Publications

recombinant rabies virus expressing dog gm-csf is an efficacious oral rabies vaccine for dogs.	developing efficacious oral rabies vaccines is an important step to increase immunization coverage for stray dogs, which are not accessible for parenteral vaccination. our previous studies have demonstrated that recombinant rabies virus (rabv) expressing cytokines/chemokines induces robust protective immune responses after oral immunization in mice by recruiting and activating dendritic cells (dcs) and b cells. to develop an effective oral rabies vaccine for dogs, a recombinant attenuated rabv e ...	2015	26436700
phylogenetic analysis of indian rabies virus isolates targeting the complete glycoprotein gene.	rabies a fatal viral zoonosis is endemic in india. there is no report on phylogenetic study of indian rabies virus isolates based on the complete g gene. in the present study, a total of 25 rabies positive brain samples collected during 2001-2014 from north india (up, mp, delhi, rajasthan), south india (kerala and karnataka) and gujarat states belonging to six different host species were subjected to g gene amplification by rt-pcr as three overlapping fragments of 881 bp, 991 bp and 618 bp. phyl ...	2015	26427850
analysis of subcellular prefoldin 1 redistribution during rabies virus infection.	rabies virus (rabv) is one of the old deadly zoonotic viruses. it attacks the central nervous system and causes acute encephalitis in humans and animals. host factors are known to be essential for virus infection and replication in cells. the identification of the key host factors required for rabv infection may provide important information on rabv replication and may provide new potential targets for rabv drug discovery.	2015	26421138
t-bet is required for the rapid clearance of attenuated rabies virus from central nervous system tissue.	much of our understanding of cns immunity has been gained from models involving pathological inflammation. attenuated rabies viruses (rabv) are unique tools to study cns immunity in the absence of conventional inflammatory mechanisms, as they spread from the site of inoculation to the cns transaxonally, thereby bypassing the blood-brain barrier (bbb), and are cleared without neutrophil or monocyte infiltration. to better understand the role of cd4 t cell subsets in the clearance of the virus fro ...	2015	26408670
exogenous interferon prolongs survival of rabies infected mice.	rabies is an acute viral infection that causes encephalomyelitis in almost all warm blooded animals and is invariably fatal once the clinical signs appear. the present study was carried out to assess the effect of recombinant human interferon alpha (rhifn α-2a) treatment on the survival of rabies infected mice and its correlation with cytokines expression. the gene expression of tnf-α and il-6 was measured by sybr green real time pcr for two groups-"pre-exposure" (mice were inoculated with rhifn ...	2015	26396983
identification and genetic characterization of rabies virus from egyptian water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) bitten by a fox.	rabies is caused by negative strand rna-virus classified in the genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae of the order mononegavirales. the aim of the present study was to identify and analyze nucleotides sequence of nucleoprotein (n) gene of rabies virus (rabv) from two cases of water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) bitten by a fox in egypt, 2013. the diseased buffaloes showed nervous manifestations with fever. specimens from brains of the buffaloes with suspected rabies were collected. rabv in collec ...	2015	26396980
instructive even after a decade: complete results of initial virological diagnostics and re-evaluation of molecular data in the german rabies virus "outbreak" caused by transplantations.	in 2005, six patients in germany received solid organs and both corneas from a donor with an unrecognized rabies infection. initial virological diagnostics with the machinery available at the two national reference laboratories could quickly clarify the situation. rabies virus antigen was detected in the organ donor's brain. in two of the three recipients with neurological alterations, intra vitam diagnosis was achieved by conventional rt-pcrs. comparison of the phylogenetic relatedness of the d ...	2015	26384867
rewiring, forgetting and learning. commentary: a critical period for experience-dependent remodeling of adult-born neuron connectivity.		2015	26379485
[bats and viruses: complex relationships].	with more than 1 200 species, bats and flying foxes (order chiroptera) constitute the most important and diverse order of mammals after rodents. many species of bats are insectivorous while others are frugivorous and few of them are hematophagous. some of these animals fly during the night, others are crepuscular or diurnal. some fly long distances during seasonal migrations. many species are colonial cave-dwelling, living in a rather small home range while others are relatively solitary. howeve ...	2015	26330152
dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an anatomically distinct subclass.	combining rabies-virus tracing, optical clearing (clarity), and whole-brain light-sheet imaging, we mapped the monosynaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to different targets (different parts of the striatum, cortex, amygdala, etc) in mice. we found that most populations of dopamine neurons receive a similar set of inputs rather than forming strong reciprocal connections with their target areas. a common feature among most populations of dopamine neurons was the existence of den ...	2015	26322384
abortively infected astrocytes appear to represent the main source of interferon beta in the virus-infected brain.	interferon beta (ifn-β) is a key component of cellular innate immunity in mammals, and it constitutes the first line of defense during viral infection. studies with cultured cells previously showed that almost all nucleated cells are able to produce ifn-β to various extents, but information about the in vivo sources of ifn-β remains incomplete. by applying immunohistochemistry and employing conditional-reporter mice that express firefly luciferase under the control of the ifn-β promoter in eithe ...	2015	26656686
interspecific contact and competition may affect the strength and direction of disease-diversity relationships for directly transmitted microparasites.	the frequency of opportunities for transmission is key to the severity of directly transmitted disease outbreaks in multihost communities. transmission opportunities for generalist microparasites often arise from competitive and trophic interactions. additionally, contact heterogeneities within and between species either hinder or promote transmission. general theory incorporating competition and contact heterogeneities for disease-diversity relationships is underdeveloped. here, we present a fo ...	2015	26655572
a case report on indirect transmission of human rabies.	at present, virus infection is still a common threat to public health in developing countries. human rabies remains a matter of great global concern with a case-fatality of almost 100%. the rabies virus belongs to the neurotropic type of virus of the lyssavirus genus, and the disease presents as a deteriorating encephalomyelitis and is endemic throughout much of the world, particularly in africa and asia. previous data have shown that, globally, approximately 59 000 human deaths are caused by ra ...	2015	26537216
fluorescent antibody test, quantitative polymerase chain reaction pattern and clinical aspects of rabies virus strains isolated from main reservoirs in brazil.	rabies virus (rabv) isolated from different mammals seems to have unique characteristics that influence the outcome of infection. rabv circulates in nature and is maintained by reservoirs that are responsible for the persistence of the disease for almost 4000 years. considering the different pattern of pathogenicity of rabv strains in naturally and experimentally infected animals, the aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of rabv variants isolated from the main brazilian reservoir ...	2015	26303004
awareness of rabies prevention and control measures among public health workers in northern vietnam.	to assess and compare rabies related knowledge and awareness of public health workers at provincial and district levels in the seven provinces with the highest number of deaths from human rabies in northern vietnam.	2015	26278473
rabies virus infection in ferret badgers (melogale moschata subaurantiaca) in taiwan: a retrospective study.	fifteen ferret badgers (melogale moschata subaurantiaca), collected 2010-13 and stored frozen, were submitted for rabies diagnosis by direct fluorescent antibody test and reverse transcription pcr. we detected seven positive animal samples, including some from 2010, which indicated that the ferret badger population in taiwan had been affected by rabies prior to 2010.	2015	26267459
[from the connectome to brain function: rabies virus tools for elucidating structure and function of neural circuits].		2015	26256748
rabies surveillance among bats in tennessee, usa, 1996-2010.	rabies virus (rabv) infects multiple bat species in the americas, and enzootic foci perpetuate in bats principally via intraspecific transmission. in recent years, bats have been implicated in over 90% of human rabies cases in the us. in tennessee, two human cases of rabies have occurred since 1960: one case in 1994 associated with a tricolored bat (perimyotis subflavus) rabv variant and another in 2002 associated with the tricolored/silver-haired bat (p. subflavus/lasionycteris noctivagans) rab ...	2015	26251992
exposure to rabies in small indian mongooses (herpestes auropunctatus) from two regions in puerto rico.	the small indian mongoose (herpestes auropunctatus) was introduced to several caribbean islands to control rat (rattus spp.) damage to sugarcane plantations. mongooses failed at suppressing rat populations and are now considered pests throughout most of their introduced range. importantly, mongooses are rabies reservoirs on several caribbean islands. in puerto rico, mongooses have been implicated in up to 70% of reported animal rabies cases. there is no rabies vaccination program for wildlife in ...	2015	26251987
itraq protein profile analysis of neuroblastoma (na) cells infected with the rabies viruses rhep-flury and hep-dg.	the rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein (g) is the principal contributor to the pathogenicity and protective immunity of rabv. in a previous work, we reported that recombinant rabies virus hep-dg, which was generated by reverse genetics to carry two copies of the g-gene, showed lower virulence than the parental virus rhep-flury in suckling mice with a better immune protection effect. to better understand the mechanisms underlying rabies virus attenuation and the role of glycoprotein g, isobaric tag ...	2015	26217322
natural rabies infection in a domestic fowl (gallus domesticus): a report from india.	rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by viruses belonging to the genus lyssavirus of the family rhabdoviridae. it is a viral disease primarily affecting mammals, though all warm blooded animals are susceptible. experimental rabies virus infection in birds has been reported, but naturally occurring infection of birds has been documented very rarely.	2015	26201090
receptor-mediated increase in rabies virus axonal transport.		2015	26199597
viral suppression function of intracellular antibody against c-terminal domain of rabies virus phosphoprotein.	rabies virus (rv) causes a fatal disease in both human and animals. the disease can be prevented by post-exposure prophylaxis in individuals exposed to rv. however, the neutralization effect is limited after the virus enters into the host cells. so, it is important to identify new targets for rabies therapy. in this study, a human antibody rv1a2 specific to rv phosphoprotein (rv-p) was generated from a human naïve immune antibody library. the antibody recognized all forms of the phosphoproteins ...	2015	26188200
[two cases of hydrophobia in the republic of tatarstan: in vivo and postmortem laboratory diagnosis].	the results of rabies in vivo and postmortem laboratory detection in two cases registered in the republic of tatarstan are reported: a victim bitten by a wolf in 2002 and another one bitten by a stray dog on goa island, india, in 2013. in the patient bitten by a wolf cornea imprints studies using the method of fluorescent antibodies (mfa) showed rabies-positive result 6 days before the patient's death. the results were confirmed by postmortem examination of different parts of the brain and saliv ...	2015	26182652
comparison of automated quantitative reverse transcription-pcr and direct fluorescent-antibody detection for routine rabies diagnosis in the united states.	rabies virus found worldwide and prevalent throughout the united states continues to be a public health concern. direct-fluorescent antibody (dfa) detection remains the gold standard for rabies virus diagnostics. assessing the utility of a high-throughput molecular platform such as the qiasymphony sp/as, in conjunction with quantitative reverse transcription-pcr (qrt-pcr), to augment or potentially replace the dfa test, was the focus of this project. here we describe a triplex qrt-pcr assay, inc ...	2015	26179300
in vivo reprogramming of striatal ng2 glia into functional neurons that integrate into local host circuitry.	the possibility of directly converting non-neuronal cells into neurons in situ in the brain would open therapeutic avenues aimed at repairing the brain after injury or degenerative disease. we have developed an adeno-associated virus (aav)-based reporter system that allows selective gfp labeling of reprogrammed neurons. in this system, gfp is turned on only in reprogrammed neurons where it is stable and maintained for long time periods, allowing for histological and functional characterization o ...	2015	26166567
a dynein light chain 1 binding motif in rabies virus polymerase l protein plays a role in microtubule reorganization and viral primary transcription.	rabies virus (rabv) polymerase l together with phosphoprotein p forms the pl polymerase complex that is essential for replication and transcription. however, its exact mechanism of action, interactions with cellular factors, and intracellular distribution are yet to be understood. here by imaging a fluorescently tagged polymerase (mcherry-rabv-l), we show that l accumulates at acetylated and reorganized microtubules (mt). in silico analysis revealed a dynein light chain 1 (dlc1) binding motif in ...	2015	26157129
real-time imaging of rabies virus entry into living vero cells.	understanding the mechanism of rabies virus (rabv) infection is vital for prevention and therapy of virulent rabies. however, the infection mechanism remains largely uncharacterized due to the limited methods and viral models. herein, we utilized a powerful single-virus tracking technique to dynamically and globally visualize the infection process of the live attenuated rabies vaccine strain-srv9 in living vero cells. firstly, it was found that the actin-enriched filopodia is in favor of virus r ...	2015	26148807
a versatile in vitro elisa test for quantification and quality testing of infectious, inactivated and formulated rabies virus used in veterinary monovalent or combination vaccine.	regulatory potency test for rabies vaccines requires mice vaccination followed by challenge with a live virus via intracerebral route. an alternative in vitro test, consistent with the "3r's" (reduce, replace, refine) was designed to quantify active glycoprotein g using seroneutralizing monoclonal antibodies. this versatile elisa targets well conformed neutralizing epitopes. therefore, it quantifies only the trimeric pre-fusion form of glycoprotein g known to elicits the production of viral neut ...	2015	26144898
viral-genetic tracing of the input-output organization of a central noradrenaline circuit.	deciphering how neural circuits are anatomically organized with regard to input and output is instrumental in understanding how the brain processes information. for example, locus coeruleus noradrenaline (also known as norepinephrine) (lc-ne) neurons receive input from and send output to broad regions of the brain and spinal cord, and regulate diverse functions including arousal, attention, mood and sensory gating. however, it is unclear how lc-ne neurons divide up their brain-wide projection pa ...	2015	26131933
efficiency of live attenuated and inactivated rabies viruses in prophylactic and post exposure vaccination against the street virus strain.	rabies remains an enigmatic and widely discussed global infectious disease and causes an increasing number of deaths. the currently used highly effective prophylactic and post exposure (p.e.) vaccination depends solely upon inexpensive, effective and safe vaccines to counteract the spread of the disease. in this study, the potential of an attenuated chinese rabies vaccine (srv9) strain in prophylactic and p.e. vaccination against the street strain of rabies virus (rv) was evaluated in mice. prop ...	2015	26104328
genetically modified rabies virus era strain is safe and induces long-lasting protective immune response in dogs after oral vaccination.	oral immunization in free-roaming dogs is one of the most practical approaches to prevent rabies for developing countries. the safe, efficient and long-lasting protective oral rabies vaccine for dogs is highly sought. in this study, rabies virus (rabv) evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) strain wild-type (rera) and a genetically modified type (rerag333e) containing a mutation from arginine to glutamic acid at residue 333 of glycoprotein (g333e) were generated by reverse genetic. the recombinant vir ...	2015	26093157
comparison of safety and immunogenicity of 2 who prequalified rabies vaccines administered by one week, 4 site intra dermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases.	the currently advocated rabies post-exposure prophylaxis regimens are of one month duration with reduced patient compliance. who recommended research on shortened vaccination regimens which have a practical and economic advantage over the existing regimens. hence, the present study was undertaken to assess the safety and immunogenicity of 2 who prequalified rabies vaccines administered by one week, 4 site intra dermal regimen (4-4-4-0-0) in animal bite cases. this study was a comparative, open l ...	2015	26083005
parainfluenza virus 5 expressing the g protein of rabies virus protects mice after rabies virus infection.	rabies remains a major public health threat around the world. once symptoms appear, there is no effective treatment to prevent death. in this work, we tested a recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5) strain expressing the glycoprotein (g) of rabies (piv5-g) as a therapy for rabies virus infection: we have found that piv5-g protected mice as late as 6 days after rabies virus infection. piv5-g is a promising vaccine for prevention and treatment of rabies virus infection.	2015	25552723
virological and serological diagnosis of rabies in bats from an urban area in the brazilian amazon.	the outbreaks of rabies in humans transmitted by desmodus rotundus in 2004 and 2005, in the northeast of the brazilian state of para, eastern amazon basin, made this a priority area for studies on this zoonosis. given this, the present study provides data on this phenomenon in an urban context, in order to assess the possible circulation of the classic rabies virus (rabv) among bat species in capanema, a town in the amazon basin. bats were collected, in 2011, with mist nets during the wet and dr ...	2015	27049703
co-culture: a quick approach for isolation of street rabies virus in murine neuroblastoma cells.	laboratory detection of rabies in most cases is based on detection of the antigen by fluorescent antibody test, however, in weak positive cases confirmative laboratory diagnosis depends on widely accepted mouse inoculation test. cell lines like neuroblastoma have been used to isolate the virus with greater success not only to target for diagnosis, but also for molecular studies that determine the epidemiology of the circulating street rabies strains and in studies that look at the efficiency of ...	2015	27047148
everything you always wanted to know about rabies virus (but were afraid to ask).	the cultural impact of rabies, the fatal neurological disease caused by infection with rabies virus, registers throughout recorded history. although rabies has been the subject of large-scale public health interventions, chiefly through vaccination efforts, the disease continues to take the lives of about 40,000-70,000 people per year, roughly 40% of whom are children. most of these deaths occur in resource-poor countries, where lack of infrastructure prevents timely reporting and postexposure p ...	2015	26958924
a three-year (2011-2013) surveillance on animal bites and victims vaccination in the south of khorasan-e-razavi province, iran.	rabies is acute encephalitis caused by rabies virus and is transmissible between humans and warm blooded animals. the virus is belong to the family of rabdoviridae and, of lissavirus genus.	2015	26816921
cationic amphiphilic drugs enhance entry of lentiviral particles pseudotyped with rabies virus glycoprotein into non-neuronal cells.	amiodarone and other cationic amphiphilic drugs (cads) inhibit cell entry by diverse human pathogenic viruses including filoviruses, dengue virus and japanese encephalitis virus. they are thus considered potential broad spectrum antiviral agents. here we report the unexpected finding that amiodarone and other cads markedly enhance rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein- (gp-) mediated cell entry of pseudotyped lentiviruses into non-neuronal cells but not in neuronal cells. increased cell entry can als ...	2015	26542648
the olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system.	the olfactory nerve consists mainly of olfactory receptor neurons and directly connects the nasal cavity with the central nervous system (cns). each olfactory receptor neuron projects a dendrite into the nasal cavity on the apical side, and on the basal side extends its axon through the cribriform plate into the olfactory bulb of the brain. viruses that can use the olfactory nerve as a shortcut into the cns include influenza a virus, herpesviruses, poliovirus, paramyxoviruses, vesicular stomatit ...	2015	25294743
transolfactory neuroinvasion by viruses threatens the human brain.	viral neuroinvasion via the olfactory system has been investigated in a variety of virus-animal models by scientists in many fields including virologists, pathologists, and neurologists. in humans, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), borna disease virus, rabies virus, and influenza a virus have been shown to take the olfactory route for neuroinvasion based on forensic and post-mortem specimens. this article briefly summarizes the anatomy, physiology, and immunology ...	2015	26666182
canine distemper in endangered ethiopian wolves.	the ethiopian wolf (canis simensis) is the world's rarest canid; ≈500 wolves remain. the largest population is found within the bale mountains national park (bmnp) in southeastern ethiopia, where conservation efforts have demonstrated the negative effect of rabies virus on wolf populations. we describe previously unreported infections with canine distemper virus (cdv) among these wolves during 2005-2006 and 2010. death rates ranged from 43% to 68% in affected subpopulations and were higher for s ...	2015	25898177
a recombinant canine distemper virus expressing a modified rabies virus glycoprotein induces immune responses in mice.	canine distemper virus (cdv) and rabies virus (rv) are two important pathogens of the dog. cdv, a member of the morbillivirus genus, has shown promise as an expression vector. the glycoprotein from rv is a main contributor to protective immunity and capable of eliciting the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. in this study, we recovered an attenuated strain of canine distemper virus and constructed a recombinant virus, rcdv-rv-g, expressing a modified (r333q) rabies virus glycoprotein ( ...	2015	25764477
elucidating the phylodynamics of endemic rabies virus in eastern africa using whole-genome sequencing.	many of the pathogens perceived to pose the greatest risk to humans are viral zoonoses, responsible for a range of emerging and endemic infectious diseases. phylogeography is a useful tool to understand the processes that give rise to spatial patterns and drive dynamics in virus populations. increasingly, whole-genome information is being used to uncover these patterns, but the limits of phylogenetic resolution that can be achieved with this are unclear. here, whole-genome variation was used to ...	2015	27774283
herbal plants and plant preparations as remedial approach for viral diseases.	herbal plants, plant preparations and phytoconstituents have proved useful in attenuating infectious conditions and were the only remedies available, till the advent of antibiotics (many being of plant origin themselves). among infectious diseases, viral diseases in particular, remain the leading cause of death in humans globally. a variety of phytoconstituents derived from medicinal herbs have been extensively studied for antiviral activity. based on this rationale, an online search was perform ...	2015	26645032
critical role of k1685 and k1829 in the large protein of rabies virus in viral pathogenicity and immune evasion.	rabies, one of the oldest infectious diseases, still presents a public health threat in most parts of the world today. its pathogen, rabies virus (rabv), can utilize its viral proteins, such as the nucleoprotein and phosphorylation protein, to subvert the host innate immune system. for a long time, the large (l) protein was believed to be essential for rabv transcription and replication, but its role in viral pathogenicity and immune evasion was not known. recent studies have found that the cons ...	2015	26468538
efficacy of favipiravir (t-705) in rabies postexposure prophylaxis.	rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by rabies virus (rabv), and no antiviral drugs for rabv are currently available. we report for the first time the efficacy of favipiravir (t-705) against rabv in vitro and in vivo. t-705 produced a significant, 3-4 log10 reduction in the multiplication of street and fixed rabv strains in mouse neuroblastoma neuro-2a cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 32.4 µm and 44.3 µm, respectively. t-705 significantly improved morbidity and mortality am ...	2015	26655300
resistance to rhabdoviridae infection and subversion of antiviral responses.	interferon (ifn) treatment induces the expression of hundreds of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). however, only a selection of their products have been demonstrated to be responsible for the inhibition of rhabdovirus replication in cultured cells; and only a few have been shown to play a role in mediating the antiviral response in vivo using gene knockout mouse models. ifns inhibit rhabdovirus replication at different stages via the induction of a variety of isgs. this review will discuss how indivi ...	2015	26198243
ecological approaches in veterinary epidemiology: mapping the risk of bat-borne rabies using vegetation indices and night-time light satellite imagery.	rabies remains a disease of significant public health concern. in the americas, bats are an important source of rabies for pets, livestock, and humans. for effective rabies control and prevention, identifying potential areas for disease occurrence is critical to guide future research, inform public health policies, and design interventions. to anticipate zoonotic infectious diseases distribution at coarse scale, veterinary epidemiology needs to advance via exploring current geographic ecology to ...	2015	26338730
oral immunization of mice with recombinant rabies vaccine strain (erag3g) induces complete protection.	new rabies vaccine bait for both pets and raccoon dogs residing in korea is needed to eradicate rabies infection among animals. in this study, we constructed a recombinant rabies virus (rabv), the erag3g strain, using a reverse genetics system. then we investigated the efficacy of this strain in mice after oral administration and the safety of this strain in cats after intramuscular administration.	2015	25648184
commentary: incorporation of membrane-anchored flagellin or escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit enhances the immunogenicity of rabies virus-like particles in mice and dogs.		2015	26483770
a novel variable antibody fragment dimerized by leucine zippers with enhanced neutralizing potency against rabies virus g protein compared to its corresponding single-chain variable antibody fragment.	fatal rabies can be prevented effectively by post-exposure prophylactic (pep) with rabies immunoglobulin (rig). single-chain variable fragments (scfv), which are composed of a variable heavy chain (vh) and a variable light chain (vl) connected by a peptide linker, can potentially be used to replace rig. however, in our previous study, a scfv (scfv57s) specific for the rabies virus (rv) g protein showed a lower neutralizing potency than that of its parent igg due to lower stability and altered pe ...	2015	26325475
incorporation of membrane-anchored flagellin or escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b subunit enhances the immunogenicity of rabies virus-like particles in mice and dogs.	rabies remains an important worldwide public health threat, so safe, effective, and affordable vaccines are still being sought. virus-like particle-based vaccines targeting various viral pathogens have been successfully produced, licensed, and commercialized. here, we designed and constructed two chimeric rabies virus-like particles (crvlps) containing rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein (g), matrix (m) protein, and membrane-anchored flagellin (evlp-f) or escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin b ...	2015	25784906
ebolavirus vaccines: progress in the fight against ebola virus disease.	ebolaviruses are highly infectious pathogens that cause lethal ebola virus disease (evd) in humans and non-human primates (nhps). due to their high pathogenicity and transmissibility, as well as the potential to be misused as a bioterrorism agent, ebolaviruses would threaten the health of global populations if not controlled. in this review, we describe the origin and structure of ebolaviruses and the development of vaccines from the beginning of the 1980s, including conventional ebolavirus vacc ...	2015	26535889
cross-border transport of rescue dogs may spread rabies in europe.	harmonisation of regulations in the european union and the european economic area, as of january 1, 2012, has led to an increase in the number of rescue dogs imported to norway from eastern european countries, in particular romania. today the only requirements for dogs entering norway are rabies vaccination and prophylactic echinococcus multilocularis treatment. the aim of this study was to investigate the antibody levels to rabies virus in vaccinated rescue dogs and to examine if the dogs had s ...	2015	26113337
compounds derived from epigallocatechin-3-gallate (egcg) as a novel approach to the prevention of viral infections.	pathogenic viral infections pose major health risks to humans and livestock due to viral infection-associated illnesses such as chronic or acute inflammation in crucial organs and systems, malignant and benign lesions. these lead to large number of illnesses and deaths worldwide each year. outbreaks of emerging lethal viruses, such as ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) virus and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) virus, could lead to epidemics or even pandemics if they ar ...	2015	26490660
preclinical development of inactivated rabies virus-based polyvalent vaccine against rabies and filoviruses.	we previously described the generation of a novel ebola virus (ebov) vaccine based on inactivated rabies virus (rabv) containing ebov glycoprotein (gp) incorporated in the rabv virion. our results demonstrated safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in mice and nonhuman primates (nhps). protection against viral challenge depended largely on the quality of the humoral immune response against ebov gp.here we present the extension and improvement of this vaccine by increasing the amount of ...	2015	26063224
lassa-vesicular stomatitis chimeric virus safely destroys brain tumors.	high-grade tumors in the brain are among the deadliest of cancers. here, we took a promising oncolytic virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), and tested the hypothesis that the neurotoxicity associated with the virus could be eliminated without blocking its oncolytic potential in the brain by replacing the neurotropic vsv glycoprotein with the glycoprotein from one of five different viruses, including ebola virus, marburg virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), rabies virus, and lass ...	2015	25878115
controlled viral glycoprotein expression as a safety feature in a bivalent rabies-ebola vaccine.	using a recombinant rabies (rabv) vaccine platform, we have developed several safe and effective vaccines. most recently, we have developed a rabv-based ebolavirus (ebov) vaccine that is efficacious in nonhuman primates. one safety feature of this vaccine is the utilization of a live but replication-deficient rabv construct. in this construct, the rabv glycoprotein (g) has been deleted from the genome, requiring g trans complementation in order for new infectious viruses to be released from the ...	2015	25481284
human rabies deaths in africa: breaking the cycle of indifference.	the current outbreak of ebola virus disease has mobilized the international community against this deadly disease. however, rabies, another deadly disease, is greatly affecting the african continent, with an estimated 25 000 deaths every year. and yet, the disease can be prevented by a vaccine, if necessary with immunoglobulin, even when administered after exposure to the rabies virus. rabies victims die because of neglect and ignorance, because they are not aware of these life-saving biological ...	2015	25303941
autophagy is involved in recombinant newcastle disease virus (rl-rvg)-induced cell death of stomach adenocarcinoma cells in vitro.	oncolytic viruses can kill malignant cells while sparing normal cells. multiple pathways are involved in this action. the antitumor effects of viral infection on sgc-7901 and ags cells were investigated. we measured endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy caused by the recombinant avirulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota strain expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rl-rvg) and the ndv wild-type strain. the dose-response curves were analyzed using the mtt assay. the expression of rvg ...	2015	26058483
apoptotic induction of lung adenocarcinoma a549 cells infected by recombinant rvg newcastle disease virus (rl-rvg) in vitro.	newcastle disease virus (ndv) is a member of the genus avulavirus in the paramyxoviridae family and its antitumor properties depend on its ability to kill malignant cells while not affecting normal cells. the present study investigated a recombinant avirulent ndv lasota strain (wild-type ndv strain) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rl-rvg), examined its oncolytic effect on the lung adenocarcinoma a549 cell line and evaluated its potential to serve as a vaccine against lung cancer. a549 ...	2015	25322856
public health ethics and more-than-human solidarity.	this article contributes to the literature on one health and public health ethics by expanding the principle of solidarity. we conceptualise solidarity to encompass not only practices intended to assist other people, but also practices intended to assist non-human others, including animals, plants, or places. to illustrate how manifestations of humanist and more-than-human solidarity may selectively complement one another, or collide, recent responses to hendra virus in australia and rabies viru ...	2015	24919648
rhabdovirus-based vaccine platforms against henipaviruses.	the emerging zoonotic pathogens hendra virus (hev) and nipah virus (niv) are in the genus henipavirus in the family paramyxoviridae. hev and niv infections can be highly fatal to humans and livestock. the goal of this study was to develop candidate vaccines against henipaviruses utilizing two well-established rhabdoviral vaccine vector platforms, recombinant rabies virus (rabv) and recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), expressing either the codon-optimized or the wild-type (wt) hev glyco ...	2015	25320306
a bivalent, chimeric rabies virus expressing simian immunodeficiency virus envelope induces multifunctional antibody responses.	we previously showed that a matrix (m) gene-deleted rabies virus (rabv)-based vaccine (rabv-δm) is highly immunogenic and induces potent b cell responses in the context of rabv infection. we speculated that rabv-δm expressing hiv proteins would also induce potent b cell responses against hiv antigens. as a prerequisite to future studies in nonhuman primates, we completed immunogenicity studies in mice to confirm the ability of rabv-δm to induce polyfunctional b cell responses in the context of h ...	2015	25848984
biochemical features and antiviral activity of a monomeric catalytic antibody light-chain 23d4 against influenza a virus.	catalytic antibodies have exhibited interesting functions against some infectious viruses such as hiv, rabies virus, and influenza virus in vitro as well as in vivo. in some cases, a catalytic antibody light chain takes on several structures from the standpoint of molecular size (monomer, dimer, etc.) and/or isoelectronic point. in this study, we prepared a monomeric 23d4 light chain by mutating the c-terminal cys to ala of the wild-type. the mutated 23d4 molecule took a simple monomeric form, w ...	2015	25713031
viruses, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation--a double-edged sword.	apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental and widespread cell biological process that is distinct from cell necrosis and can be induced by a wide variety of stimuli including viral infections. apoptosis may occur via either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways and confers several advantages to the virally infected host including the prevention of further viral propagation and the potential inhibition and resolution of inflammatory processes. several viruses have been shown to have the ...	2015	25604493
application of recombinant adenoviruses expressing glycoprotein or nucleoprotein of rabies virus to korean raccoon dogs.	a new rabies vaccine for animals, including raccoon dogs, in korea is needed to eradicate rabies infection. in this study, we constructed two recombinant adenoviruses expressing the glycoprotein or nucleoprotein of the rabies virus (rabv). we then investigated the safety and immunogenicity of these strains in raccoon dogs, depending on inoculation route.	2015	26273578
glycoprotein from street rabies virus bd06 induces early and robust immune responses when expressed from a non-replicative adenovirus recombinant.	the rabies virus (rabv) glycoprotein (g) is responsible for inducing neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus. development of recombinant vaccines using the g genes from attenuated strains rather than street viruses is a regular practice. in contrast to this scenario, we generated three human adenovirus type 5 recombinants using the g genes from the vaccine strains srv9 and flury-lep, and the street rabv strain bd06 (nrad5-srv9-g, nrad5-flury-lep-g, and nrad5-bd06-g). these recombinants were ...	2015	26143474
synergic effects between ocellatin-f1 and bufotenine on the inhibition of bhk-21 cellular infection by the rabies virus.	rabies is an incurable neglected zoonosis with worldwide distribution characterized as a lethal progressive acute encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. animal venoms and secretions have long been studied as new bioactive molecular sources, presenting a wide spectrum of biological effects, including new antiviral agents. bufotenine, for instance, is an alkaloid isolated from the skin secretion of the anuran rhinella jimi that inhibits cellular penetration by the rabies virus. antimicrobial peptide ...	2015	26635873
rabies control and treatment: from prophylaxis to strategies with curative potential.	rabies is an acute, fatal, neurological disease that affects almost all kinds of mammals. vaccination (using an inactivated rabies vaccine), combined with administration of rabies immune globulin, is the only approved, effective method for post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies in humans. in the search for novel rabies control and treatment strategies, live-attenuated viruses have recently emerged as a practical and promising approach for immunizing and controlling rabies. unlike the conventio ...	2016	27801824
visual detection of west nile virus using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip.	west nile virus (wnv) causes a severe zoonosis, which can lead to a large number of casualties and considerable economic losses. a rapid and accurate identification method for wnv for use in field laboratories is urgently needed. here, a method utilizing reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip (rt-lamp-vf) was developed to detect the envelope (e) gene of wnv. the rt-lamp-vf assay could detect 10(2) copies/μl of an wnv rna sta ...	2016	27148234
[viral superantigens].	superantigens (sags) are microbial proteins produced by various microorganisms that elicit excessive and strong stimulation of t cells via an unconventional mechanism. they cause polyclonal activation of t cells in a non-specific manner, by binding to a particular variable-beta (vβ) chain of t-cell receptor (tcr) and mhc class ii molecule, in unprocessed form and outside of peptide-binding cleft, forming a bridge between the antigen presenting cell and the t cell. sags are classified into three ...	2016	27525406
roles of nuclear trafficking in infection by cytoplasmic negative-strand rna viruses: paramyxoviruses and beyond.	genome replication and virion production by most negative-sense rna viruses (nsvs) occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, but many nsv-expressed proteins undergo active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking via signals that exploit cellular nuclear transport pathways. nuclear trafficking has been reported both for nsv accessory proteins (including isoforms of the rabies virus phosphoprotein, and v, w and c proteins of paramyxoviruses) and for structural proteins. trafficking of the former is thought to en ...	2016	27498841
[investigation of adenovirus isolation frequency from the stool samples of patients suspected with acute flaccid paralysis].	although adenoviruses (advs) generally cause upper respiratory tract infections, conjunctivitis/epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, gastroenteritis and pneumonia, they can lead to the involvement of central nervous system. acute flaccid paralysis (afp) is a type of seizure, characterized by rapid and sudden onset of extreme weakness in hands and feet, including (less frequently) weakness of respiratory and swallowing, representing with decreased muscle tone, especially in children below 15-year-old. ...	2016	27175501
chimeric rabies glycoprotein with a transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail from newcastle disease virus fusion protein incorporates into the newcastle disease virion at reduced levels.	rabies is still an important world-wide health problem. newcastle disease virus (ndv) has been developed as a vaccine vector in animals using a reverse genetics system. previously, our group generated a recombinant ndv (lasota strain) expressing the complete rabies g protein (rvg), named rl-rvg. in this study, we constructed a variant, rl-rvgtm, which expresses a chimeric rabies g protein rvgtm containing the ectodomain of rvg and the transmembrane domain（tm） and cytoplasmic tail （ct） from the n ...	2016	27515260
recombinant newcastle disease virus (rl-rvg) triggers autophagy and apoptosis in gastric carcinoma cells by inducing er stress.	we have reported that the recombinant avirulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota strain expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (rl-rvg) could induce autophagy and apoptosis in gastric carcinoma cells. in the present study, we explored the upstream regulators, endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress that induce autophagy and apoptosis and the relationships among them. for this purpose, sgc-7901 and hgc cells were infected with rl-rvg. ndv lasota strain and phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) were tre ...	2016	27293989
the yin and yang of antiviral innate immunity in central nervous system.	the innate immune system provides protection against invading neurotropic viruses. it acts as the first line of defense against invading viruses and plays an elementary role in their pathogenesis. the list of viruses capable of infecting human central nervous system (cns) is quite long, most important of them are japanese encephalitis virus (jev), rabies virus, west nile virus (wnv), herpes simplex virus (hsv), st. louis encephalitis virus (slev), la crosse virus, tick borne encephalitis virus ( ...	2016	26635264
releasing the genomic rna sequestered in the mumps virus nucleocapsid.	in a negative strand rna virus, the genomic rna is sequestered inside the nucleocapsid when the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase uses it as the template for viral rna synthesis. it must require a conformational change in the nucleocapsid protein (np) to make the rna accessible by the viral polymerase during this process. the structure of an empty mumps virus nucleocapsid-like particle is determined to 10.4 å resolution by cryoem image reconstruction. by modeling the crystal structure of parain ...	2016	27581981
an inactivated rabies virus-based ebola vaccine, filorab1, adjuvanted with glucopyranosyl lipid a in stable emulsion confers complete protection in nonhuman primate challenge models.	the 2013-2016 west african ebola virus (ebov) disease outbreak was the largest filovirus outbreak to date. over 28 000 suspected, probable, or confirmed cases have been reported, with a 53% case-fatality rate. the magnitude and international impact of this ebov outbreak has highlighted the urgent need for a safe and efficient ebov vaccine. to this end, we demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of filorab1, a recombinant, bivalent, inactivated rabies virus-based ebov vaccine, in r ...	2016	27456709
purification and on-column refolding of a single-chain antibody fragment against rabies virus glycoprotein expressed in escherichia coli.	an anti-rabies virus single-chain antibody fragment of an anti-glycoprotein with the vl-linker-vh orientation, designated scfv57rn, was successfully and conveniently prepared in this study. the scfv57rn protein was mainly expressed in inclusion bodies in escherichia coli. after washing and purification, the inclusion bodies were finally obtained with an on-column refolding procedure. further purification by gel exclusion chromatography was performed to remove inactive multimers. about 360 mg of ...	2016	27157441
favourable outcome in a patient bitten by a rabid bat infected with the european bat lyssavirus-1.	the classic rabies virus (genotype 1) has been eliminated in western europe, but related lyssaviruses still circulate in local bats. in august 2010, a belgian photographer was bitten upon provocation of a disoriented eptesicus serotinus bat in spain. the bat was infected with european bat lyssavirus-1 (genotype 5). the isolate proved highly neurovirulent in mice. the patient had received preventive rabies immunisations years before the incident and received two boosters with the hdcv rabies vacc ...	2016	23627196
assessment the efficiency of the constructed minigenome of rabies virus using pv strain as helper virus.	rabies is an acute viral disease that causes encephalomyelitis in mammals and human. the only way to prevent this disease is through vaccination before or after exposure. the aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the pasteur virus (pv) minigenome, using pv strain.	2016	27179165
characterization of dendritic morphology and neurotransmitter phenotype of thoracic descending propriospinal neurons after complete spinal cord transection and gdnf treatment.	after spinal cord injury (sci), poor regeneration of damaged axons of the central nervous system (cns) causes limited functional recovery. this limited spontaneous functional recovery has been attributed, to a large extent, to the plasticity of propriospinal neurons, especially the descending propriospinal neurons (dpsns). compared with the supraspinal counterparts, dpsns have displayed significantly greater regenerative capacity, which can be further enhanced by glial cell line-derived neurotro ...	2016	26730519
explaining the geographic spread of emerging epidemics: a framework for comparing viral phylogenies and environmental landscape data.	phylogenetic analysis is now an important tool in the study of viral outbreaks. it can reconstruct epidemic history when surveillance epidemiology data are sparse, and can indicate transmission linkages among infections that may not otherwise be evident. however, a remaining challenge is to develop an analytical framework that can test hypotheses about the effect of environmental variables on pathogen spatial spread. recent phylogeographic approaches can reconstruct the history of virus dispersa ...	2016	26864798
probable rabies virus transmission through organ transplantation, china, 2015.	during july 2015, physicians at a hospital in beijing, china, diagnosed rabies in 2 patients who had each received a kidney from a common organ donor who had died from acute progressive encephalitis of unknown cause. the patients had rabies incubation periods of 42 and 48 days. altered mental status developed in both patients and progressively worsened to deep coma within 80 days after transplantation; both patients died. two other transplant recipients received corneas but remained well after r ...	2016	27331337
genome-wide transcriptional profiling reveals two distinct outcomes in central nervous system infections of rabies virus.	rabies remains a major public health concern in many developing countries. the precise neuropathogenesis of rabies is unknown, though it is hypothesized to be due to neuronal death or dysfunction. mice that received intranasal inoculation of an attenuated rabies virus (rabv) strain hep-flury exhibited subtle clinical signs, and eventually recovered, which is different from the fatal encephalitis caused by the virulent rabv strain cvs-11. to understand the neuropathogenesis of rabies and the mech ...	2016	27242764
biochemical and biophysical characterization of cell-free synthesized rift valley fever virus nucleoprotein capsids enables in vitro screening to identify novel antivirals.	viral capsid assembly involves the oligomerization of the capsid nucleoprotein (np), which is an essential step in viral replication and may represent a potential antiviral target. an in vitro transcription-translation reaction using a wheat germ (wg) extract in combination with a sandwich elisa assay has recently been used to identify small molecules with antiviral activity against the rabies virus.	2016	27179769
subversion of the immune response by rabies virus.	rabies has affected mankind for several centuries and is one of the oldest known zoonoses. it is peculiar how little is known regarding the means by which rabies virus (rabv) evades the immune response and kills its host. this review investigates the complex interplay between rabv and the immune system, including the various means by which rabv evades, or advantageously utilizes, the host immune response in order to ensure successful replication and spread to another host. different factors that ...	2016	27548204
persistence of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies after vaccination of rural population following vampire bat rabies outbreak in brazil.	animal control measures in latin america have decreased the incidence of urban human rabies transmitted by dogs and cats; currently most cases of human rabies are transmitted by bats. in 2004-2005, rabies outbreaks in populations living in rural brazil prompted widespread vaccination of exposed and at-risk populations. more than 3,500 inhabitants of augusto correa (pará state) received either post-exposure (pep) or pre-exposure (prep) prophylaxis. this study evaluated the persistence of rabies v ...	2016	27653947
potential exposures to australian bat lyssavirus notified in queensland, australia, 2009-2014.	australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) belongs to the genus lyssavirus which also includes classic rabies virus and the european lyssaviruses. to date, the only three known human ablv cases, all fatal, have been reported from queensland, australia. ablv is widely distributed in australian bats, and any bite or scratch from an australian bat is considered a potential exposure to ablv.	2016	28033365
[rabies in bats].	rabies is a zoonosis ending fatally in all mammals, including humans. unlike the other mammals, this disease is usually not fatal in bats. rabies is caused by lyssaviruses which are divided into several distinct phylogroups comprising 15 known viruses. it is believed that the original hosts of all lyssaviruses are bats. classical rabies virus (rabv) occurs in bats across americas and represents the major cause of rabies in humans and domestic animals there. european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1 ...	2016	27450525
spatio-temporal analysis of the genetic diversity of arctic rabies viruses and their reservoir hosts in greenland.	there has been limited knowledge on spatio-temporal epidemiology of zoonotic arctic fox rabies among countries bordering the arctic, in particular greenland. previous molecular epidemiological studies have suggested the occurrence of one particular arctic rabies virus (rabv) lineage (arctic-3), but have been limited by a low number of available samples preventing in-depth high resolution phylogenetic analysis of rabvs at that time. however, an improved knowledge of the evolution, at a molecular ...	2016	27459154
companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals.	companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ...	2016	27522300
development of primer pairs from molecular typing of rabies virus variants present in mexico.	nucleoprotein (n) gene from rabies virus (rabv) is a useful sequence target for variant studies. several specific rabv variants have been characterized in different mammalian hosts such as skunk, dog, and bats by using anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mabs) via indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test, a technique not available in many laboratories in mexico. in the present study, a total of 158 sequences of n gene from rabv were used to design eight pairs of primers (four external and f ...	2016	27563666
an mrna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein induces protection against lethal infection in mice and correlates of protection in adult and newborn pigs.	rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease of the central nervous system (cns). in unvaccinated or untreated subjects, rabies virus infection causes severe neurological symptoms and is invariably fatal. despite the long-standing existence of effective vaccines, vaccine availability remains insufficient, with high numbers of fatal infections mostly in developing countries. nucleic acid based vaccines have proven convincingly as a new technology for the fast development of vaccines against newly emer ...	2016	27336830
foraging choices of vampire bats in diverse landscapes: potential implications for land-use change and disease transmission.	in latin america, the common vampire bat desmodus rotundus is the primary reservoir of rabies, a zoonotic virus that kills thousands of livestock annually and causes sporadic and lethal human rabies outbreaks. the proliferation of livestock provides an abundant food resource for this obligate blood-feeding species that could alter its foraging behaviour and rabies transmission, but poor understanding of the dietary plasticity of vampire bats limits understanding of how livestock influences rabie ...	2016	27499553
a rabies vaccine adjuvanted with saponins from leaves of the soap tree (quillaja brasiliensis) induces specific immune responses and protects against lethal challenge.	quillaja brasiliensis (quillajaceae) is a saponin producing species native from southern brazil and uruguay. its saponins are remarkably similar to those of q. saponaria, which provides most of the saponins used as immunoadjuvants in vaccines. the immunostimulating capacities of aqueous extract (ae) and purified saponin fraction (qb-90) obtained from leaves of q. brasiliensis were favorably comparable to those of a commercial saponin-based adjuvant preparation (quil-a) in experimental vaccines a ...	2016	27032516
intranasal location and immunohistochemical characterization of the equine olfactory epithelium.	the olfactory epithelium (oe) is the only body site where neurons contact directly the environment and are therefore exposed to a broad variation of substances and insults. it can serve as portal of entry for neurotropic viruses which spread via the olfactory pathway to the central nervous system. for horses, it has been proposed and concluded mainly from rodent studies that different viruses, e.g., borna disease virus, equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), hendra virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, v ...	2016	27790096
development of infectious clones of a wild-type korean rabies virus and evaluation of their pathogenic potential.	most reverse genetic (rg) systems for rabies viruses (rvs) have been constructed on the genome background of laboratory-adapted strains. in this study, we developed an rg system using a korean wild type (kgh) strain to investigate the pathogenic potential of different strains. we developed a rg system with the kgh strain for the first time. following the complete genome sequencing of the kgh strain, pkgh infectious clones were constructed using the cmv/t7 promoter, and hamrz and hdvrz were intro ...	2016	27397101