Publications

biological and clinical significance of anti-müllerian hormone determination in blood serum of the mare.	anti-müllerian hormone (amh), a member of the transforming growth factor ß superfamily of growth and differentiation factors, is expressed in granulosa cells of preantral and small antral ovarian follicles. in humans, amh appeared to regulate recruitment and growth of small ovarian follicles. furthermore, circulating amh concentrations were elevated in women with granulosa-cell tumors (gct). in the horse, gcts are the most common tumor of the ovary, and a variety of endocrine assays have been us ...	2011	21798581
alterations of circadian clockworks during differentiation and apoptosis of rat ovarian cells.	ovarian development is related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of granulosa cells and luteal cells under the control of various modulators, including follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh), luteinizing hormone (lh), and growth factors. in the present study, the expression of clock genes and the related regulation mechanism were analyzed in different ovarian cell types during differentiation and apoptosis. the authors focused on the circadian expression of per2 as a core clock g ...	2011	21797776
taylor's power law and fluctuation scaling explained by a central-limit-like convergence.	a power function relationship observed between the variance and the mean of many types of biological and physical systems has generated much debate as to its origins. this taylor's law (or fluctuation scaling) has been recently hypothesized to result from the second law of thermodynamics and the behavior of the density of states. this hypothesis is predicated on physical quantities like free energy and an external field; the correspondence of these quantities with biological systems, though, rem ...	2011	21797449
molecular basis of recognition of antibacterial porphyrins by heme-transporter isdh-neat3 of staphylococcus aureus.	antibiotic resistance is increasingly seen as a serious problem that threatens public health and erodes our capacity to effectively combat disease. so-called non-iron metalloporhyrins have shown promising antibacterial properties against a number of pathogenic bacteria including staphylococcus aureus. however, little is known about the molecular mechanism(s) of action of these compounds, and in particular how they reach the interior of the bacterial cells. a popular hypothesis indicates that non ...	2011	21797259
subclinical diseases underlying poor performance in endurance horses: diagnostic methods and predictive tests.	thirty-eight endurance horses underwent clinical and ancillary examinations, including haematological and biochemical evaluation, standardised exercise tests both on a treadmill and in the field, doppler echocardiography, impulse oscillometry, video endoscopy and collection of respiratory fluids. all of the examined poorly performing horses were affected by subclinical diseases, and most of them had multiple concomitant disorders. on the contrary, the well-performing horses were free of any subc ...	2011	21795311
identification of functional domains of the ir2 protein of equine herpesvirus 1 required for inhibition of viral gene expression and replication.	the equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) negative regulatory ir2 protein (ir2p), an early 1,165-amino acid (aa) truncated form of the 1487-aa immediate-early protein (iep), lacks the trans-activation domain essential for iep activation functions but retains domains for binding dna, tfiib, and tbp and the nuclear localization signal. ir2p mutants of the n-terminal region which lack either dna-binding activity or tfiib-binding activity were unable to down-regulate ehv-1 promoters. in ehv-1-infected cells ...	2011	21794889
the effect of growth hormone (gh) and insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) on in vitro maturation of equine oocytes.	summarythe objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that equine growth hormone (egh), in combination with insulin growth factor-i (igf-i), influences positively in vitro nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation of equine oocytes. cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered from follicles that were < 25 mm in diameter, characterized by morphology and were allocated randomly as follow: (a) control (no additives); (b) 400 ng/ml egh; (c) 200 ng/ml igf-i; (d) egh + igf-i; and (e) egh + igf-i + 400 ng ...	2011	21794202
a targeted lipidomics approach to the study of eicosanoid release in synovial joints.	abstract: introduction: articular tissues are capable of producing a range of eicosanoid mediators, each of which have individual biological effects and may be affected by anti-inflammatory treatment. we set out to develop and evaluate a high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (hplc-ms/ms) approach for the simultaneous analysis of multiple eicosanoid lipid mediators in equine synovial fluid (sf), and to illustrate its use for investigation of the in vivo effects of non-st ...	2011	21794148
clinical expression of lolitrem b (perennial ryegrass) intoxication in horses.	reasons for performing study: perennial ryegrass staggers is purported to be a common neurological mycotoxicosis of horses but the case description lacks detail and evidence. objective: to describe the clinical syndrome of lolitrem b intoxication in horses, limiting tests to those that are applicable to clinical practice, and to assess the potential value of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests for lolitrem b in horse body fluids. methods: seven horses in 2 separate groups were fed pe ...	2011	21793878
successful treatment of equine sarcoids with cisplatin electrochemotherapy: a retrospective study of 48 cases.	reasons for performing study: sarcoids are the commonest form of equine skin tumour. several therapeutic measures have been described but none is considered to be universally effective. electrochemotherapy (ect) is a new anticancer therapy that utilises electrical field pulses to induce increased cell membrane permeability to antitumour hydrophilic drugs, such as cisplatin. the increased intracellular concentration of the drugs has a significant therapeutic benefit. the procedure has not been pr ...	2011	21793876
the distribution properties of lentiviral vectors administered into the striatum by convection-enhanced delivery.	prior to the successful use of lentiviral vectors in clinical trials it is essential that strategies for direct vector delivery into the brain are evaluated in vivo, particularly as these vectors are significantly larger than the brain extracellular space. to date no such studies have been undertaken. in this study, convection enhanced delivery (ced) was employed in an attempt to achieve widespread lentiviral delivery in the striatum. infusions of eiav and hiv vector constructs expressing the re ...	2011	21793715
blood derived stem cells: an ameliorative therapy in veterinary ophthalmology.	stem cell technology has evoked considerable excitement among people interested in the welfare of animals, as it has suggested the potential availability of new tools for several pathologies, including eye disease, which in many cases is considered incurable. one such example is ulcerative keratitis, which is very frequent in horses. because some of these corneal ulcers can be very severe, progress rapidly and, therefore, can be a possible cause of vision loss, it is important to diagnose them a ...	2011	21792938
arthroscopic surgery of the middle carpal joint in trotting standardbreds: findings and outcome.	objectives: to describe the injuries in the middle carpal joint of trotting standardbred racehorses in relation to future racing and to review the use of synovectomy in clinical cases. methods: review of medical records and racing statistics of clinical cases. results: sixty-six percent of horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery of the middle carpal joints returned to racing, but there were only weak associations between future racing success and findings at surgery. lesions in the middle carpal ...	2011	21792476
osteogenic differentiation of equine cord blood multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells within coralline hydroxyapatite scaffolds in vitro.	objective: to investigate the osteogenic differentiation potential of equine umbilical cord blood-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (cb-msc) within coralline hydroxyapatite scaffolds cultured in osteogenic induction culture medium. methods: scaffolds seeded with equine cb-msc were cultured in cell expansion culture medium (control) or osteogenic induction medium (treatment). cell viability and distribution were confirmed by the mtt cell viability assay and dapi nuclear fluorescence s ...	2011	21792475
a cryogenic clamping technique that facilitates ultimate tensile strength determinations in tendons and ligaments.	objective: to describe the use of a cryogenic clamp of novel design for tensile strength testing of tendinous and ligamentous tissues with inherently high tensile strength. methods: inexpensive, easily machined steel clamps were manufactured to facilitate rapid insertion into a standard wedge-screw grip apparatus installed on a testing system with a control system attached. the deep digital flexor tendon (ddft) of six horses was trimmed to a uniform dumbbell shape and secured in clamps using par ...	2011	21792472
protein quality and utilization of timothy, oat-supplemented timothy, and alfalfa at differing harvest maturity in exercised arabian horses.	to evaluate the protein quality and post-gut n utilization of full bloom timothy hay, oat-supplemented timothy-hay diets, and alfalfa hay harvested at different maturities, apparent whole tract n digestibility, urinary n excretion, and serum aa profiles were determined in light to moderately exercised arabian horses. six arabian geldings (16.0 ± 0.3 yr; 467 ± 11 kg bw) were randomly allocated to a 6 × 6 latin square design. diets included full bloom timothy grass hay (g), g + 0.2% bw oat (g1), g ...	2011	21788427
latherin and other biocompatible surfactant proteins.	horses and other equids are unusual in producing protein-rich sweat for thermoregulation, a major component of which is latherin, a highly surface-active, non-glycosylated protein that is a member of the plunc (palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone) family. latherin produces a significant reduction in water surface tension at low concentrations (=1 mg/ml), and probably acts as a wetting agent to facilitate evaporative cooling through a thick, waterproofed pelt. latherin binds temporarily to hy ...	2011	21787340
[p75 neurotrophin receptor mrna sequential expression and significance after cauda equina compression in rats].	to observe the mrna expression of p75ntr (p75 neurotrophin receptor) and the amount of neuronal cells apoptosis in lumbar-sacral spinal cord at different time points after the acute cauda equina compression in rats and to explore their correlation.	2011	21786560
serum amyloid a is expressed in histologically normal tissues from horses and cattle.	mrna expression of the acute phase protein serum amyloid a (saa) in histologically normal tissues derived from horses (n=13) and cattle (n=4) was investigated by quantitative reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase-chain reaction. as expected, high constitutive saa mrna expression was demonstrated in hepatic tissue in both species. in horses, moderate (>1% of the hepatic expression) saa mrna expression was detected in the lung, mammary gland, pancreas, synovial membrane, thymus, thyroid gland ...	2011	21783263
the pathogenic and vaccine strains of equine infectious anemia virus differentially induce cytokine and chemokine expression and apoptosis in macrophages.	the attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) vaccine was the first attenuated lentivirus vaccine to be used in a large-scale application and has been used to successfully control the spread of equine infectious anemia (eia) in china. to better understand the potential role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of eiav infection and resulting immune response, we used branched dna technology to compare the mrna expression levels of 12 cytokines and chemokines, including il-1a, il-1ß, il-4, il-1 ...	2011	21782860
immunophenotype and gene expression profiles of cell surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells derived from equine bone marrow and adipose tissue.	bone marrow and adipose tissue are the two main sources of mesenchymal stem cell (msc). the aim of this work was to analyse the immunophenotype of 7 surface markers and the expression of a panel of 13 genes coding for cell surface markers in equine bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mscs obtained from 9 horses at third passage. the tri-lineage differentiation was confirmed by specific staining. equine mscs from both sources were positive for the msc markers cd29 and cd90, while were negative ...	2011	21782255
the antagonist activity of lipid iva on the stimulation by lipid a of tnf-alpha production from canine blood mononuclear cells.	lipid a, the active component of lipopolysaccharide (lps), exists in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and binds to the toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) and md-2 complex. on the other hand, the synthetic precursor of escherichia coli lipid a, tetraacylated lipid iva, is an agonist for tlr4 and md-2 complex in murine, equine and feline cells but is an antagonist for lipid a in human cells. the aim of the study was to examine the function of canine toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) and md-2 comple ...	2011	21782253
hendra virus: what do we know?	hendra virus infection is an emerging infectious disease that is not well understood. most cases of hendra virus infection have occurred in queensland, with one case in a horse in nsw. hendra virus infection has a high mortality rate in horses and humans and as cases could occur anywhere in australia it is important to be ready for prompt action should an outbreak occur in nsw. this paper: reviews the current knowledge on hendra virus infection including methods for preventing the disease; expla ...	2011	21781619
biological terrorism and the allergist's office practice.	during the anthrax outbreak and threat in trenton (2001), our allergy practice experienced increased visits from approximately 50 of our regular patients with symptoms they believed resulted from anthrax exposure. in all cases, their symptoms were caused by a combination of an exacerbation of their underlying allergic disease and anxiety because of possible exposure to anthrax. our objective is to present an orderly approach to the allergist's outpatients presenting with possible exposure to a b ...	2011	21781403
distribution of flunixin meglumine and firocoxib into aqueous humor of horses.	background: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are commonly used systemically for the treatment of inflammatory ocular disease in horses. however, little information exists regarding the ocular penetration of this class of drugs in the horse. objective: to determine the distribution of orally administered flunixin meglumine and firocoxib into the aqueous humor of horses. animals: fifteen healthy adult horses with no evidence of ophthalmic disease. methods: horses were randomly assigne ...	2011	21781166
synovial fluid d-dimer concentration in foals with septic joint disease.	background: increased synovial fibrinolytic activity (detected by increases in synovial d-dimer concentrations) has been observed in different joint diseases in humans and adult horses, presumably in order to minimize fibrin deposition within the joint and thus avoid its detrimental effects. objective: to investigate fibrinolytic pathway activation in joint sepsis in foals by measuring synovial d-dimer concentrations. animals: eighteen septic foals with septic joints, 9 septic foals without sept ...	2011	21781162
molecular characterization, tissue expression, polymorphism and association of porcine lck gene.	lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (lck) is an important reproduction related gene. in this study, the full-length cdna sequence of porcine lck gene was cloned through the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. the porcine lck gene encodes a protein of 509 amino acids which shares high homology with the lck of nine species: giant panda (97%), dog (97%), cattle (96%), sheep (95%), rabbit (95%), human (96%), rat (94%), mouse (94%) and horse (94%). this novel porcine gene was assi ...	2011	21779804
starry sky hepatic ultrasonographic pattern in horses.	the starry sky hepatic pattern is an unusual ultrasonographic appearance of equine liver characterized by numerous small, hyperechoic foci, some of which cast an acoustic shadow, distributed randomly throughout the hepatic parenchyma. our objectives were to describe the signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, primary disease process, and ultrasonographic findings of horses with this ultrasonographic pattern, as well as determine the associated gross and histologic changes. the ...	2011	21777329
equine atopic skin disease and response to allergen-specific immunotherapy: a retrospective study at the university of california-davis (1991-2008).	this retrospective study reports on the clinical presentation of equine atopic skin disease and evaluates response to treatment with allergen-specific immunotherapy (asit) based on intradermal testing and/or serum testing. computerized medical records from january 1991 to december 2008 yielded 54 horses included in the study. presenting clinical signs (cs) included urticaria (n = 28), pruritus (n = 8) or both (n = 18). forty-one of 54 horses received asit, and response to asit (n = 32) was evalu ...	2011	21777308
effect of manure vs. fertilizer inputs on productivity of forage crop models.	manure produced by livestock activity is a dangerous product capable of causing serious environmental pollution. agronomic management practices on the use of manure may transform the target from a waste to a resource product. experiments performed on comparison of manure with standard chemical fertilizers (cf) were studied under a double cropping per year regime (alfalfa, model i; italian ryegrass-corn, model ii; barley-seed sorghum, model iii; and horse-bean-silage sorghum, model iv). the total ...	2011	21776208
upregulation of equine mmp-1 by bpv-1 is through the transcription factor ap-1.	equine sarcoids represent the most common skin tumours in equids worldwide, characterised by extensive invasion and infiltration of lymphatics, rare regression and high recurrence after surgical intervention. bovine papillomavirus type-1 (bpv-1) activity is necessary for the transformation phenotype of equine fibroblasts. among the many changes induced by bpv-1, mmp-1 upregulation contributes to the invasiveness of equine fibroblasts. however it is yet unknown how bpv-1 proteins regulate equine ...	2011	21775582
fish intake and type 2 diabetes in japanese men and women: the japan public health center-based prospective study.	background: although fish intake can improve glucose metabolism, results of some prospective studies in western populations suggest potential adverse effects of environmental contaminants in fish on type 2 diabetes risk. however, data from populations with high fish consumption are scarce. objective: we prospectively investigated the association between fish intake and type 2 diabetes risk in japanese adults. design: the participants were 22,921 men and 29,759 women aged 45-75 y who completed a ...	2011	21775559
isolation of potentially useful antigens from cyathostomin third stage larvae by using a fplc one-step method.	three major protein complexes (51, 29 and 15 kda, named p1 to p3) were resolved by gel-filtration of the excretory/secretory antigens collected from a mixture of horse l3 cyathostomins. the potential application for the detection of infected horses was assessed with an elisa, by the comparison of the serological and copromicroscopical results. the value of the area under receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve (auc) was higher than 0.9 when using the three peaks. elevated values (>90%) for ...	2011	21775518
antibody profiling borrelia burgdorferi infection in horses.	infection with borrelia burgdorferi (bb) is common in horses and ponies from the new england and mid-atlantic regions of the united states. here, we evaluated luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (lips) for profiling antibody responses against three different antigenic targets for the diagnosis of equine bb infection. lips testing of horse serum samples suspected of lyme infection revealed that approximately 75% of the horse samples (114/159) were seropositive against the synthetic vovo antige ...	2011	21775514
reduction of the olfactory cognitive ability in horses during preslaughter: stress-related hormones evaluation.	as horses may perceive several odour signals of danger at slaughter, application of mentholated ointment to their nostrils may limit their perception of danger. to assess the effect of the application of a mentholated ointment to horse nostrils on the stress response during pre-slaughter handling, plasma levels were evaluated for cortisol, beta-endorphin, epinephrine and norepinephrine prior to and after stunning. twenty draught-type horses were divided into control (n=10) and treated (n=10) gro ...	2011	21775068
sequence characterization of s100a8 gene reveals structural differences of protein and transcriptional factor binding sites in water buffalo and yak.	the present study was undertaken to characterize the structure of s100a8 gene and its promoter in water buffalo and yak. sequence data of 2.067 kb, 2.071 kb, and 2.052 kb with respect to complete s100a8 gene including 5' flanking region was generated in river buffalo, swamp buffalo, and yak, respectively. blast analysis of coding dna sequences (cds) of s100a8 gene revealed 95% homology of buffalo sequence with cattle, 85% with pig and horse, 83% with dog, 72-73% with murines, and around 79% with ...	2011	21774620
chromosomal assignment of six genes (eif4g3, hsp90, rbbp6, il8, tert, and terc) in four species of the genus equus.	we mapped six genes (eif4g3, hsp90, rbbp6, il8, tert, and terc) on the chromosomes of equus caballus, equus asinus, equus grevyi, and equus burchelli by fluorescence in situ hybridization. our results add six type i markers to the cytogenetic map of these species and provide new information on the comparative genomics of the genus equus.	2011	21774619
"i was a dark horse in the eyes of her family": the relationship of cohabiting female couples and their families in hungary.	this article focuses on the relationship of female couples with their parents, siblings, and other relatives by exploring various patterns of coming out and family attitudes. after reviewing existing literature in this field, the article explores the extent to which my interviewees are out to their family, the reasons for and the possible complications about staying in the closet. next the parents' reactions are discussed, which range from complete rejection through not admitting the truth to th ...	2011	21774601
expansion of mesenchymal stem cells on fibrinogen-rich protein surfaces derived from blood plasma.	mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) are present in low density in bone marrow and culture expansion is necessary to obtain sufficient numbers for many proposed therapies. researchers have characterized msc growth on tissue culture plastic (tcp), although few studies have explored proliferation on other growth substrates. using adult equine mscs, we evaluated proliferation on fibrinogen-rich precipitate (frp) surfaces created from blood plasma. when seeded at 1 × 10(4) cells/cm(2) and passaged five tim ...	2011	21774083
ankle injury after a fall from a horse.		2011	21771834
seroprevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses in the czech republic.	anaplasma phagocytophilum is the aetiological agent of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (ega). the aim of this survey was to assess the prevalence of anti-a. phagocytophilum antibodies in the horse population of the czech republic (cz) and to investigate possible links between seropositivity and the geographic origin, age, and/or sex of the tested horses. antibodies against a. phagocytophilum were screened using an indirect fluorescent antibody method (ifa). serum samples from 96 healthy horses ...	2011	21771545
equine babesiosis: seroprevalence, risk factors and comparison of different diagnostic methods in jordan.	the purposes of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence and distribution of horse piroplasmosis, to evaluate risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease and to compare the different diagnostic methods used for this disease. a total of 253 clinically normal horses were sampled, and a collection form was completed for each horse from five of six different climatic zones of jordan. the sixth zone was not sampled because it did not include horse population. competitive enzyme-l ...	2011	21771287
computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging-assisted partial hoof wall resection for keratoma removal.	objectives: to (1) describe the computed tomography (ct) and magnetic resonance imaging (mri) appearance of keratomas; (2) describe a ct- or mri-assisted partial hoof wall resection technique for removal of keratomas; and (3) evaluate the morbidity and postoperative outcome of these horses. study design: case series. animals: horses (n=10) with keratoma. methods: data retrieved from medical records included signalment, lameness duration and grade, physical and diagnostic evaluation findings, ct ...	2011	21770987
an ex vivo biomechanical study comparing strength characteristics of a new technique with the three-loop pulley for equine tenorrhaphy.	objective: to test single cycle to failure tensile strength characteristics of 6 suture material-pattern combinations in equine superficial digital flexor (sdf) tenorrhaphy, specifically to compare a 10-strand modification of the savage core suture technique with the 3-loop pulley technique. study design: ex vivo mechanical experiment comparing 3 different suture patterns with 2 different materials. sample population: forelimb and hindlimb sdf tendons (n=48) harvested from adult thoroughbred and ...	2011	21770981
comparison of ph, lactate, and glucose analysis of equine synovial fluid using a portable clinical analyzer with a bench-top blood gas analyzer.	objective: to compare agreement between a portable clinical analyzer and laboratory-based bench-top analyzer for analysis of ph, lactate, and glucose concentrations in synovial fluid. study design: prospective experimental study. animals: clinically normal horses (n=8); 6 horses euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the study; 11 horses that had synoviocentesis for reasons other than sepsis; 7 horses that had synoviocentesis for evaluation of sepsis; and 2 horses without recorded clinical data. ...	2011	21770979
transport: plutonium's trojan horse.		2011	21769093
strategies for enhancing antibody delivery to the brain.	antibodies and antibody conjugates have emerged as important tools for cancer therapy. however, a major therapeutic challenge for the use of antibodies is their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb) to reach tumors localized in the central nervous system (cns). multiple methods have been developed to enhance antibody delivery to the cns, including direct injection, mechanical or biochemical disruption of the bbb, conjugation to a 'molecular trojan horse', cationization, encapsulation ...	2011	21767610
assessment of quality of life in equine patients.	reasons for performing study: assessing patients' quality of life (qol) is a core part of clinical decision making. various methodologies for assessing patients' qol have been developed in human medicine and small animal veterinary disciplines. in contrast, the lack of aids for qol assessment in equine veterinary practice leaves practitioners reliant on subjective assessments of qol, which may be prone to avoidable errors. objectives: this paper suggests pragmatic ways in which qol may be enhanc ...	2011	21767299
endemic venezuelan equine encephalitis in the americas: hidden under the dengue umbrella.	venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee) is an emerging infectious disease in latin america. outbreaks have been recorded for decades in countries with enzootic circulation, and the recent implementation of surveillance systems has allowed the detection of additional human cases in countries and areas with previously unknown vee activity. clinically, vee is indistinguishable from dengue and other arboviral diseases and confirmatory diagnosis requires the use of specialized laboratory tests that are ...	2011	21765860
hogweed suspected of causing primary photosensitisation in a horse.		2011	21765145
rapid-result blood test for strangles.		2011	21765137
congenital bilateral choanal stenosis in a warmblood foal.		2011	21765127
infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type-1 strain ab4 reveals intact interferon-a induction and induces suppression of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 responses in comparison to other viral strains.	the recent increase in incidence, morbidity, and mortality of neurological disease induced by equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) has suggested a change of virulence of the virus. the exact mechanisms by which ehv-1 induces neurologic disease are not known. environmental, viral, and host risk factors might contribute to neurological manifestation. here, we investigated innate interferon-a (ifn-a), interleukin-10 (il-10) and il-4 responses after infection of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cell ...	2011	21764140
structural and functional analysis of the tap-inhibiting ul49.5 proteins of varicelloviruses.	viral infections are counteracted by virus-specific cytotoxic t cells that recognize the infected cell via mhc class i (mhc i) molecules presenting virus-derived peptides. the loading of the peptides onto mhc i molecules occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and is facilitated by the peptide loading complex. a key player in this complex is the transporter associated with antigen processing (tap), which translocates the viral peptides from the cytosol into the er. herpesviruses have developed ...	2011	21764135
evolutionary dynamics of influenza a nucleoprotein (np) lineages revealed by large-scale sequence analyses.	influenza a viral nucleoprotein (np) plays a critical role in virus replication and host adaptation, however, the underlying molecular evolutionary dynamics of np lineages are less well-understood. in this study, large-scale analyses of 5094 np nucleotide sequences revealed eight distinct evolutionary lineages, including three host-specific lineages (human, classical swine and equine), two cross-host lineages (eurasian avian-like swine and swine-origin human pandemic h1n1 2009) and three geograp ...	2011	21763464
toxoplasmosis and horse meat, france.	to the editor: toxoplasma gondii parasites are obligate intracellular apicomplexans that can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals; felids are definitive hosts. the most common sources of human infection are ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or of food or water contaminated with oocysts shed by felids and transplacental transmission. acquired toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent humans is frequently asymptomatic but is associated with cervical or occipital lymphadenopathy in approxim ...	2011	21762609
natural burkholderia mallei infection in dromedary, bahrain.	we confirm a natural infection of dromedaries with glanders. multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis of a burkholderia mallei strain isolated from a diseased dromedary in bahrain revealed close genetic proximity to strain dubai 7, which caused an outbreak of glanders in horses in the united arab emirates in 2004.	2011	21762586
nicorandil and ulcerations: the trojan horse?		2011	21762391
streptococcus equi: a pathogen restricted to one host.	strangles caused by the host adapted lancefield group c streptococcus equi sub-species equi (s. equi) is a frequently diagnosed infectious disease of horses world-wide. critical to the global success of s. equi is its ability to establish persistent infections within the guttural pouches of recovered apparently healthy horses that can result in transmission to in-contact animals. recent research has identified key events in the s. equi genome, which occurred during its evolution from an ancestra ...	2011	21757503
equine-facilitated psychotherapy for at-risk adolescents: the influence on self-image,self-control and trust.	this article describes the theoretical-conceptual frame of equine-facilitated psychotherapy (efp) for adolescents at-risk, the unique components of this intervention, and its implementation in an evaluation study. the study was conducted at a residential treatment facility for adolescents at-risk. we examined the outcomes of efp on self-image, self-control, trust and general life satisfaction. fourteen resident adolescents comprised the treatment group, and were compared with a matched group of ...	2011	21757481
phylogenetic and molecular characterization of equine h3n8 influenza viruses from greece (2003 and 2007): evidence for reassortment between evolutionary lineages.	abstract: background: for first time in greece equine influenza virus infection was confirmed, by isolation and molecular analysis, as the cause of clinical respiratory disease among unvaccinated horses during 2003 and 2007 outbreaks. methods: equine influenza virus (eivs) h3n8 was isolated in mdck cells from 30 nasal swabs from horses with acute respiratory disease, which were tested positive by directigen flu a. isolation was confirmed by haemagglutination assay and rt-pcr assay of the m, ha a ...	2011	21756308
polymorphic organization of constitutive heterochromatin in equus asinus (2n = 62) chromosome 1.	in the karyotype of equus asinus (domestic donkey, 2n = 62), non-centromeric heterochromatic bands have been described in subcentromeric and telomeric positions. in particular, chromosome 1 is characterised by heterochromatic bands in the proximal region of the long arm and in the short arm; it has been shown that these regions are polymorphic in size. here we investigated the variation in the intensity and distribution of fluorescence signals observed on donkey chromosome 1 after in situ hybrid ...	2011	21756256
immunological aspects of scorpion toxins: current status and perspectives.	significant progress has been made in immunological studies of scorpion toxins and several formats of antibodies directed against scorpion toxins have been reported. some of these are commonly used in a specific treatment against envenoming; others are primarily used for immuno-biochemical characterizations. the preparation protocol of the antibody or its fragments can be substantially different from one laboratory to another, which complicates a direct comparison of the potency of the antivenom ...	2011	21756244
pathology in practice.		2011	21756174
characterization of adipose-derived equine and canine mesenchymal stem cells after incubation in agarose-hydrogel.	adult stem cells are of particular interest for the therapeutic approach in the field of regenerative medicine. due to their ease of harvest, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ascs) are an attractive stem cell source that has become increasingly popular. critical aspects of applied cell therapies are the circumstances of transport from the laboratory towards the site of operation and cell delivery into the desired area. with regard to these issues, agarose-hydrogel was analyzed as a cell c ...	2011	21755422
cmv and hsv-2 myeloradiculitis in an hiv infected patient.	while cmv myeloradiculitis is a known complication in aids patients with severe immunosuppression, hsv-2 necrotizing myeloradiculitis is rare and often associated with disabling a fatal outcome. we hereby describe a 46 year-old hiv infected patient with profound and sustained immunosuppression who presented with an acute ascending paraparesis and urinary retention. lumbar spine mri showed contrast enhancement at the conus medullaris and cauda equine, and both cmv and hsv-2 csf pcr were positive. ...	2011	21755241
a recombinant burkholderia intracellular motility a (bima) protein for immunodiagnosis of glanders.	glanders, caused by the gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium burkholderia mallei, is a contagious and highly fatal disease of equines. during the last decade number of glanders outbreaks has increased steadily. the disease also has high zoonotic significance and b. mallei is listed biological warfare agent. complement fixation test (cft) is a routinely used and internationally recognised test to screen equine sera for the glanders. however, discrepant results have been observed by cft. the low sen ...	2011	21752949
use of sindbis/eastern equine encephalitis chimeric viruses in plaque reduction neutralization tests for arboviral disease diagnostics.	eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) is a highly virulent, mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes severe and often fatal neurological disease in humans and horses in eastern north american, the caribbean, mexico, and throughout central and south america. eeev infection is diagnosed serologically by anti-eeev-specific igm detection, with confirmation by the plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt), which is highly specific for alphaviruses. live virus is used in the prnt procedure, which cu ...	2011	21752946
decreased infectivity of a neutralization-resistant equine infectious anemia virus variant can be overcome by efficient cell-to-cell spread.	two variants of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) that differed in sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibody were tested in direct competition assays. no differences were observed in the growth curves and relative fitness scores of eiav(pnd-1) and eiav(pnd-5); however, the neutralization-resistant eiav(pnd-5) variant was less infectious in single round replication assays. infectious center assays indicated similar rates of cell-to-cell spread, which was approximately 1,000 fold more effic ...	2011	21752904
the effect of lateral heel studs on the kinematics of the equine digit while cantering on grass.	this study aimed to assess the effect of lateral heel studs on foot-ground interaction in the horse by quantifying foot slip during stance whilst cantering on a grass surface. it was hypothesised that using studs would decrease foot slip distance on the ground conditions tested. nine horses were ridden with and without a stud placed laterally in the shoe of each of the 4feet. high speed video-analysis was used to track hoof markers and to provide data quantifying foot slip distance, slip duratio ...	2011	21752677
association of streptococcus equi with equine monocytes.	streptococcus equi (se), the cause of equine strangles, is highly resistant to phagocytosis by neutrophils and is usually classified as an extracellular pathogen. large numbers of the organism in tonsillar tissues during the acute phase of the disease are completely eliminated during convalescence by mechanisms not yet understood. in this study we demonstrate in an opsono-bactericidal assay and by cytometry and confocal microscopy that se is interiorized and killed by equine blood monocytes. thi ...	2011	21752476
effect of pentoxifylline treatment on testicular perfusion and semen quality in miniature horse stallions.	the objective was to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (ptx) on testicular perfusion and sperm production in stallions. in a preliminary study, six mature miniature horse stallions were given 0, 8.5, or 17.0 mg/kg of ptx orally, twice daily, for 3 d. total arterial blood flow rate (tabfr) was higher (p < 0.05) in all treated versus control stallions during and after treatment. two months later (during the fall and winter), the same stallions received either 0 or 17 mg/kg of ptx orally, t ...	2011	21752455
gamete rescue in the african black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis).	mortality rates are high among captive african black rhinoceroses (diceros bicornis), due to increased susceptibility to disease. the ability to rescue genetic material from individuals that die unexpectedly represents a practical approach to assist ex situ conservation efforts. the objectives of the present study were to attempt postmortem oocyte recovery from ovaries of african black rhinoceroses (n = 6) and to test the efficacy of equine protocols for rhinoceros oocyte ivm and ivf using cryop ...	2011	21752452
comparison of brain mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity with cyanide ld(50) yields insight into the efficacy of prophylactics.	cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory pathway, therefore inhibiting the cell oxygen utilization and resulting in the condition of histotoxic anoxia. the enzyme rhodanese detoxifies cyanide by utilizing sulfur donors to convert cyanide to thiocyanate, and new and improved sulfur donors are actively sought as researchers seek to improve cyanide prophylactics. we have determined brain cytochrome c oxidase activity as a marker for cyanide exposu ...	2011	21751223
identification of a mutation associated with fatal foal immunodeficiency syndrome in the fell and dales pony.	the fell and dales are rare native uk pony breeds at risk due to falling numbers, in-breeding, and inherited disease. specifically, the lethal mendelian recessive disease foal immunodeficiency syndrome (fis), which manifests as b-lymphocyte immunodeficiency and progressive anemia, is a substantial threat. a significant percentage (~10%) of the fell ponies born each year dies from fis, compromising the long-term survival of this breed. moreover, the likely spread of fis into other breeds is of ma ...	2011	21750681
suspected horse-to-human transmission of mrsa st398.	to the editor: methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is spreading worldwide among humans and animals, including horses. many reports of mrsa colonization and infection in horses come from canada and involve mrsa of sequence type (st) 8, classified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) as canadian mrsa-5 or usa500. st8 is thought to be a human epidemic clone that has adapted to horses (1). another mrsa type, st398, has recently begun spreading in europe and north america and is ...	2011	21749795
functional modelling of an equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid proteome provides experimental confirmation and functional annotation of equine genome sequences.	the equine genome sequence enables the use of high-throughput genomic technologies in equine research, but accurate identification of expressed gene products and interpreting their biological relevance require additional structural and functional genome annotation. here, we employ the equine genome sequence to identify predicted and known proteins using proteomics and model these proteins into biological pathways, identifying 582 proteins in normal cell-free equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( ...	2011	21749422
blunt pancreatic trauma in children.	to report our experience with blunt pancreatic trauma in pediatric patients and evaluate several various management strategies.	2011	21748611
predatory activity of the fungus duddingtonia flagrans in equine strongyle infective larvae on natural pasture in the southern region of brazil.	biological control is an alternative method to reduce the population of parasites through natural predators. a promising option of biological control in the reduction of infective larvae on pasture is the use of nematophagous fungi. in this study, the efficacy of the nematophagous fungus duddingtonia flagrans in controlling gastrointestinal nematode parasites in field-raised horses was tested. ten foals with an average age of 12 months were divided in two groups: five males constituted the treat ...	2011	21748346
efficacy and tolerability of fitostimoline in two different forms (soaked gauzes and cream) and citrizan gel in the topical treatment of second-degree superficial cutaneous burns.	a total of 227 patients (mean age 41.3 years, 52% females) with at least one second-degree superficial cutaneous burn of thermal origin of a smallest transverse diameter =20?mm and a largest transverse diameter =90?mm were randomised to receive the topical application of aqueous extract of triticum vulgare (fitostimoline) in two different forms (soaked gauzes and cream) or catalase of horse origin in form of gel (citrizan gel), given up to healing or to a maximum of 20 days. the rate of lesion h ...	2011	21747844
[clinical application of botulinum toxin].	the clinical application of botulinum toxin (bont) was first proposed by justinus kerner in 1822. bont was formally accepted as a therapeutic agent in the 1970s, and currently, it is used worldwide for treating diseases as well as for cosmetic conditions. in japan, botox® is the only type a formulation that has been officially approved for the treatment of blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, cervical dystonia, pes equinus of cerebral palsy, adult spasticity of upper and lower limbs, and botox vista ...	2011	21747149
clinical and immunomodulating effects of ketamine in horses with experimental endotoxemia.	background: ketamine has immunomodulating effects both in vitro and in vivo during experimental endotoxemia in humans, rodents, and dogs. hypothesis: subanesthetic doses of ketamine will attenuate the clinical and immunologic responses to experimental endotoxemia in horses. animals: nineteen healthy mares of various breeds. methods: experimental study. horses were randomized into 2 groups: ketamine-treated horses (ket; n = 9) and saline-treated horses (sal; n = 10). both groups received 30 n ...	2011	21745244
streaming potential-based arthroscopic device is sensitive to cartilage changes immediately post-impact in an equine cartilage injury model.	models of post-traumatic osteoarthritis where early degenerative changes can be monitored are valuable for assessing potential therapeutic strategies. current methods for evaluating cartilage mechanical properties may not capture the low-grade cartilage changes expected at these earlier time points following injury. in this study, an explant model of cartilage injury was used to determine whether streaming potential measurements by manual indentation could detect cartilage changes immediately fo ...	2011	21744925
cardiac troponin i and the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in horses with experimentally induced endotoxaemia.	the aim of this study was to determine whether experimentally-induced endotoxaemia induced elevations in plasma cardiac troponin i (ctni) concentrations in horses and how this might affect the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias. eight standardbred horses received an intravenous continuous rate infusion of endotoxin (total dose 500ng/kg) for 6h while being monitored using electrocardiography (ecg). blood samples were collected before the start of the endotoxin infusion, every 60min during the infus ...	2011	21680208
persistent penile erection (priapism) after acepromazine premedication in a gelding.		2011	21831062
a randomized pilot trial of estrogen replacement therapy in post-menopausal women with parkinson's disease.	objective: to assess short-term safety and tolerability of estrogen replacement therapy in post-menopausal women with parkinson's disease (pd). methods: in a multi-center randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial, post-menopausal women with pd and motor fluctuations received either 0.625-ámg/day of conjugated equine estrogens or matching placebo for 8 weeks. the primary outcome was the ability of participants to complete the trial. other outcome measures included adverse events an ...	2011	21824799
metabolomic analysis of ranunculus spp. as potential agents involved in the etiology of equine grass sickness.	identification of toxic or harmful agents continues to be a key goal in agricultural chemistry. this paper reports a metabolomic analysis of ranunculus repens and related species, which were recently postulated to be cocausative agents in the etiology of equine grass sickness (egs). specifically, samples collected at egs sites were compared with those from non-egs sites. furthermore, interspecific and seasonal variations and the species' response to edaphic and climatic factors were investigated ...	2011	21842884
prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 1 strains of neuropathogenic genotype in a major breeding area of japan.	a single non-synonymous nucleotide substitution of guanine (g) for adenine (a) at position 2254 in the viral dna polymerase gene (encoded by open reading frame [orf] 30) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) has been significantly associated with neuropathogenic potential in strains of this virus. to estimate the prevalence of ehv-1 strains with the neuropathogenic genotype (orf30 g(2254)) in the hidaka district-a major horse breeding area in japan-we analyzed the orf30 genomic region in cases of ...	2011	21828961
comparison of genomic and proteomic data in recurrent airway obstruction affected horses using ingenuity pathway analysis.	abstract: background: recurrent airway obstruction (rao) is a severe chronic respiratory disease affecting horses worldwide, though mostly in the northern hemisphere. environmental as well as genetic factors strongly influence the course and prognosis of the disease. research has been focused on characterization of immunologic factors contributing to inflammatory responses, on genetic linkage analysis, and, more recently, on proteomic analysis of airway secretions from affected horses. the goal ...	2011	21843342
significant features of the epidemiology of equine influenza in queensland, australia, 2007.	an outbreak of equine influenza (ei) caused by influenza a h3n8 subtype virus occurred in the australian states of queensland and new south wales in august 2007. infection in the australian horse population was associated with the introduction of infection by horses from overseas. the first case of ei in queensland was detected on 25 august 2007 at an equestrian sporting event. infection subsequently spread locally and to other clusters through horse movements prior to the implementation of an o ...	2011	21711297
hydrogen peroxide sensors for cellular imaging based on horse radish peroxidase reconstituted on polymer-functionalized tio(2) nanorods.	we describe the reconstitution of apo-horse radish peroxidase (apo-hrp) onto tio(2) nanorods functionalized with a multifunctional polymer. after functionalization, the horse radish peroxidase (hrp) functionalized tio(2) nanorods were well dispersible in aqueous solution, catalytically active and biocompatible, and they could be used to quantify and image h(2)o(2) which is a harmful secondary product of cellular metabolism. the shape, size and structure of tio(2) nanorods (anatase) were analyzed ...	2011	21845257
evaluation of two magnetic bead-based viral nucleic acid purification kits and three real-time rt-pcr reagent systems in two taqman(r) assays for equine arteritis virus detection in semen.	this study showed that under specifically defined conditions with respect to nucleic acid extraction method and testing reagents, a previously described real-time rt-pcr assay (t1 assay) provides sensitivity equal to or higher than virus isolation for the detection of equine arteritis virus in semen.	2011	21832018
evaluation of commercially available assays for the measurement of equine insulin.	determining circulating equine insulin concentrations is becoming increasingly important in equine clinical practice and research. most available assays are optimized for human medicine, but there is strong equine cross-reactivity because of the highly conserved nature of insulin. to identify an accurate and reliable assay for equine insulin, 6 commercial immunoassays were evaluated for precision, accuracy, and specificity. only 1 assay initially reached the requisite standard: mercodia equine i ...	2011	21741576
gender differences in exercise--induced intravascular haemolysis during race training in thoroughbred horses.	exercise-induced intravascular haemolysis and "sport anemia" are widely reported in human sports medicine. it has been recognized also in horses, however, the clinical importance and the onset of this condition seem different than in human. in this study we investigated the episodes of intravascular haemolysis, indicated by the increase in plasma haemoglobin and the decrease in serum haptoglobin levels, after routine training sessions in race horses. heart rate and changes in haematological para ...	2011	20553886
phylogeography of japanese horse chestnut (aesculus turbinata) in the japanese archipelago based on chloroplast dna haplotypes.	japanese horse chestnut (aesculus turbinata: hippocastanaceae) is one of the typical woody plants that grow in temperate riparian forests in the japanese archipelago. to analyze the phylogeography of this plant in the japanese archipelago, we determined cpdna haplotypes for 337 samples from 55 populations covering the entire distribution range. based on 1,313 bp of two spacers, we determined ten haplotypes that are distinguished from adjacent haplotypes by one or two steps. most of the populatio ...	2011	20549293
localization of insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) and igf-i receptor (igf-ir) in equine testes.	the insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) is a key regulator of reproductive functions. igf-i actions are primarily mediated by igf-ir. the main objective of this research was to evaluate the presence of igf-i and igf-i receptor (igf-ir) in stallion testicular tissue. the hypotheses of this study were (i) igf-i and igf-ir are present in stallion testicular cells including leydig, sertoli, and developing germ cells, and (ii) the immunolabelling of igf-i and igf-ir varies with age. testicular tissu ...	2011	20546172
protein composition of seminal plasma in fractionated stallion ejaculates.	seminal plasma (sp) contains several types of compounds derived from the epididymides and accessory glands. the aim of this study was to examine the protein composition of different ejaculate fractions. trial i: fractionated ejaculates were collected from two normal and two subfertile stallions. samples containing pre-sperm fluid and the first sperm-rich jets (high-1), the main sperm-rich portion (high-2), the jets with low sperm concentrations (low), and a combined whole-ejaculate (we) sample w ...	2011	20546178
comparison of subjective scoring systems used to evaluate equine laminitis.	this study compared three subjective scoring systems used to assess lameness associated with equine laminitis: (1) visual analogue scale, (2) obel score and (3) clinical grading system (cgs). two groups of 12 observers, consisting of equine veterinarians and final-year veterinary students, scored lameness severity after watching video footage of 14 horses on two occasions. generalizability theory was used to investigate the reliability of the three systems and the effects of observer experience. ...	2011	20541956
human meningitis from streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus acquired as zoonoses.	streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus rarely causes meningitis in humans by contact with domestic animals or their unpasteurized products. in this paper we reviewed the literature pertaining to the epidemiological and clinical aspects relating to this infection on previously reported cases of human disease. additionally, the case of a 51-year-old female who acquired meningitis with this organism after contact with a horse is described. this patient was successfully treated with ceftriaxone, ye ...	2011	20492747
evaluation of the genetic diversity and population structure of chinese indigenous horse breeds using 27 microsatellite markers.	we determined the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among 26 chinese indigenous horse breeds and two introduced horse breeds by genotyping these animals for 27 microsatellite loci. the 26 chinese horse breeds come from 12 different provinces. two introduced horse breeds were the mongolia b horse from mongolia and the thoroughbred horse from the uk. a total of 330 alleles were detected, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.719 (elenchuns) to 0.780 (dali). the mean number o ...	2011	20477800