, including 15 users o ...201221930160
Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of escin Ia and isoescin Ia after administration of escin and of pure escin Ia and isoescin Ia in rat.Escin Ia and isoescin Ia have been traditionally used clinically as the chief active ingredients of escin, a major triterpene saponin isolated from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) seeds for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, inflammation and edema.201222094055
presence of biofilm containing viable multiresistant organisms despite terminal cleaning on clinical surfaces in an intensive care unit.despite recent attention to surface cleaning and hand hygiene programmes, multiresistant organisms (mros) continue to be isolated from the hospital environment. biofilms, consisting of bacteria embedded in exopolymeric substances (eps) are difficult to remove due to their increased resistance to detergents and disinfectants, and periodically release free-swimming planktonic bacteria back into the environment which may may act as an infection source.201221899921
effects of phenylbutazone on gene expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in the oral, glandular gastric, and bladder mucosae of healthy horses.objective-to assess gene expressions of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in oral, glandular gastric, and urinary bladder mucosae and determine the effect of oral administration of phenylbutazone on those gene expressions in horses. animals-12 healthy horses. procedures-horses were allocated to receive phenylbutazone or placebo (6 horses/group); 1 placebo-treated horse with a cystic calculus was subsequently removed from the study, and those data were not analyzed. in each horse, the stomach and urina ...201222204294
genetic structure and differentiation of the italian catria horse.catria is 1 of the 22 native italian horse breeds that now survive from a larger number. thirty individuals, representative of the catria horse, were analyzed for 11 microsatellites and compared with data of 10 breeds reared in italy. three different approaches, genetic distances, correspondence analysis, and clustering methods, were considered to study genetic relationships among catria and the other horse populations. genetic differentiation among breeds was highly significant (p < 0.01) for a ...201222156056
A novel self-replicating chimeric lentivirus-like particle.Successful live attenuated vaccines mimic natural exposure to pathogens without causing disease and have been successful against several viruses. However, safety concerns prevent the development of attenuated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a vaccine candidate. If a safe, replicating virus vaccine could be developed, it might have the potential to offer significant protection against HIV infection and disease. Described here is the development of a novel self-replicating chimeric virus vac ...201222013035
Effect of equestrian therapy and onotherapy in physical and psycho-social performances of adults with intellectual disability: a preliminary study of evaluation tools based on the ICF classification.Purpose: To assess the effects of equestrian rehabilitation (ER) and onotherapy (Ono) on physical and psycho-social performances of subjects affected by intellectual disability (ID), and to develop a measurement tool based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health-Children and Youth (ICF-CY). Methods: A tool based on the ICF-CY classification was designed to evaluate subjects undergoing equine rehabilitation within a bio-psychosocial approach. A simplified version ...201221988646
The biology of equine mesenchymal stem cells: phenotypic characterization, cell surface markers and multilineage differentiation.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can give rise to a range of connective tissue cells including osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. MSCs have been isolated from humans and a variety of animal species including rodents, dogs, horses and rabbits. There is currently no consensus on how these cells are identified and characterized. This is partly due to the lack of standardized specific cell surface markers for MSCs. The aim of this review is to examine the literatu ...201222201780
comparison of equine tendon- and bone marrow-derived cells cultured on tendon matrix with or without insulin-like growth factor-i supplementation.objective-to compare in vitro expansion, explant colonization, and matrix synthesis of equine tendon- and bone marrow-derived cells in response to insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) supplementation. sample-cells isolated from 7 young adult horses. procedures-tendon- and bone marrow-derived progenitor cells were isolated, evaluated for yield, and cultured on autogenous cell-free tendon matrix for 7 days. samples were analyzed for cell viability and expression of collagen type i, collagen ty ...201222204302
Identification of H5N1-Specific T-Cell Responses in a High-risk Cohort in Vietnam Indicates the Existence of Potential Asymptomatic Infections.Background. Most reported human H5N1 viral infections have been severe and were detected after hospital admission. A case ascertainment bias may therefore exist, with mild cases or asymptomatic infections going undetected. We sought evidence of mild or asymptomatic H5N1 infection by examining H5N1-specific T-cell and antibody responses in a high-risk cohort in Vietnam. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested using interferon-? enzyme-linked immunospot T assays measuring the respo ...201222080094
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodid ticks from equine-inhabited sites in the southeastern united states.abstract anaplasma phagocytophilum is a vector-borne, obligate intracellular bacterium that invades the neutrophils and eosinophils of infected individuals, causing granulocytic anaplasmosis. equine cases have previously been reported in the united states from california, florida, and connecticut, but limited surveillance studies in the southeast have been conducted. the objective of this study was to determine a. phagocytophilum prevalence in ixodes scapularis ticks at southeastern u.s. horse ...201222214269
whole genome scan identifies several chromosomal regions linked to equine sarcoids.despite the evidence for a genetic predisposition to develop equine sarcoids (es), no whole genome scan for es has been performed to date. the objective of this explorative study was to identify chromosome regions associated with es. the studied population was comprised of two half-sibling sire families, involving a total of 222 horses. twenty-six of these horses were affected with es. all horses had been previously genotyped with 315 microsatellite markers. quantitative trait locus (qtl) signal ...201222222899
prevalence of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis in the south west of the netherlands and the identification of two autochthonous clinical theileria equi infections.equine piroplasmosis (ep) has not been considered indigenous in the netherlands. however, following the detection of an apparently indigenous subclinical babesia caballi infection in a horse on schouwen-duiveland (an island in the zeeland province), a survey was undertaken between may and september 2010 to assess the prevalence of the causative agents of ep in the south-west of the netherlands. blood samples from 300 randomly selected horses were tested for specific antibodies against theileria ...201222266019
detection of small tendon lesions by sonoelastographic visualization of strain profile differences: initial experiences.purpose: to assess the capability of a commercial sonoelastography system to detect small tendon lesions by quantitative analysis of elastogram profiles. materials and methods: strips of equine digital flexor tendons were used to model small human tendons. two tendons were examined. from each tendon, six unmodified tendon strips (controls) and six tendon strips with a central defect of the same tendons were compa ...201222218832
pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamic effects of romifidine hydrochloride in the horse.wojtasiak-wypart, m., soma, l. r., rudy, j. a., uboh, c. e., boston, r. c., driessen, b. pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamic effects of romifidine hydrochloride in the horse. j. vet. pharmacol. therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01347.x. romifidine hcl (romifidine) is an α(2) -agonist commonly used in horses. this study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacokinetics (pk) of romifidine following intravenous (i.v.) administration and describe the relationship between pk parameters a ...201222233529
from the horse's mouth: perceptions of the management of the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in australia.in august 2007, australia experienced its first-ever outbreak of equine influenza, a highly infectious respiratory disease of horses. although the outbreak spread over a large geographic area, it was eradicated within 5 months following a substantial disease control effort led by federal and state animal health authorities. despite its timely control, this large-scale outbreak caused severe impacts on horse owners and industry participants. this study aimed to describe the perceptions of horse o ...201222247976
rapid screening of anabolic steroids in horse urine with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after chemical derivatisation.liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (lc/ms) has been successfully applied to the detection of anabolic steroids in biological samples. however, the sensitive detection of saturated hydroxysteroids, such as androstanediols, by electrospray ionisation (esi) is difficult because of their poor ability to ionise. in view of this, chemical derivatisation has been used to enhance the detection sensitivity of hydroxysteroids by lc/ms. this paper describes the development of a sensitive ultra-high-pe ...201222265177
sequence variations in equine candidate genes for xx and xy inherited disorders of sexual development.inherited disorders of sexual development (dsd) cause sterility and infertility in horses. mutations causing such disorders have been identified in other mammals, but there is little information on the molecular causes in horses. while the equine genome sequence has made it possible to identify candidate genes, additional tools are needed to routinely screen them for causative mutations. in this study, we designed a screening panel of polymerase chain reaction primer pairs for 15 equine genes. t ...201222239239
emerging viral diseases in dromedary camels in the southern morocco*during the last fifteen years, new viral diseases such bluetongue (bt), west nile (wn), african horse sickness (ahs), epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) and peste des petits ruminants (ppr) have extended their geographic distribution and emerged in north africa and in europe. camel (camelus dromedarius) is considered as a potential vector in the transmission of some of these diseases while it is host-specific for camelpox (cp). a serological survey was conducted on 1392 sera to estimate changes ...201222222004
in vitro potential of equine defa1 and ecath1 as alternative antimicrobial drugs in rhodococcosis treatment.rhodococcus equi, the causal agent of rhodococcosis, is a severe pathogen of foals but also of immunodeficient humans causing bronchopneumonia. the pathogen is often found together with klebsiella pneumoniae or streptococcus zooepidemicus in foals. of great concern is the fact that some r. equi strains are already resistant to commonly used antibiotics. in the present study, we evaluated the in vitro potential of two equine antimicrobial peptides (amps), ecath1 and defa1, as new drugs against r. ...201222232283
vaccinia viruses isolated from skin infection in horses produced cutaneous and systemic disease in experimentally infected rabbits.the susceptibility of rabbits to two isolates of vaccinia virus (vacv) recovered from cutaneous disease in horses in southern brazil was investigated. rabbits were inoculated in the ear skin with both vacv isolates, either in single or mixed infection. all inoculated animals presented local skin lesions characterized by hyperaemia, papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers. infectious virus was detected in the lungs and intestine of rabbits that died during acute disease. histological examination o ...201222244689
alcohol-facilitated ankylosis of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints in horses with osteoarthritis.objective-to assess the safety and efficacy of alcohol-facilitated ankylosis of the distal intertarsal (dit) and tarsometatarsal (tmt) joints in horses with osteoarthritis (bone spavin). design-prospective clinical trial. animals-21 horses with dit or tmt joint-associated hind limb lameness and 5 nonlame horses. procedures-11 horses (group 1) underwent lameness, force-plate, and radiographic examinations; following intra-articular analgesia, lameness and force-plate examinations were repea ...201222217029
profiling of differentially expressed genes using suppression subtractive hybridization in an equine model of chronic asthma.gene expression analyses are used to investigate signaling pathways involved in diseases. in asthma, they have been primarily derived from the analysis of bronchial biopsies harvested from mild to moderate asthmatic subjects and controls. due to ethical considerations, there is currently limited information on the transcriptome profile of the peripheral lung tissues in asthma.201222235296
two outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 with breed-dependent clinical signs.equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is a worldwide spread pathogen of horses. it can cause abortion, respiratory and neurological disease and consequentially significant economic losses in equine industries. during 2009, two outbreaks of ehv-1 were confirmed in two stud farms in eastern croatia. the first outbreak occurred in february following the import of 12 horses from usa, serologically negative to ehv-1 before transport. four mares aborted in the late stage of pregnancy and one perinatal dea ...201222262701
a method to minimise error in 2d-dlt reconstruction of non-planar markers filmed with a moving camera.this article describes a method that allows estimating, with the 2d version of the direct linear transformation (dlt), the actual 2d coordinates of a point when the latter is not strictly in the calibration plane. markers placed in vertical line, above, below and in the centre of a horizontal calibration plane were filmed by a moving camera. without correction, strong errors (up to 64.5%) were noticed for markers out of the calibration plane. after correction, calculated coordinates were consist ...201222225468
selection of optimal loci combinations by a computer program optimal combination finder from a group of variable number tandem repeat loci for staphylococcus aureus food poisoning case investigations.staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen causing nosocomial infection, community-acquired diseases, and food borne outbreak diseases. a number of variable number tandem repeat loci have been reported by various groups for epidemiological studies and outbreak investigations. the aims of this study were (1) to systematically evaluate a total of 18 commonly used loci with the same s. aureus population for the first time so that the properties of each locus would be comparable and useful for typing; and ...201222267543
unexpected result of hendra virus outbreaks for veterinarians, queensland, australia.a qualitative study of equine veterinarians and allied staff from queensland, australia, showed that veterinarians are ceasing equine practice because of fears related to hendra virus. their decisions were motivated by personal safety and legal liability concerns.201222261152
a diagnostic algorithm to serologically differentiate west nile virus from japanese encephalitis virus infections and its validation in field surveillance of poultry and horses.abstract the detection of west nile virus (wnv) in areas endemic for japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is complicated by the extensive serological cross-reactivity between the two viruses. a testing algorithm was developed and employed for the detection of anti-wnv antibody in areas endemic for jev. using this differentiation algorithm, a serological survey of poultry (2004 through 2009) and horses (2007 through 2009) was performed. among 2681 poultry sera, 125 samples were interpreted as bein ...201222217162
echocardiographic evaluation of changes in left ventricular size and valvular regurgitation associated with physical training during and after maturity in standardbred trotters.objective-to assess whether physical training induces cardiac hypertrophy and valvular regurgitation in maturing standardbred trotters and to establish a prediction model for the size of the left ventricle. design-longitudinal observational study. animals-53 standardbred trotters. procedures-each horse underwent 2-d, m-mode, and color flow doppler echocardiography at 5.5 years of age; previously, each horse had been examined at 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5 (time of maturity) years of age. horses wer ...201222217030
mitigation of pyrexia by a th-1-biased igg subclass response after infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 in horses pre-immunized with inactivated vaccine.the immunoglobulin g (igg) subclass response was investigated in horses with or without pyrexia after natural infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) in the field. all horses were kept at the training centers of the japan racing association and were immunized with an inactivated ehv-1 vaccine before ehv-1 infection. an igg subclass response dominated by igga and iggb was induced in horses without pyrexia after ehv-1 infection. in contrast, horses that developed pyrexia showed increased ...201222230983
air sampling in the breathing zone of neonatal foals for prediction of subclinical rhodococcus equi infection.reasons for performing the study: disease caused by rhodococcus equi is a significant burden to the horse breeding industry worldwide. early detection of rhodococcal pneumonia, albeit important to minimise treatment costs, is difficult because of the insidious nature of the disease and the lack of definitive diagnostic tests. objectives: to investigate air sampling from the breathing zone of neonatal foals as a predictor of subsequent rhodococcal pneumonia. methods: air samples were collected fr ...201222239721
the use of albumax ii(®) as a blood or serum alternative for the culture of helicobacter pylori.background:  growth of helicobacter pyloriin vitro depends on supplementation of the medium with blood or serum. however, these supplements often require frozen storage and can show batch-to-batch variation, resulting in differences in bacterial growth. in this study, we introduce the use of a commercially available, lipid-rich supplement called albumax ii(®) (gibco brl, grand island, ny, usa) for use as a serum/blood replacement for h. pylori culture. materials and methods:  the growth of h. p ...201222221619
hard ticks (acari, ixodidae) of croatia.the present paper is based on original and literature data. in croatia the first studies on the occurrence of ixodid species were made about 80 years ago. the number of tick species recorded in croatia considerably increased during the 1950s, 60s, 70s and 80s of the past century. a total of 21 species of hard tick belonging to 5 genera have been recorded in croatia. ixodes is the best represented genus, with seven species recorded. haemaphysalis is represented by six species, followed by rhipice ...201223372407
bloodmeal analysis reveals avian plasmodium infections and broad host preferences of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) vectors.changing environmental conditions and human encroachment on natural habitats bring human populations closer to novel sources of parasites, which might then develop into new emerging diseases. diseases transmitted by host generalist vectors are of special interest due to their capacity to move pathogens into novel hosts. we hypothesize that humans using forests for recreation are exposed to a broad range of parasites from wild animals and their vectors. a corollary of this is that new vector-host ...201222363557
the influence of temperature and age on the t1 relaxation time of the equine distal limb.the extent of fat suppression using short tau inversion recovery (stir) imaging is variable between horses. our aim was to determine if patient's age and/or hoof temperature have an influence on the t(1) relaxation time of bone marrow in the equine distal limb, thereby affecting the suppression of fat signal. magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on standing horses and cadaver samples using a low-field magnet (0.27 t). the hoof temperature was measured at the lateral side of the coronary ban ...201222251141
interpreting lactate measurement in critically ill horses: diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.in hospitalized horses, hypovolemia and the resulting decrease in tissue perfusion is the most common cause of hyperlactatemia. therefore, measurement of blood lactate concentration can be a useful tool for guiding fluid therapy. similarly, measuring blood lactate concentration can be used to assess the need for and adequacy of transfusions in horses receiving whole blood. inflammatory leukocytes within closed body cavities consume glucose and produce lactate. simultaneous measurement of blood l ...201222271469
detection of joint effusion on radiographs of horses.joint effusion is one of the classic radiographic signs of osteoarthritis, but no information is available regarding clinicians' ability to detect joint effusion radiographically. this study determined the accuracy and precision of experienced and inexperienced observers in detecting joint effusion of the distal interphalangeal (dip), metacarpophalangeal (mcp) and midcarpal joints on radiographs. fresh cadaverous forelimbs were loaded in a material testing machine to mimic a standing horse. the ...201222266684
vertical ridge augmentation using an equine bone and collagen block infused with recombinant human platelet derived growth factor-bb (rhpdgf-bb): a randomized single-blind histologic study in non-human primates.background: this study tested the effectiveness of hydroxyapatite and collagen bone blocks of equine origin (ehac), infused with recombinant platelet derived growth factor-bb (rhpdgf-bb), to augment localized posterior mandibular defects in non-human primates (papio hamadryas). methods: bilateral critical-size defects simulating severe atrophy were created at the time of the posterior teeth removal. test and control blocks (without growth factor) were randomly grafted into the respective sites ...201222220770
arachnoiditis ossificans of the cauda equina.abstract a case of post-traumatic arachnoiditis ossificans of the cauda equina is reported. the lesion is a rare pathological entity usually confined to the thoracic and high lumbar regions that can cause progressive spinal cord and cauda equine compression. the pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy of this rare entity are still controversial.201222239274
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) on the skin of long-term hospitalised horses.given the significance of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) infections for both horses and staff in equine veterinary hospitals, protocols are required to minimise the risk of nosocomial transmission, including the screening of the skin and nasal chambers of equine patients for evidence of infection. the objective of this study was to clarify the potential existence and extent of mrsa on the skin of horses requiring long-term hospitalisation (⩾6months). thirty such horses were s ...201222264643
the culex pipiens complex in the mississippi river basin: identification, distribution, and bloodmeal hosts.members of the culex pipiens complex are the primary vectors of st. louis encephalitis virus and west nile virus in the mississippi river basin (mrb). the cx. pipiens complex in the mrb is composed of 4 taxa: cx. p. pipiens form pipiens, cx. p. quinquefasciatus, hybrids between cx. p. pipiens f. pipiens and cx. p. quinquefasciatus, and cx. p. pipiens form molestus. three studies on bloodmeal hosts with large sample sizes have been conducted on members of the cx. pipiens complex in the mrb includ ...201223401948
management of zebras and zebra hybrids (zebroids).equine practitioners are sometimes asked to treat zebras or zebra-horse or zebra-donkey hybrids. although these equids are subject to many of the same health issues as domestic horses, they cannot be handled like horses and generally require heavy sedation to full anesthesia, even for minor procedures. this usually necessitates the use of ultrapotent narcotics administered by remote delivery systems. this article discusses the handling, sedation, anesthesia, and common medical issues of zebras a ...201223705207
comparative endocrinological responses to short transportation of equidae (equus asinus and equus caballus).in order to evaluate the effects of short transportation on β-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) and cortisol changes, 12 healthy stallions of equidae (equus asinus and equus caballus) were studied before and after transportation of 50 km. blood samples were collected 1 week before transportation in basal conditions, immediately before loading and after transportation and unloading, on their arrival at the breeding station. compared to basal and before values, donkeys showed an increa ...201223480707
latent equine herpesvirus-1 in trigeminal ganglia and equine idiopathic headshaking.trigeminal neuralgia or neuropathic pain has been regarded as a putative cause of idiopathic headshaking in horses. equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) infection and resultant postherpetic pain have been suggested as a possible cause of such neuropathic pain.201222211434
system characteristics and performance evaluation of a trailer-scale downdraft gasifier with different feedstock.the main objective of this study is to investigate the thermal profiles of a trailer-scale gasifier in different zones during the course of gasification and also to elaborate on the design, characteristics and performance of the gasification system using different biomass feedstock. the purpose is to emphasize on the effectiveness of distributed power generation systems and demonstrate the feasibility of such gasification systems in real world scenarios, where the lingo-cellulosic biomass resour ...201222265984
expression, refolding and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of equine mhc class i molecule complexed with an eiav-env ctl epitope.in order to clarify the structure and the peptide-presentation characteristics of the equine major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecule, a complex of equine mhc class i molecule (ela-a1 haplotype, 7-6 allele) with mouse β(2)-microglobulin and the cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope env-rw12 (rvedvtntaeyw) derived from equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) envelope protein (residues 195-206) was refolded and crystallized. the crystal, which belonged to space group p2(1), diffracted ...201222232164
real-time pcr of the mammalian hydroxymethylbilane synthase (hmbs) gene for analysis of flea (ctenocephalides felis) feeding patterns on dogs.abstract: background: precise data on quantitative kinetics of blood feeding of fleas, particularly immediately after contact with the host, are essential for understanding dynamics of flea-borne disease transmission and for evaluating flea control strategies. standard methods used are inadequate for studies that simulate early events after real-life flea access to the host. methods: here, we developed a novel quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting mammalian dna within fleas to quant ...201222214496
base pairing at the abasic site in dna duplexes and its application in adenosine aptasensors.the binding of nucleosides to abasic site (ap site)-containing dna duplexes (ap-dnas) carrying complementary nucleosides opposite the ap site was investigated by thermal denaturation and isothermal titration calorimetric (itc) experiments. purine nucleosides show high affinities (k(d) =14.1 μm for adenosine and 41.8 μm for guanosine) for binding to the ap-dnas, and the interactions are driven primarily by the enthalpy change, similarly to the case of dna intercalators. in contrast, pyrimidine nu ...201222271570
axenfeld-rieger spectrum in a patient with 45,x turner syndrome.purpose: to report the presence of axenfeld-rieger spectrum in a case of 45,x turner syndrome. design: non-interventional case report. methods: a 13-year-old girl underwent complete genetic clinical evaluation comprising detailed family history taking with pedigree construction in addition to a thorough clinical examination and a number of investigations. a cytogenetic study, molecular testing for hidden y-chromosome material, and a full ophthalmological assessment including slit lamp examin ...201222229795
characteristics of relinquishing and adoptive owners of horses associated with u.s. nonprofit equine rescue organizations.nonprofit equine rescue organizations in the united states provide care for relinquished horses and may offer adoption programs. with an estimated 100,000 "unwanted" horses per year and few municipal shelters providing wholesale euthanasia, there is a need to minimize the number of unwanted horses and maximize their successful transition to new caregivers. this study's objectives were to characterize the relinquishing and adoptive owners interacting with nonprofit rescue organizations. nonprofit ...201222233213
a high density snp array for the domestic horse and extant perissodactyla: utility for association mapping, genetic diversity, and phylogeny studies.an equine snp genotyping array was developed and evaluated on a panel of samples representing 14 domestic horse breeds and 18 evolutionarily related species. more than 54,000 polymorphic snps provided an average inter-snp spacing of ∼43 kb. the mean minor allele frequency across domestic horse breeds was 0.23, and the number of polymorphic snps within breeds ranged from 43,287 to 52,085. genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (ld) in most breeds declined rapidly over the first 50-100 kb and reached ...201222253606
origins of the domestic horse. 201223064643
the basics of farriery as a prelude to therapeutic farriery.domesticated horses need hoof care, because it is rare for wear and growth of the hooves to be in perfect equilibrium. during the shoeing interval, the hoof grows downwards and forward in the direction of the horn tubules, losing some degree of angle. few horses have perfect limb conformation. the shape of a hoof of a limb with conformation defects adapts in a predictable way. if, for therapeutic or performance reasons, the hoof-shoe combination is modified, there is a not a lot of leeway in the ...201222981192
breeding or assisted reproduction? relevance of the horse model applied to the conservation of endangered equids.many wild equids are at present endangered in the wild. concurrently, increased mechanization has pushed back the numbers of some old native horse breeds to levels that are no longer compatible with survival of the breed. strong concerns arose in the last decade to preserve animal biodiversity, including that of rare horse breeds. genome resource banking refers to the cryostorage of genetic material and is an approach for ex situ conservation, which should be applied in combination with in situ ...201222827377
towards an ethological animal model of depression? a study on horses.recent reviews question current animal models of depression and emphasise the need for ethological models of mood disorders based on animals living under natural conditions. domestic horses encounter chronic stress, including potential stress at work, which can induce behavioural disorders (e.g. "apathy"). our pioneering study evaluated the potential of domestic horses in their usual environment to become an ethological model of depression by testing this models' face validity (i.e. behavioural ...201222761752
characterization of cytochrome b diversity in chinese domestic horses.previous mitochondrial dna (mtdna) d-loop and microsatellite studies have shown that chinese horses have multiple maternal origins and high genetic diversity. to better characterize maternal genetic origins and diversity of chinese domestic horses, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 407 complete 1140 bp sequences of the horse mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b (cytb) gene, including 323 horses from 13 chinese indigenous breeds and 84 reference sequences from genbank. a total of 114 haplo ...201222497593
effect of environmental conditions on degree of hoof wall hydration in horses.to determine the effect of various environmental conditions on the degree of hydration in hoof wall horn tissue from feral horses and investigate the effect of short-term foot soaking on moisture content in hoof wall and sole tissue in domestic horses.201222369538
Spatial distribution of Trichinella britovi, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis of domestic pigs and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Hungary.Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of raw meat and raw meat-derived products from swine, horse and some game animals infected with nematode worms of the genus Trichinella. Between June 2006 and February 2011, 16 million domestic pigs and 0.22 million wild boars (Sus scrofa) were tested for Trichinella sp. in Hungary. Trichinella infection was not found in any pigs slaughtered for public consumption. Nevertheless, Trichinella spiralis was detected in four backyard pig ...201221852037
Equine ELISPOT assay to study secretion of IFN? and IL-4 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Human and mouse immune system cells are the most frequently used specimens in ELISPOT assays. In an effect to expand the application of ELISPOT assay to other species, we developed matched antibody pairs for ready-to-use kits designed for studying the frequency of equine IFN?- and IL-4-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Equine PBMCs were stimulated with either concanavalin A (Con A) or calcium ionomycin mixed with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (CaI + PMA). We found that Con ...201221956499
Daily endogenous cortisol production and hydrocortisone pharmacokinetics in adult horses and neonatal foals.Objective-To compare daily endogenous cortisol production rate and the pharmacokinetics of an IV bolus of hydrocortisone between neonatal foals and adult horses. Animals-10 healthy full-term 2- to 4-day-old foals and 7 healthy adult horses. Procedures-Blood samples were collected from each horse every 15 to 20 minutes for 24 hours for determination of 24-hour mean cortisol concentration. Afterward, dexamethasone (0.08 mg/kg) was administered IV to suppress endogenous cortisol production. Twe ...201222204290
MSTN genotype (g.66493737C/T) association with speed indices in Thoroughbred racehorses.Sequence variation at the equine myostatin gene (MSTN) locus has previously been shown to have a singular genomic influence on optimum race distance in Thoroughbred racehorses. Myostatin, encoded by the MSTN gene, is a member of the TGF-ß superfamily that regulates skeletal muscle development in a range of mammalian species including the horse. In the Thoroughbred, the C-allele at the g.66493737C/T SNP has been found at significantly higher frequency in subgroups of the population that are suite ...201222016373
First application of axial speed of sound to follow up injured equine tendons.Ultrasonography is an established technique to follow up injured tendons, although the lesions' echogenicity tends to become normal before the tendon is ready to sustain the stresses imposed by exercise. Normalized axial speed of sound (SOS) has been found to correlate with an injured tendon's stiffness; therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish whether SOS would be a useful tool in tendon injury follow-up. Axial SOS was measured in 11 equine superficial digital flexor tendons during ...201222104528
Effects of tidal volume, ventilatory frequency, and oxygen insufflation flow on the fraction of inspired oxygen in cadaveric horse heads attached to a lung model.Objective-To measure the effects of tidal volume, ventilatory frequency, and oxygen insufflation flow on the fraction of inspired oxygen in cadaveric horse heads attached to a lung model. Sample-8 heads of equine cadavers. Procedures-Each cadaveric horse head was intubated with a nasotracheal tube that extended into the proximal portion of the trachea. Oxygen was delivered through an oxygen catheter contained within and extending to the tip of the nasotracheal tube. The trachea was connected ...201222204299
Axial speed of sound for the monitoring of injured equine tendons: A preliminary study.Equine superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFT) are often injured, and they represent an excellent model for human sport tendinopathies. While lesions can be precisely diagnosed by clinical evaluation and ultrasonography, a prognosis is often difficult to establish; the knowledge of the injured tendon's mechanical properties would help in anticipating the outcome. The objectives of the present study were to compare the axial speed of sound (SOS) measured in vivo in normal and injured tendons an ...201222018583
Immunosuppressive therapies in the management of acquired immune-mediated marrow failures.Immunosuppression is a key treatment strategy for patients suffering from aplastic anemia or related immune-mediated bone marrow failure syndromes. Several attempts have been performed to improve the standard immunosuppression regimen of horse antithymocyte globulin (h-ATG) and cyclosporine A (CyA).201222143074
Management of vulvovaginal atrophy-related sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women: an up-to-date review.Menopause and its transition represent significant risk factors for the development of vulvovaginal atrophy-related sexual dysfunction. The objective of this study was to review the hormonal and nonhormonal therapies available for postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy-related sexual dysfunction, focusing on practical recommendations through a literature review of the most relevant publications in this field.201222011753
Three-dimensional classification of radical hysterectomy: New saddle for an old horse. 201221945307
Electrochemical determination of hydrogen peroxide with cytochrome c peroxidase and horse heart cytochrome c entrapped in a gelatin hydrogel.A novel and versatile method, based on a membrane-free enzyme electrode in which both the enzyme and a mediator protein are entrapped in a gelatine hydrogel was developed for the fabrication of biosensors. As a proof of principle, we prepared a hydrogen peroxide biosensor by successfully entrapping both horse heart cytochrome c (HHC) and Saccharomyces cerevisae cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) in a gelatin matrix which is immobilized on a gold electrode. This electrode was first pretreated with 6-m ...201221889423
Hypoxia regulates the expression of extracellular matrix associated proteins in equine dermal fibroblasts via HIF1.Exuberant granulation tissue (EGT), a fibrotic healing disorder resembling the human keloid, occurs almost exclusively in limb wounds of horses and may be caused in part by a relative state of hypoxia within the wound.201221999945
species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified belgian sausages with an added starter culture of staphylococcus carnosus.quality of fermented sausages is affected by acidifying lactic acid bacteria (lab) and colour- and flavour-promoting coagulase-negative staphylococci (cns), whether or not used as starter culture. artisan fermented sausages are often perceived as superior to industrial variants, partially because of the specific microbiota due to spontaneous acidification, which may be considered as an artisan characteristic. therefore, two kinds of spontaneously acidified belgian sausages were prepared (belgian ...201222202870
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous medetomidine in the horse.to describe the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics following an intravenous (iv) bolus dose of medetomidine in the horse.201222103480
ex vivo spontaneous generation of 19-norandrostenedione and nandrolone detected in equine plasma and urine.19-norandrostenedione (naed) and nandrolone are anabolic-androgenic steroids (aass). nandrolone was regarded solely as a synthetic aas until the 1980s when trace concentrations of apparently endogenous nandrolone were detected in urine samples obtained from intact male horses (stallions). since then, its endogenous origin has been reported in boars and bulls; endogenous naed and nandrolone have been identified in plasma and urine samples collected from stallions. more recently, however, it was s ...201222051080
network simulation modeling of equine infectious anemia in the non-racehorse population in japan.an equine infectious anemia (eia) transmission model was developed by constructing a network structure of horse movement patterns in a non-racehorse population. this model was then used to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of several eia surveillance strategies. because eia had not been detected in japan since 1993, it was appropriate to review the current surveillance strategy, which aims to eradicate eia by intensive testing, and to consider alternative strategies suitable for the curr ...201221963256
confidential enquiry into perioperative equine fatalities: cepef 4--a chance to gain new evidence about the risks of equine general anaesthesia. 201222050086
Isolation, identification, and phylogenetic analysis of reassortant low-pathogenic avian influenza virus H3N1 from Pakistan.During routine avian influenza surveillance in Pakistan, a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAI) subtype H3N1 was isolated for the first time from domestic chickens. The higher seroprevalence of H3N1 was recorded in both commercial and domestic poultry in ecological zones of Pakistan where the geographical proximity with neighboring countries and attractive birding sites provide better opportunities for frequent movements of wild and migratory birds, and their intermingling with the local ...201222184438
On a Not-dead Horse: CPP Deserves More Respect. 201222045157
Harnessing the genetic toolbox for the benefit of the racing Thoroughbred.The understanding and application of genetics have grown extremely quickly since it has become possible to sequence the whole genome of an organism. The human genome sequence was completed in 2001 and that of the horse in 2007. The significance of this is that it makes it more feasible to explain how both genetically simple and complex traits are transmitted from one generation to the next and, therefore, to make informed breeding decisions, modify how horses are managed and trained to minimise ...201222132854
Sequence variations and two levels of MCT1 and CD147 expression in red blood cells and gluteus muscle of horses.MCT1-CD147 complex is the prime lactate transporter in mammalian plasma membranes. In equine red blood cells (RBCs), activity of the complex and expression of MCT1 and CD147 is bimodal; high in 70% and low in 30%. We studied whether sequence variations contribute to the bimodal expression of MCT1 and CD147. Samples of blood and cremaster muscle were collected in connection of castration from 24 horses. Additional gluteus muscle samples were collected from 15 Standardbreds of which seven were kno ...201221945690
thermally-mediated ultrasound-induced contraction of equine muscular arteries in vitro and an investigation of the associated cellular mechanisms.we have previously shown that mhz frequency ultrasound causes contraction of the carotid artery in vitro. we now extend this investigation to equine mesenteric arteries and investigate the cellular mechanisms. in vitro exposure of the large lateral cecal mesenteric artery to 4-min periods of 3.2 mhz continuous wave ultrasound at acoustic powers up to 145 mw induced reversible repeatable contraction. the magnitude of the response was linearly dependent on acoustic power and, at 145 mw, the mean i ...201222104536
isolation and differentiation potential of an equine amnion-derived stromal cell line.stem cells represent an important tool in veterinary therapeutic field such as tissue engineering. in the present study, equine amnion-derived mesenchymal stromal cells were investigated for applications in veterinary science as an alternative source to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and adipose stem cells. amnion stromal cells isolation and characterization protocol is described; the in vitro cell growth rate was calculated by measuring viable cell number over 20 days. the expression of ste ...201221994048
identification of an antioxidant small-molecule with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.the highly lethal filoviruses, ebola and marburg cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. to date there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics to counter these infections. identifying novel pathways and host targets that play an essential role during infection will provide potential targets to develop therapeutics. small molecule chemical screening for ebola virus inhibitors resulted in identification of a compound nsc 62914. the compound was found to exhibit anti-filov ...201222027648
improved enzyme production by bio-pellets of aspergillus niger: targeted morphology engineering using titanate microparticles.the present study describes the design of bio-pellet morphologies of the industrial working horse aspergillus niger strains in submerged culture. the novel approach recruits the intended addition of titanate microparticles (tisio(4), 8 µm) to the growth medium. as tested for two recombinant strains producing fructofuranosidase and glucoamylase, the enzyme titer by the titanate-enhanced cultures in shake flasks was increased 3.7-fold to 150 u/ml (for fructofuranosidase) and 9.5-fold to 190 u/ml ( ...201221887774
Prolonged neuromuscular blockade in a horse following concomitant use of vecuronium and atracurium. 201222118190
the effects of conjugated estrogen, raloxifene and soy extract on collagen in rat bones.objective to evaluate the action of conjugated equine estrogen, raloxifene and isolated or combined genistein-rich soy extracts on collagen fibers in the bones of oophorectomized rats. materials and methods seventy female rats received testosterone propionate (0.1 µg/g) on the 9th day after birth. at 6 months of age, the rats were administered the vehicle (propylene glycol, 0.5 ml/day), and ten of the rats were randomly chosen to comprise the non-oophorectomized control group (gi). the other 6 ...201222208761
Characterization of the fecal bacteria communities of forage-fed horses by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA V4 gene amplicons.The diversity of the equine fecal bacterial community was evaluated using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Fecal samples were obtained from horses fed cool-season grass hay. Fecal bacteria were characterized by amplifying the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Of 5898 mean unique sequences, a mean of 1510 operational taxonomic units were identified in the four fecal samples. Equine fecal bacterial richness was higher than that reported in humans, but lower than that reported in eith ...201222092776
identification of cattle, llama and horse meat by near infrared reflectance or transflectance spectroscopy.visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (vis-nirs) was used to discriminate meat and meat juices from three livestock species. in a first trial, samples of longissimus lumborum muscle, corresponding to beef (31) llamas (21) and horses (27), were homogenised and their spectra collected in reflectance (nirsystems 6500 scanning monochromator, in the range of 400-2500 nm). in the second trial, samples of meat juice (same muscle) from the same species (20 beef, 19 llama and 19 horse) were ...201221889854
responses of equine tendon- and bone marrow-derived cells to monolayer expansion with fibroblast growth factor-2 and sequential culture with pulverized tendon and insulin-like growth factor-i.objective-to compare in vitro expansion of equine tendon- and bone marrow-derived cells with fibroblast growth factor-2 (fgf-2) supplementation and sequential matrix synthesis with pulverized tendon and insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i). sample-cells from 6 young adult horses. procedures-progenitor cells were expanded in monolayers with fgf-2, followed by culture with autogenous acellular pulverized tendon and igf-i for 7 days. initial cell isolation and subsequent monolayer proliferation ...201222204303
in vitro evaluation of co-exposure of arsenium and an organic nanomaterial (fullerene, c(60)) in zebrafish hepatocytes.taking into account the concept of the "trojan horse", where contaminants may have its entry into specific organs potentiated by its association with nanomaterials, the aim of this study was to analyze the joint toxic effects induced by an organic nanomaterial, fullerene (c(60)) with the metalloid arsenic (as(iii)). hepatocytes of zebrafish danio rerio were exposed to as(iii) (2.5 or 100μm), c(60) or as+c(60) for 4h, not altering cells viability. intracellular reactive oxygen species concentrati ...201221889614
Conservative management of a transverse fracture of the distal phalanx in a Quarter Horse.Case Description-A 7-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated because of sudden onset of severe left forelimb lameness of 4 days' duration. Clinical Findings-Clinical evaluation and diagnostic perineural analgesia localized the lameness to the distal portion of the left forelimb. Radiography revealed a transverse fracture of the distal phalanx of the left forelimb. Treatment and Outcome-The horse was treated conservatively with stall rest and stabilization of the hoof with fiberglass cas ...201222171760
An in vitro trauma model to study rodent and human astrocyte reactivity.Protocols are presented describing a unique in vitro injury model and how to culture and mature mouse, rat, and human astrocytes for its use. This injury model produces widespread injury and astrocyte reactivity that enable quantitative measurements of morphological, biochemical, and functional changes in rodent and human reactive astrocytes. To investigate structural and molecular mechanisms of reactivity in vitro, cultured astrocytes need to be purified and then in vitro "matured" to reach a h ...201222144309
The effect of adding an equine bone matrix protein lyophilisate on fixation and osseointegration of HA-coated Ti implants.Joint replacements should be firmly anchored in vital bone to avoid early implant subsidence and late aseptic loosening. We investigated whether the fixation of orthopedic implants could be improved by adding an osteoinductive extract of lyophilized equine bone matrix proteins (Colloss E, Ossacur AG, Germany), between the implant and the surrounding bone. Eighteen uncemented HA-coated implants were inserted pairwise in the proximal tibia of nine dogs. All implants were surrounded by a 2 mm conce ...201222021212
Consensus on equine tendon disease: Building on the 2007 Havemeyer symposium. 201222070097
an economic model demonstrating the long-term cost benefits of incorporating fertility control into wild horse (equus caballus) management programs on public lands in the united states.in recent years, the bureau of land management's (blm) wild horse and burro management program costs have increased dramatically due to a rise in the number of animals removed from public lands coupled with significantly decreased adoption rates. to assist with development and implementation of effective, cost-containing management programs, a robust economic model to project the costs and optimize outcomes of various management scenarios was created. for example, preliminary demonstration model ...201324437083
autosomal genetic diversity in non-breed horses from eastern eurasia provides insights into historical population movements.many events in the history of eastern eurasia, including the process of domestication itself, the initial spread of domestic horses and subsequent movements, are believed to have affected the genetic structure of domestic horse populations in this area. we investigated levels of within- and between-population genetic diversity in 'non-breed horses' (working horses sampled in remote areas) from 17 locations in asia and parts of eastern europe, using 26 autosomal microsatellite loci. non-breed hor ...201322607477
genetic studies of blood markers in przewalski's horses.ninety-six przewalski's horses (equus przewalskii) were blood typed using systems of inherited blood variants known to be highly effective for parentage testing of domestic horses (e. caballus). sixteen red cell antigenic factors detected using sera prepared by alloimmunization of domestic horses were shown to be inherited in six systems (a, c, d, p, q, and u) and in the same patterns as domestic horses. family data confirmed autosomal, codominant inheritance at five loci of serum protein varian ...20133584938
il26 gene inactivation in equidae.interleukin-26 (il26) is a member of the il10 cytokine family. the il26 gene is located between two other well-known cytokines genes of this family encoding interferon-gamma (ifng) and il22 in an evolutionary conserved gene cluster. in contrast to humans and most other mammals, mice lack a functional il26 gene. we analyzed the genome sequences of other vertebrates for the presence or absence of functional il26 orthologs and found that the il26 gene has also become inactivated in several equid sp ...201323808390
the effect of environmental factors on sister chromatid exchange incidence in domestic horse (equus caballus) chromosomes.the sce test is often used as a sensitive and reliable technique in the biomonitoring of genotoxicity of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents. this study analysed the frequency of sister chromatid exchange in domestic horse chromosomes depending on the habitat and age of the analysed horses. the chromosome preparations were obtained from an in vitro culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes stained using the fpg technique. both the habitat and the age significantly influence sce frequency. a higher s ...201324279169
acute phase protein and protein electrophoresis values for captive grant's zebra (equus burchelli).grant's zebra (equus burchelli) are commonly kept in zoos and are subject to routine health monitoring and research studies. recently, assays for acute phase proteins (app) have been described in many wildlife species, and specific assays for serum amyloid a (saa) have been well validated and studied in horses (equus ferus caballus), in which it serves as a major app. in the present study, serum samples from 26 grant's zebra were subject to analysis by using assays for saa, haptoglobin (hp), and ...201324450080
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