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Catalytically active filaments - pyruvate decarboxylase from Neurospora crassa. pH-controlled oligomer structure and catalytic function.Pyruvate decarboxylase is a key enzyme in organisms whose energy metabolism is based on alcoholic fermentation. The enzyme catalyses the nonoxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxo acids in the presence of the cofactors thiamine diphosphate and magnesium ions. Pyruvate decarboxylase species from yeasts and plant seeds studied to date are allosterically activated by their substrate pyruvate. However, detailed kinetic studies on the enzyme from Neurospora crassa demonstrate for the first time the lack o ...201122077835
The Neurospora crassa mutant Nc?Egt-1 identifies an ergothioneine biosynthetic gene and demonstrates that ergothioneine enhances conidial survival and protects against peroxide toxicity during conidial germination.Ergothioneine (EGT) is a histidine derivative with sulfur on the imidazole ring and a trimethylated amine; it is postulated to have an antioxidant function. Although EGT apparently is only produced by fungi and some prokaryotes, it is acquired by animals and plants from the environment, and is concentrated in animal tissues in cells with an EGT transporter. Monobromobimane derivatives of EGT allowed conclusive identification of EGT by LC/MS and the quantification of EGT in Colletotrichum gramini ...201122209968
high-throughput production of gene replacement mutants in neurospora crassa.the model filamentous fungus neurospora crassa has been the focus of functional genomics studies for the past several years. a high-throughput gene knockout procedure has been developed and used to generate mutants for more than two-thirds of the ∼10,000 annotated n. crassa genes. yeast recombinational cloning was incorporated as an efficient procedure to produce all knockout cassettes. n. crassa strains with the δmus-51 or δmus-52 deletion mutations were used as transformation recipients in ord ...201121590421
fungal photobiology: a synopsis.fungi respond and adapt to many environmental signals including light. the photobiology of fungi has been extensively investigated, but in recent years the identification of the first fungal photoreceptor, wc-1 in the ascomycete neurospora crassa, and the discovery that similar photoreceptors are required for photoreception in other ascomycete, basidiomycete and zygomycete fungi has allowed the molecular characterization of light reception and the early steps of signal transduction in a number o ...201122679584
[the different effects of carbon dioxide on the toxicity of silver ions for prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms].the effect of carbon dioxide on survivability of bacteria escherichia coli and the germination ability ofconidia of the fungus neurospora crassa in the presence of silver nitrate was studied. it was shown that carbon dioxide increased the toxic effect of silver ions on prokaryotic cells of e. coli but did not change the survivability of spores of the eukaryote n. crassa.201121790000
the gene card encodes the aldehyde dehydrogenase responsible for neurosporaxanthin biosynthesis in fusarium fujikuroi.neurosporaxanthin (ß-apo-4'-carotenoic acid) biosynthesis has been studied in detail in the fungus fusarium fujikuroi. the genes and enzymes for this biosynthetic pathway are known until the last enzymatic step, the oxidation of the aldehyde group of its precursor, ß-apo-4'-carotenal. based on sequence homology to neurospora crassa ylo-1, which mediates the formation of apo-4'-lycopenoic acid from the corresponding aldehyde substrate, we cloned the card gene of f. fujikuroi and investigated the ...201121749649
solution structures of dead-box rna chaperones reveal conformational changes and nucleic acid tethering by a basic tail.the mitochondrial dead-box proteins mss116p of saccharomyces cerevisiae and cyt-19 of neurospora crassa are atp-dependent helicases that function as general rna chaperones. the helicase core of each protein precedes a c-terminal extension and a basic tail, whose structural role is unclear. here we used small-angle x-ray scattering to obtain solution structures of the full-length proteins and a series of deletion mutants. we find that the two core domains have a preferred relative orientation in ...201121746911
novel terpenoids of the fungus aspergillus insuetus isolated from the mediterranean sponge psammocinia sp. collected along the coast of israel.three novel meroterpenoids, insuetolides a-c (1-3) and four drimane sesquiterpenes, the new (e)-6-(4'-hydroxy-2'-butenoyl)-strobilactone a (4) and the known 2α, 9α, 11-trihydroxy-6-oxodrim-7-ene (5), strobilactone a (6) and (e,e)-6-(6',7'-dihydroxy-2',4'-octadienoyl)-strobilactone a (7), were isolated from the etoac extract of the culture medium of the marine-derived fungus aspergillus insuetus (oy-207), which was isolated from the mediterranean sponge psammocinia sp. the structures of the compo ...201121676619
ric8 is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for g{alpha} subunits that regulates growth and development in neurospora crassa.heterotrimeric (aß?) g proteins are crucial components of eukaryotic signal transduction pathways. g protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) act as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) for ga subunits. recently, facilitated gdp/gtp exchange by non-gpcr gefs, such as ric8, has emerged as an important mechanism for ga regulation in animals. ric8 is present in animals and filamentous fungi, such as the model eukaryote neurospora crassa, but is absent from the genomes of baker's yeast and plants. in ...201121750256
a new diet for yeast to improve biofuel production.in 2010, our group announced the discovery of two cellodextrin transporter families from the cellulolytic fungus, neurospora crassa. furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of these transporters in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. this discovery was made possible by a decision to systematically study cell wall degradation by n. crassa. the identified transport pathway has opened up a new way of thinking about microbial fermentation of hexoses as well as pentoses derived from plant ce ...201121637011
regulation of stomatal tropism and infection by light in cercospora zeae-maydis: evidence for coordinated host/pathogen responses to photoperiod?cercospora zeae-maydis causes gray leaf spot of maize, which has become one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of maize in the world. c. zeae-maydis infects leaves through stomata, which is predicated on the ability of the pathogen to perceive stomata and reorient growth accordingly. in this study, the discovery that light was required for c. zeae-maydis to perceive stomata and infect leaves led to the identification of crp1, a gene encoding a putative blue-light photoreceptor homol ...201121829344
analysis of al-2 mutations in neurospora.the orange pigmentation of the fungus neurospora crassa is due to the accumulation of the xanthophyll neurosporaxanthin and precursor carotenoids. two key reactions in the synthesis of these pigments, the formation of phytoene from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and the introduction of +¦ cycles in desaturated carotenoid products, are catalyzed by two domains of a bifunctional protein, encoded by the gene al-2. we have determined the sequence of nine al-2 mutant alleles and analyzed the carotenoid ...201121818281
global warming, plant paraquat resistance, and light signal transduction through nucleoside diphosphate kinase as a paradigm for increasing food supply.light signal transduction was studied in extracts of mycelia of the fungus neurospora crassa, and the third internodes of dark-grown pisum sativum cv alaska. both processes increased the phosphorylation of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndpk). ndpk may function as a carrier of reduction equivalents, as it binds nadh, thereby providing electrons to transform singlet oxygen to superoxide by catalases (cat). as the c-termini of ndpk interact with cat which receive singlet oxygen, emitted from photo ...201121603975
acon-3, the neurospora crassa ortholog of the developmental modifier, meda, complements the conidiation defect of the aspergillus nidulans mutant.aspergillus nidulans and neurospora crassa are ascomycetes that produce asexual spores through morphologically distinct processes. meda, a protein with unknown function, is required for normal asexual and sexual development in a. nidulans. we determined that the n. crassa ortholog of meda is acon-3, a gene required for early conidiophore development and female fertility. to test hypotheses about the evolutionary origins of asexual development in distinct fungal lineages it is important to unders ...201121220038
a widespread class of reverse transcriptase-related cellular genes.reverse transcriptases (rts) polymerize dna on rna templates. they fall into several structurally related but distinct classes and form an assemblage of rt-like enzymes that, in addition to rts, also includes certain viral rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrp) synthesizing rna on rna templates. it is generally believed that most rt-like enzymes originate from retrotransposons or viruses and have no specific function in the host cell, with telomerases being the only notable exception. here we repo ...201121876125
crystal structure of the mid-piwi lobe of a eukaryotic argonaute protein.argonaute proteins (agos) are essential effectors in rna-mediated gene silencing pathways. they are characterized by a bilobal architecture, in which one lobe contains the n-terminal and paz domains and the other contains the mid and piwi domains. here, we present the first crystal structure of the mid-piwi lobe from a eukaryotic ago, the neurospora crassa qde-2 protein. compared to prokaryotic agos, the domain orientation is conserved, indicating a conserved mode of nucleic acid binding. the pi ...201121646546
characterization of cytotoxic compound from mangrove derived fungi irpex hydnoides vb4.to investigate the cytotoxic activity of endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove fungi.201123569763
systems biology of the qa gene cluster in neurospora crassa.an ensemble of genetic networks that describe how the model fungal system, neurospora crassa, utilizes quinic acid (qa) as a sole carbon source has been identified previously. a genetic network for qa metabolism involves the genes, qa-1f and qa-1s, that encode a transcriptional activator and repressor, respectively and structural genes, qa-2, qa-3, qa-4, qa-x, and qa-y. by a series of 4 separate and independent, model-guided, microarray experiments a total of 50 genes are identified as qa-respon ...201121695121
array comparative genomic hybridizations: assessing the ability to recapture evolutionary relationships using an in silico approach.comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) with dna microarrays has many biological applications including surveys of copy number changes in tumorogenesis, species detection and identification, and functional genomics studies among related organisms. array cgh has also been used to infer phylogenetic relatedness among species or strains. although the use of the entire genome can be seen as a considerable advantage for use in phylogenetic analysis, few such studies have questioned the reliability of ...201121936922
Xylitol production is increased by expression of codon-optimized Neurospora crassa xylose reductase gene in Candida tropicalis.Xylose reductase (XR) is the first enzyme in D: -xylose metabolism, catalyzing the reduction of D: -xylose to xylitol. Formation of XR in the yeast Candida tropicalis is significantly repressed in cells grown on medium that contains glucose as carbon and energy source, because of the repressive effect of glucose. This is one reason why glucose is not a suitable co-substrate for cell growth in industrial xylitol production. XR from the ascomycete Neurospora crassa (NcXR) has high catalytic effici ...201121922311
biochemical characterisation of a nadph-dependent carbonyl reductase from neurospora crassa reducing α- and β-keto esters.a gene encoding an nadph-dependent carbonyl reductase from neurospora crassa (nccr) was cloned and heterologously expressed in escherichia coli. the enzyme (nccr) was purified and biochemically characterised. nccr exhibited a restricted substrate spectrum towards various ketones, and the highest activity (468u/mg) was observed with dihydroxyacetone. however, nccr proved to be very selective in the reduction of different α- and β-keto esters. several compounds were converted to the corresponding ...201122113019
Identification of the CRE-1 cellulolytic regulon in Neurospora crassa.In filamentous ascomycete fungi, the utilization of alternate carbon sources is influenced by the zinc finger transcription factor CreA/CRE-1, which encodes a carbon catabolite repressor protein homologous to Mig1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In Neurospora crassa, deletion of cre-1 results in increased secretion of amylase and ß-galactosidase.201121980519
Structural elements of the mitochondrial preprotein-conducting channel Tom40 dissolved by bioinformatics and mass spectrometry.Most mitochondrial proteins are imported into mitochondria from the cytosolic compartment. Proteins destined for the outer or inner membrane, the inter-membrane space, or the matrix are recognized and translocated by the TOM machinery containing the specialized protein import channel Tom40. The latter is a protein with ß-barrel shape, which is suggested to have evolved from a porin-type protein. To obtain structural insights in the absence of a crystal structure the membrane topology of Tom40 fr ...201121888892
Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA is expressed more strongly in the early than the late perithecia of crosses involving most wild-isolated Neurospora crassa strains and in self-crosses of N. tetrasperma.Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA is a presumed RNAi-mediated elimination of the transcripts of any gene that is not properly paired with a homolog in meiosis. Eighty wild-isolated strains of Neurospora crassa were classified into three types based on the apparent strength of meiotic silencing of the bml (ß-tubulin) and mei-3 genes in crosses with the ::Bml(r) and ::mei-3 tester strains. "OR" and "Sad" type wild-isolates, respectively, did or did not silence both the genes, whereas the "Esm" typ ...201122056520
a potassium-proton symport in neurospora crassa.combined ion flux and electrophysiological measurements have been used to characterized active transport of potassium by cells of neurospora crassa that have been moderately starved of k+ and then maintained in the presence of millimolar free calcium ions. these conditions elicit a high-affinity (k1/2 = 1-10 microm) potassium uptake system that is strongly depolarizing. current-voltage measurements have demonstrated a k+-associated inward current exceeding (at saturation) half the total current ...20113014042
[vegetable cytology. intracellular localization of transaminase alanine-glyoxylate and malate synthetase in neurospora crassa]. 20114979219
genetic control of asexual sporulation in filamentous fungi.asexual sporulation (conidiation) in the ascomycetous filamentous fungi involves the formation of conidia, formed on specialized structures called conidiophores. conidiation in filamentous fungi involves many common themes including spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression, specialized cellular differentiation, intra-/inter-cellular communications, and response to environmental factors. the commencement, progression and completion of conidiation are regulated by multiple positive and n ...201223092920
high abundance of serine/threonine-rich regions predicted to be hyper-o-glycosylated in the secretory proteins coded by eight fungal genomes.o-glycosylation of secretory proteins has been found to be an important factor in fungal biology and virulence. it consists in the addition of short glycosidic chains to ser or thr residues in the protein backbone via o-glycosidic bonds. secretory proteins in fungi frequently display ser/thr rich regions that could be sites of extensive o-glycosylation. we have analyzed in silico the complete sets of putatively secretory proteins coded by eight fungal genomes (botrytis cinerea, magnaporthe grise ...201222994653
characterization of the insertase for β-barrel proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane.the tob-sam complex is an essential component of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates the insertion of β-barrel precursor proteins into the membrane. we report here its isolation and determine its size, composition, and structural organization. the complex from neurospora crassa was composed of tob55-sam50, tob38-sam35, and tob37-sam37 in a stoichiometry of 1:1:1 and had a molecular mass of 140 kd. a very minor fraction of the purified complex was associated with one mdm10 protein. usi ...201223128244
the transcriptional response to the inactivation of the pampk1 and pampk2 map kinase pathways in podospora anserina.transcription pattern during mycelium growth of podospora anserina was assayed by microarray analysis in wild type and in mutants affected in the map kinase genes pampk1 and pampk2 and in the nadph oxidase gene panox1. 15% of the genes have their expression modified by a factor two or more as growth proceeds in wild type. the genes whose expression is modified during growth in p. anserina are either not conserved or differently regulated in neurospora crassa and aspergillus niger, two fungi for ...201222721649
ambient ph controls glycogen levels by regulating glycogen synthase gene expression in neurospora crassa. new insights into the ph signaling pathway.glycogen is a polysaccharide widely distributed in microorganisms and animal cells and its metabolism is under intricate regulation. its accumulation in a specific situation results from the balance between glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase activities that control synthesis and degradation, respectively. these enzymes are highly regulated at transcriptional and post-translational levels. the existence of a dna motif for the aspergillus nidulans ph responsive transcription factor pacc ...201222952943
conserved and essential transcription factors for cellulase gene expression in ascomycete fungi.rational engineering of filamentous fungi for improved cellulase production is hampered by our incomplete knowledge of transcriptional regulatory networks. we therefore used the model filamentous fungus neurospora crassa to search for uncharacterized transcription factors associated with cellulose deconstruction. a screen of a n. crassa transcription factor deletion collection identified two uncharacterized zinc binuclear cluster transcription factors (clr-1 and clr-2) that were required for gro ...201222532664
a novel activity for fungal nitronate monooxygenase: detoxification of the metabolic inhibitor propionate-3-nitronate.nitronate monooxygenase (nmo; e.c. 1.13.12.16) oxidizes alkyl nitronates to aldehydes and nitrite. although the biochemistry of the enzyme from fungal sources has been studied extensively, the physiological role is unknown. the ability of nmo to detoxify propionate-3-nitronate was tested by measuring growth of recombinant escherichia coli containing the gene encoding for the enzyme in either the absence or presence of the nitronate and its conjugate acid 3-nitropropionate. the mixture propionate ...201222464989
genomic characteristics comparisons of 12 food-related filamentous fungi in trna gene set, codon usage and amino acid composition.filamentous fungi are widely exploited in food industry due to their abilities to secrete large amounts of enzymes and metabolites. the recent availability of fungal genome sequences has provided an opportunity to explore the genomic characteristics of these food-related filamentous fungi. in this paper, we selected 12 representative filamentous fungi in the areas of food processing and safety, which were aspergillus clavatus, a. flavus, a. fumigatus, a. nidulans, a. niger, a. oryzae, a. terreus ...201222305983
gliotoxin effects on fungal growth: mechanisms and exploitation.although initially investigated for its antifungal properties, little is actually known about the effect of gliotoxin on aspergillus fumigatus and other fungi. we have observed that exposure of a. fumigatus to exogenous gliotoxin (14 μg/ml), under gliotoxin-limited growth conditions, results in significant alteration of the expression of 27 proteins (up- and down-regulated >1.9-fold; p<0.05) including de novo expression of cu, zn superoxide dismutase, up-regulated allergen asp f3 expression and ...201222405895
improved gene targeting frequency in marine-derived filamentous fungus aspergillus glaucus by disrupting ligd.filamentous fungi from the marine environment have shown great potential as cell factories for the production of pharmacologically active metabolites, but extremely low frequency of homologous recombination brings difficulty to further molecular biology studies. to bypass this problem and develop a highly efficient gene targeting system in marine-derived filamentous fungus aspergillus glaucus, ligd, a homolog of neurospora crassa mus-53 which is considered to play a significant role in nonhomolo ...201222562375
prp8 inteins in species of the genus botrytis and other ascomycetes.the mobile elements termed inteins have a sporadic distribution in microorganisms. it is unclear how these elements are maintained. inteins are intervening protein sequences that autocatalytically excise themselves from a precursor. excision is a post-translational process referred to as 'protein splicing' in which the sequences flanking the intein are ligated, reforming the mature host protein. some inteins contain a homing endonuclease domain (heg) that is proposed to facilitate propagation of ...201222285471
biological activities of extracts from chenopodium ambrosioides lineu and kielmeyera neglecta saddi.chenopodium ambrosioides and kielmeyera neglecta are plants traditionally used in brazil to treat various infectious diseases. the study of the biological activities of these plants is of great importance for the detection of biologically active compounds.201222839690
fungal catalases: function, phylogenetic origin and structure.most fungi have several monofunctional heme-catalases. filamentous ascomycetes (pezizomycotina) have two types of large-size subunit catalases (l1 and l2). l2-type are usually induced by different stressors and are extracellular enzymes; those from the l1-type are not inducible and accumulate in asexual spores. l2 catalases are important for growth and the start of cell differentiation, while l1 are required for spore germination. in addition, pezizomycetes have one to four small-size subunit ca ...201222698962
the carnitine biosynthetic pathway in arabidopsis thaliana shares similar features with the pathway of mammals and fungi.carnitine is an essential quaternary ammonium amino acid that occurs in the microbial, plant and animal kingdoms. the role and synthesis of this compound are very well documented in bacteria, fungi and mammals. on the contrary, although the presence of carnitine in plant tissue has been reported four decades ago and information about its biological implication are available, nothing is known about its synthesis in plants. we designed experiments to determine if the carnitine biosynthetic pathway ...201222922110
a novel biochemical route for fuels and chemicals production from cellulosic biomass.the conventional biochemical platform featuring enzymatic hydrolysis involves five key steps: pretreatment, cellulase production, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, and product recovery. sugars are produced as reactive intermediates for subsequent fermentation to fuels and chemicals. herein, an alternative biochemical route is proposed. pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulase production is consolidated into one single step, referred to as consolidated aerobic processing, and sugar aldo ...201222384058
transgene induced co-suppression during vegetative growth in cryptococcus neoformans.introduction of dna sequences into the genome often results in homology-dependent gene silencing in organisms as diverse as plants, fungi, flies, nematodes, and mammals. we previously showed in cryptococcus neoformans that a repeat transgene array can induce gene silencing at a high frequency during mating (∼50%), but at a much lower frequency during vegetative growth (∼0.2%). here we report a robust asexual co-suppression phenomenon triggered by the introduction of a cpa1::ade2 transgene. multi ...201222916030
small rna isolation and library construction for expression profiling of small rnas from neurospora and fusarium using illumina high-throughput deep sequencing.due to crucial roles in gene regulation, noncoding small rnas (smrnas) of 20-30 nucleotides (nt) have been intensively studied in mammals and plants, and are known to be implicated in significant diseases and metabolic disorders. elucidation of biogenesis mechanisms and functional characterization of smrnas are often achieved using tools, such as separation of small-sized rna and high-throughput sequencing. although rna interference pathways such as quelling and meiotic silencing have been well ...201222589132
the neurospora crassa os mapk pathway-activated transcription factor asl-1 contributes to circadian rhythms in pathway responsive clock-controlled genes.the os-pathway mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade of neurospora crassa is responsible for adaptation to osmotic stress. activation of the mapk, os-2, leads to the transcriptional induction of many genes involved in the osmotic stress response. we previously demonstrated that there is a circadian rhythm in the phosphorylation of os-2 under constant non-stress inducing conditions. additionally, several osmotic stress-induced genes are known to be regulated by the circadian clock. ther ...201222240319
AreA controls nitrogen source utilisation during both growth programs of the dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei.The opportunistic pathogen Penicillium marneffei displays a temperature-dependent dimorphic switching program with saprophytic hyphal growth at 25 °C and yeast growth at 37 °C. The areA gene of P. marneffei has been isolated and found to be required for the utilisation of nonpreferred nitrogen sources during both growth programs of P. marneffei, albeit to differing degrees. Based on this functional characterisation and high degree of sequence conservation with other fungal GATA factors, P. marne ...201222208609
oxidative cleavage of cellulose by fungal copper-dependent polysaccharide monooxygenases.fungal-derived, copper-dependent polysaccharide monooxygenases (pmos), formerly known as gh61 proteins, have recently been shown to catalyze the o(2)-dependent oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides. different pmos isolated from neurospora crassa were found to generate oxidized cellodextrins modified at the reducing or nonreducing ends upon incubation with cellulose and cellobiose dehydrogenase. here we show that the nonreducing end product formed by an n. crassa pmo is a 4-ketoaldos ...201222188218
mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from the absence of mitochondrial porin in neurospora crassa.porin, the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (vdac) in the mitochondrial outer membrane, contributes to metabolism and apoptosis. vdac function was investigated in neurospora, an obligate aerobe with a single porin. porinless strains are viable, with cold-sensitive growth, cytochrome deficiencies and overexpression of alternative oxidase. itraq labeling of mitochondria from a porinless strain and its progenitor revealed a small group of proteins with altered expression levels in the muta ...201221946565
disruption of alternative nad(p)h dehydrogenases leads to decreased mitochondrial ros in neurospora crassa.mitochondria are a main providers of high levels of energy, but also a major source of reactive oxygen species (ros) during normal oxidative metabolism. the involvement of neurospora crassa alternative nad(p)h dehydrogenases in mitochondrial ros production was evaluated. the growth responses of a series of respiratory mutants to several stress conditions revealed that disrupting alternative dehydrogenases leads to an increased tolerance to the redox cycler paraquat, with a mutant devoid of the e ...201222100504
diverse interactions mediate asymmetric incompatibility by the het-6 supergene complex in neurospora crassa.heterokaryon incompatibility (hi) in filamentous fungi is a form of nonself recognition that operates during the vegetative phase of the life cycle. one hi gene complex in neurospora crassa, the het-6 locus, comprises two incompatibility genes, het-6 and un-24, each having two allelic variants, oak ridge (or) and panama (pa). the un-24 gene also encodes the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase while het-6 appears to be a member of a repetitive gene family with no other known function aside ...201222094057
[effect of oxylipins on neurospora crassa growth and differentiation ion]. 201223234069
graphite electrodes modified with neurospora crassa cellobiose dehydrogenase: comparative electrochemical characterization under direct and mediated electron transfer.the electrochemical characterization of a class ii cellobiose dehydrogenase (cdh), from the ascomycete fungus neurospora crassa, adsorbed on graphite (g), was performed in regard to direct (det) and mediated electron transfer (met). the effects of the applied potential, mediator (1,4 benzoquinone) concentration and flow carrier ph on the amperometric response of the g/cdh modified electrodes were investigated under flow conditions. from the calibration curves, recorded at two ph values (5.2 and ...201222809780
analyses of dynein heavy chain mutations reveal complex interactions between dynein motor domains and cellular dynein functions.cytoplasmic dynein transports cargoes for a variety of crucial cellular functions. however, since dynein is essential in most eukaryotic organisms, the in-depth study of the cellular function of dynein via genetic analysis of dynein mutations has not been practical. here, we identify and characterize 34 different dynein heavy chain mutations using a genetic screen of the ascomycete fungus neurospora crassa, in which dynein is nonessential. interestingly, our studies show that these mutations seg ...201222649085
concentration-dependent mechanisms of cell penetration and killing by the de novo designed antifungal hexapeptide paf26.recent evidence indicates that antimicrobial peptides can kill microbes in more complex ways than just by membrane permeabilization. in this study, the mechanism of internalization of the de novo designed cationic hexapeptide paf26 has been characterized in detail using neurospora crassa. live-cell imaging of fluorescently labelled paf26, organelle probes and mutants indicate that the peptide is endocytically internalized at low fungicidal concentrations (2.0-5 µm). at these concentrations, paf2 ...201222646057
functional analysis of glycoside hydrolase family 18 and 20 genes in neurospora crassa.glycoside hydrolase family 18 contains hydrolytic enzymes with chitinase or endo-n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (engase) activity, while glycoside hydrolase family 20 contains enzymes with β-n-acetylhexosaminidase (nagase) activity. chitinases and nagases are involved in chitin degradation. chitinases are phylogenetically divided into three main groups (a, b and c), each further divided into subgroups. in this study, we investigated the functional role of 10 neurospora crassa genes that encode chi ...201222796096
temperature-sensitive and circadian oscillators of neurospora crassa share components.in neurospora crassa, the interactions between products of the frequency (frq), frequency-interacting rna helicase (frh), white collar-1 (wc-1), and white collar-2 (wc-2) genes establish a molecular circadian clockwork, called the frq-wc-oscillator (fwo), which is required for the generation of molecular and overt circadian rhythmicity. in strains carrying nonfunctional frq alleles, circadian rhythms in asexual spore development (conidiation) are abolished in constant conditions, yet conidiation ...201222367035
deciphering transcriptional regulatory mechanisms associated with hemicellulose degradation in neurospora crassa.hemicellulose, the second most abundant plant biomass fraction after cellulose, is widely viewed as a potential substrate for the production of liquid fuels and other value-added materials. degradation of hemicellulose by filamentous fungi requires production of many different enzymes, which are induced by biopolymers or its derivatives and regulated mainly at the transcriptional level through transcription factors (tfs). neurospora crassa, a model filamentous fungus, expresses and secretes enzy ...201222345350
self-assembly of functional, amphipathic amyloid monolayers by the fungal hydrophobin eas.the hydrophobin eas from the fungus neurospora crassa forms functional amyloid fibrils called rodlets that facilitate spore formation and dispersal. self-assembly of eas into fibrillar rodlets occurs spontaneously at hydrophobic:hydrophilic interfaces and the rodlets further associate laterally to form amphipathic monolayers. we have used site-directed mutagenesis and peptide experiments to identify the region of eas that drives intermolecular association and formation of the cross-β rodlet stru ...201222308366
[analysis of several key problems about the two linkage gene mapping of neurospora crassa in genetics teaching].ordered tetrad analysis is important content in the genetics teaching. in particular, the two linkage gene mapping is not only a key point, but also a difficult one. how to explain the content better is a hard nut for the many genetics teachers or editors of the teaching material to crack. here, based on teaching practice of many years we summarized several key problems, which are difficult to understand by students and frequently neglected by the teachers and the editors of genetics. furthermor ...201222306881
roles for receptors, pheromones, g proteins, and mating type genes during sexual reproduction in neurospora crassa.here we characterize the relationship between the pre-2 pheromone receptor and its ligand, ccg-4, and the general requirements for receptors, pheromones, g proteins, and mating type genes during fusion of opposite mating-type cells and sexual sporulation in the multicellular fungus neurospora crassa. pre-2 is highly expressed in mat a cells and is localized in male and female reproductive structures. δpre-2 mat a females do not respond chemotropically to mat a males (conidia) or form mature frui ...201222298702
comparative live-cell imaging analyses of spa-2, bud-6 and bni-1 in neurospora crassa reveal novel features of the filamentous fungal polarisome.a key multiprotein complex involved in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and secretory machinery required for polarized growth in fungi, is the polarisome. recognized core constituents in budding yeast are the proteins spa2, pea2, aip3/bud6, and the key effector bni1. multicellular fungi display a more complex polarized morphogenesis than yeasts, suggesting that the filamentous fungal polarisome might fulfill additional functions. in this study, we compared the subcellular organization and dynam ...201222291944
excitable behavior can explain the "ping-pong" mode of communication between cells using the same chemoattractant.here we elucidate a paradox: how a single chemoattractant-receptor system in two individuals is used for communication despite the seeming inevitability of self-excitation. in the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa, genetically identical cells that produce the same chemoattractant fuse via the homing of individual cell protrusions toward each other. this is achieved via a recently described "ping-pong" pulsatile communication. using a generic activator-inhibitor model of excitable behavior, we ...201222271443
cooperation among germinating spores facilitates the growth of the fungus, neurospora crassa.fusions between individuals are a common feature of organisms with modular, indeterminate life forms, including plants, marine invertebrates and fungi. the consequences of fusion for an individual fungus are poorly understood. we used wild-type and fusion mutant strains of the genetic model neurospora crassa to chronicle the fitness in two different laboratory habitats, and in each experiment started colonies from multiple different densities of asexual spores. on round petri dishes, fusion enab ...201222258449
identification of genes required for alternative oxidase production in the neurospora crassa gene knockout library.the alternative oxidase (aox) of neurospora crassa transfers electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen. the enzyme is not expressed under normal conditions. however, when the function of the standard electron transport chain is compromised, aox is induced, providing cells with a means to continue respiration and growth. induction of the enzyme represents a form of retrograde regulation because aox is encoded by a nuclear gene that responds to signals produced from inefficiently functioning mitochondria ...201223173086
the neurospora crassa dfg5 and dcw1 genes encode α-1,6-mannanases that function in the incorporation of glycoproteins into the cell wall.the covalent cross-linking of cell wall proteins into the cell wall glucan/chitin matrix is an important step in the biogenesis of the fungal cell wall. we demonstrate that the neurospora crassa dfg5 (ncu03770) and dcw1 (ncu08127) enzymes function in vivo to cross-link glycoproteins into the cell wall. mutants lacking dfg5 or dcw1 release slightly elevated levels of cell wall proteins into their growth medium. mutants lacking both dfg5 and dcw1 have substantially reduced levels of cell wall prot ...201222701726
role of fig1, a component of the low-affinity calcium uptake system, in growth and sexual development of filamentous fungi.the function of fig1, a transmembrane protein of the low-affinity calcium uptake system (lacs) in fungi, was examined for its role in the growth and development of the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum. the δfig1 mutants failed to produce mature perithecia, and sexual development was halted prior to the formation of perithecium initials. the loss of fig1 function also resulted in a reduced vegetative growth rate. macroconidium production was reduced 70-fold in the δfig1 mutants compared to the ...201222635922
high-resolution spatiotemporal analysis of gene expression in real time: in vivo analysis of circadian rhythms in neurospora crassa using a frequency-luciferase translational reporter.the pacemaker of the neurospora circadian clock is composed of a transcriptional-translational feedback loop that has been intensively studied during the last two decades. invaluable information has been derived from measuring the expression of the central clock component frequency (frq) under liquid culture conditions. direct analyses of frq mrna and protein levels on solid media - where overt circadian rhythms are normally visualized - have not been trivial due to technical issues. nevertheles ...201222695169
importance of map kinases during protoperithecial morphogenesis in neurospora crassa.in order to produce multicellular structures filamentous fungi combine various morphogenetic programs that are fundamentally different from those used by plants and animals. the perithecium, the female sexual fruitbody of neurospora crassa, differentiates from the vegetative mycelium in distinct morphological stages, and represents one of the more complex multicellular structures produced by fungi. in this study we defined the stages of protoperithecial morphogenesis in the n. crassa wild type i ...201222900028
wsc-1 and ham-7 are mak-1 map kinase pathway sensors required for cell wall integrity and hyphal fusion in neurospora crassa.a large number of cell wall proteins are encoded in the neurospora crassa genome. strains carrying gene deletions of 65 predicted cell wall proteins were characterized. deletion mutations in two of these genes (wsc-1 and ham-7) have easily identified morphological and inhibitor-based defects. their phenotypic characterization indicates that ham-7 and wsc-1 function during cell-to-cell hyphal fusion and in cell wall integrity maintenance, respectively. wsc-1 encodes a transmembrane protein with e ...201222879952
physical association of the wc-1 photoreceptor and the histone acetyltransferase ngf-1 is required for blue light signal transduction in neurospora crassa.in neurospora crassa and other filamentous fungi, light-dependent-specific phenomena are regulated by transcription factors wc-1 and wc-2. in addition to its transcriptional activity, wc-1 is able to directly sense light stimuli through a lov sensor domain. its location in the nucleus and heterodimerization with wc-2, together with the presence of a zinc-finger dna-binding domain and an environmental sensor domain, all resemble the functional evolutionary architecture adopted by vertebrate nucle ...201222875992
in vivo conformation and replication intermediates of circular mitochondrial plasmids in neurospora and cryphonectria parasitica.the in vivo conformation and replication intermediates of fungal circular mitochondrial plasmids and plasmid-like mitochondrial element (plmes) were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. plasmids with circular restriction maps exist predominantly as circular molecules and were found to replicate by rolling circle mechanisms. however, the reverse transcriptase-encoding mauriceville plasmid of neurospora crassa was observed to replicate by two possible mechanisms ...201222862920
diversification of a protein kinase cascade: ime-2 is involved in nonself recognition and programmed cell death in neurospora crassa.kinase cascades and the modification of proteins by phosphorylation are major mechanisms for cell signaling and communication, and evolution of these signaling pathways can contribute to new developmental or environmental response pathways. the saccharomyces cerevisiae kinase ime2 has been well characterized for its role in meiosis. however, recent studies have revealed alternative functions for ime2 in both s. cerevisiae and other fungi. in the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa, the ime2 hom ...201222813893
coronin is a component of the endocytic collar of hyphae of neurospora crassa and is necessary for normal growth and morphogenesis.coronin plays a major role in the organization and dynamics of actin in yeast. to investigate the role of coronin in a filamentous fungus (neurospora crassa), we examined its subcellular localization using fluorescent proteins and the phenotypic consequences of coronin gene (crn-1) deletion in hyphal morphogenesis, spitzenkörper behavior and endocytosis. coronin-gfp was localized in patches, forming a subapical collar near the hyphal apex; significantly, it was absent from the apex. the subapica ...201222693603
use of fluorescent protein to analyse recombination at three loci in neurospora crassa.we have inserted a histone h1-gfp fusion gene adjacent to three loci on different chromosomes of neurospora crassa and made mating pairs in which a wild type version of gfp is crossed to one with a mutation in the 5' end of gfp. the loci are his-3, am and his-5, chosen because recombination mechanisms appear to differ between his-3 and am, and because crossing over adjacent to his-5, like his-3, is regulated by rec-2. at his-3, the frequencies of crossing over between gfp and the centromere and ...201222691725
the essential phosphoinositide kinase mss-4 is required for polar hyphal morphogenesis, localizing to sites of growth and cell fusion in neurospora crassa.fungal hyphae and plant pollen tubes are among the most highly polarized cells known and pose extraordinary requirements on their cell polarity machinery. cellular morphogenesis is driven through the phospholipid-dependent organization at the apical plasma membrane. we characterized the contribution of phosphoinositides (pis) in hyphal growth of the filamentous ascomycete neurospora crassa. mss-4 is an essential gene and its deletion resulted in spherically growing cells that ultimately lyse. tw ...201223272106
the translin-trax complex (c3po) is a ribonuclease in trna processing.conserved translin-trax complexes, also known as c3pos, have been implicated in many biological processes, but how they function remains unclear. recently, c3po was shown to be an endornase that promotes rna interference (rnai) in animal cells. here, we show that c3po does not play a significant role in rnai in the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa. instead, the neurospora c3po functions as an rnase that removes the 5' pre-trna fragments after the processing of pre-trnas by rnase p. in additi ...201222773104
cdr4 is the major contributor to azole resistance among four pdr5p-like abc transporters in neurospora crassa.pdr5p-like abc transporters play a significant role in azole resistance in saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida spp. most of filamentous fungal species have multiple pdr5p homologues. in this study, phylogenic analysis identified that filamentous fungi have at least two phylogenically distant groups of pdr5p homologues. one contains pmr1-like pdr5p homologues while the other contains both atrf-like and atrb-like pdr5p homologues. neurospora crassa has a total of four genes encoding pdr5p homolog ...201222749171
analysis of the sulfur-regulated control of the cystathionine γ-lyase gene of neurospora crassa.cystathionine γ-lyase plays a key role in the transsulfuration pathway through its primary reaction of catalyzing the formation of cysteine from cystathionine. the neurospora crassa cystathionine γ-lyase gene (cys-16(+)) is of particular interest in dissecting the regulation and dynamics of transsulfuration. the aim of this study was to determine the regulatory connection of cys-16(+) to the neurospora sulfur regulatory network. in addition, the cys-16(+) promoter was characterized with the goal ...201222748183
rna interference pathways in fungi: mechanisms and functions.rna interference (rnai) is a conserved eukaryotic gene regulatory mechanism that uses small noncoding rnas to mediate posttranscriptional/transcriptional gene silencing. the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe and the filamentous fungus neurospora crassa have served as important model systems for rnai research. studies on these two organisms and other fungi have contributed significantly to our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of rnai in eukaryotes. in addition, surprisingly div ...201222746336
characterization of the two neurospora crassa cellobiose dehydrogenases and their connection to oxidative cellulose degradation.the genome of neurospora crassa encodes two different cellobiose dehydrogenases (cdhs) with a sequence identity of only 53%. so far, only cdh iia, which is induced during growth on cellulose and features a c-terminal carbohydrate binding module (cbm), was detected in the secretome of n. crassa and preliminarily characterized. cdh iib is not significantly upregulated during growth on cellulosic material and lacks a cbm. since cdh iib could not be identified in the secretome, both cdhs were recomb ...201222729546
neurosporaxanthin production by neurospora and fusarium.the orange pigmentation of the ascomycete fungi neurospora and fusarium is mainly due to the accumulation of neurosporaxanthin, a carboxylic apocarotenoid whose possible biotechnological applications have not been investigated. from the discovery of the first enzyme of the biosynthetic pathway in 1989, the prenyltransferase al-3, to the recent identification of an aldehyde dehydrogenase responsible for the last biosynthetic step, all the enzymes and biochemical reactions needed for neurosporaxan ...201222711132
rho1 and rho2 share partially overlapping functions in the regulation of cell wall integrity and hyphal polarity in neurospora crassa.rho proteins are key regulators of cellular morphogenesis, but their function in filamentous fungi is poorly understood. by generating conditional rho-1 mutants, we dissected the function of the essential gtpase rho1 in cell polarization and maintenance of cell wall integrity in neurospora crassa. we identified ncu00668/rgf1 as rho1-specific exchange factor, which controls actin organization and the cell wall integrity mak1 map kinase pathway through the direct interaction of active rho1 with th ...201222703449
sex-specific gene expression during asexual development of neurospora crassa.the impact of loci that determine sexual identity upon the asexual, dominant stage of fungal life history has been well studied. to investigate their impact, expression differences between strains of different mating type during asexual development were assayed, with rna sampled from otherwise largely isogenic mat a and mat a strains of neurospora crassa at early, middle, and late clonal stages of development. we observed significant differences in overall gene expression between mating types ac ...201222626843
the functions of grainy head-like proteins in animals and fungi and the evolution of apical extracellular barriers.the grainy head (grh) family of transcription factors are crucial for the development and repair of epidermal barriers in all animals in which they have been studied. this is a high-level functional conservation, as the known structural and enzymatic genes regulated by grh proteins differ between species depending on the type of epidermal barrier being formed. interestingly, members of the cp2 superfamily of transcription factors, which encompasses the grh and lsf families in animals, are also f ...201222590528
organic acid excretion in penicillium ochrochloron increases with ambient ph.despite being of high biotechnological relevance, many aspects of organic acid excretion in filamentous fungi like the influence of ambient ph are still insufficiently understood. while the excretion of an individual organic acid may peak at a certain ph value, the few available studies investigating a broader range of organic acids indicate that total organic acid excretion rises with increasing external ph. we hypothesized that this phenomenon might be a general response of filamentous fungi t ...201222493592
induction of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes in neurospora crassa by cellodextrins.neurospora crassa colonizes burnt grasslands in the wild and metabolizes both cellulose and hemicellulose from plant cell walls. when switched from a favored carbon source such as sucrose to cellulose, n. crassa dramatically upregulates expression and secretion of a wide variety of genes encoding lignocellulolytic enzymes. however, the means by which n. crassa and other filamentous fungi sense the presence of cellulose in the environment remains unclear. here, we show that an n. crassa mutant ca ...201222474347
a fluorescence-based supramolecular tandem assay for monitoring lysine methyltransferase activity in homogeneous solution.the demand for practical and convenient enzyme assays for histone lysine methyltransferases (hkmts) emerges along with the rapid development of this young class of enzymes. a supramolecular reporter pair composed of p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (cx4) and the fluorescent dye lucigenin (lcg) has been used to monitor enzymatic trimethylation of lysine residues in peptide substrates. the assay affords a switch-on fluorescence response and operates in a continuous, real-time, and label-free fashion. the ...201222367964
selection of a dna barcode for nectriaceae from fungal whole-genomes.a dna barcode is a short segment of sequence that is able to distinguish species. a barcode must ideally contain enough variation to distinguish every individual species and be easily obtained. fungi of nectriaceae are economically important and show high species diversity. to establish a standard dna barcode for this group of fungi, the genomes of neurospora crassa and 30 other filamentous fungi were compared. the expect value was treated as a criterion to recognize homologous sequences. four c ...201222314494
neurospora cop9 signalosome integrity plays major roles for hyphal growth, conidial development, and circadian function.the cop9 signalosome (csn) is a highly conserved multifunctional complex that has two major biochemical roles: cleaving nedd8 from cullin proteins and maintaining the stability of crl components. we used mutation analysis to confirm that the jamm domain of the csn-5 subunit is responsible for nedd8 cleavage from cullin proteins in neurospora crassa. point mutations of key residues in the metal-binding motif (ex(n)hxhx(10)d) of the csn-5 jamm domain disrupted csn deneddylation activity without in ...201222589747
on-target labeling of intracellular metabolites combined with chemical mapping of individual hyphae revealing cytoplasmic relocation of isotopologues.a microscale analytical platform integrating microbial cell culture, isotopic labeling, along with visual and mass spectrometric imaging with single-cell resolution has been developed and applied in the monitoring of cellular metabolism in fungal mycelium. the method implements open chips with a two-dimensional surface pattern composed of hydrophobic and hydrophilic zones. two hydrophilic islands are used as medium reservoirs, while the hydrophobic area constitutes the support for the growing ae ...201222583035
production of platinum nanoparticles and nanoaggregates using neurospora crassa.fungal biomass and fungal extract of the nonpathogenic fungus neurospora crassa were successfully used as reducing agents for the biosynthesis of platinum nanoparticles (ptnps). the experiment was carried out by exposing the fungal biomass or the fungal extract to a 0.001 m precursor solution of hexachloroplatinic(iv) acid (h2ptcl6). a change of color of the biomass from pale yellow to dark brown was the first indication of possible formation of ptnps by the fungus. subsequent analyses confirmed ...201222580320
structural basis for substrate targeting and catalysis by fungal polysaccharide monooxygenases.the use of cellulases remains a major cost in the production of renewable fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. fungi secrete copper-dependent polysaccharide monooxygenases (pmos) that oxidatively cleave crystalline cellulose and improve the effectiveness of cellulases. however, the means by which pmos recognize and cleave their substrates in the plant cell wall remain unclear. here, we present structures of neurospora crassa pmo-2 and pmo-3 at 1.10 and 1.37 å resolution, respectivel ...201222578542
bioconversion of dilute-acid pretreated sorghum bagasse to ethanol by neurospora crassa.bioethanol production from sweet sorghum bagasse (sb), the lignocellulosic solid residue obtained after extraction of sugars from sorghum stalks, can further improve the energy yield of the crop. the aim of the present work was to evaluate a cost-efficient bioconversion of sb to ethanol at high solids loadings (16 % at pretreatment and 8 % at fermentation), low cellulase activities (1-7 fpu/g sb) and co-fermentation of hexoses and pentoses. the fungus neurospora crassa dsm 1129 was used, which e ...201222573272
yeast adaptor protein, nbp2p, is conserved regulator of fungal ptc1p phosphatases and is involved in multiple signaling pathways.nbp2p is an src homology 3 (sh3) domain-containing yeast protein that is involved in a variety of cellular processes. this small adaptor protein binds to a number of different proteins through its sh3 domain, and a region n-terminal to the sh3 domain binds to the protein phosphatase, ptc1p. despite its involvement in a large number of physical and genetic interactions, the only well characterized function of nbp2p is to recruit ptc1p to the high osmolarity glycerol pathway, which results in down ...201222570491
enforcing silencing: dynamic hp1 complexes in neurospora.analysis of the neurospora crassa chromodomain protein cdp-2, a component of a newly characterized hp1-containing complex, reveals a second gene-silencing mechanism and provides insights into the dynamic nature of chromatin domains that possess shared components.201222551706
the arginine attenuator peptide interferes with the ribosome peptidyl transferase center.the fungal arginine attenuator peptide (aap) is encoded by a regulatory upstream open reading frame (uorf). the aap acts as a nascent peptide within the ribosome tunnel to stall translation in response to arginine (arg). the effect of aap and arg on ribosome peptidyl transferase center (ptc) function was analyzed in neurospora crassa and wheat germ translation extracts using the transfer of nascent aap to puromycin as an assay. in the presence of a high concentration of arg, the wild-type aap in ...201222508989
heterochromatin protein 1 forms distinct complexes to direct histone deacetylation and dna methylation.dna methylation, methylation of histone h3 at lys9 (h3k9me3) and hypoacetylated histones are common molecular features of heterochromatin. important details of their functions and inter-relationships remain unclear, however. in neurospora crassa, h3k9me3 directs dna methylation through a complex containing heterochromatin protein 1 (hp1) and the dna methyltransferase dim-2. we identified a distinct hp1 complex, hp1, cdp-2, hda-1 and chap (hchc), and found that it is responsible for silencing ind ...201222504884
comprehensive modelling of the neurospora circadian clock and its temperature compensation.circadian clocks provide an internal measure of external time allowing organisms to anticipate and exploit predictable daily changes in the environment. rhythms driven by circadian clocks have a temperature compensated periodicity of approximately 24 hours that persists in constant conditions and can be reset by environmental time cues. computational modelling has aided our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of circadian clocks, nevertheless it remains a major challenge to integrate the l ...201222496627
genome-wide selection on codon usage at the population level in the fungal model organism neurospora crassa.many organisms exhibit biased codon usage in their genome, including the fungal model organism neurospora crassa. the preferential use of subset of synonymous codons (optimal codons) at the macroevolutionary level is believed to result from a history of selection to promote translational efficiency. at present, few data are available about selection on optimal codons at the microevolutionary scale, that is, at the population level. herein, we conducted a large-scale assessment of codon mutations ...201222334579
investigation of the ph-dependent electron transfer mechanism of ascomycetous class ii cellobiose dehydrogenases on electrodes.cellobiose dehydrogenase (cdh) is capable of direct electron transfer (det) on various carbon and thiol-modified gold electrodes. as a result, these systems have been utilized as biocatalyst in biosensors and biofuel cell anodes. class i cdhs, from basidiomycetous fungi, are highly specific to cellulose or lactose, and det is only observed at ph values below 5.5. to extend the applicability of cdh-based electrodes, the catalytic properties and the behavior on electrode surfaces of ascomycetous c ...201222471986
characterization of apoptosis-related oxidoreductases from neurospora crassa.the genome from neurospora crassa presented three open reading frames homologous to the genes coding for human aif and amid proteins, which are flavoproteins with oxidoreductase activities implicated in caspase-independent apoptosis. to investigate the role of these proteins, namely within the mitochondrial respiratory chain, we studied their cellular localization and characterized the respective null mutant strains. efficiency of the respiratory chain was analyzed by oxygen consumption studies ...201222470547
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