Publications

radiocarbon-dated archaeological record of early first millennium b.c. mounted pastoralists in the kunlun mountains, china.	pastoral nomadism, as a successful economic and social system drawing on mobile herding, long-distance trade, and cavalry warfare, affected all polities of the eurasian continent. the role that arid inner asia, particularly the areas of northwestern china, kazakhstan, and mongolia, played in the emergence of this phenomenon remains a fundamental and still challenging question in prehistoric archaeology of the eurasian steppes. the cemetery of liushiu (xinjiang, china) reveals burial features, br ...	2011	21911387
[West Nile Virus on the rise: alertness recommended].		2011	21870583
concerted and adaptive alignment of decorin dermatan sulfate filaments in the graded organization of collagen fibrils in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon.	the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (sdft) has a graded distribution of collagen fibril diameters, with predominantly small-diameter fibrils in the region of the myotendinous junction (mtj), a gradual increase in large-diameter fibrils toward the osteotendinous junction (otj), and a mixture of small- and large-diameter fibrils in the middle metacarpal (mm) region. in this study, we investigated the ultrastructure of the sdft, to correlate the spatial relationship of the collagen fibrils ...	2011	22122012
effects of bedding type on compost quality of equine stall waste: implications for small horse farms.	our objective in this study is to compare four of the most common bedding materials used by equine operations on the chemical and physical characteristics of composted equine stall waste. twelve standardbred horses were adapted to the barn and surrounding environment for 2 wks prior to the start of the study. groups of three horses were bedded on one of four different bedding types (wood shavings, pelletized wood materials, long straw, and pelletized straw) for 16 h per day for 18 d. stalls were ...	2011	21908642
web-based documentation of clinical skills to assess the competency of veterinary students.	kansas state university implemented a web-based program to assess students' competency to perform technical skills during clinical rotations throughout the fourth year of the veterinary curriculum. the classes of 2009 and 2010 recorded a minimum number of procedures (104 and 103, respectively) from a menu of more than 220 recommended procedures. procedures were categorized by species (small animal, equine, food animal) and disciplines (imaging, anesthesia, diagnostic medicine/necropsy). ophthalm ...	2011	22023976
searching for ivermectin resistance in dutch horses.	a study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence of resistance against, in particular, ivermectin in cyathostomins in the netherlands. seventy horse farms were visited between october 2007 and november 2009. in initial screening, faecal samples were collected 2weeks after deworming with either ivermectin, moxidectin or doramectin. pooled faecal samples from a maximum of 10 horses were examined for worm eggs using a modified mcmaster technique and for worm larvae after faecal larval cultures. in ...	2011	21996004
Initial recovery and rebound of type f intestinal colonization botulism after administration of investigational heptavalent botulinum antitoxin.	Investigational heptavalent botulinum antitoxin (HBAT) is now the primary antitoxin for US noninfant botulism patients. HBAT consists of equine Fab/F(ab')2 IgG fragments, which are cleared from circulation faster than whole immunoglobulins. Rebound botulism after antitoxin administration is not previously documented but occurred in our patient 10 days after HBAT administration.	2011	21896700
fatal attraction phenomenon in humans: cat odour attractiveness increased for toxoplasma-infected men while decreased for infected women.	latent toxoplasmosis, a lifelong infection with the protozoan toxoplasma gondii, has cumulative effects on the behaviour of hosts, including humans. the most impressive effect of toxoplasmosis is the "fatal attraction phenomenon," the conversion of innate fear of cat odour into attraction to cat odour in infected rodents. while most behavioural effects of toxoplasmosis were confirmed also in humans, neither the fatal attraction phenomenon nor any toxoplasmosis-associated changes in olfactory fun ...	2011	22087345
differentiation of ataxic and orthopedic gait abnormalities in the horse.	the differentiation of ataxia and orthopedic disease can be facilitated by the use of several additional tests, not commonly part of either neurologic or orthopedic examination protocols. however, a full neurologic and orthopedic examination and suitable diagnostic imaging will of course also be necessary in such cases. the common association of orthopedic and neurologic disease makes it even more necessary to correctly attribute movement or posture abnormalities to potentially treatable structu ...	2011	22100037
[multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in a horse from schleswig-holstein].		2011	22138832
crotalaria medicaginea associated with horse deaths in northern australia: new pyrrolizidine alkaloids.	crotalaria medicaginea has been implicated in horse poisoning in grazing regions of central-west queensland, which resulted in the deaths of more than 35 horses from hepatotoxicosis in 2010. liver pathology was suggestive of pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis, and we report here the isolation of two previously uncharacterized pyrrolizidine alkaloids from c. medicaginea plant specimens collected from pastures where the horses died. the first alkaloid was shown by mass spectometric and nmr analyses to be ...	2011	21899365
effect of embryo age and recipient asynchrony on pregnancy rates in a commercial equine embryo transfer program.	in the present study, 809 uterine flushes and 454 embryo transfers performed in mares over a 4-yr interval were examined to evaluate the effects of: (1) the day of embryo collection on recovery rates; (2) the degree of synchrony between donor and recipient mares on pregnancy rates; (3) the recipient day post ovulation on pregnancy rates; and (4) the age of the embryo at recovery on pregnancy rates at 60 days. uterine flushes were performed on days 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 (day 0 = ovulation) and embry ...	2011	22196622
isolation and culture of preantral follicles for retrieving oocytes for the embryo production: present status in domestic animals.	the development of efficient ovarian preantral follicle (pf) isolation and culture systems provide a large number of oocytes for the manipulation and embryo production. it also helps for understanding the mechanisms of follicle and oocyte development. isolation and culture protocols for pfs were developed for many domestic species like cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, horse, camel, dog and cats; however, embryo production from oocytes derived from in vitro grown pfs was reported only in pigs, ...	2011	22008238
interdecadal and spatial variations of diet composition in horse mackerel trachurus trachurus.	interdecadal variability of the diet composition of horse mackerel trachurus trachurus was examined through analysis of the stomach contents of fish collected from the north-west and south of portugal during 1990-1992 and 2005-2006. these decades correspond to periods of high and low feeding intensity of t. trachurus. dietary composition of adult t. trachurus was assessed by determining the frequency of occurrence and biovolume of identified prey, and these two variables were combined to estimat ...	2011	22141903
humoral immune responses to venom and antivenom of patients bitten by bothrops snakes.	snake envenomation and its treatment cause the entry of two kind of foreign antigens into the human body: snake toxins and antivenom from animal origin. samples of patients bitten by snakes in uruguay were assayed to determine levels of human antibodies against venom and antivenom. the elisa results showed that most of the patients presented an important increase of igg and igm antibodies against antivenom at day 15 post accident. antibodies were reactive against both equine immunoglobulin chain ...	2011	22206812
functional electrical stimulation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles under varying loads in exercising horses.	bilateral vocal fold paralysis (bvcp) is a life threatening condition and appears to be a good candidate for therapy using functional electrical stimulation (fes). developing a working fes system has been technically difficult due to the inaccessible location and small size of the sole arytenoid abductor, the posterior cricoarytenoid (pca) muscle. a naturally-occurring disease in horses shares many functional and etiological features with bvcp. in this study, the feasibility of fes for equine vo ...	2011	21904620
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in three pelagic fish species from atlantic ocean: inter-specific and inter-season comparisons and assessment of potential public health risks.	the concentrations of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) were determined in three commercially valuable fish species (sardine, sardine pilchardus; chub mackerel, scomber japonicus; and horse mackerel, trachurus trachurus) from the atlantic ocean. specimens were collected seasonally during 2007-2009. only low molecular weight pahs were detected, namely, naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene and phenanthrene. chub mackerel (1.80-19.90μg/kgww) revealed to be significantly more contaminated th ...	2011	22079181
the same ela class ii risk factors confer equine insect bite hypersensitivity in two distinct populations.	insect bite hypersensitivity (ibh) is a chronic allergic dermatitis common in horses. affected horses mainly react against antigens present in the saliva from the biting midges, culicoides ssp, and occasionally black flies, simulium ssp. because of this insect dependency, the disease is clearly seasonal and prevalence varies between geographical locations. for two distinct horse breeds, we genotyped four microsatellite markers positioned within the mhc class ii region and sequenced the highly po ...	2011	21947540
a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy of a unique extract of green-lipped mussel (perna canaliculus) in horses with chronic fetlock lameness attributed to osteoarthritis.	reasons for performing study: lyophilised products from green-lipped mussel (perna canaliculus[lppc]) are used to orally treat horses with osteoarthritis (oa). however, no randomised, controlled or double-blinded studies on the efficacy of this treatment in horses have been reported to date. objective: to investigate the effects of a unique lppc (biolane)(1) in improving clinical signs of oa in the fetlock. methods: data were analysed from 26 horses with primary fetlock lameness in a controlled, ...	2011	21883418
paranasal sinus disease in horses.	the paranasal sinus system of horses is complex, comprising six pairs of sinuses. disease processes that can develop in the sinuses include ethmoid hematomas, cysts, neoplasia, and bacterial and fungal infections. horses that develop paranasal sinus disease vary widely in age. a significant number of clinical conditions involving the paranasal sinuses require a combination of diagnostic tests to determine the specific pathologic process. because of the anatomic location of the paranasal sinuses ...	2011	21870345
a questionnaire study on parasite control practices on uk breeding thoroughbred studs.	reasons for performing study: improved education of veterinarians and equine owners/managers is essential in implementing parasite control strategies that are less reliant on chemicals. methods: this questionnaire study, conducted on 61 uk thoroughbred (tb) establishments during 2009 and 2010, was designed to obtain an understanding of current helminth control practices on studs. to our knowledge, this is the first occasion that statements obtained from tb studs via questionnaire have been suppo ...	2011	22050130
prevalence of ectoparasitic arthropods on wild animals and cattle in the las merindades area (burgos, spain).	this paper reports the prevalence of ectoparasitic arthropods in sampled groups of wild (n = 128; 16 species) and domestic (n = 69; 3 species) animals in the las merindades area of the province of burgos, spain. the study revealed that wild animals were more infested and with a wider variety of ectoparasites than domestic animals. the parasitic prevalence was 67% for wild animals and 48% for livestock. in this way, 39% of animals were infected by ticks. ixodes ricinus and ixodes hexagonus were t ...	2011	21894267
[the unicorn and the unicorn horn among apothecaries and physicians].	in the 4th century a.d. the first unicorn was shown as a little horse with a twisted horn and was completely different from the oriental one described by marco polo. the new unicorn appeared during the 4th century a.d. in alexandria. this animal enamoured of purity was used as a christian symbol of purity and sacrifice and adornment of churches like in lyons in the 13th century. in the 15th & 17th centuries the unicorn was found again in famous tapestries like la dame b la licorne as it meant co ...	2011	22073757
clarithromycin is absorbed by an intestinal uptake mechanism which is sensitive to major inhibition by rifampicin - results of a short-time drug interaction study in foals.	pulmonary penetration of clarithromycin (clr) in epithelial lining fluid (elf) and broncho-alveolar lavage cells (balc) can be influenced by cyp3a4, abcb1 and to our hypothesis by a member of the oatp-family for which rifampicin (rif) is inhibiting in single doses but inducing after long-term co-medication. to assess the partial inhibitory effect, we measured absorption and pulmonary distribution of clr after short-term (2.5 days) co-medication of rif after which up-regulation is still not expec ...	2011	22170330
new records for the horse fly fauna (diptera: tabanidae) of jordan with remarks on ecology and zoogeography.	the horse fly fauna (diptera: tabanidae) of jordan is, after israel, the richest in the levant, with 24 known species. during the 20-year project "the ecology and zoogeography of the lepidoptera of the near east," we regularly collected blood-feeding flies, resulting in 11 additional species of tabanidae for jordan. the new records are: atylotus quadrifarius (loew, 1874), chrysops caecutiens (linnaeus, 1758), dasyrhamphis nigritus (fabricius, 1794), haematopota pallens loew, 1871, nemorius irrit ...	2011	22129417
a native disulfide stabilizes non-native helical structures in partially folded states of equine β-lactoglobulin.	equine β-lactoglobulin (elg) assumes non-native helices during refolding and in partially folded states. previously, circular dichroism (cd) combined with site-directed mutagenesis identified helical regions in the acid- and cold-denatured states of elg. it is also known that a fragment of elg, chibl (residues 88-142), has a structure similar to that of the cold-denatured state. for the study reported herein, the structure of a shorter fragment, chiblδf (residues 97-142), was investigated by cd ...	2011	22070087
magnetic and fluorescent core-shell nanoparticles for ratiometric ph sensing.	this paper describes the preparation of nanoparticles composed of a magnetic core surrounded by two successive silica shells embedding two fluorophores, showing uniform nanoparticle size (50-60 nm in diameter) and shape, which allow ratiometric ph measurements in the ph range 5-8. uncoated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (∼10 nm in diameter) were formed by the coprecipitation reaction of ferrous and ferric salts. then, they were added to a water-in-oil microemulsion where the hydrophilic silic ...	2011	21926455
a pilot comparison of laser-assisted vs piezo drill icsi for the in vitro production of horse embryos.	intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi) is the method of choice for the in vitro production (ivp) of equine embryos. however, conventional icsi has been associated with mechanical damage to the oocyte caused by the deformation of the zona pellucida (zp) and exposure of the oolemma to negative pressure during injection. introduction of the less traumatic and more efficient piezo drill-assisted icsi (pdai) yielded higher cleavage rates and more consistent results. nevertheless, pdai is also associ ...	2011	21950451
purchase examinations and importation requirements for european performance horses and their semen entering the united states.	ia comprehensive purchase examination is expected by american clients intent on importing a horse from a foreign country. american veterinarians may be involved in performing purchase examinations in foreign countries or, more often, interpreting findings from foreign veterinarians for their american clients. exportation and importation requirements for horses and semen vary from country to country. detailed knowledge of the requirements by all involved veterinarians is essential for efficient a ...	2011	22101451
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of equine antibodies specific to a recombinant fasciola hepatica surface antigen in an endemic area.	the utility of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the sensitization against the trematode fasciola hepatica in horses from an endemic area (nw spain) was assessed. blood samples were collected from 536 horses and tested against a 2.9-kda recombinant surface protein (fhraps) to estimate the presence of igg antibodies. data were analysed regarding several intrinsic (age, gender and breed) and extrinsic factors (aptitude and housing). the farm size (number of horses/farm) was also co ...	2011	21847600
1,3-substituted imidazolidine-2,4,5-triones: synthesis and inhibition of cholinergic enzymes.	a series of novel and highly active acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors derived from substituted benzothiazoles containing an imidazolidine-2,4,5-trione moiety were synthesized and characterized. the molecular structure of 1-(2,6-diisopropyl-phenyl)-3-[(1r)-1-(6-fluoro-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)ethyl]-imidazolidine-2,4,5-trione (3g) was determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. both optical isomers are present as two independent molecules in the triclinic crystal system. ...	2011	21894089
outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in france: a clinical and molecular investigation.	equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1)-associated myeloencephalopathy (ehm) is a disease affecting the central nervous system of horses. despite the constantly increasing interest about this syndrome, epidemiological data are limited especially when related to the description of large outbreaks. the aim of this article is to describe clinical, virological and molecular data obtained throughout a severe outbreak of ehm, with emphasis on laboratory diagnostic methods. the epidemic disease concerned a riding ...	2011	21975071
testing for cemo, klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2011	21949203
modulation of equine neutrophil adherence and migration by the annexin-1 derived n-terminal peptide, ac2-26.	neutrophil activation, whilst a key component of host defence, must be tightly regulated in order to avoid an inappropriate cellular response. annexin-1, which is present in large amounts in neutrophils, and its n-terminal peptides, reduce neutrophil accumulation but annexin peptides have also been shown to exhibit neutrophil activating properties. we have recently shown annexin-1 to be present in equine neutrophils and demonstrated that the annexin-1-derived peptide, ac2-26, can both reduce sup ...	2011	22197008
production of live foals via intracytoplasmic injection of lyophilized sperm and sperm extract in the horse.	work with lyophilized sperm helps delineate the factors required for successful fertilization. we investigated the use of lyophilized sperm in equine embryo production. in experiment 1, sperm dna fragmentation index was not affected by three freeze/thaw or lyophilization cycles. in experiment 2, oocytes injected with lyophilized sperm or with sperm from a treatment in which lyophilized sperm were suspended in sperm cytoplasmic extract (se) yielded blastocyst development rates of 0 and 28% respec ...	2011	21846810
equine recurrent uveitis: classification, etiology, and pathogenesis.	equine recurrent uveitis is a cyclical disease that affects the eye and often leads to high management costs and unfavorable results, such as blindness. research has improved understanding of the roles of various etiologies, especially leptospirosis, in initiating and perpetuating the pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis. research has also led to the discovery that specific breeds and horses with specific coat color patterns may be predisposed to developing recurrent uveitis.	2011	21870351
are nhs foundation trusts able and willing to exercise autonomy? 'you can take a horse to water...'.	foundation trusts (fts) have been a central part of the government's national health service (nhs) reforms in england since 2004. they illustrate the government's claim to decentralization, by granting greater autonomy to high performing organizations. the number of fts has grown steadily, reaching 131 in september 2010, over 50% of eligible trusts. despite this growth, and notwithstanding the fact that organizations which initially became fts were previously high performing, doubts remain about ...	2011	21954235
right ventricular and saphenous vein thrombi associated with sepsis in a quarter horse foal.		2011	22168232
essential considerations for equine oral examination, diagnosis, and treatment.	equine dentistry should no longer be thought of as art over science. to be an effective equine dental clinician requires considerable investment in knowledge beyond the basic veterinary degree. it requires current scientific dental knowledge and adherence to the fundamental principles of medicine, dentistry, and surgery. knowledge and principles will provide clinicians with the necessary information to make more evidence-based decisions as the scientific literature continues to evolve. diagnosis ...	2011	22206145
three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the equine fetus.	the objective was to assess the optimal procedure for real-time, three-dimensional (3d) ultrasound (us) imaging for assessing the equine fetus during the first half of gestation and the possibility of using 3d us imaging of the equine fetus in clinical applications. seventeen pregnant mares were examined by 3d us between days 35 and 180 of gestation. abdominal and endo-vaginal real-time 3d transducers used in human medicine were used for transrectal and transvaginal examinations, respectively. i ...	2011	22192400
animal diseases caused by orbiviruses, algeria.	antibodies against bluetongue virus were detected in cattle, sheep, goats, and camels in algeria in 2008. antibodies against epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus were detected in cattle, but antibodies against african horse sickness virus were not detected in horses and mules. epizootic hemorrhagic disease in northern africa poses a major risk for the european union.	2011	22172371
novel use of a pericardium-covered stent graft to treat bulky coronary artery thrombus.	objectives: we studied the acute safety and feasibility of a pericardium-covered stent (pcs) in the obliteration of massive coronary thrombus. background: thrombus is frequently encountered in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, and conventional pharmacological and aspiration approaches are not always successful in dispersing or removing it, especially when it is very substantial. methods: we treated nine patients (10 lesions) in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome characterized by ...	2011	22162264
repeated mitral valve replacement in a patient with extensive annular calcification.	abstract:	2011	22082310
reproductive performance of anoestrous high-producing dairy cows improved by adding equine chorionic gonadotrophin to a progesterone-based oestrous synchronizing protocol.	this study sought to improve the reproductive performance of anoestrous high-producing dairy cows by including equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) after progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (prid) removal. in experiment i, 806 cows at 51-57 days post-partum were randomly assigned to a prid (treated with prid), prid-500 (treated with prid plus 500 iu of ecg) or prid-750 (treated with prid plus 750 iu of ecg) group. in experiment ii, 422 cows showing a long anoestrus period (animals with no ...	2011	22117847
vulvar epithelioid hemangiosarcoma with solar elastosis in a mare.	a 15-year-old female gray appaloosa horse was presented with history of a mass over the right dorsal commissure of vulva for the past 7 months. based on histopathological examination, and positive staining with factor viii-related antigen, vimentin, and verhoeff-van gieson stain, the vulvar mass was diagnosed as hemangiosarcoma with marked solar elastosis.	2011	21908370
thromboelastography in healthy, sick non-septic and septic neonatal foals.	to evaluate citrated recalcified thromboelastography (teg) in healthy newborn foals, and to determine intra-assay, inter-individual and intra-individual (at 12 h, 24 h and 7 days after birth) variations. additionally, to compare teg variables, haematological values and conventional coagulation profiles from healthy, sick non-septic, and septic foals.	2011	22103950
pain recognition and treatment in the horse: a survey of equine veterinarians in the netherlands and belgium.	this survey investigated the attitudes of equine veterinarians in the netherlands and the flemish region of belgium towards pain management in the horse. questionnaires were sent out to 771 equine veterinarians, all members of the dutch or flemish equine practitioners society. the return rate of completed questionnaires was 16.6%. the survey provided information about the use of analgesic drugs, factors influencing their prescription, pain scoring, analgesic therapy for specific clinical conditi ...	2011	22026220
Backing the wrong horse.		2011	22065676
t-cell lymphoma with immune-mediated anemia and thrombocytopenia in a horse.		2011	21985147
commercial cell-based therapies for musculoskeletal injuries in horses.	several cell-based therapeutic options to treat musculoskeletal injuries in horses are commercially available. the current literature supports the use of cell-based therapies to treat equine musculoskeletal injuries. researchers continue to search for more effective cell-based therapies to provide practitioners with optimal treatment tools for musculoskeletal injuries in horses. cell-based therapies require specialized facilities and technical competencies that might not be available or economic ...	2011	21872764
oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in horses infected with equine infectious anaemia virus.	this study assesses the impact of equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) infection on the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium of horses. blood samples from 96 romanian horses aged 1-25years, were divided into different groups according to their eiav-infection status, age, and time post-seroconversion. the effect of infection on oxidative stress was estimated by measuring enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase [sod], glutathione peroxidase [gpx] and catalase), non-enzymatic antioxidants (uric a ...	2011	21962828
cardiac biomarkers in equine medicine.		2011	22154229
adaptation and validation of a bacteria-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of farm-specific lawsonia intracellularis seroprevalence in central kentucky thoroughbreds.	lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy (epe), a disease for which no large-scale seroprevalence studies have been conducted.	2011	22180950
the epidemiology of cranio-facial injuries caused by animals in southern-central china.	a clinical investigation was conducted to demonstrate the epidemiology of cranio-facial injuries inflicted by animals in southern-central part of china-the world's most populous eastern country. it consisted of a retrospective study of 149 patients and was carried out in our department. all the patients were attacked by animals, such as buffalo, cattle, donkey, horse, dog, cat, and rat. there were 91 males and 58 females patients, aged from 5 to 65 years. 113 patients were from rural areas, and ...	2011	21925891
equine cd4(+) cd25(high) t cells exhibit regulatory activity by close contact and cytokine-dependent mechanisms in vitro.	horses are particularly prone to allergic and autoimmune diseases, but little information about equine regulatory t cells (treg) is currently available. the aim of this study therefore was to investigate the existence of cd4(+) treg cells in horses, determine their suppressive function as well as their mechanism of action. freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from healthy horses were examined for cd4, cd25 and forkhead box p3 (foxp3) expression. we show that equine foxp3 is ...	2011	21977999
effects of ophthalmic disease on concentrations of plasma fibrinogen and serum amyloid a in the horse.	reasons for performing study: there is little scientific information available about the ability of ocular disease to cause a systemic inflammatory response. horses are frequently affected with ocular disease and ensuring their systemic health prior to performing vision saving surgery under anaesthesia is essential for the successful treatment of ophthalmic disease. hypothesis: ocular disease will cause elevations in the concentration of the acute phase proteins fibrinogen and serum amyloid a in ...	2011	21496078
factors influencing equine chorionic gonadotrophin production in the mare.	reasons for performing study: an opportunity to monitor equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) production during 61 pregnancies in 25 thoroughbred mares mated to the same thoroughbred stallion was utilised in order to further knowledge regarding factors involved in the production of this hormone. objectives: to examine the effects of maternal body condition, exercise and parity on ecg production. methods: in the first experiment, maiden mares were fed either a moderate (n = 9) or an excessive (n = ...	2011	21496079
cervical vertebral canal endoscopy in the horse: intra- and post operative observations.	reasons for performing study: despite modern medical diagnostic imaging, it is not possible to identify reliably the exact location of spinal cord compression in horses with cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (cvsm). vertebral canal endoscopy has been successfully used in man and a technique for cervical vertebral canal endoscopy (cvce) has been described in equine cadavers. objective: to determine the feasibility and safety of cvce in healthy mature horses. methods: six healthy mature horse ...	2011	21496080
comparative efficacy of inhaled albuterol between two hand-held delivery devices in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.	reasons for performing study: studies investigating the clinical efficacy of albuterol administered with the same propellant and commercially available delivery devices in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (rao) are not currently available. objectives: to determine the efficacy of aerosolised albuterol administered to horses with rao by means of 2 commercially available, hand-held delivery devices. methods: ten horses with rao were kept in a dusty environment and fed mouldy hay to induce ...	2011	21496081
the effect of hoof angle variations on dorsal lamellar load in the equine hoof.	reasons for performing study: in the treatment of laminitis it is believed that reducing tension in the deep digital flexor tendon by raising the palmar angle of the hoof can reduce the load on the dorsal lamellae, allowing them to heal or prevent further damage. objective: to determine the effect of alterations in hoof angle on the load in the dorsal laminar junction. methods: biomechanical finite element models of equine hooves were created with palmar angles of the distal phalanx varying from ...	2011	21496082
effects of two training protocols on angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) activity in horses.	reasons for performing study: studies in man have shown a correlation between angiotensin i-converting enzyme (ace) genetic polymorphisms, ace activity in the blood and superior athletic performance in sports requiring endurance. it has been hypothesised that the same correlation occurs in horses. there is no information in the literature concerning the effects of training on ace activity in equine plasma. hypothesis: exercise training influences the activity of circulating ace and the response ...	2011	21496083
autologous conditioned serum: the comparative cytokine profiles of two commercial methods (irap and irap ii) using equine blood.	reasons for performing study: osteoarthritis (oa) is one of the most prevalent and debilitating conditions affecting the horse. autologous conditioned serum (acs), commercially available as irap and irap ii, is a recently developed treatment for oa in which plasma is prepared from venous blood by incubation with glass beads for 24 h. this product has been shown to increase anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in human blood. however, data for equine acs preparations are lacking. object ...	2011	21496084
dynamic mobilisation exercises increase cross sectional area of musculus multifidus.	reason for performing study: in human subjects with back pain, the deep spinal stabiliser m. multifidus is inhibited ipsilaterally leading to atrophy, asymmetry and intervertebral instability. specific physiotherapeutic exercises are required to reactivate m. multifidus. this study assesses the effect of dynamic mobilisation exercises on size and symmetry of m. multifidus in the equine caudal thoracic and lumbar spine. hypotheses: regular performance of dynamic mobilisation exercises over a peri ...	2011	21496085
decreased expression of p63, a regulator of epidermal stem cells, in the chronic laminitic equine hoof.	reasons for performing study: abnormal epidermal stem cell regulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of equine chronic laminitis. objective: to analyse the involvement of p63, a regulator of epidermal stem cell proliferative potential, in chronic laminitis. methods: epidermal tissues from skin, coronet and lamellae of the dorsal foot were harvested from 5 horses with chronic laminitis and 5 control horses. tissues were analysed using histopathology, immunofluorescence microscopy and quantita ...	2011	21496086
training young horses to social separation: effect of a companion horse on training efficiency.	reasons for performing study: the intensity with which a horse responds to separation from its group and subsequently to being alone is relevant for both horse and handler safety. identification of training methods that may reduce responses to separation would be useful in practice. objectives: to investigate whether the initial presence of a familiar companion horse modifies responses to separation from the group, lowers stress levels (as measured by heart rate) and increases training efficienc ...	2011	21496087
plasma endotoxin in horses presented to an equine referral hospital: correlation to selected clinical parameters and outcomes.	reasons for performing study: endotoxaemia is frequently presumed on the basis of clinical signs in horses with colic. objective: measurements of plasma endotoxin (lps) are rarely made in clinical cases and there is little information on the correlations between this variable, clinical variables and outcomes. objectives: to measure lps levels in plasma of horses presented to the philip leverhulme equine hospital on admission and daily for up to 4 days and to relate lps levels to selected clinica ...	2011	21496089
multiple immunofluorescence labelling enables simultaneous identification of all mature fibre types in a single equine skeletal muscle cryosection.	skeletal muscle is composed of a heterogeneous mixture of several fibre types, each with specific physiological properties. in equine muscle, identification of these individual fibres (fibre typing) is important for both exercise physiology and pathological studies. traditionally, fibre typing has been achieved by adenosine triphosphatase (atpase) histochemistry or by immunoperoxidase labelling with antibodies directed at myosin heavy chain isoforms. atpase histochemistry can be temperamental an ...	2011	21496090
assessment of body fat in the pony: part i. relationships between the anatomical distribution of adipose tissue, body composition and body condition.	reasons for performing study: evaluation of equine body fat content is important for nutritional and clinical purposes. however, our understanding of total body fat and its regional distribution in the body is sparse. currently, body fat evaluation relies on the subjective assessment of body condition score (bcs), which has never been validated against 'gold standard' chemical analysis or dissection measurements in ponies. objectives: to define the relationships between subjective (bcs), objecti ...	2011	21496091
fatal equine meningoencephalitis in the united kingdom caused by the panagrolaimid nematode halicephalobus gingivalis: case report and review of the literature.	a fatal case of eosinophilic and granulomatous meningoencephalitis caused by the free-living panagrolaimid nematode halicephalobus gingivalis is reported in a 10-year-old welsh gelding in the united kingdom. clinical examination first revealed behavioural abnormalities which rapidly progressed to severe ataxia, reduced mentation status and cranial nerve signs. despite symptomatic treatment no amelioration of neurological signs was achieved and the horse was subjected to euthanasia. a complete po ...	2011	21496093
management and environmental factors involved in equine influenza outbreaks in ireland 2007-2010.	reasons for performing study: outbreaks of equine influenza (ei) in endemic populations continue to cause economic loss despite widespread vaccination. hypothesis: to identify the key management and environmental factors that determine the risk of horses contracting ei in an endemic country and to identify control strategies. methods: real time-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), virus isolation and haemagglutination inhibition were carried out on nasopharyngeal swabs and clotted blood samples c ...	2011	21496094
nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic study of early time point laminitis in an oligofructose-overload model.	reasons for performing study: nmr-metabonomics is an unbiased evaluation method, which allows to comprehensively study changes of the equine metabolic profile in early time point laminitis. this might give insight into the early stages of disease development. objectives: to detect hitherto unknown changes in blood metabolites during the development of oligofructose-induced laminitis by comparing pre- and post induction blood samples. methods: prior to laminitis induction blood was sampled to est ...	2011	21496096
morphological spectrum of primary epidermal laminae in the forehoof of thoroughbred horses.	reasons for performing the study: hoof health is a major concern of horse owners as well as the equine industry. however, many questions remain concerning regional variations of laminar junction and its potential to remodel. hypothesis: to examine regional variations in the morphology of the laminar junction and thickness of the hoof wall in thoroughbred horses. methods: the forefeet of 25 thoroughbred cadavers were examined. each hoof was divided into 20 blocks through 4 proximodistal slices (b ...	2011	21496097
descriptive results from a longitudinal study of airway inflammation in british national hunt racehorses.	reasons for performing study: rates of airway inflammation in young racehorses decrease with time but it is not clear whether this is associated with increasing age or time exposed to the training environment. the structure of the british national hunt (nh) population allowed closer examination of this relationship. objectives: to compare rates of inflammatory airway disease diagnosed by tracheal sampling (triad), and its components, in nh racehorses by age and training history and with publishe ...	2011	21496098
arthroscopic treatment of meniscal cysts in the horse.	reasons for performing study: to describe the clinical symptoms, treatment, and outcome of meniscal cysts in horses. these structures have not been previously described in the literature as a potential cause of lameness in the horse. hypothesis: meniscal cysts are an uncommon condition of the femorotibial joint but can be a significant cause of lameness. symptoms can be resolved by arthroscopic excision. methods: records of horses diagnosed with meniscal cysts and treated by cyst excision and me ...	2011	21496099
the frequency of the equine cerebellar abiotrophy mutation in non-arabian horse breeds.	reasons for performing study: a putative mutation causative of cerebellar abiotrophy (ca), a genetic defect found almost exclusively in arabian horses, was recently identified. objectives and hypothesis: to investigate the presence of the ca mutation in breeds other than arabian and ascertain whether the mutation had been introduced into these breeds by arabian ancestry. the ca mutation is present in breeds of horses with arabian ancestry. methods: allele-specific pcr was used to genotype 1845 n ...	2011	21496100
enhanced il-6 transcriptional response to adenosine receptor ligands in horses with lower airway inflammation.	reasons for performing study: accumulation of extracellular adenosine has been closely associated with human asthmatic responses. however, the relevance of adenosine signalling in equine airways has not previously been investigated. objectives: to determine the expression of adenosine receptors (ar) in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) cells and assess the reactivity of these cells to ar ligands ex vivo, employing il-6 as readout of adenosinergic inflammatory signalling. methods: eight horses with va ...	2011	21496101
insulin resistance in equine digital vessel rings: an in vitro model to study vascular dysfunction in equine laminitis.	reasons for performing study: one of the causes of equine laminitis is hyperinsulinaemia, which may be associated with endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance of vessels. hypothesis and objectives: insulin resistance can be induced in palmar digital vessels by continued exposure to insulin in vitro. the objective was to evaluate this in vitro model for future studies. methods: palmar digital vessel segments were collected immediately after euthanasia from horses with normal insulin/glucos ...	2011	21496102
descriptive epidemiology of joint injuries in thoroughbred racehorses in training.	reasons for performing study: no large scale epidemiological studies have previously quantified the occurrence of carpal, metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal (mcp/mtp) joint injuries in thoroughbred racehorses. objectives: to develop an objective classification system for carpal and mcp/mtp joint injuries and estimate the incidence of these injuries in young thoroughbreds in flat race training. methods: in a prospective cohort study, data on daily exercise and veterinary-diagnosed carpal and mcp/ ...	2011	21496103
comparison of methods for assessing integrity of equine sperm membranes.	sperm membrane integrity (smi) is thought to be an important measure of stallion sperm quality. the objective was to compare three methods for evaluating smi: flow cytometry using sybr-14/propidium iodide (pi) stain; an automated cell counting device using pi stain; and eosin-nigrosin stain. raw equine semen was subjected to various treatments containing 20 to 80% seminal plasma in extender, with differing sperm concentrations, to simulate spontaneous loss of smi. the smi was assessed immediatel ...	2011	21496902
osmotic properties of stallion sperm subpopulations determined by simultaneous assessment of cell volume and viability.	the aim of this study was to determine the osmotic tolerance limits of stallion sperm as well as the osmotic behavior of different sperm subpopulations, including viable and non-viable cells as well as viable cells of different average sizes. a flow cytometric approach was used for simultaneous assessment of cell volume and permeability of the plasma membrane for the fluorescent dye propidium iodide while exposing the cells to media with different solute concentrations. equine spermatozoa have l ...	2011	21497391
immunolocalization of estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta and androgen receptor in the pre-, peri- and post-pubertal stallion testis.	in various species, androgens and estrogens regulate the function of testicular leydig, sertoli, peritubular myoid, and germ cells by binding to their respective receptors and eliciting a cellular response. androgen receptor (ar) is expressed in sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, leydig cells and perivascular smooth muscle cells in the testis depending on the species, but its presence in germ cells remains controversial. two different estrogen receptors have been identified, estrogen recept ...	2011	21497463
characterization of in vivo plasma metabolites of tepoxalin in horses using lc-ms-ms.	tepoxalin is a veterinary drug registered for use in the dog as a dual inhibitor (cyclooxygenase - 5 lipoxygenase). in the horse, it predominantly triggers a strong cyclooxygenase inhibition; this bias seems to be due to the action of its metabolite(s). among these, only the rwj-20142 is well known, while to the best of our knowledge no information is available on the other metabolites produced in vivo. hence, the identification of its main metabolic pathway is pivotal to better understand its c ...	2011	21497474
expressed gene sequence of the ifnγ-response chemokine cxcl9 of cattle, horses, and swine.	this report describes the cloning and characterization of expressed gene sequences of bovine, equine, and swine cxcl9 from rna obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and other tissues. the bovine coding region was 378 nucleotides in length, while the equine and swine coding regions were 381 nucleotides. mapping showed that all three sequences were coded for in four exons in the genome, as are the human and mouse genes. the bovine, equine, and swine coding regions shared 83%, 86% ...	2011	21497916
ca(2+)-dependent contraction by the saponoside escin in rat vena cava: implications in venotonic treatment of varicose veins.	background: saponosides (horse chestnut seed extract, escin) and flavonoids (diosmin, daflon 500, servier, france) exhibit venotonic properties that have been utilized in treatment of varicose veins. however, the cellular mechanisms underlying the venotonic properties of escin and diosmin are unclear. because ca(2+) is a major regulator of venous smooth muscle (vsm) function, we tested the hypothesis that escin and diosmin promote ca(2+)-dependent venous contraction. methods: rings of inferior v ...	2011	21498026
genetic test for fis hailed a success.		2011	21498172
improving antemortem diagnosis of equine grass sickness.		2011	21498174
osteochondrosis lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur in four ponies.	lesions of the lateral trochlear ridge (ltr) of the distal femur were investigated in four pony or pony cross horses. the animals were all geldings and were six to 15 months of age. lesions were bilateral in three ponies and unilateral in one. femoropatellar joint effusion and lameness were present in two ponies; clinical signs were absent in the others. the proximal ltr was affected in all four animals. the radiographic appearance of the lesions was a subchondral defect containing mineralised b ...	2011	21498177
comparison of ileal and rectal biopsies in the diagnosis of equine grass sickness.		2011	21498179
new survey to benchmark healthcare issues in horses.		2011	21498191
comparison of three methods of injecting the proximal interphalangeal joint in horses.	the efficacy of three methods of injecting the equine proximal interphalangeal (pastern) joint was compared using cadaver limbs. five veterinary students without prior experience attempted to inject an aqueous radiographic contrast medium into the joint using five limbs for each technique. the number of attempts was recorded and successful injection of the joint was confirmed by the presence of intra-articular contrast on radiographic examination. levels of accuracy for the dorsal, dorsolateral ...	2011	21498197
enigma of enostosis-like lesions in the horse.		2011	21498214
retrospective study of scintigraphic and radiological findings in 21 cases of enostosis-like lesions in horses.	records of horses admitted to a veterinary surgery in the uk for lameness investigation during 2000 to 2008 were reviewed. twenty-one horses were identified with both scintigraphic and radiological evidence of enostosis-like lesions (ells), in which 68 individual foci of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake were confirmed in 57 long bones. the presenting lameness was attributed to ells in 15 of 21 (71 per cent) horses; the remainder were thought to be incidental findings. five horses were subjec ...	2011	21498215
borna disease virus infection of a horse in great britain.		2011	21498268
equine intensive care unit at liverpool.		2011	21498455
further evaluation in field tests of the activity of three anthelmintics (fenbendazole, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate) against the ascarid parascaris equorum in horse foals on eight farms in central kentucky (2009-2010).	the activity of three anthelmintics (fenbendazole-fbz; oxibendazole-obz; and pyrantel pamoate-prt) was ascertained against the ascarid parascaris equorum in horse foals on eight farms in central kentucky (2009-2010) in field tests. a total of 316 foals were treated, and 168 (53.2%) were passing ascarid eggs on the day of treatment. evaluation of drug efficacy was determined qualitatively by comparing the number of foals passing ascarid eggs in their feces before and after treatment. the main pur ...	2011	21499750
a pilot study on an attenuated chinese eiav vaccine inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies.	the attenuated chinese equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) vaccine has successfully protected millions of equine animals from eia disease in china. in this pilot study, to determine whether this attenuated vaccine can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, we immunized four horses with the attenuated chinese vaccine strain eiavfddv and then observed the evolution of neutralizing antibodies against different eiav strains. during the vaccination phase, all vaccinees rapidly developed high level ...	2011	21499906
failure of the amblyomma cajennense nymph to become infected by theileria equi after feeding on acute or chronically infected horses.	tick-borne diseases in horses are caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites theileria equi and babesia caballi. although t. equi is highly endemic in latin america, the new world vector of this important parasite is controversial. the aim of this study was to test the ability of nymph amblyomma cajennense ticks acquire infection by t. equi following feeding on infected horses. three experiments were performed: tick acquisition of t. equi from an experimentally infected horse, tick acqu ...	2011	21501609
leishmania parasites act as a trojan horse that paralyzes the translation system of host macrophages.	gp63 is an abundant gpi-anchored surface metalloprotease of leishmania. jaramillo et al. (2011) show that gp63 manipulates the translation system of host macrophages by cleaving mtor, which leads to 4e-bp1 dephosphorylation. this study pioneers the observation that leishmania parasites metabolically paralyze their host cells using an elegant translation shutoff mechanism.	2011	21501824
equine anthelmintics: survey of the patterns of use, beliefs and attitudes among horse owners in the uk.	an online survey was conducted to establish horse owners' beliefs, attitudes and practices relating to the use of anthelmintic drugs. out of a total of 574 respondents, 89 per cent described themselves as 'leisure riders', most of whom took part in a variety of activities including eventing, show jumping, dressage, hunter trials, hunting, driving, endurance and showing. overall, respondents were generally aware and concerned about the issue of anthelmintic resistance. less than 60 per cent of al ...	2011	21502196
in vitro growth and steroidogenesis of dog follicles as influenced by the physical and hormonal microenvironment.	the present study examined the influences of physical and hormonal microenvironment on in vitro growth and steroidogenesis of dog follicles. follicles were enzymatically-isolated and individually-encapsulated in 0.5% (w/v; n = 17) or 1.5% (n = 10) alginate and cultured with 0.5 iu/ml equine chorionic gonadotropin for 192 h. in a separate experiment, follicles were encapsulated in 0.5% alginate and cultured with 0 (n = 22), 1 (n= 23), 10 (n = 20) or 100 (n = 21) μg/ml fsh for 240 h. follicle diam ...	2011	21502334