Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| A prospective longitudinal study of naturally infected horses to evaluate the performance characteristics of rapid diagnostic tests for equine influenza virus. | An outbreak of equine influenza (EI) occurred in Australia in 2007. During the laboratory support for this outbreak, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays and a blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) were used as testing methods to detect infection with the virus. The qRT-PCR and bELISA tests had not been used for EI diagnosis before, so it was not known how soon after infection these tests would yield positive results, or for how long these resu ... | 2011 | 22115969 |
| the in vitro effects of antibiotics on cell viability and gene expression of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. | objectives: to investigate the effects of commonly used antibiotics on cell viability and gene expression of equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (msc) in vitro. materials and methods: bone marrow-derived msc were cultured in media containing gentamicin, amikacin, penicillin, enrofloxacin or ceftiofur at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 500 µg/ml. the alamarblue fluorescence assay was used to assess cell viability over 48 h. after 5 days the cells were released and lysed prior ... | 2011 | 21883415 |
| [Effects of high doses of genistein on mammary gland of female rat]. | to evaluate the effects of high doses of genistein on the mammary glands of adult female rats. | 2011 | 22189855 |
| Validation of a quantitative and confirmatory method for residue analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics in poultry, bovine, equine and swine kidney through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. | The use of aminoglycoside antibiotics in food animals is approved in Brazil. Accordingly, Brazilian food safety legislation sets maximum levels for these drugs in tissues from these animals in an effort to guarantee that food safety is not compromised. Aiming to monitor the levels of these drugs in tissues from food animals, the validation of a quantitative, confirmatory method for the detection of residues of 10 aminoglycosides antibiotics in poultry, swine, equine and bovine kidney, with extra ... | 2011 | 22059623 |
| genotypes of predomestic horses match phenotypes painted in paleolithic works of cave art. | archaeologists often argue whether paleolithic works of art, cave paintings in particular, constitute reflections of the natural environment of humans at the time. they also debate the extent to which these paintings actually contain creative artistic expression, reflect the phenotypic variation of the surrounding environment, or focus on rare phenotypes. the famous paintings "the dappled horses of pech-merle," depicting spotted horses on the walls of a cave in pech-merle, france, date back ~25, ... | 2011 | 22065780 |
| Equine Pre-Implantation Conceptuses Express Neuraminidase 2 - A Potential Mechanism for Desialylation of the Equine Capsule. | During the second and third week of pregnancy, the equine conceptus is covered by an acellular glycoprotein capsule. This capsule contains glycoproteins resembling those of the mucin family with sialic acid making up a high proportion of the carbohydrate. Coinciding with conceptus fixation, a marked decline in sialic acid content of the capsule occurs, which has been proposed to contribute to cessation of conceptus mobility. Herein, we describe the expression of neuraminidase 2 (NEU2) by pre-imp ... | 2011 | 22022932 |
| Management of hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy by neurectomy of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve and plantar fasciotomy: 155 horses (2003-2008). | Reasons for performing study: Neurectomy of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve and plantar fasciotomy have become accepted as methods of treatment of proximal suspensory desmopathy (PSD), but there are limited long-term studies documenting the outcome. Objectives: To describe long-term follow-up in horses with PSD alone or with other injuries contributing to lameness and poor performance, including complications, following neurectomy and fasciotomy. Methods: Follow-up information was a ... | 2011 | 21883416 |
| lipopolysaccharide infusion up-regulates hepcidin mrna expression in equine liver. | hepcidin has been found to be the key regulator of iron metabolism that leads to hypoferremia during inflammation. recent work has shown that equine hepcidin is predominantly expressed in the liver of horses. in this study, hepcidin gene expression was determined in the liver and bone marrow of six healthy horses after iv infusion of escherichia coli o55:b5 lps. the il-6 gene expression was also determined in liver and bone marrow samples. clinical and laboratory evaluations were measured at mul ... | 2011 | 21926164 |
| evidence of infection with h4 and h11 avian influenza viruses among lebanese chicken growers. | human infections with h5, h7, and h9 avian influenza viruses are well documented. exposure to poultry is the most important risk factor for humans becoming infected with these viruses. data on human infection with other low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses is sparse but suggests that such infections may occur. lebanon is a mediterranean country lying under two major migratory birds flyways and is home to many wild and domestic bird species. previous reports from this country demonstrated th ... | 2011 | 22046370 |
| an attenuated eiav vaccine strain induces significantly different immune responses from its pathogenic parental strain although with similar in vivo replication pattern. | the eiav (equine infectious anemia virus) multi-species attenuated vaccine eiav(dlv121) successfully prevented the spread of equine infectious anemia (eia) in china in the 1970s and provided an excellent model for the study of protective immunity to lentiviruses. in this study, we compared immune responses induced by eiav(dlv121) to immunity elicited by the virulent eiav(ln40) strain and correlated immune responses to protection from infection. horses were randomly grouped and inoculated with ei ... | 2011 | 21893100 |
| Determination of sucrose in equine serum using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). | Mucosal integrity may be objectively assessed by determination of the absorption of exogenous substances such as sucrose. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) have been reported for the accurate quantification of low concentrations of sucrose in serum. LC/MS offered the advantage of high sensitivity and mass selectivity without the need for extensive sample derivatization required for GC/MS methods. However, the high polarity and non-vo ... | 2011 | 22024392 |
| Effect of estrogen replacement therapy on symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-depressive menopausal women : A randomized double-blind, controlled study. | The efficacy of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for mood disturbances associated with menopause has yet to be firmly established. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ERT for improving mood and anxiety of non-depressive postmenopausal women. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study involved two treatment groups: one receiving conjugated equine estrogens (CEEs; 0.625 mg/day) and the other placebo, for six cycles of 28 days each. Subjects were hysterecto ... | 2011 | 22016254 |
| Extended targeting potential and improved synthesis of Microcin C analogs as antibacterials. | Microcin C (McC) (1) is a potent antibacterial compound produced by some Escherichia coli strains. McC functions through a Trojan-Horse mechanism: it is actively taken up inside a sensitive cell through the function of the YejABEF-transporter and then processed by cellular aminopeptidases. Processed McC (2) is a non-hydrolysable aspartyl-adenylate analog that inhibits aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (AspRS). A new synthesis is described that allows for the production of a wide variety of McC analogs in ... | 2011 | 21855353 |
| anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites - detection, potential clinical relevance and implications for control. | during the past two decades anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites has been found in the group of small strongyle species (cyathostomins) and in the ascarid species parascaris equorum. the ubiquitous nature and possible severe consequences of disease with these nematodes make them the prime targets of current worm control programmes. traditional control strategies mainly rely on the strategic application of anthelmintics, currently represented by three major drug classes: benzimidazoles (bz ... | 2011 | 22100141 |
| anterior and posterior segment photography. an alternative approach using a dslr camera adaptor. | purpose to describe a novel digital single lens reflex (dslr) camera adaptor for anterior and posterior segment photography. methods the adaptor was used to evaluate canine, feline, and equine patients presenting to tufts ophthalmology service. anterior segment imaging was conducted with the adaptor mounted between a dslr camera body (canon 7d) and a macro lens (canon ef-s 60mm/f2.8). posterior segment imaging was performed with the aid of an indirect ophthalmic lens mounted in front of the ma ... | 2011 | 22050841 |
| relative prevalence of upper respiratory tract obstructive disorders in two breeds of harness racehorses (185 cases: 1998-2006). | reasons for performing study: two genetically and phenotypically distinct horse breeds are used for harness racing in scandinavia: the standardbred (sb) and coldblooded trotter. these racehorses have identical environmental, management and racing conditions. therefore, this study was undertaken to identify and compare the relative prevalence of upper respiratory tract (urt) obstructive disorders in these 2 breeds. objectives: to determine whether these 2 phenotypically different breeds of harnes ... | 2011 | 22150875 |
| gene expression analysis in the thalamus and cerebrum of horses experimentally infected with west nile virus. | gene expression associated with west nile virus (wnv) infection was profiled in the central nervous system of horses. pyrosequencing and library annotation was performed on pooled rna from the cns and lymphoid tissues on horses experimentally infected with wnv (vaccinated and naïve) and non-exposed controls. these sequences were used to create a custom microarray enriched for neurological and immunological sequences to quantitate gene expression in the thalamus and cerebrum of three experimental ... | 2011 | 21991302 |
| characterization and differentiation of equine tendon-derived progenitor cells. | mesenchymal stem cells have been recently investigated for their potential use in regenerative medicine. population of adult stem cells were recently identified in human and lab animal tendons, but no detailed investigations have been made in the equine species. the aim of our study is to identify a progenitor cell population from tendon tissue (tspcs) in the horse superficial digital flexor tendon that are able to be highly clonogenic, to grow fast and to differentiate in different induced cell ... | 2011 | 22051173 |
| effect of ph on protein adsorption capacity of strong cation exchangers with grafted layer. | the effect of ph on the static adsorption capacity of immunoglobulin g, human serum albumin, and equine myoglobin was investigated for a set of five strong cation exchangers with the grafted tentacle layer having a different ligand density. a sharp maximum of adsorption capacity with ph was observed for adsorbents with a high ligand density. the results were elucidated using the protein structure and calculations of pk(a) of ionizable groups of surface basic residues. inverse size-exclusion expe ... | 2011 | 21855072 |
| west nile virus: north american experience. | west nile virus, a mosquito-vectored flavivirus of the japanese encephalitis serogroup, was first detected in north america following an epizootic in the new york city area in 1999. in the intervening 11 years since the arrival of the virus in north america, it has crossed the contiguous usa, entered the canadian provinces bordering the usa, and has been reported in the caribbean islands, mexico, central america and, more recently, south america. west nile virus has been reported in over 300 spe ... | 2011 | 21910847 |
| breast tenderness after initiation of conjugated equine estrogens and mammographic density change. | we examined the association between new-onset breast tenderness and change in mammographic density after initiation of conjugated equine estrogens (cee). we analyzed baseline, year 1 and 2 data from 695 participants of the women's health initiative estrogen + progestin (daily cee 0.625 mg + medroxyprogesterone acetate 2.5 mg [mpa] or placebo) and estrogen-alone (cee 0.625 mg or placebo) trials who participated in the mammogram density ancillary study. using multivariable repeated measures models ... | 2011 | 21979747 |
| evaluation of conventional pcr for detection of strongylus vulgaris on horse farms. | strongyle parasites are ubiquitous in grazing horses. of these, the bloodworm strongylus vulgaris is regarded as most pathogenic. increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance in strongyle parasites has led to recommendations of decreased treatment intensities, and there is now a pronounced need for reliable tools for detection of parasite burdens in general and s. vulgaris in particular. the only method currently available for diagnosing s. vulgaris in practice is the larval culture, which is la ... | 2011 | 21889849 |
| Colic in competing endurance horses presenting to referral centres: 36 cases. | Reasons for performing study: Colic is a common reason for elimination from equine endurance competitions and has recently been identified as the leading cause of mortality in this group of horses. Hydration and electrolyte derangements are often severe, but are probably related to endurance exercise and not necessarily the episode of colic. Better understanding of the causes of colic and the expected outcome is needed to guide treatment decisions in endurance horses. Objectives: To describe the ... | 2011 | 22050046 |
| Phylogenetic relationships of the Hucul horse from Romania inferred from mitochondrial D-loop variation. | The existence of the Hucul horse on Romanian territory has been documented from the very distant past; today Hucul is a unique breed that is part of the FAO Program for the Preservation of Animal Genetic Resources. We compared Hucul with several primitive European and Asiatic breeds in order to elucidate the origin of these horses. We analyzed a 683-bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop fragment in a population of Hucul horses and compared the polymorphic sites with sequences from other pri ... | 2011 | 22057995 |
| influence of different mixing ratios on in-vessel co-composting of sewage sludge with horse stable straw bedding waste: maturity and process evaluation. | composting sewage sludge alone would reduce the decomposition efficiency due to free limited porosity in sludge. to alleviate this, the use of horse stable straw bedding waste (hsb) was evaluated as a co-composting material with sewage sludge in a 10 tonnes day(-1) in-vessel composter for a period of 7 days before curing in a static aeration pile. sludge was mixed with hsb at 1 : 1.5 (hsl) and 1 : 2.9 (lsl) on a fresh weight basis. after a composting period of 56 days, both mixing ratios demonst ... | 2011 | 21987410 |
| dynamic respiratory videoendoscopy in ridden sport horses: effect of head flexion, riding and airway inflammation in 129 cases. | dynamic upper airway obstruction (uao) is a cause of respiratory noise and sometimes poor performance in sport horses. riding, head flexion and airway inflammation may impact upper respiratory tract stability during exercise. | 2011 | 22180949 |
| Use of intravenous lipid emulsion to treat ivermectin toxicosis in a Border Collie. | A 2-year-old spayed female Border Collie was treated with IV lipid emulsion (ILE) after ingesting 6 mg/kg (2.73 mg/lb) of an equine ivermectin anthelmintic paste 8 hours prior to examination. | 2011 | 22044330 |
| Use of an inguinal approach adapted from equine surgery for cryptorchidectomy in dogs and cats: 26 cases (1999-2010). | OBJECTIVE-To determine whether a surgical technique used in cryptorchid horses can be used successfully to remove testicles retained in the inguinal region or abdominal cavity in dogs and cats. DESIGN-Retrospective case series. ANIMALS-22 dogs and 4 cats with cryptorchidism. PROCEDURES-In 1999 through 2010, 26 cryptorchid patients underwent surgery during which an incision was made over the inguinal ring and the undescended testicle was located for removal via identification of the vaginal proce ... | 2011 | 21985352 |
| Comparison of Gene-Specific DNA Methylation Patterns in Equine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines with Cells Derived From Equine Adult and Fetal Tissues. | Cellular pluripotency is associated with expression of the homeobox transcription factor genes NANOG, SOX2, and POU5F1 (OCT3/4 protein). Some reports suggest that mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) may express increased quantities of these genes, creating the possibility that MPCs are more "pluripotent" than other adult cell types. The objective of this study was to determine whether equine bone marrow-derived MPCs had gene expression or DNA methylation patterns that differed from either early ... | 2011 | 21988203 |
| quest for the piroplasms in camels: identification of theileria equi and babesia caballi in jordanian dromedaries by pcr. | dna of two species of piroplasmids was detected in dromedaries during a survey of blood protozoans in jordan between 2007 and 2009. ten clinically healthy camels (10%) originating from three jordanian districts were found, using a pcr assay, to harbor theileria or babesia species in their blood and no mix infection was determined. analysis of the partial 18s rrna gene sequences of these parasites allowed their unambiguous identification as equine piroplasmids babesia caballi (n=6) and theileria ... | 2011 | 22186193 |
| mapping b-cell epitopes in equine rhinitis b viruses and identification of a neutralising site in the vp1 c-terminus. | erbovirus is a genus of the family picornaviridae and equine rhinitis b virus (erbv) is the sole species. erboviruses infect horses causing acute respiratory disease and sub-clinical and persistent infections. despite the high seroprevalence and worldwide distribution of these viruses, the pathogenesis and antigenic structure of the three erbv serotypes (erbv1, 2 and 3) is poorly understood. to characterise linear epitopes on erbv structural proteins, a set of fusion proteins were expressed in e ... | 2011 | 21930350 |
| Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) mediated oncolysis of human glioblastoma multiforme cells. | The cytolytic animal virus equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was evaluated for its oncolytic potential against five human glioblastoma cell lines. EHV-1 productively infected four of these cell lines and the degree of infection was positively correlated with glioma cell death. No human MHC-I was detected in the resistant glioma line, while infection of the susceptible glioma cell lines, which expressed human MHC-I, were blocked with antibody to MHC-I, indicating that human MHC-I acts as an EHV-1 ... | 2011 | 22205738 |
| my first 20 years in neuroscience. | intriguing facts were obtained in the first electrophysiological investigations (1964) that the action potentials (ap) produced by direct depolarization of the cell membrane in different species of mollusks showed specific relations to changes in external ionic composition. in helix neurons, the generation of ap was well maintained in sodium-free solutions with high calcium or barium content. the amplitude of the spike overshoot in the case was linearly related to the logarithm of calcium concen ... | 2011 | 21870522 |
| equine fetal sex determination using circulating cell-free fetal dna (ccffdna). | in this study, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) reamplification of the first pcr product (2nd-pcr) and a qpcr assay were used to detect the sex determining region y (sry) gene from circulating cell-free fetal dna (ccffdna) in blood plasma of pregnant mares to determine fetal sex. the ccffdna was isolated from plasma of 20 thoroughbred mares (5-13 y old) in the final 3 mo of pregnancy (fetal sex was verified after foaling). for controls, plasma from two non-pregnant mares and two virgin mares were ... | 2011 | 22000028 |
| effect of equine-assisted therapy on the postural balance of the elderly. | to determine whether equine-assisted therapy (hippotherapy) produces alterations in the balance of the elderly. | 2011 | 22002189 |
| Heminecrolysin, a potential immunogen for monospecific antivenom production against Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion. | Serotherapy against Hemiscorpius (H.) lepturus scorpion sting is based on the administration of equine polyvalent antivenom prepared against a mixture of six venoms. In a previous study, we reported the identification of Heminecrolysin, a 33 kDa H. lepturus venom protein endowed with a sphingomyelinase D, hemolytic and dermonecrotic activities. We aimed herein to investigate the capacity of Heminecrolysin to generate antibodies able to neutralize the major physiopathological properties of H. lep ... | 2011 | 21967811 |
| Evaluation of a 14.5 kDa-Fasciola gigantica fatty acid binding protein as a diagnostic antigen for human fascioliasis. | The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of 14.5 kDa-Fasciola gigantica fatty acid binding protein (FABP) as a diagnostic antigen for human fascioliasis. 14.5 kDa FABP was isolated from the crude extract of adult F. gigantica worms by ion exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration chromatography and then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing condition. Anti-FABP IgG polyclonal antibody (pAb) was generated in rabbits and pu ... | 2011 | 22113304 |
| Glycoproteins D (gD) of equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) determine cellular tropism independently of integrins. | Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 are genetically and antigenically very similar but their pathogenic potential is strikingly different. The differences in pathogenicity between both viruses seem to be reflected in cellular host range: EHV-1 can readily be propagated in many cell types of multiple species, while EHV-4 entry and replication appears to be restricted mainly to equine cells. The clear difference in cellular tropism may well be associated with differences in the gene produc ... | 2011 | 22171258 |
| Competency of reptiles and amphibians for eastern equine encephalitis virus. | Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is endemic throughout most of the eastern United States. Although it is transmitted year round in Florida, transmission elsewhere is seasonal. The mechanism that enables EEEV to overwinter in seasonal foci remains obscure. In previous field studies, early season EEEV activity was detected in mosquito species that feed primarily upon ectothermic hosts, suggesting that reptiles and amphibians might represent overwintering reservoir hosts for EEEV. To determ ... | 2011 | 21896798 |
| quantification of equid herpesvirus 5 dna in clinical and necropsy specimens collected from a horse with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. | a 15-year-old belgian gelding was referred for fever, depression, and respiratory distress. lung biopsy revealed interstitial fibrosis consistent with chronic interstitial pneumonia. equid herpesvirus 5 (ehv-5) dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsy specimens. a presumptive diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (empf) was made, and the horse was administered a systemic treatment with corticosteroids and antiviral drugs. despite init ... | 2011 | 21908328 |
| Magnetic core-shell fluorescent pH ratiometric nanosensor using a Stöber coating method. | We describe the use of a modified Stöber method for coating maghemite (?-Fe(2)O(3)) nanocrystals with silica shells in order to built magnetic fluorescent sensor nanoparticles in the 50-70nm diameter range. In detail, the magnetic cores were coated by two successive silica shells embedding two fluorophores (two different silylated dye derivatives), which allows for ratiometric pH-measurements in the pH range 5-8. Silica coated magnetic nanoparticles were prepared using maghemite nanocrystals as ... | 2011 | 22027134 |
| The structural stability of wild-type horse prion protein. | Prion diseases (e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), variant CJD (vCJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI) and Kuru in humans, scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or 'mad-cow' disease) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattles) are invariably fatal and highly infectious neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. However, by now there have not been some effective therapeutic approaches or medications to treat all the ... | 2011 | 21875155 |
| Mutations in or near the transmembrane domain alter PMEL amyloid formation from functional to pathogenic. | PMEL is a pigment cell-specific protein that forms physiological amyloid fibrils upon which melanins ultimately deposit in the lumen of the pigment organelle, the melanosome. Whereas hypomorphic PMEL mutations in several species result in a mild pigment dilution that is inherited in a recessive manner, PMEL alleles found in the Dominant white (DW) chicken and Silver horse (HoSi)--which bear mutations that alter the PMEL transmembrane domain (TMD) and that are thus outside the amyloid core--are a ... | 2011 | 21949659 |
| The genome diversity and karyotype evolution of mammals. | ABSTRACT: The past decade has witnessed an explosion of genome sequencing and mapping in evolutionary diverse species. While full genome sequencing of mammals is rapidly progressing, the ability to assemble and align orthologous whole chromosome regions from more than a few species is still not possible. The intense focus on building of comparative maps for companion (dog and cat), laboratory (mice and rat) and agricultural (cattle, pig, and horse) animals has traditionally been used as a means ... | 2011 | 21992653 |
| artificial insemination and embryo transfer in mares. | mares can be artificially inseminated with chilled or frozen semen to increase the revenue from their offspring. embryo transfer can be used to produce more than one foal from a single mare per season. recent advances in using equine follicle-stimulating hormone to induce superovulation in mares have stimulated research on preserving equine embryos. equine embryos are usually collected on day 7 or 8 after ovulation, and younger (day 6.5) embryos are typically cryopreserved. cryopreservation impr ... | 2011 | 21870346 |
| cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ participate in modulation of the equine corpus luteum as autocrine and paracrine factors. | knowledge on the regulation of corpus luteum (cl) function in the mare is scarce. in this study, the presence of cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf) and interferon gamma (ifng), and their receptors (tnfri, tnfrii and ifnri), was investigated in equine cl throughout the luteal phase. the effects of tnf and ifng on secretory function and viability of luteal cells were defined in vitro. cytokine ligands and receptors were present in steroidogenic and endothelial cells. protein expression fo ... | 2011 | 22186103 |
| the pseudoautosomal region and sex chromosome aneuploidies in domestic species. | the pseudoautosomal region (par) is a unique and specialized segment on the mammalian sex chromosomes with known functions in male meiosis and fertility. detailed molecular studies of the region in human and mouse show dramatic differences between the 2 pars. recent mapping efforts in horse, dog/cat, cattle/ruminants, pig and alpaca indicate that the par also varies in size and gene content between other species. given that par genes escape x inactivation, these differences might critically affe ... | 2011 | 21876343 |
| granulocytic anaplasmosis in a horse from nova scotia caused by infection with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | a 16-year-old paint stallion was presented with intermittent fever, inappetance, lethargy, icterus, distal limb edema, and submandibular lymphadenopathy. the horse was native to nova scotia and had never left that province. morulae were detected in granulocytes. ananaplasma phagocytophilum infection was confirmed by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the horse responded to treatment with oxytetracycline. | 2011 | 22043078 |
| characteristics of thoroughbred and quarter horse racehorses that sustained a complete scapular fracture. | reasons for performing study: to determine if scapular fractures occur in racehorses with distinctive characteristics. objectives: to test the hypothesis that thoroughbred (tb) and quarter horse (qh) racehorses with a scapular fracture have similar characteristics that are different from those of their respective racetrack populations. methods: necropsy findings, case details, last race information and career earnings for tb and qh racehorses that had a scapular fracture in california between 19 ... | 2011 | 21950466 |
| Evaluation of a filter-prepared platelet concentrate for the treatment of suspensory branch injuries in horses. | Platelet preparations have become a treatment for soft tissue injuries in horses. This study evaluated a novel filter-based system to concentrate platelets and assesses its value in the treatment of suspensory ligament branch desmitis. | 2011 | 21887455 |
| Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in horses in the UK. | 2011 | 21881023 | |
| historical and clinical features of 200 cases of equine sinus disease. | the historical and clinical findings in 200 referred cases of equine sinus disease were reviewed retrospectively. univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to detect significant differences in historical or clinical features between various categories of sinus disease. the causes of sinus disease were classified as subacute primary (less than two months duration) (n=52), chronic primary (more than two months duration) (n=37), dental (n=40), sinus cyst (n=26), traumatic (n=13) or myco ... | 2011 | 21868434 |
| increased adenosine concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with lower airway inflammation. | several reports have suggested a role for adenosine in the pathogenesis of chronic airway conditions and this has led to new therapeutic strategies to limit airway inflammation. in this study, detectable levels of adenosine in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) samples from 11 horses with non-infectious lower-airway inflammation and 14 healthy controls are reported, with significantly higher values in horses with airway inflammation. although these increased levels did not correlate with changes in ne ... | 2011 | 22206730 |
| "Horse and buggy days". | 2011 | 21905540 | |
| identifying hendra virus diversity in pteropid bats. | hendra virus (hev) causes a zoonotic disease with high mortality that is transmitted to humans from bats of the genus pteropus (flying foxes) via an intermediary equine host. factors promoting spillover from bats to horses are uncertain at this time, but plausibly encompass host and/or agent and/or environmental factors. there is a lack of hev sequence information derived from the natural bat host, as previously sequences have only been obtained from horses or humans following spillover events. ... | 2011 | 21980413 |
| evolution of multidrug-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections in horses and colonized personnel in an equine clinic between 2005 and 2010. | a total of 70 staphylococcus aureus isolates from postoperative infections in hospitalized horses were isolated between january 2005 and january 2011. among them, 12 isolates were methicillin-susceptible s. aureus (mssa), 18 were borderline-oxacillin-resistant s. aureus (borsa), and 40 were methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa). during the same period, the equine clinic personnel were screened for nasal carriage of borsa and mrsa. genotyping revealed that borsa st1(mlst)-t2863(spa) isolates wer ... | 2011 | 21875361 |
| Processing of equine bone marrow using the automated MarrowXpress System: RBC depletion, volume reduction, and mononuclear cell recovery. | The therapeutic use of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) and mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of soft tissue and orthopedic injuries in equine patients is expanding. After collection, bone marrow must be reduced in volume and depleted of RBCs for immediate therapeutic use or to prepare cells for culture or cryopreservation and storage. The MarrowXpress (MXP) System is an automated, closed, sterile system designed to process human bone marrow samples. | 2011 | 22092275 |
| a study on cow comfort and risk for lameness and mastitis in relation to different types of bedding materials. | the aim was to obtain data regarding the effects of 4 freestall bedding materials (i.e., box compost, sand, horse manure, and foam mattresses) on cow comfort and risks for lameness and mastitis. the comfort of freestalls was measured by analyzing the way cows entered the stalls, the duration and smoothness of the descent movement, and the duration of the lying bout. the cleanliness of the cows was evaluated on 3 different body parts: (1) udder, (2) flank, and (3) lower rear legs, and the bacteri ... | 2011 | 21943739 |
| stifle extension results in differential tensile forces developing between abaxial and axial components of the cranial meniscotibial ligament of the equine medial meniscus: a mechanistic explanation for meniscal tear patterns. | reason for performing the study: to identify potential functional-anatomical characteristics of the cranial horn attachment of the medial meniscus (mm) that may help explain the pathogenesis of the common tear patterns that have been reported. hypothesis: full extension of the stifle generates a significant increase in tensile forces within the cranial meniscotibial ligament (crmtl) of the mm, which may predispose this structure to injury. methods: the effect of femorotibial angle (160°, 150°, 1 ... | 2011 | 22168479 |
| [regenerative therapy for tendon and ligament disorders in horses. terminology, production, biologic potential and in vitro effects]. | conventional treatments of equine tendon injuries lead to an unsatisfactory healing process that usually results in a relatively high recurrence rate. therefore, in recent years so-called regenerative therapeutics were studied scientifically in vitro and in laboratory animals. these include substances that ideally lead to the formation of replacement tissue, which in contrast to the low quality scar, has similar functional properties as the original intact tendon. currently, a plethora of differ ... | 2011 | 22167082 |
| in vitro culture of blastocystis hominis in three liquid media and its usefulness in the diagnosis of blastocystosis. | blastocystis hominis is a common protozoan in the human intestinal tract and can cause the so-called blastocystosis characterized by diarrhea. to date, its identification has depended on the discovery of vacuolar, granular, amoebic, or cystic forms in stool samples using wet mount smears, iodine staining, trichrome staining, or iron hematoxylin staining. the permanent staining methods provide more positive findings. however, mercuric chloride (hgcl(2))-based polyvinyl alcohol (pva) and schaudinn ... | 2011 | 22047715 |
| embryo quality and transcervical technique are not the limiting factors in donkey embryo transfer outcome. | embryo transfer (et) in the donkey resulted in a very low recipient pregnancy rates. the aim of these studies was to investigate if nonsurgical transfer techniques or donkey embryo quality affect donkey recipient pregnancy failure. in study 1, the impact of transfer technique was investigated by evaluating if cervical catheterization is associated with prostaglandin release and suppression of luteal function and if donkey recipients would become pregnant after nonsurgical transfer of horse embry ... | 2011 | 22056016 |
| Population screening of endangered horse breeds for the foal immunodeficiency syndrome mutation. | The Fell and Dales are UK pony breeds that have small populations and may be at risk from in-breeding and inherited diseases. Foal immunodeficiency syndrome (FIS) is a lethal inherited disease caused by the recessive mutation of a single gene, which affects both Fell and Dales ponies and potentially other breeds that have interbred with either of these. FIS, previously known as Fell pony syndrome, is characterised by progressive anaemia and severe B lymphocyte deficiency. The identification of t ... | 2011 | 22016514 |
| inhibition of motility in isolated horse small intestine is mediated by κ but not µ opioid receptors. | the effects of preferential µ (morphine), selective µ (fentanyl), selective κ (compound u69593) opioid receptor agonists, and nonselective (naloxone) and selective µ (naloxonazine) antagonists on equine small intestinal motility were evaluated in vitro. samples of circular muscle from equine jejunum were placed in isolated organ baths and drug-induced modifications of both spontaneous and electrically evoked contractile activity were measured. none of the opioid agonists induced a significant ch ... | 2011 | 21883413 |
| aerococcus urinae and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. | aerococcus urinae has been described as resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (sxt), but the test medium may affect this observation. twenty-seven clinical isolates of a. urinae tested susceptible to sxt in cation-adjusted mueller-hinton broth (camhb) plus lysed horse blood and resistant in camhb plus lysed sheep blood. | 2011 | 21918023 |
| state-of-the-art therapeutic medical countermeasures for viral threat agents. | in recent years, there has been an increase in the perceived threat of biological agents being used against civilian populations. this has prompted an urgent need for the development and procurement of medical countermeasures (mcms) against highly pathogenic viruses that can prevent morbidity and mortality from infections caused by these agents. to date, antiviral drug development has been largely focused on clinically prevalent chronic infections due to their commercial viability. this has left ... | 2011 | 22053938 |
| effects of acute exercise on angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) activity in horses. | angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) level measurement in blood samples is an important tool in human medicine for the detection, treatment and control of diseases such as sarcoidosis and hypertension. recently ace has been advocated as being correlated to athletic aptitude in human athletes and a genetic polymorphism has been shown to be responsible for the enzymatic levels in the circulation. the objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of acute exercise in horses in order to in ... | 2011 | 21895753 |
| phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine used singly or in combination in experimental lameness in horses. | using an adjustable heart bar shoe model of foot pain, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the combined use of phenylbutazone (pbz) and flunixin meglumine (fm) would prove more efficacious in alleviating lameness than either drug alone. | 2011 | 22180948 |
| evaluation of normalization methods on gelc-ms/ms label-free spectral counting data to correct for variation during proteomic workflows. | normalization of spectral counts (spcs) in label-free shotgun proteomic approaches is important to achieve reliable relative quantification. three different spc normalization methods, total spectral count (tspc) normalization, normalized spectral abundance factor (nsaf) normalization, and normalization to selected proteins (nsp) were evaluated based on their ability to correct for day-to-day variation between gel-based sample preparation and chromatographic performance. three spectral counting d ... | 2011 | 21952779 |
| Breast tenderness and breast cancer risk in the estrogen plus progestin and estrogen-alone women's health initiative clinical trials. | The associations between breast tenderness during use of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) therapy with or without medroxyprogesterone (MPA) therapy and subsequent breast cancer risk are unknown. We analyzed data from the Women's Health Initiative Estrogen plus Progestin (N = 16,608, 5.6 years intervention) and estrogen-alone (N = 10,739, 6.8 years intervention) clinical trials until trial close-out (Spring 2005). At baseline and annually, participants underwent mammography and clinical breast ex ... | 2011 | 22042371 |
| The effect of ocular blinkers on the horses' reactions to four different visual and audible stimuli: results of a crossover trial. | To determine the effect of ocular blinkers on driving horses' reactions to visual and audible stimuli. | 2011 | 21929610 |
| dexamethasone-induced cytokine changes associated with diminished disease severity in horses infected with anaplasma phagocytophilum. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is the zoonotic cause of granulocytic anaplasmosis. we hypothesized that immune response, specifically gamma interferon (ifn-γ), plays a role in disease severity. to test this, horses were infected and ifng expression was pharmacologically downregulated using corticosteroids. eight horses were infected with a. phagocytophilum; 4 received dexamethasone on days 4 to 8 of infection. clinical signs, hematologic parameters, and transcription of cytokine/chemokine genes were ... | 2011 | 21880854 |
| Equid herpesvirus 5-associated dermatitis in a horse-Resembling herpes-associated erythema multiforme. | An equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) infection was detected in lesioned skin from a nine-year-old Holsteiner stallion in the south of Germany. Macroscopically, the animal displayed a non-pruritic, multifocal, pustular dermatitis around both eyes, nostrils and the muzzle, which had been ongoing for one year. Histopathologically, skin lesions were characterized by orthokeratotic to parakeratotic hyperkeratosis, pustular dermatitis, epidermal hyperplasia, apoptotic keratinocytes, a lympho-plasmahistiocyt ... | 2011 | 21996546 |
| relationship between arthroscopic joint evaluation and the levels of coll2-1, coll2-1no(2), and myeloperoxidase in the blood and synovial fluid of horses affected with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint. | to evaluate the levels of plasmatic and synovial coll2-1, coll2-1no(2) and myeloperoxidase (mpo) in horses with osteochondral lesions of the tarsocrural joint and to investigate how these levels relate to arthroscopic findings of inflammation and degeneration. | 2011 | 21884810 |
| determination of vedaprofen in livestock products and seafoods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. | a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) method was developed for the trace residue determination of vedaprofen (vpf) in livestock products and seafoods. vpf was extracted from each sample with acidified acetone, and the crude extract was re-extracted with ethyl acetate and nacl solution. clean-up was performed using a weak anion exchange cartridge (bond elut dea). the lc separation was performed on a c18 column using acetonitrile-0.0025 mol/l formic acid (3 : 2) as the ... | 2011 | 22200750 |
| endoscopic assessment of airway inflammation in horses. | comprehensive endoscopic scoring of the upper and lower airways for inflammation has not been critically assessed among a large population of horses. the relationship between upper and lower airways described in humans by the "one airway, one disease" concept might also apply to horses. | 2011 | 21985142 |
| Lactate production and measurement in critically ill horses. | Blood lactate concentration can be easily measured by practitioners using inexpensive point-of-care meters. Anaerobic tissue metabolism resulting from inadequate oxygen delivery (DO2) is the most important cause of an increase in blood lactate concentration in equine patients. However,hyperlactatemia also occurs under conditions of apparently adequate DO2, usually in association with sepsis and an intense inflammatory reaction. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed for aerobic hyperlactatemia, ... | 2011 | 22180135 |
| round-bale feeder design affects hay waste and economics during horse feeding. | many horse owners find round bales convenient, less labor intensive and more affordable than other hay types, but report an inability to control horse weight gain and excessive hay waste. the objectives were to compare hay waste, hay intake and payback of nine round-bale feeders and a no-feeder control when used during horse feeding. nine round-bale feeders were tested: cinch net, cone, covered cradle, hayhut, hay sleigh, ring, tombstone, tombstone saver and waste less. each feeder design was pl ... | 2011 | 21984721 |
| high biological variability of plastids, photosynthetic pigments and pigment forms of leaf primordia in buds. | to study the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in nature, the carotenoid and chlorophyllous pigment compositions of differently developed leaf primordia in closed and opening buds of common ash (fraxinus excelsior l.) and horse chestnut (aesculus hippocastanum l.) as well as in closed buds of tree of heaven (ailanthus altissima p. mill.) were analyzed with hplc. the native organization of the chlorophyllous pigments was studied using 77 k fluorescence spectroscopy, and plastid ultrastruc ... | 2011 | 22160501 |
| assessment of endogenous growth hormone pulsatility in gelded yearling horses using deconvolution analysis. | hypothesis/objectives: defining normal growth hormone (gh) secretory dynamics in the horse is necessary to understand altered gh dynamics related to issues like welfare and disease. animals and methods: twelve healthy yearlings and two mature standardbreds were used to quantify gh secretion. endogenous gh half-life was determined after administration of 1.0 µg/kg bw gh releasing hormone (ghrh). exogenous gh half-life was determined after administration of 20 µg/kg bw recombinant equine gh (re ... | 2011 | 22029850 |
| serosurveillance for japanese encephalitis virus infection among equines in india. | the seroprevalence of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) among equines was evaluated from january 2006 to december 2009 in 13 different states of india by hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and virus neutralization test (vnt). antibodies against jev were detected in 327 out of 3,286 (10%) equines with a maximum prevalence reported in the state of manipur (91.7%) followed by gujarat (18.5%), madhya pradesh (14.4%), and uttar pradesh (11.6%). evidence of jev infection was observed in equines in ... | 2011 | 22122900 |
| pulmonary edema at recovery after colic operation with in-situ nasogastric tube in a horse. | after an uneventful general anesthesia, in a horse negative pressure pulmonary edema developed due to acute upper airway obstruction during the anesthetic recovery phase after colic surgery. no pathologic alteration of respiration was observed until the horse stood up and began suffocating. the horse had recovered with the nasogastric tube in situ. this, together with the postmortem diagnosis of laryngeal hemiplegia resulted in impairment of airflow through the larynx and development of pulmonar ... | 2011 | 21866513 |
| Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine influenza A (H3N8) virus from 1968 to 2007. | Equine influenza virus is a major respiratory pathogen in horses, and outbreaks of disease often lead to substantial disruption to and economic losses for equestrian industries. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is of key importance in the control of equine influenza because HA is the primary target of the protective immune response and the main component of currently licensed influenza vaccines. However, the influenza virus HA protein changes over time, a process called antigenic drift, and vaccin ... | 2011 | 21937642 |
| Helminth parasites of the oceanic horse mackerel Trachurus picturatus Bowdich 1825 (Pisces: Carangidae) from Madeira Island, Atlantic Ocean, Portugal. | The helminth parasite fauna of the oceanic horse mackerel Trachurus picturatus Bowdich 1825, caught off the Madeira Islands was composed of six different taxa. Prevalence and abundance of larval Anisakis sp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) and Nybelinia lingualis (Trypanorhyncha: Tentaculariidae), the most common parasite taxa, were 24.3%, 0.9 and 37.9%, 0.7, respectively. Bolbosoma vasculosum (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) and the monogeneans Heteraxinoides atlanticus (Monogenea: Heteraxinidae) and Pse ... | 2011 | 21875447 |
| Effects of nutritional cues on the duration of the winter anovulatory phase and on associated hormone levels in adult female Welsh pony horses (Equus caballus). | Mares have an annual reproductive rhythm, with a phase of inactivity in midwinter. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of food restriction on physiological and metabolic hallmarks of this rhythm. | 2011 | 21958120 |
| Characterization of a novel papillomavirus species (ZcPV1) from two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). | A seven-year old California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) presented with focally extensive, bilaterally symmetric, proliferative axillary skin lesions and preputial lesions. A second California sea lion in the same population presented with similar proliferative lesions on the underside of the tail. Histopathology revealed epidermal hyperplasia with severe hyperkeratosis, with proliferating keratinocytes forming broad, branching pegs that extended into the dermis. Pan-papillomaviral consensu ... | 2011 | 22005176 |
| [Detection of circulation of West Nile virus in equine in the north-west of Tunisia]. | Two outbreaks of West Nile Fever (FWN) were observed in the Sahel of Tunisia in 1997 and 2003. Several cases of meningitis and meningoencephalitis have been described in humans during these two outbreaks. However, no animal or clinical findings or seroconversion have been detected despite a high seroprevalence in human beings found around the affected areas. Few data are available regarding the spreading of this virus in other parts of the country. The purpose of this study was to detect a possi ... | 2011 | 22001953 |
| disseminated lipid-rich peritoneal mesothelioma in a horse. | a 9-year-old haflinger mare presented to the liphook equine hospital with a history of weight loss, azotemia, and repeated episodes of ascites over a period of 10 days. the horse was euthanized after exploratory laparotomy revealed large numbers of variably sized masses distributed throughout the peritoneal cavity. macroscopically, some masses were papillary, while others were nodular. histologically, the masses were comprised of large to giant, variably shaped, and occasionally multinucleated n ... | 2011 | 21908302 |
| quantitative analysis of a quaternary ammonium drug: ipratropium bromide by lc/esi-ms(n) in horse plasma and urine. | a quantitative method, using lc/esi-ms(n) with a quadrupole linear ion trap mass analyzer, has been developed for the analysis of ipratropium cation in horse plasma and urine. the method applies solid-phase extraction with wcx cartridges for plasma and mm2 cartridges for urine, prior to analysis by lc/esi-ms(n) . the efficiency of extraction combined with the sensitivity and the selectivity of ms(n) allows for the quantification of ipratropium cation at picogram per milliliter levels. the anal ... | 2011 | 21989922 |
| generalised tetanus in a 2-week-old foal: use of physiotherapy to aid recovery. | a 2-week-old estonian draft foal presented with signs of severe generalised tetanus, recumbency and inability to drink. the suspected source of infection was the umbilicus. medical treatment was administered, including tetanus antitoxin, antimicrobial therapy and phenobarbital to control tetanic spasms. in addition, an intensive physiotherapy program was carried out during the recovery period. techniques designed for syndromes involving upper motor neuron spasticity in humans were applied. exerc ... | 2011 | 22008124 |
| assessment of repeatability of a wireless, inertial sensor-based lameness evaluation system for horses. | to determine repeatability of a wireless, inertial sensor-based lameness evaluation system in horses. | 2011 | 21879972 |
| vascular effects of estrogenic menopausal hormone therapy. | cardiovascular disease (cvd) is more common in men and postmenopausal women (post-mw) than premenopausal women (pre-mw). despite recent advances in preventive measures, the incidence of cvd in women has shown a rise that matched the increase in the post-mw population. the increased incidence of cvd in post-mw has been related to the decline in estrogen levels, and hence suggested vascular benefits of endogenous estrogen. experimental studies have identified estrogen receptor erα, erβ and a novel ... | 2011 | 21864249 |
| rapid, non-invasive imaging of alphaviral brain infection: reducing animal numbers and morbidity to identify efficacy of potential vaccines and antivirals. | rapid and accurate identification of disease progression are key factors in testing novel vaccines and antivirals against encephalitic alphaviruses. typical efficacy studies utilize a large number of animals and severe morbidity or mortality as an endpoint. new technologies provide a means to reduce and refine the animal use as proposed in hume's 3rs (replacement, reduction, refinement) described by russel and burch. in vivo imaging systems (ivis) and bioluminescent enzyme technologies accomplis ... | 2011 | 22001884 |
| the trojan horse liposome technology for nonviral gene transfer across the blood-brain barrier. | the application of blood-borne gene therapy protocols to the brain is limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (bbb). viruses have been extensively used as gene delivery systems. however, their efficacy in brain is limited by the lack of transport across the bbb following intravenous (iv) administration. recent progress in the "trojan horse liposome" (thl) technology applied to transvascular non-viral gene therapy of the brain presents a promising solution to the trans-vascular brain g ... | 2011 | 22175028 |
| screening for foal immunodeficiency syndrome. | 2011 | 22184351 | |
| the cellular protein lyric interacts with hiv-1 gag. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag is the main structural protein driving assembly and release of virions from infected cells. gag alone is capable of self-assembly in vitro, but host factors have been shown to play a role in efficient viral replication and particle morphogenesis within the living cell. in a series of affinity purification experiments, we identified the cellular protein lyric to be an hiv-1 gag-interacting protein. lyric was previously described to be an hiv-inducib ... | 2011 | 21957284 |
| pharmacokinetic assessment of ketanserin in the horse. | aljuffali, i. a., brainard, b. m., moore, j. n., kwon, s., allen, d., robertson, t. p., arnold, r. d. pharmacokinetic assessment of ketanserin in the horse. j. vet. pharmacol. therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01346.x. the purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (pk) of the 5-ht(2a) receptor antagonist ketanserin in healthy adult horses, and to develop a computational model that could be used to optimize dosing. plasma concentrations of ketanserin were determined using l ... | 2011 | 22091605 |
| cell-secreted vesicles in equine ovarian follicular fluid contain mirnas and proteins: a possible new form of cell communication within the ovarian follicle. | proper cell communication within the ovarian follicle is critical for the growth and maturation of a healthy oocyte that can be fertilized and develop into an embryo. cell communication within the follicle involves many signaling molecules and is affected by maternal age. recent studies indicate that cell communication can be mediated through secretion and uptake of small membrane-enclosed vesicles. the goals of this study were to (1) identify cell-secreted vesicles (microvesicles and exosomes) ... | 2011 | 22116803 |
| Conformational properties of cardiolipin-bound cytochrome c. | Interactions of cytochrome c (cyt c) with cardiolipin (CL) are important for both electron transfer and apoptotic functions of this protein. A sluggish peroxidase in its native state, when bound to CL, cyt c catalyzes CL peroxidation, which contributes to the protein apoptotic release. The heterogeneous CL-bound cyt c ensemble is difficult to characterize with traditional structural methods and ensemble-averaged probes. We have employed time-resolved FRET measurements to evaluate structural prop ... | 2011 | 22190488 |
| isolation and phylogenetic grouping of equine encephalosis virus in israel. | during 2008-2009 in israel, equine encephalosis virus (eev) caused febrile outbreaks in horses. phylogenetic analysis of segment 10 of the virus strains showed that they form a new cluster; analysis of segment 2 showed ≈92% sequence identity to eev-3, the reference isolate. thus, the source of this emerging eev remains uncertain. | 2011 | 22000361 |