Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| bacillus polyfermenticus ameliorates colonic inflammation by promoting cytoprotective effects in colitic mice. | although human consumption of bacillus polyfermenticus provides several health benefits, the probiotic effect of this bacterium against colonic inflammation has not yet, to our knowledge, been studied. therefore, we induced colitis in mice by oral or intrarectal administration of dextran sodium sulfate (dss) or trinitrobenzenosulfonic acid (tnbs), respectively, and investigated the effect of b. polyfermenticus on colitis. we found that mice treated with dss or tnbs along with b. polyfermenticus ... | 2009 | 19675103 |
| evidence for moxifloxacin in community-acquired pneumonia: the impact of pharmaco-economic considerations on guidelines. | in an era of limited resources, policy makers and health care payers are concerned about the costs of treatment in addition to its effectiveness. however, guidelines do not tend to consider the cost-effectiveness of treatment options. this paper aims to conduct an international literature review with a view to assessing the impact of pharmaco-economic considerations of cap treatment with moxifloxacin on recent guidelines. | 2009 | 19678752 |
| responses to the efficacy of 'green' cleaning products article. | 2009 | 19681388 | |
| responses to the efficacy of 'green' cleaning products article. | 2009 | 19681389 | |
| responses to the efficacy of 'green' cleaning products article. | 2009 | 19681390 | |
| response to third-party review of cleaning products article. | 2009 | 19681391 | |
| fatal clostridium difficile enteritis caused by the bi/nap1/027 strain: a case series of ileal c. difficile infections. | clostridium difficile generally causes diarrhoea and colitis. small-bowel infections are considered to be rare. twelve cases of ileal c. difficile infections are presented, including the first reported case proven to be caused by the hypervirulent bi/nap1/027 strain. this case series suggests that small bowel involvement in c. difficile infections may be more frequent than previously thought. | 2009 | 19681954 |
| assessment of changes in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile isolated from diarrheal patients in hungary. | 150 clostridium difficile strains isolated from diarrheal feces were collected from three parts of hungary and the presence of genes responsible for toxin a and b, and binary toxin production were examined. mic distribution against clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin and rifampin of 80 toxigenic strains selected from the above-mentioned strains and 20 large clostridial toxins (lcts)-positive strains chosen from our earlier strain collection were determined. 80% of the examined ... | 2009 | 19682411 |
| production of clostridium difficile toxin in a medium totally free of both animal and dairy proteins or digests. | in the hope of developing a vaccine against clostridium difficile based on its toxin(s), we have developed a fermentation medium for the bacterium that results in the formation of toxin a and contains no meat or dairy products, thus obviating the problem of possible prion diseases. particular preparations of hydrolyzed soy proteins, especially soy peptone a3, have been found to replace both the meat/dairy product tryptone in the preparation of working cell banks and seed media, and nz-soy bl4 do ... | 2009 | 19651616 |
| does my patient have clostridium difficile infection? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) seems to be changing-with increasing virulence and incidence, more resistance to metronidazole, and worse outcomes. accurate diagnosis is critical, but 3 common misconceptions lead to misdiagnosis: clostridium difficile infection is a possibility when the patient has fewer than 3 loose stools per day; the glutamate dehydrogenase test for cdi is sensitive and thus is a good initial test; and repeating an insensitive laboratory test for cdi is useful. these mi ... | 2009 | 19652187 |
| asymptomatic carriage of clostridium difficile among hcws: do we disregard the doctor? | 2009 | 19653823 | |
| fulminant clostridium difficile-associated pouchitis with a fatal outcome. | background. a 61-year-old woman who had undergone an ileostomy closure 10 days previously presented to a tertiary medical center with abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and oliguria. the patient had undergone a staged total proctocolectomy with ileal-pouch-anal anastomosis and a loop ileostomy 8 months previously to treat her steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis.investigations. physical examination, abdominal and pelvic ct scan, blood laboratory tests, pouch endoscopy, and fecal t ... | 2009 | 19654602 |
| a novel genetic switch controls phase variable expression of cwpv, a clostridium difficile cell wall protein. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that can cause severe gastrointestinal infections. c. difficile encodes a family of cell wall proteins, some of which are implicated in pathogenesis. here we have characterized cwpv, the largest member of this family. cwpv is surface expressed and post-translationally processed in a manner analogous to the major s-layer protein slpa. expression of cwpv is phase variable, with approximately 5% of cells in a population expressing the protein under sta ... | 2009 | 19656296 |
| clinically important interaction between statin drugs and clostridium difficile toxin? | clostridium difficile associated disease (cdad), a common type of antibiotic associated diarrhea, is increasing in frequency and affecting patients outside of traditional populations. at one time cdad exclusively occurred in hospitalized patients or frail elderly patients receiving antibiotic therapy. it is now occurring more commonly in younger patients who are relatively healthy and may not be receiving antibiotics. co-factors that might explain this increase incidence and changing demographic ... | 2009 | 19656639 |
| changing clostridium difficile infection testing and treatment trends at a large tertiary care teaching hospital. | to assess changes in testing and treatment trends of cdi at a time when the clostridium difficile hypervirulent strain was first identified. | 2009 | 19657721 |
| detection and characterization of clostridium difficile from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in a tertiary care hospital in north india. | 2009 | 19661200 | |
| proceedings of an international conference entitled "new views on clostridium difficile infections", september 2008, leipzig, germany. | 2009 | 19663050 | |
| detection of virulence genes of clostridium difficile by multiplex pcr. | clostridium difficile strains belonging to the pcr ribotype 027, pulse-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) type nap1, toxinotype iii and restriction endonuclease analysis group bi harbouring mutations in the tcdc gene and possessing binary toxin components a and b have been described to cause epidemics with increased morbidity and mortality. in the present study we developed a conventional multiplex pcr designed to detect selected virulence associated markers of the hypervirulent c. difficile pcr r ... | 2009 | 19664132 |
| antimicrobial stewardship: application in the intensive care unit. | critical-care units can be barometers for appropriate antimicrobial use. there, life and death hang on empirical antimicrobial therapy for treatment of infectious diseases. with increasing therapeutic empiricism, triple-drug, broad-spectrum regimens are often necessary, but cannot be continued without fear of the double-edged sword: a life-saving intervention or loss of life following clostridium difficile infection, infection from a resistant organism, nephrotoxicity, cardiac toxicity, and so o ... | 2009 | 19665090 |
| infection prevention in the intensive care unit. | hospital-acquired infections have profound social, economic, and personal costs to patients in the intensive care unit (icu). numerous risk factors, such as poor nutrition and hyperglycemia, directly involve patients. meanwhile, hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and appropriate hospital staffing can impact icu infection rates. a multidirectional approach-including continuing staff education, minimizing risk factors, and implementing guidelines established by national committees-is necessary ... | 2009 | 19665091 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the intensive care unit. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is becoming more common worldwide. the morbidity and mortality associated with c difficile is also increasing at an alarming rate. critically ill patients are at particularly high risk for cdi because of the prevalence of multiple risk factors in this patient population. treatment of c difficile continues to be a difficult problem in patients with severe or recurrent disease. this article seeks to provide a broad understanding of cdi in the intensive care un ... | 2009 | 19665092 |
| examination of potential mechanisms to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and clostridium difficile infection. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) have been associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in several recent studies. however, other studies have not shown this association, and the mechanism by which ppis might promote cdi has not been elucidated. we hypothesized two possible mechanisms of causation: first, by raising ph, ppis may prevent gastric contents from killing c. difficile spores; second, gastric contents of ppi-treated patients may promote germination and outgrowth of c. difficile s ... | 2009 | 19667292 |
| tigecycline use in cancer patients with serious infections: a report on 110 cases from a single institution. | tigecycline, the first in a new class of glycylcyclines, has been approved for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure and intraabdominal infections in adults. however, clinical data on its safety and effectiveness in cancer patients are lacking. we reviewed the records of all cancer patients treated with tigecycline for more than 48 hours between june 2005 and september 2006 at our institution and identified 110 consecutive cases (median age, 58 yr; range, 18-81 yr). we collected d ... | 2009 | 19593226 |
| automated system to identify clostridium difficile infection among hospitalised patients. | the purpose of this study was to assess whether data on stool frequency collected electronically could identify patients at high risk for clostridium difficile infection (cdi). all patients with reports of diarrhoea were assessed prospectively for number of stools per day and number of diarrhoea days. c. difficile testing was requested independently from study investigators. number of days with diarrhoea and maximum number of unformed stools was assessed as a cdi predictor. a total of 605 patien ... | 2009 | 19596490 |
| controversies in infection: infection control or antibiotic stewardship to control healthcare-acquired infection? | despite record resource being devoted to the control of healthcare-acquired infection (hcai), rates have never been higher. although the discovery of the contagiousness of puerperal sepsis by alexander gordon heralded the golden era of bacteriology and antibiotics, this led to a belief that infection was beaten. this in its turn may well have led us into a false sense of security and an over-reliance on antibiotics. modern medicine has built many of its advances on a need for antibiotics, but th ... | 2009 | 19596494 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad): new and contentious issues. | 2009 | 19602514 | |
| laboratory tests for patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: clinical utility in predicting, diagnosing, and monitoring pouch disorders. | restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa) is the surgical treatment of choice for patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis (uc) or uc-associated dysplasia, and for the majority of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. pouchitis and other complications of ipaa are common. there are scant data on laboratory markers for the evaluation and diagnosis of pouch disorders. the presence of immunogenotypic markers such as genetic polymorphisms of interleukin ... | 2009 | 19603012 |
| a description of ct features of clostridium difficile infection of the small bowel in four patients and a review of literature. | clostridium difficile associated disease is an increasingly common cause of morbidity and mortality. pseudomembranous colitis following hospital-administered antibiotic treatment is the most common symptomatic manifestation. small bowel enteritis caused by c. difficile, however, is rarely described. here, we present a series of four patients with hospital-acquired small bowel enteritis caused by c. difficile, discuss its ct and histopathological features, and review the current literature. | 2009 | 19620176 |
| a diarrhoeal illness with a difference? | 2009 | 19620222 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease and mortality among the elderly critically ill. | : to describe the epidemiology of and to develop a simple 30-day mortality clinical decision rule among critically ill patients > or =65 yrs. increasing incidence of hospitalizations with and emergence of hypervirulent epidemic strains have made clostridium difficile-associated disease an important public health concern. advanced age is a risk factor for development of and death from clostridium difficile-associated disease. intensive care unit patients with clostridium difficile-associated dise ... | 2009 | 19623053 |
| clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset clostridium difficile infection in the netherlands. | to elucidate the prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of community-onset clostridium difficile infection (co-cdi), an uncontrolled prospective study was performed. for 3 months in 2007-2008, three laboratories in the netherlands tested all unformed stool samples submitted by general practitioners (gps) for c. difficile by enzyme immunoassay for toxins a and b, irrespective of whether gps specifically requested this. patients with positive results were asked to complete a questionnaire. p ... | 2009 | 19624512 |
| distinct ribotypes and rates of antimicrobial drug resistance in clostridium difficile from shanghai and stockholm. | seventy-five clinical isolates of clostridium difficile from shanghai and 80 from stockholm were investigated. the prevalence of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive isolates of c. difficile among isolates from shanghai (33.3%) was significantly higher than among isolates from stockholm (0%). both sets of isolates were fully susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. however, the mics of fluoroquinolones, erythromycin-clindamycin, tetracycline, rifampin and fusidic acid were significantly higher ... | 2009 | 19624517 |
| rho gtpases modulate entry of ebola virus and vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped vectors. | to explore mechanisms of entry for ebola virus (ebov) glycoprotein (gp) pseudotyped virions, we used comparative gene analysis to identify genes whose expression correlated with viral transduction. candidate genes were identified by using ebov gp pseudotyped virions to transduce human tumor cell lines that had previously been characterized by cdna microarray. transduction profiles for each of these cell lines were generated, and a significant positive correlation was observed between rhoc expres ... | 2009 | 19625394 |
| algorithm combining toxin immunoassay and stool culture for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | enzyme immunoassays (eia) to detect glutamate dehydrogenase or toxins a (tcda) and b (tcdb), a cytotoxicity assay, and bacteriologic culture have disadvantages when applied individually to diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections. stool specimens (n = 1,596) were subjected to toxin detection via an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay (elfa; vidas cdab assay) and bacteriologic culture for toxigenic c. difficile in a three-step algorithm with additional toxigenic culture. isolates (n = 163) ... | 2009 | 19625481 |
| diversity of clostridium difficile in pigs and other animals in slovenia. | a study of clostridium difficile diversity in pigs, calves and horses in slovenia was conducted. a total of 547 samples were collected and c. difficile was isolated from 247/485 (50.9%) piglet samples, from 4/42 (9.5%) calf samples, and 1/20 (5%) horse samples. the isolates were characterized by toxinotyping, pcr-ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) using restriction endonuclease smai. piglet isolates belonged to two toxinotypes (v and 0), four pcr-ribotypes (066, 029, si 011, ... | 2009 | 19632350 |
| severe clostridium difficile colitis and reactive arthritis in a ten-year-old child. | we present a case of clostridium difficile associated colitis in a 10-year-old girl; following 2 consecutive courses of oral antibiotics she developed severe diarrhea and a hip effusion. this is the fourth published pediatric case of c. difficile associated reactive arthritis. c. difficile toxins a and b were isolated from stool culture. she made a full recovery following metronidazole therapy. | 2009 | 19633524 |
| genetics of susceptibility to infection with enteric pathogens. | this review examines recent developments in human genetic susceptibility to enteropathogens that cause infectious diarrhea. | 2009 | 19633551 |
| training programs to strengthen pennsylvania's public health response. | this report describes pennsylvania's 9-year experience in implementing training programs to strengthen public health response to emerging infectious diseases. during the biannual 3-5-day-long pennsylvania public health institute (phi) events, which have been held since 2000, courses have covered topics such as emerging infectious disease outbreaks, monitoring of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in retail food, and zoonotic diseases commonly associated with companion animals. core competency cou ... | 2009 | 19635002 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027-associated disease in children with norovirus infection. | two previously healthy children developed clostridium difficile ribotype 027-associated disease concomitantly with norovirus infection. viral gastroenteritis may contribute to epithelial homeostasis of the intestine and exacerbate the effects of toxins produced by c. difficile ribotype 027. | 2009 | 19636284 |
| c. difficile infection (cdi) in a long-term acute care facility (ltac). | c. difficile infection (cdi) is a common nosocomial infection in hospitals and impacts increased hospital cost and length of stay. since scant information is available about the incidence and prevalence of cdi in long-term acute care hospitals (ltacs), we therefore studied this at one local facility. | 2009 | 19683064 |
| responses to the efficacy of 'green' cleaning products article. | 2009 | 19685579 | |
| [clostridum difficile associated disease in latin america]. | clostridium difficile associated disease (cdad) has shown a sustained increase worldwide over the last ten years. however, there are few studies on this topic in latin america. we conducted a comprehensive literature review using medical databases of latin american countries. we found only seven recent papers in which clinical characteristics and risk factors were analyzed; some included outcome variables. of these articles, only one was prospective, while the rest were either retrospective, cro ... | 2009 | 19685828 |
| structural basis for substrate recognition in the enzymatic component of adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdta from clostridium difficile. | adp-ribosylation is one of the favored modes of cell intoxication employed by several bacteria. clostridium difficile is recognized to be an important nosocomial pathogen associated with considerable morbidity and attributable mortality. along with its two well known toxins, toxin a and toxin b, it produces an adp-ribosylating toxin that targets monomeric actin of the target cell. like other clostridial actin adp-ribosylating toxins, this binary toxin, known as c. difficile toxin (cdt), is compo ... | 2009 | 19692332 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. case 26-2009. a 34-year-old man with cystic fibrosis with abdominal pain and distention. | 2009 | 19692693 | |
| bad bugs, no drugs: no escape revisited. | 2009 | 19694542 | |
| [management of antibiotics-associated diarrhea]. | antibiotics-associated diarrhea (aad) is defined as unexplained diarrhea that occurs with the administration of antibiotics. approximately 20% aad cases are due to clostridium difficile. over the last decade, the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) has progressively increased, and now a significant clinical problem. recent change in the epidemiology of cdad and the emergence of an epidemic hypervirulent strain suggest the need for greater attention for infection control, ... | 2009 | 19696544 |
| [clinical characteristics and changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad)]. | the spectrum of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) ranges from mild diarrhea to life-threatening colitis. recent studies reported an increase in incidence and severity of cdad and the presence of severe community-acquired cdad (ca-cdad). the aims of this study were to investigate the incidence of ca-cdad and non-antibiotics-associated cdad, and to compare the clinical characteristics between hospital-acquired (ha) and ca-cdad. | 2009 | 19696545 |
| a comparison of infection control program resources, activities, and antibiotic resistant organism rates in canadian acute care hospitals in 1999 and 2005: pre- and post-severe acute respiratory syndrome. | the resources for infection control in hospitals (rich) project assessed infection control programs and rates of antibiotic-resistant organisms (aros) in canadian acute care hospitals in 1999. in the meantime, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak and the concern over pandemic influenza have stimulated considerable government and healthcare institutional efforts to improve infection control systems in canada. | 2009 | 19697536 |
| rifaximin redux: treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment. | we report our continued experience with rifaximin as a post-vancomycin treatment strategy in six patients with multiple recurrences of c. difficile infection (cdi). four of the six patients (67%) had no further diarrhea episodes, but two patients failed shortly after or during the rifaximin treatment. c. difficile isolates from one of the two patients who failed treatment had an mic of >256 microg/ml to rifampin. serial therapy with vancomycin, followed by rifaximin remains an option for some pa ... | 2009 | 19698797 |
| the fascination with probiotics for clostridium difficile infection: lack of evidence for prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy. | the association of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) with antecedent antibiotic use suggests that perturbation of normal intestinal flora is an important inciting factor. therefore, the use of probiotics for the prevention and/or therapy of cdi is considered to be theoretically effective. | 2009 | 19699309 |
| first isolation of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 from a patient with severe persistent diarrhoea in hungary. | a recent supplement to clinical microbiology and infection entitled 'infection control measures to limit the spread of c. difficile' pointed out that the incidence of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) has been increasing worldwide, and stressed the importance of research in the fields of epidemiology and infection control [1]. since 2003, one of the main causes of the increasing prevalence of cdad has been claimed to be the emergence of pcr ribotype 027/nap1, which has caused epidemics in ... | 2009 | 19702592 |
| review article: anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of saccharomyces boulardii. | saccharomyces boulardii, a well-studied probiotic, can be effective in inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases with diverse pathophysiology, such as inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), and bacterially mediated or enterotoxin-mediated diarrhoea and inflammation. | 2009 | 19706150 |
| resolution of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea using staggered antibiotic withdrawal and kefir. | eight patients, each of whom experienced recurrent episodes of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, were treated with staggered and tapered oral metronidazole or vancomycin combined with daily intake of kefir, an over-the-counter liquid probiotic dairy product. all eight successfully resolved their infection and did not experience any further diarrhea after completion of treatment. further studies will be needed to determine whether gradual antibiotic withdrawal combined with kefir is a va ... | 2009 | 19708314 |
| clostridium difficile infection--not just a burden anymore. | 2009 | 19708320 | |
| [clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea--problem of oncological patient?]. | clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea / disease (cdad) is an inflammatory disease of the colon. it affects patients who have been exposed to wide-spectrum antibiotics and long-term in-patient care, with immunosuppression. the most difficult form of this disease is manifested as pseudomembranous enterocolitis, it runs fulminantly in significantevents. in recent years there has been an increase in the incidence of this disease worldwide. several serious epidemics caused by virulent strains of ... | 2009 | 19708545 |
| serine-71 phosphorylation of rac1/cdc42 diminishes the pathogenic effect of clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile toxin a and b (tcda/tcdb) are glucosyltransferases that glucosylate gtpases of the rho family. the epidermal growth factor (egf) positively modulates c. difficile toxin-induced disturbance of the intestinal barrier function by an unknown mechanism. we found that egf-treated caco-2 monolayers were less susceptible to tcda-catalysed glucosylation of rac1 but not of rhoa, which correlated with phosphorylation of rac1 at ser-71. phospho-rac1/phospho-cdc42 (ser-71) still bound t ... | 2009 | 19709124 |
| elevated levels of intestinal inflammation in clostridium difficile infection associated with fluoroquinolone-resistant c. difficile. | 2009 | 19709778 | |
| comparison of nine commercially available clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time pcr assay for c. difficile tcdb, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods. | the continuing rise in the incidence of clostridium difficile infection is a cause for concern, with implications for patients and health care systems. laboratory diagnosis largely relies on rapid toxin detection kits, although assays detecting alternative targets, including glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and toxin genes, are now available. six hundred routine diagnostic diarrheal samples were tested prospectively using nine commercial toxin detection assays, cytotoxin assay (cyt), and cytotoxige ... | 2009 | 19710274 |
| native joint septic arthritis caused by clostridium difficile in an 11-year old with hemoglobin ss disease. | 2009 | 19710591 | |
| effectiveness of routine patient cleansing with chlorhexidine gluconate for infection prevention in the medical intensive care unit. | controlled studies that took place in medical intensive care units (micus) have demonstrated that bathing patients with chlorhexidine gluconate (chg) can reduce skin colonization with potential pathogens and can lessen the risk of central venous catheter (cvc)-associated bloodstream infection (bsi). | 2009 | 19712033 |
| struggling with recurrent clostridium difficile infections: is donor faeces the solution? | patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in hospitals and the community constitute an increasing treatment problem. while most patients with a first infection respond to either metronidazole or oral vancomycin, therapy in recurrent c. difficile infections tends to fail repeatedly. lack of alternative treatment options can be a tremendous burden, both to patients and their treating physicians. most guidelines recommend prolonged oral vancomycin pulse and or tapering schedule ... | 2009 | 19712646 |
| clostridium difficile infections among jordanian adult hospitalized patients. | this prospective study investigated the important epidemiologic aspects of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) among jordanian adult hospitalized patients. a total of 300 stool specimens were investigated using culture and polymerase chain reaction methods for detection of c difficile, its toxins, and fluoroquinolone resistance. c difficile-positive cultures were found in 13.7% of the patients, and 73% of the isolates carried tcda and/or tcdb toxin genes, and all c difficile isolates were ne ... | 2009 | 19712999 |
| does ppi therapy predispose to clostridium difficile infection? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has emerged as a problem of epidemic proportions. previous exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics remains the most important predisposing factor for the disease. however, ppis are increasingly being overprescribed and recent research has, therefore, focused on the association between ppi therapy and cdi. while the data remain observational, increasing evidence exists for at least a modest association between ppi use and cdi. | 2009 | 19713988 |
| hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of clostridium difficile. | to evaluate common hand hygiene methods for efficacy in removing clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19715426 |
| stethoscopes: potential vectors of clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19716204 | |
| fecal transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile colitis, an underused treatment modality. | 2009 | 19637789 | |
| systemic absorption of oral vancomycin in a peripheral blood stem cell transplant patient with severe graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract. | oral vancomycin is often considered the drug of choice for severe clostridium difficile-associated disease due to both its efficacy and pharmacokinetics. the potential for absorption is not well described in patients with impaired gastrointestinal (gi) mucosa. we describe a case of significant and potentially toxic absorption of oral vancomycin in a peripheral blood stem cell transplant patient with grade iv graft-versus-host disease (gvhd) of the gi tract. in patients with gi gvhd clinicians ne ... | 2009 | 19638004 |
| environmental sampling for clostridium difficile: swabs or sponges? | 2009 | 19643282 | |
| hospital variation in transfusion and infection after cardiac surgery: a cohort study. | transfusion practices in hospitalised patients are being re-evaluated, in part due to studies indicating adverse effects in patients receiving large quantities of stored blood. concomitant with this re-examination have been reports showing variability in the use of specific blood components. this investigation was designed to assess hospital variation in blood use and outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. | 2009 | 19646221 |
| low occurrence of clostridium difficile in retail ground meat in sweden. | this pilot study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence of clostridium difficile in samples of ground meat in sweden. from april to september 2008, 82 meat samples were collected from randomly selected retail shops in uppsala county (central sweden). c. difficile was isolated from 2 (2.4%; both ground beef) of the 82 meat samples. no c. difficile was detected in pork, hamburger, sheep, poultry, or other type of meat samples. the two c. difficile isolates produced both toxin a and toxin b. thes ... | 2009 | 19722410 |
| bacteremia with a large clostridial toxin-negative, binary toxin-positive strain of clostridium difficile. | bacteremia caused by clostridium difficile is rare. in this report, we describe a case of c. difficile bacteremia caused by an unusual strain of c. difficile. the isolate contained neither toxin a nor b genes, however, binary toxin genes were present (tcda(-), tcdb(-), cdta(+), cdtb(+)) and a 7.2-kb element unrelated to the paloc was found inserted within the paloc integration site. the clinical relevance of the isolate could not be determined. | 2009 | 19723585 |
| the role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital-acquired infection. | increasing numbers of hospital-acquired infections have generated much attention over the last decade. the public has linked the so-called 'superbugs' with their experience of dirty hospitals but the precise role of environmental cleaning in the control of these organisms remains unknown. until cleaning becomes an evidence-based science, with established methods for assessment, the importance of a clean environment is likely to remain speculative. this review will examine the links between the h ... | 2009 | 19726106 |
| faecal transplant for recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a uk case series. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) is an increasingly common and life threatening consequence of modern medical practice. recurrent disease is seen in up to one-third of patients and there is no consensus on optimal therapy. restoration of normal colonic flora addresses the underlying pathogenic mechanism in cdad. | 2009 | 19726581 |
| influence of early gut microbiota on the maturation of childhood mucosal and systemic immune responses. | among sensitized infants, those with high, as compared with low levels, of salivary secretory iga (siga) are less likely to develop allergic symptoms. also, early colonization with certain gut microbiota, e.g. lactobacilli and bifidobacterium species, might be associated with less allergy development. although animal and in vitro studies emphasize the role of the commensal gut microbiota in the development of the immune system, the influence of the gut microbiota on immune development in infants ... | 2009 | 19735274 |
| clostridium difficile-related death rates in texas 1999-2005. | increased incidence of clostridium difficile infection and deaths from us hospitals has occurred from 1996 to 2005. | 2009 | 19735673 |
| established and potential risk factors for clostridum difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is the aetiological agent for almost all cases of pseudo membranous colitis and 15-25% of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. in recent years, c. difficile associated disease (cdad) has been increasing in frequency and severity due to the emergence of virulent strains. severe cases of toxic mega colon may be associated with mortality rates of 24-38%. the prevalence of cdad is global and the incidence varies considerably from place to place. in the initial stages of its discove ... | 2009 | 19736396 |
| a quality committee's evaluation of surgical intervention for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile (c diff) is an anaerobic bacterium that causes antibiotic-associated colitis, which can progress to a life-threatening illness for some patients. clostridium difficile is highly transmissible in health care settings and has high morbidity and mortality rates. the increased prevalence of this bacterium and the consequences of infection necessitate an understanding of its transmission and use of stringent infection control practices. a two-year retrospective evaluation was pe ... | 2009 | 19736671 |
| distribution of clostridium difficile strains from a north american, european and australian trial of treatment for c. difficile infections: 2005-2007. | clostridium difficile is a widely distributed pathogen with multiple strain types as determined by restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) and by pcr ribotyping, two well-characterized typing systems. in this study, rea typing was performed on 894c. difficile isolates from patients enrolled from 16 countries on three continents in two large, recently conducted clinical treatment trials of c. difficile infection. rea group bi (ribotype 027) isolates were the most common strains identified and wer ... | 2009 | 19737618 |
| clostridium difficile: controversies and approaches to management. | the increasing incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is confronting us with two major problems in cdi management that presently remain unsolved: refractoriness to therapy and recurrence of disease. this review focuses on recent insights in antimicrobial therapy of cdi, as well as advances in alternative treatment modalities. | 2009 | 19738464 |
| repeated stool toxin testing for diagnosing difficile colitis is still valid. | 2009 | 19738536 | |
| the utility of repeated stool toxin testing for diagnosing clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile is diagnosed using the enzyme-linked immunoassay (eia) with the specificity and sensitivity ranging from 50-90% and 70-95%, respectively. due to the wide ranges, there is considerable confusion regarding the value of the eia toxin test. we undertook this study to evaluate the benefit of repeat stool toxin testing. | 2009 | 19738547 |
| importance of culture for detection of clostridium difficile toxin from stool samples to report true incidence and mortality related to c. difficile in hospitals. | 2009 | 19739961 | |
| swine flu and antibiotics. | health services worldwide are likely to be hard-pressed by swine flu-related illness in the months ahead. secondary infections with streptococcus pneumoniae, other streptococci (e.g. streptococcus pyogenes), haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus are likely to be important causes of morbidity and mortality. the uk department of health recently published clinical pathways for the management of swine flu. suggested severity criteria have not been validated in respiratory infection and ar ... | 2009 | 19740909 |
| comparison of a commercial multiplex real-time pcr to the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections. | a commercial multiplex real-time pcr assay (cepheid xpert c. difficile assay) for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection was evaluated. the sensitivity and specificity of the cepheid assay were 97.1% and 93.0% for fresh stools, using the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay as the reference. using pcr ribotyping as the reference for ribotype 027 strains, the corresponding figures were 100% and 98.1%, respectively. | 2009 | 19741082 |
| c. difficile infection extends hospital stay for ventilated patients. | patients on prolonged, acute mechanical ventilation have a higher risk of clostridium difficile -associated disease than other hospital patients. concurrent c. difficile infection is associated with longer hospital stay and costs. | 2009 | 28086665 |
| call for probe into deaths from superbug. | the scottish labour party is calling for a scotland-wide investigation into deaths caused by clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 28080755 |
| 'superbug supremo' to oversee random hospital inspections. | a 'superbug supremo' is to be appointed to spearhead scotland's new inspectorate to scrutinise hospitals' performance in dealing with infections such as mrsa and clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 27732445 |
| antibiotic resistance: the challenge from an industry perspective. | trained in medical microbiology and infectious diseases in the uk, glenn tillotson has over 20 years pharmaceutical experience in various areas, including clinical research, marketing, scientific communications, strategic development and global launch programs. mainly in the field of anti-infectives, tillotson has been instrumental in the development of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin, as well as other drugs in the bayer portfolio. after leaving bayer, he worked as a consultant microbiologist and ... | 2009 | 24410641 |
| clostridium difficile outbreak: a small group of pharmacists makes a big impact. | 2009 | 22478880 | |
| toxic megacolon complicating a clostridium difficile infection in a pregnant woman. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in non-hospitalized patients has been reported with increased frequency, whereas an association between cdi and pregnancy has not been highlighted. we report a case of toxic megacolon complicating a severe cdi during the second trimester of pregnancy in a patient without traditional risk factors, such as antibiotic use, immunodeficiency, and prolonged and recent hospitalization. | 2010 | 19745034 |
| intake of lactobacillus plantarum reduces certain gastrointestinal symptoms during treatment with antibiotics. | to examine if intake of lactobacillus plantarum can prevent gastrointestinal side effects in antibiotic-treated patients. | 2010 | 19727002 |
| hospital-based epidemiology: a strategy for 'dealing with clostridium difficile'. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) remains a major infection control problem. uncertainty remains over methods of diagnosis and definitions for ascertaining provenance of cases. we undertook a prospective epidemiological study to better ascertain local epidemiology of 275 new cases (general practitioner and hospital) diagnosed in a large teaching hospital in the uk. the highest incidence of cases was found in haematology and critical care and a surprisingly high proportion, 29%, o ... | 2010 | 19726105 |
| bacterial toxin and effector glycosyltransferases. | clostridial glucosylating cytotoxins, including clostridium difficile toxins a and b, clostridium novyi alpha-toxin, and clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, are major virulence factors and causative agents of human diseases. these toxins mono-o-glucosylate (or mono-o-glcnacylate) a specific threonine residue of rho/ras-proteins, which is essential for the function of the molecular switches. recently, a related group of glucosyltransferases from legionella pneumophila has been identified. these l ... | 2010 | 19647041 |
| the impact of a change in antibacterial prophylaxis from ceftazidime to levofloxacin in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. | antibiotic prophylaxis has been used during the initial phases of myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct) for more than two decades. however, the optimal regimen in terms of both cost and clinical effectiveness is unclear. we retrospectively compared the clinical and microbiological impact of a change in antibiotic prophylaxis practice from ceftazidime (n=216 patients with hct in 2000-2002) to levofloxacin (n=219 patients, august 2002-2005) in patients receiving myeloablative cond ... | 2010 | 19718062 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile infection in polish pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | 2010 | 19705416 | |
| similar geographic variations of mortality and hospitalization associated with ibd and clostridium difficile colitis. | superinfection with clostridium difficile can aggravate the symptoms of preexisting inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the study served to assess whether the geographic variation of ibd within the united states might be influenced by c. difficile infection. | 2010 | 19637331 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients: risk associations, protective associations, and outcomes. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors, protective factors, and outcomes associated with clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (hsct) recipients. a case-control study was performed with 37 cdad cases and 67 controls. in the multivariable logistic regression analysis, receipt of a third or fourth generation cephalosporin was associated with increased risk of cdad (or = 4.6, 95% ci 1.6-13.1). receipt of growth factors was a ... | 2010 | 19624693 |
| staphylococcal enterocolitis: forgotten but not gone? | staphylococcus aureus may cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea and enterocolitis, with or without preceding antibiotic use, in immunocompromised adults or infants, or individuals with predisposing conditions, but there is little appreciation of this condition clinically. clinical disease: the main clinical feature that helps to differentiate staphylococcal enterocolitis (sec) from clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is large-volume, cholera-like diarrhea in the former case. a predominance ... | 2010 | 19609675 |
| clostridia as agents of zoonotic disease. | clostridia are not normally considered to be zoonotic pathogens, although many species affect both humans and domestic animals. three cases in which organisms occur, possibly via direct or indirect transmission, in both food animals and humans are considered here. strains of clostridium perfringens that produce enterotoxin (cpe) are typically transmitted to humans in contaminated, improperly handled foods. pathogenesis is based upon action of cpe in the intestine, and disease is usually self-lim ... | 2010 | 19682805 |
| investigation of critical care unit utilization and mortality in patients infected with clostridium difficile. | a nationwide increase in the rate and severity of clostridium difficile-associated disease may reflect infection with a virulent strain characterized by polymerase chain reaction as ribotype 027 (nap1/b1). | 2010 | 19592210 |