Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| comparison of a rapid molecular method, the bd geneohm cdiff assay, to the most frequently used laboratory tests for detection of toxin-producing clostridium difficile in diarrheal feces. | six hundred diarrheal stool specimens were collected from inpatients and outpatients at local university hospitals for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile using three parallel methods, the bd geneohm cdiff assay, the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay, and a commercially available enzyme-linked fluorescence immunoassay (elfa) (vidas c. difficile toxin a and b assay; biomérieux). toxigenic c. difficile culture was also performed to further clarify discordant results. during a 3-month ... | 2009 | 19794052 |
| antiapoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-xl inhibit clostridium difficile toxin a-induced cell death in human epithelial cells. | it has been well established that clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda) induces cell death in human epithelial cells. however, the mechanism of tcda-induced cell death remains to be fully characterized. here, we show that tcda induces dose-dependent cell death in ovarian carcinoma and colonic carcinoma cell lines. tcda-mediated cell death, as well as caspase 8 and caspase 3 activation, were specifically abrogated by anti-toxin antibodies. although caspase 8 and caspase 3 were activated by tcda in ... | 2009 | 19797069 |
| growth-inhibiting activities of phenethyl isothiocyanate and its derivatives against intestinal bacteria. | the growth-inhibiting activities of sinapis alba l. seed-derived materials were examined on the growth of bifidobacterium bifidum, b. breve, b. longum, clostridium difficile, c. perfringens, escherichia coli, lactobacillus acidophilus, and l. casei. the active component of s. alba seeds was purified using silica gel column chromatography and hplc and was identified as phenethyl isothiocyanate by various spectroscopic analyses. the antimicrobial activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate varied accordi ... | 2009 | 19799675 |
| use of longitudinal surveillance data to assess the effectiveness of infection control in critical care. | a simple method for quantifying nosocomial infection and colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms is described. this method is applied to the intensive care unit of an academic medical center where longitudinal surveillance data have been used to assess the impact of infection control interventions and antibiotic use. | 2009 | 19803721 |
| use of international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification codes and medication use data to identify nosocomial clostridium difficile infection. | the international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification (icd-9-cm) code for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is used for surveillance of cdi. however, the icd-9-cm code alone cannot separate nosocomial cases from cases acquired outside the institution. the purpose of this study was to determine whether combining the icd-9-cm code with medication treatment data for cdi in hospitalized patients could enable us to distinguish between patients with nosocomial cdi and ... | 2009 | 19803724 |
| effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on colonization factor expression by moxifloxacin-susceptible and moxifloxacin-resistant clostridium difficile strains. | recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile infection have been related to the emergence of the nap1/027 epidemic strain. this strain demonstrates increased virulence and resistance to the c-8-methoxyfluoroquinolones gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin. these antibiotics have been implicated as major c. difficile infection-inducing agents. we investigated by real-time reverse transcription-pcr the impact of subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin on the expre ... | 2009 | 19805572 |
| single immunoglobulin infusion can reverse hemodynamic failure associated with severe clostridium difficile colitis. | 2009 | 19806111 | |
| cwp84, a surface-associated cysteine protease, plays a role in the maturation of the surface layer of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major and growing problem as a hospital-associated infection that can cause severe, recurrent diarrhea. the mechanism by which the bacterium colonizes the gut during infection is poorly understood but undoubtedly involves protein components within the surface layer (s-layer), which play a role in adhesion. in c. difficile, the s-layer is composed of two principal components, the high and low molecular weight s-layer proteins, which are formed from the post-translationa ... | 2009 | 19808679 |
| modulation of pathogen-induced ccl20 secretion from ht-29 human intestinal epithelial cells by commensal bacteria. | human intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) secrete the chemokine ccl20 in response to infection by various enteropathogenic bacteria or exposure to bacterial flagellin. ccl20 recruits immature dendritic cells and lymphocytes to target sites. here we investigated iec responses to various pathogenic and commensal bacteria as well as the modulatory effects of commensal bacteria on pathogen-induced ccl20 secretion. ht-29 human iecs were incubated with commensal bacteria (bifidobacterium infantis or la ... | 2009 | 19814810 |
| pros and cons of antibiotic therapy for pouchitis. | restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has become the surgical treatment of choice for patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis or ulcerative colitis with dysplasia and for the majority of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. however, pouchitis and other pouch-associated complications frequently occur following surgery. pouchitis is the most common long-term complication of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis, with a cumul ... | 2009 | 19817675 |
| diversity of moxifloxacin resistance during a nosocomial outbreak of a predominantly ribotype aru 027 clostridium difficile diarrhea. | to characterize the extent and diversity of moxifloxacin resistance among clostridium difficile isolates recovered during a predominantly anaerobe reference unit (aru) ribotype 027-associated nosocomial outbreak of antibiotic associated diarrhea we measured the susceptibility of 34 field isolates and 6 laboratory strains of c. difficile to moxifloxacin. we ribotyped the isolates as well as assaying them by pcr for the metabolic gene, gdh, and the virulence genes, tcda, tcdb, tcdc, cdta and cdtb. ... | 2009 | 19818865 |
| evidence-based review of probiotics for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile infections. | probiotics are living microbes taken to confer a health benefit on the host. although probiotics have a long history of use in europe and asia and have been on the u.s. market for over 14 years, there is still confusion about how to effectively use them. the use of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and the treatment of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) has been tested in randomized controlled clinical trials. this paper will review the evidence supporting ... | 2009 | 19825425 |
| [new antibiotics: small or big advances?]. | this contribution summarizes the "state-of-the-art" in the field of new antibiotics. on the one hand interesting new substances are discussed, on the other hand areas of interest for more research are shown. doripenem is a new broad-spectrum antibiotic which proved superior to other carbapenems as far as gram-negative bacilli were concerned and also showed less development of resistance. for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), linezolid, tigecyclin and daptomycin ... | 2009 | 19727633 |
| population-based surveillance of clostridium difficile infection in manitoba, canada, by using interim surveillance definitions. | to apply interim surveillance definitions of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) cases to 1 year of data from the provincewide surveillance system of manitoba, canada, to determine the epidemiology of cdi incident cases in a population. | 2009 | 19732008 |
| chronic hepatitis, hepatic dysplasia, fibrosis, and biliary hyperplasia in hamsters naturally infected with a novel helicobacter classified in the h. bilis cluster. | we recently described helicobacter-associated progressive, proliferative, and dysplastic typhlocolitis in aging (18- to 24-month-old) syrian hamsters. other pathogens associated with typhlocolitis in hamsters, clostridium difficile, lawsonia intracellularis, and giardia spp., were not indentified. the presence of helicobacter genus-specific dna was noted by pcr in cecal and paraffin-embedded liver samples from aged hamsters by the use of helicobacter-specific pcr primers. by 16s rrna analysis, t ... | 2009 | 19759229 |
| evolving concepts in clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. the emergence of a hypervirulent strain and other factors including antibiotic overuse contribute to the increasing incidence and severity of this potentially lethal infection. cdi has been reported in persons previously considered as low risk, such as young healthy persons without exposure to health care settings or antibiotics, peripartum women, and children. in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, t ... | 2009 | 19765368 |
| clostridium difficile toxin cdt induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. | clostridium difficile causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis by production of the rho gtpase-glucosylating toxins a and b. recently emerging hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains additionally produce the binary adp-ribosyltransferase toxin cdt (clostridium difficile transferase), which adp-ribosylates actin and inhibits actin polymerization. thus far, the role of cdt as a virulence factor is not understood. here we report by using time-lapse- and immunofluoresce ... | 2009 | 19834554 |
| [diagnostic guideline of ulcerative colitis]. | ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder causing mucosal inflammation of the colorectum with crypt abnormality on biopsy. it affects the rectum and a variable extent of the colon in continuity. ulcerative colitis is characterized by a relapsing and remitting course. it arises from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors, but the precise etiology is unknown. the incidence and prevalence in korea are still low compared with those of western countries, but have increas ... | 2009 | 19835217 |
| clostridium difficile testing algorithms: what is practical and feasible? | there has been renewed interest in the laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections due in large measure to the increase in both numbers and severity of cases of this disease. for the past two decades, enzyme-immunoassays (eias) for the detection of first c. difficile toxin a and then toxins a and b have been the most widely used diagnostic test for diagnosis of c. difficile infections. recently this diagnostic approach has been called into question by the recognition that a screenin ... | 2009 | 19853666 |
| [nosocomial infections--ecological niches]. | knowledge of ecological niches of nosocomial pathogens is used in treatment and prevention of nosocomial infections. this article offers an analysis of the ecological niches of three important nosocomial pathogens: clostridium difficile, staphylococcus aureus and legionella pneumophila. relevant terms are explained and examples of deliberate and non-deliberate manipulation of the niches and the following consequences are given. finally, the consequences of climate changes on the pattern of nosoc ... | 2009 | 19857394 |
| [clostridium difficile tox a/b ii test evaluation]. | we compared the performance of two commercial toxin detection kits, c. difficile toxin a/b (c. difficile tox a/b ii test; tox a/b ii) and c. difficile toxin a (uniquick), for (i) detection using highly purified toxin a solution; (ii) cross-reactivity using culture supernatants of toxin a-positive and b-positive c. difficile, toxin a-negative and b-positive c. difficile, and toxin a-negative and b-negative c. difficile strains and other bacteria; and (iii) sensitivity and specificity using clinic ... | 2009 | 19860252 |
| [antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium perfringens]. | a 40-year-old man undergoing allo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia and developing diarrhea was administered prophylactic antibiotics including levofloxacin, fluconazole, cotrimoxazole, and vancomycin. stool specimens were positive for toxin a in enzyme immunoassay but negative for toxin b in cell culture assay with a neutralization test, indicating that toxin a detection was false-positive. stool culture yielded enterotoxin producing clostridium perfringen ... | 2009 | 19860258 |
| evaluation of a new commercial taqman pcr assay for direct detection of the clostridium difficile toxin b gene in clinical stool specimens. | the progastro cd assay (prodesse, inc., waukesha, wi) is a new commercial taqman pcr assay that detects tcdb. the progastro cd assay was compared to the wampole clostridium difficile toxin b test (tox-b test; techlab, blacksburg, va), a cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (cccna), and to anaerobic toxigenic bacterial culture, as the "gold standard," for 285 clinical stool specimens. assays were independently performed according to manufacturers' directions. a 1.0-ml sample was removed ... | 2009 | 19846637 |
| [to be or not to be for cefuroxime]. | 2009 | 19848348 | |
| identification of a pseudo-outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and the effect of repeated testing, sensitivity, and specificity on perceived prevalence of cdi. | to describe a pseudo-outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) caused by a faulty toxin assay lot and to determine the effect of sensitivity, specificity, and repeated testing for c. difficile on perceived cdi burden, positive predictive value, and false-positive results. | 2009 | 19848606 |
| real-time pcr testing for cdi improves outcomes and reduces costs. | 2009 | 19891147 | |
| battle against hospital acquired infections has been too limited, mps' report says. | 2009 | 19903716 | |
| current use for old antibacterial agents: polymyxins, rifamycins, and aminoglycosides. | this article reviews three classes of antibacterial agents that are uncommonly used in bacterial infections and therefore can be thought of as special-use agents. the polymyxins are reserved for gram-negative bacilli that are resistant to virtually all other classes of drugs. rifampin is used therapeutically, occasionally as a companion drug in treatment of refractory gram-positive coccal infections, especially those involving foreign bodies. rifaximin is a new rifamycin that is a strict enteric ... | 2009 | 19909897 |
| screens address side room shortage. | with side rooms in ever shorter supply across nhs hospitals, the department of health has developed an ingenious portable isolation unit that can be rapidly assembled around the bed of patients suffering infections such as those caused by mrsa and clostridium difficile to help prevent cross-infection and simultaneously help reduce bed blocking. recent trials at the university college hospital in london (uclh), alongside a range of isolation screens, saw the various systems evaluated by clinician ... | 2009 | 19911555 |
| clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. | the past decade has seen an alarming increase in the burden of disease associated with clostridium difficile. several studies have now demonstrated an increasing incidence of c difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) with a more severe course of disease compared with the non-ibd population. this article summarizes the available literature on the impact of c difficile infection on ibd and discusses the various diagnostic testing and treatment options available. also ... | 2009 | 19913210 |
| [comparison of two enzyme immunoassay for detection of clostridium difficile toxin a and toxin b]. | enzyme immunoassay (eia) capable of detecting both toxin a and toxin b is strongly recommended for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile associated disease. therefore, we evaluated two different eias for the detection of c. difficile toxin a/b. | 2009 | 19411778 |
| [increases in clostridium difficile-related mortality rates in spain (1999-2006)]. | 2009 | 19406527 | |
| equine colitis x associated with infection by clostridium difficile nap1/027. | a 14-year-old quarter horse with a 48-hr history of colic was euthanized after failure to respond to treatment. at necropsy, cecal and colonic mucosae were congested throughout, and there was segmental edema and significant thickening of the intestinal wall. excessive numbers of mononuclear cells were found in mucosal lamina propria. submucosal hemorrhage was diffuse and extensive, and clostridium difficile toxins a and b were detected. large numbers of c. difficile were isolated, and genetic ch ... | 2009 | 19407094 |
| healthcare-associated infections as patient safety indicators. notes from the editor-in-chief. | 2009 | 19593070 | |
| healthcare-associated infections as patient safety indicators. | healthcare-associated infections (hais) are a pressing and imminent patient safety concern as they cause substantial preventable morbidity and mortality. despite this, there is a strong tendency for healthcare administrators and providers to view them as far less of a threat to patient safety than adverse events such as medication administration errors and falls. further, validated strategies to prevent hais are frequently slow to be adopted. this paper reviews two hais of increasing visibility ... | 2009 | 19593071 |
| healthcare-associated infections: infection prevention and control within the accreditation canada qmentum program. | gardam, lemieux, reason, van dijk and goel argue that healthcare-associated infections (hais) are "a pressing and imminent concern in the context of patient safety." accreditation canada supports the position taken by these authors. the prevention and control of two hais of great concern, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile, are an integral part of the accreditation canada program. a coordinated approach to combating hais and developing a culture of infection pr ... | 2009 | 19593072 |
| a 69-year-old woman presenting to the hospital with 48 hours of abdominal pain and diarrhea. | 2009 | 19500692 | |
| working out the bug in the accordion. | 2009 | 19501204 | |
| evaluation of new selective culture media and a rapid fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for identification of clostridium difficile from stool samples. | two new clostridium difficile-selective agars, from oxoid (according to brazier) and from bd, were compared with cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (oxoid) for their sensitivity of recovery of toxigenic c. difficile from stool samples. for the culture-positive samples, the sensitivities were 84.0, 42.6 and 90.4 %, respectively. in addition, a c. difficile-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization assay was developed, facilitating rapid and reliable identification of cultured isolates. | 2009 | 19502365 |
| toxin a-producing clostridium difficile as an aetiological factor of post-traumatic wound infection. | clostridium difficile is a well-known cause of hospital-acquired infection such as antibiotic associated diarrhoea or pseudomembranous colitis. extraintestinal infections caused by this pathogen are described rarely. a case of post-traumatic wound infection caused by c. difficile in an immunocompetent, young and otherwise healthy trauma patient is reported. a 31-year-old female, a car accident victim, was admitted to hospital because of polytrauma. after open reduction and internal fixation of a ... | 2009 | 19502374 |
| inhibition of cytokinesis by clostridium difficile toxin b and cytotoxic necrotizing factors--reinforcing the critical role of rhoa in cytokinesis. | low molecular weight gtp-binding proteins of the rho family control the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. rhoa governs the formation of actin stress fibers and is responsible for the formation of the contractile ring in cytokinesis. cytokinesis completion requires rhoa inactivation resulting in disassembly of the contractile ring. cytokinesis thus requires switching of rhoa activity. this switch of rhoa activity is blocked by rho-modifying bacterial protein toxins that ... | 2009 | 19504561 |
| microscale sample preparation for pcr of c. difficile infected stool. | in this paper, we describe the design of a microfluidic sample preparation chip for human stool samples infected with clostridium difficile. we established a polymerase chain reaction able to distinguish c. difficile in the presence of several other organisms found in the normal intestinal flora. a protocol for on-chip extraction of nucleic acids from clinical samples is described that can detect target dna down to 5.0x10(-3) ng of template. the assay and sample preparation chip were then valida ... | 2009 | 19505511 |
| the management of clostridium difficile infection. | introduction/background: clostridium difficile is the commonest cause of nosocomial diarrhoea. the epidemiology and clinical phenotype of the disease has dramatically changed with the global emergence of a virulent strain of c. difficile. | 2009 | 19505955 |
| identification of candidate genes for susceptibility to reactive arthritis. | this study was undertaken to evaluate the gene expression profile in monocytes from three patients with reactive arthritis (rea) in remission in order to identify candidate genes accounting for a potential susceptibility to rea. gene expression analyses revealed eight differentially expressed mrna transcripts in monocytes of rea patients. the major part of genes encoded cytokines, growth factors and chemokines. there was a remarkably high proportion of proangiogenic factors, in particular ip10, ... | 2009 | 19506876 |
| isolation precautions for antibiotic-resistant bacteria in healthcare settings. | emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and new or changing infectious pathogens is an important public health problem. transmission of these pathogens in an acute care setting may occur frequently if proper precautions are not taken. despite several guidelines and an abundance of literature on the prevention of transmission of epidemiologically important organisms in the healthcare setting, substantial controversy exists. this review focuses on recent data regarding the use of infection control an ... | 2009 | 19461513 |
| a dna vaccine targeting the receptor-binding domain of clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile is a pathogen with increasing severity for which host antibody responses provide protection from disease. dna vaccination has several advantages compared to traditional vaccine methods, however no study has examined this platform against c. difficile toxins. a synthetic gene was created encoding the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of c. difficile toxin a, optimized for expression in human cells. gene expression was examined in vitro. mice were inoculated and then challenged w ... | 2009 | 19464540 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027 arrives in hong kong. | 2009 | 19464857 | |
| clostridium difficile strain nap-1 is not associated with severe disease in a nonepidemic setting. | recent outbreaks of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in north america and in europe with very high case-fatality rates have been associated with infection by north american pulsed field type i (nap-1) isolates. this study examined whether nap-1 strains are associated with worse outcomes of cdi in a nonepidemic, nosocomial setting. | 2009 | 19465153 |
| epidemiology and outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients on prolonged acute mechanical ventilation. | patients receiving prolonged acute mechanical ventilation (pamv), although comprising a third of all mechanical ventilation (mv) patients, consume two-thirds of all the resources allocated to mv, and their numbers are projected to double by 2020. by virtue of their prolonged hospital length of stay (median los, 17 days), they are subject to such nosocomial infections as clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), the incidence and age-adjusted case fatality rate of which doubled between 200 ... | 2009 | 19465510 |
| the antibiotic challenge: changing clinical management of infections. | resistance is one of many reasons why antibiotic therapy can be ineffective. efforts to forestall further development of antimicrobial resistance include judicial prescribing of antibiotics, implementing infection-control measures, and developing institutional stewardship of antimicrobial agents. this article, the third and final in a series on antibiotic resistance, discusses selected common infections that have changing epidemiology and/or for which the recommended evaluation and treatment gui ... | 2009 | 19469387 |
| [microbiological diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections]. | acute gastrointestinal tract infections are among the most common infectious diseases. in the present review, the different methods of diagnosing gastrointestinal infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites are examined. stool culture is the method of choice for diagnosing bacterial intestinal infections; however, infections caused by clostridium difficile can be diagnosed by detection of toxins a and b in stools, and infections caused by diarrheagenic escherichia coli by pcr detection ... | 2009 | 19477556 |
| improving compliance with the c. difficile root cause analysis tool to reduce incidence. | this article outlines a project to improve the effective application of root cause analysis to reduce rates of clostridium difficile infection. using a learning intervention and redefining infection-control practices produced better compliance with the root cause analysis tool on six medical elderly wards. | 2009 | 19480159 |
| exploring the accuracy and practicality of a new two-step algorithm for c. difficile testing. | clostridium difficile infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalised patients. rapid, accurate diagnosis is crucial to provide optimal care for affected patients and implement infection-control strategies. this article reports on the results of a study that examined the use of a two-step algorithm to improve the diagnosis of c. difficile. | 2009 | 19480161 |
| incidence of acquisition of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile, and other health-care-associated pathogens by dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions. | to determine whether dogs that visited human health-care facilities were at greater risk of acquiring certain health-care-associated pathogens, compared with dogs performing animal-assisted interventions in other settings, and to identify specific behaviors of dogs associated with an increased risk of acquiring these pathogens. | 2009 | 19480620 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a binds colonocyte src causing dephosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin. | clostridium difficile toxin a impairs tight junction function of colonocytes by glucosylation of rho family proteins causing actin filament disaggregation and cell rounding. we investigated the effect of toxin a on focal contact formation by assessing its action on focal adhesion kinase (fak) and the adapter protein paxillin. exposure of ncm460 human colonocytes to toxin a for 1 h resulted in complete dephosphorylation of fak and paxillin, while protein tyrosine phosphatase activity was reduced. ... | 2009 | 19481075 |
| overexpression of thymosin beta4 increases pseudopodia formation in lncap prostate cancer cells. | thymosin beta4, a major g-actin-sequestering protein, is known to be involved in tumor metastasis. in the present study, we found that thymosin beta4 expression promotes the formation of actin-based pseudopodia-like extensions, associated with cell migration, in human prostate cancer lncap cells. treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) inhibitor wortmannin and cdc42/rac1/rhoa inhibitor clostridium difficile toxin b significantly reduced pseudopodia formation in thymosin beta4-ove ... | 2009 | 19483323 |
| monoclonal antibodies targeting clostridium difficile licensed to merck. | 2009 | 19483702 | |
| cytomegalovirus clostridium colitis disease in an immunocompetent patient. | 2009 | 19488008 | |
| nitazoxanide and probiotics for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in a peritoneal dialysis patient. | nitazoxanide has been proven to be efficacious for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi), but data is limited in peritoneal dialysis (pd) patients. this report details the successful utilization of nitazoxanide and probiotics to treat multirecurrent cdi in a pd patient. a 58-year-old woman was admitted with hypotension, nausea and vomiting attributed to metronidazole therapy for cdi, her third cdi treatment regimen in 3 months. during her admission, the patient developed cdi and ... | 2009 | 19488013 |
| community clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19493944 | |
| assessment of the in vitro efficacy of the novel antimicrobial peptide cect7121 against human gram-positive bacteria from serious infections refractory to treatment. | resistant gram-positive bacteria are causing increasing concern in clinical practice. this work investigated the efficacy of ap-cect7121 (an antimicrobial peptide isolated from an environmental strain of enterococcus faecalis cect7121) against various pathogenic gram-positive bacteria. | 2009 | 19494489 |
| hospital-acquired infections and infection control practices: what are the consequences to the elderly patient? | 2009 | 19514546 | |
| novel fit for purpose single use tourniquet: best of both worlds. | healthcare associated infections (hai), such as meticillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) and clostridium difficile (c. diff) are estimated to cost the nhs pound1 billion and contribute to 5000 deaths/year in the uk. to date the main emphasis to reduce hais has been on hand hygiene. however environmental microbial load and compliance limits the efficacy of hand washing alone. cultures from tourniquets have demonstrated contamination by pathogens including mrsa. consequently, many uk trus ... | 2009 | 19517293 |
| [infectiology and tropical medicine 2009]. | 2009 | 19517328 | |
| comparison of molecular typing methods applied to clostridium difficile. | since the 1980s the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been investigated by the application of many different typing or fingerprinting methods. to study the epidemiology of cdi, a typing method with a high discriminatory power, typeability, and reproducibility is required. molecular typing methods are generally regarded as having advantages over phenotypic methods in terms of the stability of genomic markers and providing greater levels of typeability. a growing number of ... | 2009 | 19521874 |
| combination immunomodulator and antibiotic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and clostridium difficile infection. | management of clostridium difficile infection in patients with flaring inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) has not been optimized. we investigated the effects of combination therapy with antibiotics and immunomodulators in patients with ibd and c difficile infection. | 2009 | 19523534 |
| portrait of a canine probiotic bifidobacterium--from gut to gut. | the gastrointestinal environment is a complex interactive system involving the host, ingested dietary components, and numerous microbial species. we hypothesized that isolation and screening of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria adherent to healthy canine gastrointestinal tissue would yield strains with commensal activity in canines. the aims of this study were (1) to isolate a bank of commensal organisms from the canine gastrointestinal tract; (2) to screen these novel microbial isolates for poten ... | 2009 | 19523775 |
| detection and enumeration of clostridium difficile spores in retail beef and pork. | recent studies have identified clostridium difficile in food animals and retail meat, and concern has been raised about the potential for food to act as a source of c. difficile infection in humans. previous studies of retail meat have relied on enrichment culture alone, thereby preventing any assessment of the level of contamination in meat. this study evaluated the prevalence of c. difficile contamination of retail ground beef and ground pork in canada. ground beef and ground pork were purchas ... | 2009 | 19525267 |
| probiotic lactobacilli in breast milk and infant stool in relation to oral intake during the first year of life. | this is to identify factors affecting the prevalence of lactobacillus reuteri in maternal faeces and breast milk and infant faeces after oral supplementation with l reuteri and to assess the influence on microbial ecology, particularly clostridium difficile and bifidobacterium colonization. | 2009 | 19525871 |
| c. difficile infection - a tool for improving practice and reducing rates. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a recognized health-care-acquired infection (hai) and as such it is vital that hospitals do more to reduce the rates of infection. patients, especially older people, become particularly susceptible to cdi after treatment with antibiotics. mention of cdi on death certificates is increasing and surveillance, especially when accompanied by feedback to clinicians, has long been established as an effective tool to lower hais. in february 2008, a manchester hos ... | 2009 | 19525909 |
| is clostridium difficile a threat to australia's biosecurity? | 2009 | 19527197 | |
| first australian isolation of epidemic clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027. | we report the first isolation in australia of a hypervirulent epidemic strain of clostridium difficile, pcr ribotype 027. it was isolated from a 43-year-old woman with a permanent ileostomy, who appears to have been infected while travelling in the united states. the isolate was positive for toxin a, toxin b and binary toxin, and resistant to fluoroquinolone antimicrobials, and had characteristic deletions in the tcdc gene. all diagnostic laboratories and health care facilities in australia shou ... | 2009 | 19527210 |
| clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. | clostridium difficile is now considered to be one of the most important causes of health care-associated infections. c. difficile infections are also emerging in the community and in animals used for food, and are no longer viewed simply as unpleasant complications that follow antibiotic therapy. since 2001, the prevalence and severity of c. difficile infection has increased significantly, which has led to increased research interest and the discovery of new virulence factors, and has expanded a ... | 2009 | 19528959 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, a frequent complication in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. | diarrhoea occurs frequently in neutropenic patients with acute leukaemia receiving chemotherapy and may be caused by either infection- or drug-induced cytotoxicity. since clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea in non-haematologic patients, we were interested in its incidence in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (aml). in this retrospective study, we analysed 134 patients with aml receiving a total of 301 chemotherapy courses. diarrhoea occurred duri ... | 2009 | 19533126 |
| comparing immunocard with two eia assays for clostridium difficile toxins. | to compare three clostridium difficile eia kits for the detection of c. difficile toxins from clinical specimens. | 2009 | 19534439 |
| [clostridium difficile infection in the elderly: update in epidemiology and treatment]. | 2009 | 19535111 | |
| sasp gene delivery: a novel antibacterial approach. | antibiotic resistance is a global problem, and with bacteria having developed resistance to all approved antibacterial agents there is a growing need for innovative solutions. phico therapeutics has developed a new class of antibacterial agent, a platform technology called saspject. saspject comprises modified, disabled bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) injecting a gene encoding an antibacterial protein, sasp, into target bacteria. sasp, or small, acid-soluble spore protein(s), inactivate bacte ... | 2009 | 19536364 |
| clostridium difficile--a continually evolving and problematic pathogen. | clostridium difficile is a unique pathogen that often predominates in the bowel microflora as a result of the microbial compositional changes following antibiotic treatment. the hospital environment and patients undergoing antibiotic treatment provide a discrete ecosystem where c. difficile persists and where virulent clones thrive. the continued rise of c. difficile infection (cdi) worldwide has been accompanied by the rapid emergence and transcontinental spread of highly virulent clones, desig ... | 2009 | 19539054 |
| clostridium difficile: emerging public health threat and other nosocomial or hospital acquired infections. foreword. | 2009 | 19540993 | |
| clostridium difficile: emerging public health threat and other nosocomial or hospital acquired infections. introduction. | 2009 | 19540994 | |
| nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections: an overview. | 2009 | 19540995 | |
| clostridium difficile. | 2009 | 19540996 | |
| proteomic and genomic characterization of highly infectious clostridium difficile 630 spores. | clostridium difficile, a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, produces highly resistant spores that contaminate hospital environments and facilitate efficient disease transmission. we purified c. difficile spores using a novel method and show that they exhibit significant resistance to harsh physical or chemical treatments and are also highly infectious, with <7 environmental spores per cm(2) reproducibly establishing a persistent infection in exposed mice. mass spectrometric analysis ... | 2009 | 19542279 |
| the first case of antibiotic-associated colitis by clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in korea. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is a common causative agent of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc). c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) ranges from mild diarrhea to life threatening pmc. recently, a highly virulent strain of c. difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 was found in north america, europe, and japan. a 52-yr-old woman with anti-tuberculosis medication and neurogenic bladder due to traffic accident experienced five episodes of c. difficile pmc after taking antibiotics fo ... | 2009 | 19543521 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2009 | 19549659 | |
| establishment of an outpatient and home parenteral antimicrobial therapy service at a london teaching hospital: a case series. | outpatient and home parenteral antimicrobial therapy (ohpat) is becoming increasingly commonplace in the uk, enabling those patients who would previously have been obliged to remain in hospital for intravenous treatment to be managed as outpatients or in their own homes. the ohpat service at st mary's hospital, london, was established in 2004. this paper describes the types of infection, antimicrobial management and outcomes of patients referred to the service in the 3.5 years since its inceptio ... | 2009 | 19549671 |
| structure-function analysis of inositol hexakisphosphate-induced autoprocessing in clostridium difficile toxin a. | the action of clostridium difficile toxins a and b depends on inactivation of host small g-proteins by glucosylation. cellular inositol hexakisphosphate (insp6) induces an autocatalytic cleavage of the toxins, releasing an n-terminal glucosyltransferase domain into the host cell cytosol. we have defined the cysteine protease domain (cpd) responsible for autoprocessing within toxin a (tcda) and report the 1.6 a x-ray crystal structure of the domain bound to insp6. insp6 is bound in a highly basic ... | 2009 | 19553670 |
| rapid analysis of clostridium difficile strains recovered from hospitalized patients by using the slpa sequence typing system. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that is transmissible between patients via hospital staff and via contaminated environmental surfaces. recently, a typing system based on the slpa sequence for c. difficile was developed. to elucidate the validity and efficacy of the system in the setting of a local hospital, we carried out typing of c. difficile from patients in our hospital using the system. twenty-eight stool samples obtained from 17 patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea ... | 2009 | 19554407 |
| antibiotic associated diarrhea in children. | keeping in view the recent flooding of the indian market with antibiotic and probiotic combinations, we decided to look at the prevalence of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in children and reviewed evidence available for use of probiotics in the prevention of aad. | 2009 | 19556659 |
| truncation in the tcdc region of the clostridium difficile pathloc of clinical isolates does not predict increased biological activity of toxin b or toxin a. | the increased severity of disease associated with the nap1 strain of clostridium difficile has been attributed to mutations to the tcdc gene which codes for a negative regulator of toxin production. to assess the role of hyper-production of toxins a and b in clinical isolates of clostridium difficile, two nap1-related and five nap1 non-related strains were compared. | 2009 | 19558711 |
| clostridium difficile: how much do hospital staff know about it? | the aim of this study was to determine the awareness of clostridium difficile infection amongst healthcare professionals. | 2009 | 19558760 |
| government claims measures to cut mrsa and c difficile rates will help reduce other infections. | 2009 | 19561052 | |
| rifampin-associated pseudomembranous colitis. | pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is known to develop after antibiotic treatment, but is rarely associated with antituberculosis (anti-tb) agents. we report a 28-year-old woman without underlying diseases developing pmc after 126 days of anti-tb treatment. severe diarrhea and abdominal cramping pain were experienced. colonoscopic biopsy proved the diagnosis of pmc. her symptoms improved after discontinuing the anti-tb agents but recurred shortly after challenging with rifampin and isoniazid. metron ... | 2009 | 19561451 |
| antibiotic treatment of clostridium difficile carrier mice triggers a supershedder state, spore-mediated transmission, and severe disease in immunocompromised hosts. | clostridium difficile persists in hospitals by exploiting an infection cycle that is dependent on humans shedding highly resistant and infectious spores. here we show that human virulent c. difficile can asymptomatically colonize the intestines of immunocompetent mice, establishing a carrier state that persists for many months. c. difficile carrier mice consistently shed low levels of spores but, surprisingly, do not transmit infection to cohabiting mice. however, antibiotic treatment of carrier ... | 2009 | 19564382 |
| proton pump inhibitors and the risk for clostridium difficile infection. | 2009 | 19567433 | |
| q: what is the role of probiotics in the treatment of acute clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea? | 2009 | 19570969 | |
| clostridium difficile strains from community-associated infections. | clostridium difficile isolates from presumed community-associated infections (n = 92) were characterized by toxinotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, tcdc and cdtb pcr, and antimicrobial susceptibility. nine toxinotypes (tox) and 31 pfge patterns were identified. tox 0 (48, 52%), tox iii (18, 20%), and tox v (9, 10%) were the most common; three isolates were nontoxigenic. | 2009 | 19571021 |
| clostridium difficile infection: current perspectives. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi), long-associated with morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings, has evolved in recent years with unprecedented clinical manifestations. today, cdi is characterized by unusually toxigenic and resistant subtypes, expanded epidemiology, and a growing list of risk factors. in this article, we discuss current trends and research for cdi in critical care settings, and new controversies that influence clinical practice. | 2009 | 19578325 |
| length of vancomycin administration for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea may depend on presentation of colonic ulcer. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a notorious iatrogenic infection with typical endoscopic features consisting of pseudomembranes (pms). concomitant colonic ulcers are sometimes endoscopically detected. we hypothesized that length of vancomycin (vcm) administration for treatment depends on presentation of colonic ulcer. | 2009 | 19579589 |
| human alpha-defensins inhibit hemolysis mediated by cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. | many pathogenic gram-positive bacteria release exotoxins that belong to the family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. here, we report that human alpha-defensins hnp-1 to hnp-3 acted in a concentration-dependent manner to protect human red blood cells from the lytic effects of three of these exotoxins: anthrolysin o (alo), listeriolysin o, and pneumolysin. hd-5 was very effective against listeriolysin o but less effective against the other toxins. human alpha-defensins hnp-4 and hd-6 and human ... | 2009 | 19581399 |