Publications

trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced tremor in a patient with aids.	to report a case of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx)-induced tremor responsive to a reduction in dosage.	1998	9496403
cd4 lymphocyte counts and mortality in aids patients requiring mechanical ventilator support due to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to evaluate cd4 counts as a predictor of mortality in aids patients with respiratory failure due to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp).	1998	9498963
diagnosing hiv-related disease: using the cd4 count as a guide.	objective: to summarize current information on the relation between cd4 counts and the risk of different hiv-related diseases. measurements and main results: medline search of english language articles between 1985 and 1996 using the medical subject heading (mesh) term "cd4 lymphocyte count" and searches using key words of multiple hiv-related diseases were conducted. some hiv-related diseases can be stratified to different cd4 count levels. regardless of their cd4 count, hiv-infected patients a ...	1998	9502375
persistence of pneumocystis carinii after effective treatment of p. carinii pneumonia is not related to relapse or survival among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.		1998	9502487
gender differences in care for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1998	9504038
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: the status of pneumocystis biochemistry.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains a prevalent opportunistic disease among immunocompromised individuals. although aggressive prophylaxis has decreased the number of acute p. carinii pneumonia cases, many patients cannot tolerate the available drugs, and experience recurrence of the infection, which can be fatal. it is now generally agreed that the organism should be placed with the fungi, but the identification of extant fungal species representing its closest kins, remains debated. most re ...	1998	9504336
hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism associated with pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with aids.		1998	9506377
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor use is associated with decreased bacteremia and increased survival in neutropenic hiv-infected patients.	neutropenia occurs in up to 17% of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals. although granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) can reverse hiv-related neutropenia, it is not established that this therapy can reduce bacterial infections and affect survival.	1998	9528719
co-trimoxazole desensitization in hiv-seropositive patients.	co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) is an effective prophylactic agent against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). however, it is associated with a high frequency of adverse reactions in immunocompromised patients which may preclude its use. fourteen patients with a definite history of adverse reactions to co-trimoxazole on standard pcp prophylactic dosage were selected for desensitization using a regimen of gradual incremental exposure over an 11-day period. eight (57.1%) were suc ...	1998	9530901
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv primary infection].		1998	9534353
effects of aerosolized synthetic surfactant, atovaquone, and the combination of these on murine pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	an immunosuppressed rat model was used to determine the pharmacokinetics of aerosolized atovaquone (administered with and without a synthetic surfactant) and to evaluate the efficacy of inhaled atovaquone in the prevention and treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). after a single dose by aerosol, mean peak concentrations of atovaquone averaged 52 microg/ml in plasma and 31 microg/g in lungs of rats infected with p. carinii. when atovaquone was combined with surfactant, mean peak conc ...	1998	9534981
a study of chest infections in hiv seropositive patients in kuala lumpur.	a retrospective study of 144 adults with hiv infection was conducted to investigate the prevalence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections (urtis and lrtis). the patients were divided into two groups: those with acquired hiv through intravenous drug abuse (ivda), and those who had acquired hiv through 'other' risk behaviours. lrtis were more prevalent than urtis overall, and lrtis were significantly more common (p < 0.001) in ivdas than in the other-risk group. tuberculosis (40%) and bac ...	1998	9536563
[impact of medical approach on the presentation form of aids defined by clinical episodes].	in recent years there has been a change in the opportunistic diseases incidence in hiv-infected patients. the change could be related to the use antiviral therapy and chemoprophylaxis strategies. the aim of the present study was to evaluate if medical intervention is able to modificate the clinical presentation of aids and the cd4+ lymphocyte counts at time of aids diagnosis.	1998	9541900
performance of a pcr assay for detection of pneumocystis carinii from respiratory specimens.	this study evaluates the performance of a pcr assay for the detection of pneumocystis carinii from respiratory specimens that has been designed for use in the clinical microbiology laboratory. the test includes a simple method for nucleic acid extraction and amplification, a colorimetric probe hybridization technique for detection of amplicons, and an internal control to evaluate for the presence of inhibitors of amplification. two hundred thirty-two clinical specimens (120 induced-sputum [is] a ...	1998	9542920
soluble complement receptor type 1 (cd35) in bronchoalveolar lavage of inflammatory lung diseases.	complement receptor type 1 (cr1) (cd35; c3b/c4b receptor) is a transmembrane protein of many haematopoietic cells. once cleaved, soluble complement receptor type 1 (scr1) exerts opposite effects as a powerful inhibitor of complement. this study addressed both the question of whether scr1 was found in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) of normals and patients with various inflammatory disease, and its possible origin. in this retrospective study covering specimen and clinical data of 124 patients with ...	1998	9543279
selective pneumocystis carinii dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines.	nonclassical antifolates, 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2, 3-d]pyrimidines 3-12 with bridge region variations of c8-s9, c8-n9, and c8-o9 and 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-phenoxyphenyl, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and 2-biphenyl side chains were synthesized as phenyl ring appended analogues of previously reported 2, 4-diamino-5-(anilinomethyl)furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. the phenyl ring appended analogues were designed to specifically interact with phe69 of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) from pneumocystis carinii ...	1998	9548816
synthesis and biological activities of tricyclic conformationally restricted tetrahydropyrido annulated furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases.	the synthesis of seven 2,4-diamino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-7-substituted pyrido[4',3':4,5]furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 1-6 are reported as nonclassical antifolate inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and compound 7 as a classical antifolate inhibitor of tumor cells in culture. the compounds were designed as conformationally restricted analogues of trimetrexate. the synthesis was accomplished from the cyclocondensation of 3-bromo-4-piperidone with 2, 4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine to afford regiospec ...	1998	9554874
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia diagnosed by non-induced sputum stained with a direct fluorescent antibody.	non-induced expectorated sputum (nis) stained with tinctorial stains is not considered useful in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). the diagnostic yield of nis was evaluated in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients, when stained with a more sensitive direct fluorescent antibody for pcp-direct fluorescent antibody (pc-dfa). a retrospective analysis was carried out on fifty-five hiv-infected patients with pcp, who had nis submitted for staining with pc-dfa. thirt ...	1998	9558448
variations in intensive care unit utilization for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: importance of hospital characteristics and geographic location.	to determine whether intensive care unit (icu) use and outcomes for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia vary by hospital characteristics and geographic location.	1998	9559603
efficacy of sulfamethoxypyridazine in a murine model of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	sulfamethoxazole is the component of co-trimoxazole responsible for its efficacy against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, but this drug is associated with frequent adverse effects. sulfamethoxypyridazine is significantly more effective than sulfamethoxazole against a murine model of p. carinii and might be a candidate for testing in infected patients.	1998	9559812
prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected children one to five years old: a multicenter surveillance study in paediatric hospitals in germany.		1998	9561388
nephrotoxicity of antiinfective drugs.	antiinfective drugs may show the same mechanisms of nephrotoxicity as other drugs, and these can be subgrouped into vascular, tubulotoxic, tubulo-obstructive, and immunologic effects. while vascular effects of antiinfective drugs are rare, tubulotoxicity is a well known phenomenon, especially in connection with aminoglycosides and amphotericin b as well as cephalosporins, pentamidine, foscarnet, and cidovir. the tubulo-obstructive effect caused by precipitation of the drug and first observed aft ...	1998	9562233
activation and suppression of natural cellular immune functions by pneumocystis carinii.	the regulatory role of soluble cytokines in innate cellular immune responses induced by pneumocystis carinii was assessed in vitro in direct comparison to induction by listeria monocytogenes. this report shows that p. carinii organisms, as well as l. monocytogenes, stimulated in whole spleen cell cultures of scid mice the release of ifn-gamma, tnf-alpha/beta, il-10, il-12, and ino. this response was independent of functional t cells. both macrophages (m phi) and natural killer (nk) cells were ne ...	1998	9562861
aids-associated atypical pneumocystis carinii pneumonia revisited.		1998	9564499
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with breast cancer: are there contributing local factors?		1998	9564511
pneumocystis carinii: a versatile opportunist.		1998	9564512
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an infant with x-linked agammaglobulinemia.		1998	9564810
atypical pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a child with hyper-igm syndrome.	children with hyper-immunoglobulin m (hyper-igm) syndrome are at increased risk for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), an opportunistic infection often found in immunodeficient hosts. pcp can present with increasing hypoxia, fever, cough, and respiratory distress. we describe a child with hyper-igm syndrome in whom bronchoalveolar washings were negative for pcp. however, there was an atypical lung response in which caseating granulomas predominated. the histopathology, resembling that found i ...	1998	9566284
pneumocystis carinii investigation in patients with wegener's granulomatosis.		1998	9566687
detection of pneumocystis carinii among children with chronic respiratory disorders in the absence of hiv infection and immunodeficiency.	a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was investigated for detection of pneumocystis carinii in 96 respiratory tract specimens from 82 children, of whom 28 were immunocompetent but with chronic lung disorders (cld), eight had aids and p. carinii pneumonia (pcp), 16 had aids but no respiratory symptoms, and 30 were healthy immunocompetent children. gomori methenamine silver stain (gms) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) were performed in parallel. of 36 specimens from children w ...	1998	9568999
use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in bone marrow transplant recipients.	bone marrow transplantation (bmt) has become the therapy of choice for a number of malignant and nonmalignant hematologic and nonhematologic disorders. a frequent complication after bmt is pulmonary disease which is associated with a high mortality rate. we examined the results of 79 bronchoscopies performed between may 1991 and may 1995 in 62 patients for the evaluation of pulmonary complications after bmt. in all cases bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) was performed, in 10% transbronchial biopsy (t ...	1998	9490561
primary pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine after bone marrow transplantation.		1998	9490570
pneumocystis carinii contains a functional cell-division-cycle cdc2 homologue.	pneumocystis carinii causes life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. the inability to culture p. carinii has hampered basic investigations of the organism's life cycle, limiting the development of new therapies directed against it. recent investigations indicate that p. carinii is a fungus phylogenetically related to other ascomycetes such as schizosaccharomyces pombe. the cell cycles of s. pombe and homologous fungi are carefully regulated by cell-division-cycle molecules (cdc) ...	1998	9490647
pneumocystis carinii inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity in lung epithelial cells.	pneumocystis carinii remains an important cause of pneumonia in patients with aids. attachment of the organism to epithelial cells is a central event in establishing infection, impairing the growth potential of lung epithelial cells and thereby slowing repair. in light of investigations documenting a central role for cyclin-dependent kinases in controlling the cell cycle, we addressed the hypothesis that p. carinii inhibits epithelial cell growth by interfering with host epithelial cyclin-depend ...	1998	9486986
activated pulmonary macrophages are insufficient for resistance against pneumocystis carinii.	cd4+ t cells are pivotal for elimination of pneumocystis carinii from infected lungs, and alveolar macrophages are considered the main effector cells clearing the infected host of p. carinii organisms. to investigate this issue, several mutant mouse strains were used in a previously established experimental setup which facilitates natural acquisition of disease through inhalation of airborne fungal organisms. mutant mice deficient in major histocompatibility complex class ii molecules (a beta(-/ ...	1998	9423872
improved survival among hiv-infected individuals following initiation of antiretroviral therapy.	clinical trials have established the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy with double- and triple-drug regimens for individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), but the effectiveness of these regimens in the population of patients not enrolled in clinical trials is unknown.	1998	9466638
simultaneous pneumocystis carinii and pneumococcal pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.	three children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had pneumonia develop were infected simultaneously with pneumocystis carinïi and streptococcus pneumoniae. such coexistence has not been previously reported in children. one patient received prophylactic treatment against pneumocystis carinïi before his illness.	1998	9470024
characteristics of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in older adults.	to examine demographic and clinical features of older aids patients in comparison with younger individuals.	1998	9475441
characterization of natural occurring pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pigs by histopathology, electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and pcr amplification.	macroscopic, histologic, ultrastructural, microbiologic, in situ hybridization (ish) and pcr detection results in three 8-week-old pigs naturally infected with pneumocystis carinii (pc) are described. all animals had a nonsuppurative interstitial pneumonia and intra-alveolar pneumocystis organisms with foamy eosinophilic and pas positive appearance. ultrastructurally, pc trophozoites and cysts were observed in pigs no. 2 and no. 3, with the former being much more numerous. pc organisms were loca ...	1998	9476643
identification of a putative precursor to the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii.	the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii is a family of proteins encoded by a family of heterogeneous genes. messenger rnas encoding different msgs each begin with the same 365-bp sequence, called the upstream conserved sequence (ucs), which is in frame with the contiguous msg sequence. the ucs contains several potential start sites for translation. to determine if translation of msg mrnas begins in the ucs, polyclonal antiserum was raised against the 123-amino ...	1998	9453635
expression, structure, and location of epitopes of the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii.	the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. carinii consists of a heterogeneous family of proteins that are encoded by approximately 100 unique genes. a genomic expression library was screened with a panel of msg-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to identify conserved and rare epitopes. all of the antibodies reacted with epitopes that are encoded within the 5' end of msg. the results from the expression screening identified antibodies that recognize highly conserved, ...	1998	9455880
antibody to pneumocystis carinii protects rats and mice from developing pneumonia.	well-proven mouse and rat models were used to show that polyclonal antisera to pneumocystis carinii protect against p. carinii pneumonia. antibodies were obtained from animals that were allowed to recover from severe p. carinii pneumonia after immunosuppression had been stopped and which then were given a booster injection of p. carinii from the same animal species. mice immunosuppressed with corticosteroids or antibodies to l3t4+ lymphocytes (which are comparable to cd4 cells of humans) and tra ...	1998	9455884
impact of opportunistic disease on survival in patients with hiv infection.	to assess the impact of opportunistic diseases on survival in patients with hiv disease.	1998	9456252
the lipids of pneumocystis carinii.	information about a number of pneumocystis carinii lipids obtained by the analyses of organisms isolated and purified from infected lungs of corticosteroid-immunosuppressed rats has been reported in recent years. of the common opportunistic protists associated with aids (cryptosporidium, toxoplasma, and the microsporidia), more is currently known about the lipids of p. carinii than the others. lipids that are synthesized by the organism but not by humans are attractive targets for drug developme ...	1998	9457427
[hemophiliacs with hiv. slower progression of the infection among younger patients and at higher dosages of factor concentrates].	hiv disease progression and the effect of replacement therapy with clotting factor concentrates (cfcs) were studied in 100 swedish haemophiliacs, mean age at seroconversion 29 years (range, 4-72). on average 16 years after seroconversion, 67 per cent of the patients had cd4+ cell counts of < 200 x 10(6)/l, 50 per cent had developed aids, and 58 per cent had died. hiv disease progression was significantly slower in those aged less than 28 (median age) at seroconversion (p = 0.004). moreover, mort ...	1998	9458646
clinic hiv-focused features and prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	to examine the association of clinic hiv-focused features and advanced hiv care experience with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis and development of pcp as the initial aids diagnosis.	1998	9462490
non-invasive diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1998	9449899
2,5-bis[4-(n-alkylamidino)phenyl]furans as anti-pneumocystis carinii agents.	the syntheses of 12 new 2,5-bis[4-(n-alkylamidino)phenyl]furans are reported. the interaction of these dicationic furans with poly(da-dt) and with the duplex oligomer d(cgcgaattcgcg)2 was determined by tm measurements, and the effectiveness of these compounds against the immunosuppressed rat model of pneumocystis carinii was evaluated. at the screening dose of 10 mumol/kg, 9 of the 14 n-alkylamidino furans described here are more active than the parent compound 1. substitution of an alkyl group ...	1998	9438029
the cost-effectiveness of preventing aids-related opportunistic infections.	multiple options are now available for prophylaxis of opportunistic infections related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). however, because of differences in incidence rates as well as drug efficacy, toxicity, and costs, the role of different types of prophylaxis remains uncertain.	1998	9440663
pulmonary high-resolution computed tomography versus gallium scintigraphy: diagnostic utility in the diagnosis of patients with aids who have chest symptoms and normal or equivocal chest radiographs.	fifty-six consecutive symptomatic patients with aids referred for gallium scintigraphy were prospectively studied with chest high-resolution computed tomography (hrct). results of gallium and hrct were correlated with findings of bronchoscopy or clinical follow-up for 1 month from time of discharge. twenty-two patients were eventually diagnosed with at least one of the following: pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus, mycobacterium avium complex, bacteria, kaposi's sarcoma, or lymphocytic inters ...	1998	9440841
diagnostic strategies in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) remains a major pulmonary pathogen for the immunocompromised patient. in hiv infected patients, p. carinii represents the most commonly diagnosed cause of pneumonia. in the aids patient, empiric therapy based on clinical presentation has its proponents. however, this approach has been associated with a worse overall prognosis for the at risk patient. because p. carinii can not be cultured, specific identification relies on examining respiratory specimens ranging ...	1998	9405333
pneumocystis carinii glycoprotein a inhibits surfactant phospholipid secretion by rat alveolar type ii cells.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains a major cause of morbidity in aids. the pathogenesis of pcp is poorly understood, but evidence of surfactant abnormalities is mounting. the role of the major surface glycoprotein of p. carinii, gpa, in producing surfactant abnormalities was investigated. rat type ii pneumocytes were incubated with [3h]choline, purified gpa, and modulators. lipid was extracted, and [3h]dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (dppc) secretion was calculated. contaminating endot ...	1998	9419186
proliferative and cytokine responses of human t lymphocytes isolated from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients to the major surface glycoprotein of pneumocystis carinii.	the current study examined the proliferative capacity and cytokine secretion pattern of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1)-infected patients in response to the major surface glycoprotein (msg) of pneumocystis carinii. pbmc from aids patients with <200 cd4 cells/ml had significantly less proliferative responses to msg than did healthy controls. cytokine analysis indicated that interferon-gamma secreted in response to msg was also significant ...	1998	9419198
pre-aids era isolates of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis: high genotype similarity with contemporary isolates.	isolates of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis were examined from six individuals who died of p. carinii pneumonia between 1968 and 1981 and who had underlying immunodeficiencies which were not due to human immunodeficiency virus infection. dna sequence variation was analyzed in the genes encoding the mitochondrial large subunit rrna (mt lsu rrna), the internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of the nuclear rrna, the arom locus, and the mitochondrial small subunit rrna. no major variations wer ...	1998	9431927
biomolecular techniques to detect pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	to verify the clinical value of two different polymerase chain reactions (pcrs) for noninvasive diagnosis and follow-up during pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis pneumonia (pcp) and to analyze the p. carinii f. sp. hominis genotypes involved.	1998	10225984
treatment of indolent lymphoma with fludarabine/mitoxantrone combination: a phase ii trial.	in an effort to reduce the risk of opportunistic infections, 25 patients with advanced indolent lymphoma (age range: 30-77 years) were treated, using a combination of fludarabine and mitoxantrone, without corticosteroids. fludarabine was given at 25 mg/m2 for three daily doses, and mitoxantrone at 10 mg/m2. cycles were repeated every four weeks for up to maximum response, and for no more than six months. eight patients had follicular lymphoma, and 11 had cll/sll. objective response was observed ...	1998	10235069
[mpo-anca related diffuse alveolar hemorrhage].	the purpose of this study was to elucidate the clinical features characterizing patients with myeloperoxidase specific-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (mpo-anca) related diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (dah). seventeen mpo-anca-positive patients were evaluated. nine patients (52.9%) had pulmonary involvement; of those, 6 (35.3%) had dah, and 4 (23.5%) had interstitial pneumonia (1 patient had both pulmonary diseases). three of the patients with dah demonstrated only mildly bloody sputum. all pat ...	1998	10064954
[vertical hiv-i-transmission. ii. hiv-diagnosis in a child].	in newborn children from hiv-infected women early establishment of hiv infection is of importance for optimal therapy of hiv-infected children and avoidance of unnecessary medication in uninfected children. a more than 95% reliable diagnosis of hiv infection can now be obtained at the age of four weeks by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology. before this age a positive pcr result is relevant since it necessitates additional investigation such as measuring anti-hiv drug resistance and may l ...	1998	10065236
low levels of igg antibodies against pneumocystis carinii among hiv-infected patients.	igg antibodies against pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) were detected by an elisa method using urea-extracted material from human and rat p. carinii as the antigen. carbohydrate formed a major part of the antigen responsible for reactivity in the elisa assay, since periodate treatment reduced the reactivity of most sera tested. cross-reactivity between human and rat p. carinii was detected. however, human serum recognized antigens specific for human p. carinii. with the elisa method igg antibod ...	1998	10066052
clusters of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping.	genotyping at the internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of the nuclear rrna operon was performed on isolates of p. carinii sp. f. hominis from three clusters of p. carinii pneumonia among eight patients with haematological malignancies and six with hiv infection. nine different its sequence types of p. carinii sp. f. hominis were identified in the samples from the patients with haematological malignancies, suggesting that this cluster of cases of p. carinii pneumonia was unlikely to have res ...	1998	10024946
[results and complications of fiber bronchoscopy in hiv positive patients].	fibreoptic bronchoscopy is an established diagnostic procedure for hiv-associated pulmonary infections. we retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic effectivity and safety of fibreoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy (tbb) in 153 patients with late-stage hiv infection and clinical signs of pulmonary infection or abnormal chest radiograph. bronchoscopy leads to diagnosis in 82.4% and changed therapy in 54%. 45 patients (30%) were found to have pneumocystis ...	1998	10028841
host defense to pneumocystis carinii: the missing pieces in the jigsaw.		1998	9582932
the western australian hiv cohort study, perth, australia.	the efficacy of primary prophylactic treatment for opportunistic infections can be estimated in an observational cohort study by adjusting for clinical and laboratory markers of the immunodeficiency (e.g., oral candidiasis, cd4%, lymphocyte cell counts) as time-dependent co-variates (providing that the treatment does not directly alter the markers). however, the cd4 cell count provides an incomplete measure of the protective immune response, and the efficacy of treatment may be underestimated if ...	1998	9586648
successful desensitization to dapsone for pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in an hiv-positive patient.	to report a case of successful desensitization to dapsone for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis in a patient unable to tolerate trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) desensitization or dapsone at standard doses.	1998	9876811
drug abuse and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.	acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is a modern plague. the first sign of the disease was the appearance of pneumocystis carinii and kaposi's sarcoma among young homosexual patients. the virus transmission is from an infected individual to a susceptible host through blood-related, sexual, and perinatal routes. exchange of body fluid occurs when sharing syringes, drugs, and drug paraphernalia. although the largest number of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is in subs ...	1998	9895137
severe combined immunodeficiency with b-lymphocytes (t-b+scid): report of two cases.	severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) is a rare pediatric medical emergency in taiwan. the early diagnosis of infants with scid is very important because it can save the life of these critical infants. the essential clues important for early diagnosis of scid patients include positive family history of early infant death, paucity of tonsil and lymphoid tissue, cutaneous fungal infection and lymphopenia. severe combined immunodeficiency is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characteri ...	1998	9926517
[an ultrastructural evaluation of pneumocystis carinii].	the pneumocystis carinii (pnc) is a challenge, because its taxonomy has not been completely explained. pnc seems to be a chimera with fungal and parasitic characteristics. the objective of the present study is to analyze the different stages observed in pnc using transmission electron microscopy in order to correlate them with bibliographic reports regarding a possible taxonomic classification. the trophic stage was the form most frequently encountered in alveolar spaces and their organisms vary ...	1998	9927803
radiographic imaging of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	we reviewed the radiographic imaging of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome to determine the findings of chest radiography, computed tomography, and gallium scintigraphy and to analyze the time course of the resolution of abnormalities on chest radiographs after the initiation of therapy. the patients were one woman and 43 men (mean age, 38 years). after initiation of therapy, the chest radiograph demonstrated deterioration in 36% of patients, rapid ...	1998	9929143
[the clinico-epidemiological aspects of hiv infection in 167 children nonmaternally infected who have died with a diagnosis of aids].	the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological particularity of pediatrics nosocomial hiv infection. our study group consists of 167 hiv serum-positive nonmaternally infected children who died of aids in 1990-1997 (inclusive) in colentina hospital of infections diseases--bucharest. fifty per cent of institutionalized children and 28% of family children died in the first two years of life. about 80% of children were revealed too late as hiv infected. it has been observed a ...	1998	9932002
a phase ii study of liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of hiv-related kaposi's sarcoma.	to evaluate the toxicity and clinical efficacy of liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin (dox-sl) in the treatment of hiv-related kaposi's sarcoma (ks).	1998	9972406
managing drug reactions to sulfonamides and other drugs in hiv infection: desensitization rather than rechallenge?	drug reactions in patients with hiv infection, e.g. fever or rash, are a frequently occurring clinical problem. these side effects particularly are observed with sulfonamides; however, many other drugs have also shown to induce allergic reactions when given to patients with hiv infection. the production of hydroxylamines has been put forward as one of the explanations for these high incidence of reactions on drugs. since sulfonamides are the first choice of therapy for the treatment and prophyla ...	1998	9972526
genetics, metabolism and host specificity of pneumocystis carinii.	pneumocystis carinii is a major cause of severe pneumonia in immunosuppressed individuals, especially in those with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection during their period of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), and constitutes a worldwide problem to public health. recently, significant advances in the development of experimental animal models of p. carinii infection, as well as in our knowledge of the genetic diversity and taxonomy of p. carinii, have been made. th ...	1998	9988507
molecular diagnosis and epidemiology of fungal infections.	a variety of methods are utilized for dna strain subtyping of candida spp. because no 'gold standard' exists. random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) or restriction enzyme analysis (rea) are useful to determine the source of an outbreak, but more reproducible and discriminatory methods such as southern hybridization and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) may be required. when applied to some nosocomial candida infections, multiple strains and species have been identified. microevolution of ...	1998	9988514
[fungal nucleic acid detection for invasive aspergillosis].	a universal pcr-assay for the detection of fungal dna was compared with microscopy and culture for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using 78 samples from 42 patients. eighteen patients were suffering from invasive aspergillosis, 5 patients were colonized with aspergillus in the respiratory tract, 19 patients did not show any sign of aspergillosis. samples from 6 of the 18 patients with invasive aspergillosis were microscopically positive with true mycelia, 15 of 18 grew aspergillus in cul ...	1998	10085690
living-related small bowel transplantation: the first case in japan.	intestinal failure has been managed with total parenteral nutrition (tpn), but occasionally complications such as obliteration of venous access or liver dysfunction occur. to overcome such complications, small bowel transplantation (sbt) was introduced. since the introduction of tacrolimus in 1990, successful sbt cases have been reported. we performed sbt by using a living donor for a child with short bowel syndrome. the recipient (2.5 years old, male) was born with intestinal necrosis secondary ...	1998	10084759
[immunohistochemistry diagnosis of fungal infections].	because the mycosis incidence has increased a lot with the appearing of aids, the immunohistochemistry study among fungus shows the importance of fast methods for their identification that have advantage of been a durable method in comparison with immunofluorescence and the possibility of making retrospective studies in material embedded in paraffin. the immunohistochemistry reaction with histoplasma capsulatum, pneumocystis carinii; and criptococcus neoformans antibodies were sensitive, specifi ...	1998	9922498
[pulmonary cavitation lesions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: an analysis of a series of 78 cases].	to assess the clinical, radiologic and microbiological features of lung cavitation and hiv infection. evaluation of the differences related to this disease in the last years.	1998	9922954
management of opportunistic infections in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. i. treatment.	a case report of a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is described. the patient presents with a multitude of medical complaints that are of acute or subacute onset. the medical examination of these complaints is described and includes algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of the most common hiv-related opportunistic infections, including pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterium avium complex, cytomegalovirus infection, and cryptococcal meningitis.	1998	10099037
opportunistic infections shortly after beginning highly active antiretroviral therapy.	the clinical benefit of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has been attributed to its suppression of viral replication and improvement in the cd4 lymphocyte count. however, the development of clinical symptoms secondary to previously silent opportunistic pathogens shortly after beginning haart has been reported as a distinct clinical syndrome and seems to be associated with inflammatory phenomena surrounding a rapid restoration of the immune system in previously immunosuppressed patien ...	1998	10682143
pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis can be discontinued after cd4+ cell recovery over 200 x 10(6)/l.		1998	9863883
the hsp70 gene family in pneumocystis carinii: molecular and phylogenetic characterization of cytoplasmic members.	pneumocystis carinii, a major opportunistic lung pathogen of aids patients, is found in a number of mammals and is proposed to be a member of the fungi. in this work, several members of the highly conserved hsp70 multigene family were characterized from rat-derived p. carinii. previously, we reported characterization of the er resident hsp70 homolog known as bip from prototype (p.c. carinii) and variant (p. c. rattus) strains of the organism. we report here, from p. c. carinii, characterization ...	1998	9864849
high-dose trimetrexate and minimal-dose leucovorin: a case for selective protection?	our objective was to find the minimum dose of leucovorin (lv; 5-formyltetrahydrofolate) needed to potentially provide selective protection of normal tissue in patients with tumors resistant to methotrexate (mtx) by virtue of transport during prolonged therapy with high-dose trimetrexate (tmtx). based upon the known daily requirement for folate, that tumors are often resistant to methotrexate via a transport-based mechanism, and that large doses of trimetrexate can be given with large doses of le ...	1998	9865909
absence of pneumocystis carinii carriers among patients with cystic fibrosis.		1998	9865993
the incidence and spectrum of aids-defining illnesses in persons treated with antiretroviral drugs.	the incidence and spectrum of primary aids-defining illnesses in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients receiving antiretroviral drugs may have changed since the introduction of newer antiretroviral agents. we performed a retrospective analysis of patients enrolled in the british columbia drug treatment program who were ever prescribed antiretroviral drugs between 1 january 1994 and 31 december 1996. rates were calculated on a 6-month basis. there were 344 aids cases diagnosed among 2,53 ...	1998	9868646
pneumocystis carinii: a historical perspective.	the emergence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is traced from its origins as an obscure pulmonary pathogen to its place as a prominent cause of lung infection in patients who have acquired immune deficiency syndrome. improvements in diagnosis and treatment have resulted in better care of patients with this infection. in addition, basic immunologic and molecular investigations have improved our understanding of the nature of this organism and continue to provide important questions for further r ...	1998	9872623
current issues in the epidemiology, transmission, and reactivation of pneumocystis carinii.	issues related to the epidemiology, transmission, and reactivation of pneumocystis carinii remain controversial. in this article, current studies related to geographic variations in the prevalence of p. carinii pneumonia are reviewed. in addition, extensive investigations show that exposure to p. carinii occurs early in life, followed by seemingly complete clearance of the organisms. recent molecular techniques show that p. carinii pneumonia during periods of immune suppression can occur either ...	1998	9872624
pneumocystis pneumonia: clinical presentation and diagnosis in patients with and without acquired immune deficiency syndrome.	pneumocystis carinii causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. although this most commonly occurs in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), other groups of immunocompromised patients without aids are also at risk for p. carinii pneumonia. these patients have solid or hematologic malignancies, organ transplantation, or inflammatory conditions requiring chronic immunosuppressive drugs, particularly corticosteroids. there are important differences in the clinical pre ...	1998	9872625
treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	early effective management of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia improves outcome in patients with this disorder. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the agent of choice for treatment of severe p. carinii pneumonia. pentamidine, trimethoprim-dapsone, atovaquone, and other regimens are useful in selected clinical situations. adjunctive corticosteroids are indicated in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and p. carinii pneumonia who have moderate to severe p. carinii pneumonia defined ...	1998	9872626
taxonomy, genetic organization, and life cycle of pneumocystis carinii.	pneumocystis carinii was initially misidentified as a protozoan parasite. recent molecular and biochemical analyses provide unequivocal evidence for placement of p. carinii with the fungi, and that p. carinii is most likely an ascomycete. genetic investigations further show that p. carinii derived from different mammalian hosts (human, rat, mouse, and ferret) exhibit considerable chromosomal and gene sequence divergence indicating that they are likely of different species. the life cycle of p. c ...	1998	9872627
antigenic characterization of pneumocystis carinii.	studies of pneumocystis carinii have been limited by our inability to propagate it in continuous culture. in this context, studies of p. carinii antigens have provided significant insight into the biology of this organism. the mannose-rich surface major surface glycoprotein of p. carinii termed glycoprotein a (gpa) is the best studied of these p. carinii antigens. significant genetic and immunologic diversity exists between the gpa molecules expressed by p. carinii derived from different mammali ...	1998	9872628
pneumocystis carinii interactions with respiratory epithelium.	ultrastructural studies indicate that the attachment of pneumocystis carinii to alveolar epithelial cells is a central feature during development of this pneumonia. p. carinii attaches preferentially to type i alveolar epithelial cells, and rarely binds to type ii cells. extensive in vitro investigations support roles for both fibronectin and vitronectin, which bind to the organism, and mediate p. carinii attachment to respiratory epithelial cells through corresponding integrin receptors. additi ...	1998	9872629
lymphocytes in host defense against pneumocystis carinii.	host defense against pneumocystis carinii depends on complex interactions between host immune cells and mediators. in immunocompetent hosts, the immune system provides efficient and effective defense against p. carinii. clinical and experimental investigations confirm that lymphocytes control and coordinate this defense. during states of immunosuppression, however, lymphocyte function is impaired and clinical p. carinii pneumonia results. lymphocytes participate in host defense by regulating oth ...	1998	9872630
alveolar macrophage and glycoprotein responses to pneumocystis carinii.	pneumocystis carinii continues to represent an important complication of immunosuppression in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, hematological and solid malignancies, organ transplantation, and during corticosteroid and cytotoxic therapy for inflammatory disorders. although host defenses against this organism center around cd4 lymphocytic function, additional immune mediators in the alveolar spaces contribute substantially to host recognition and elimination of p. carinii. in par ...	1998	9872631
pneumocystis carinii: the art and science of survival in the hostile environment of the alveolar spaces.	pneumocystis carinii remains an important cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, particularly in those who have acquired immune deficiency syndrome. potential mechanisms by which p. carinii escapes elimination by lung defenses and proliferates are discussed. evidence indicates that p. carinii attachment to alveolar epithelium is an important event in the establishment of infection and occurs through a variety of means. the binding of the organisms appears to be injurious to alveolar e ...	1998	9872632
human immunodeficiency virus infection in haemophiliacs in taiwan: the importance of cd4 lymphocyte count in the progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	from july 1984 to december 1996, we tested and studied 303 haemophilic patients for the infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). among the 261 haemophilia a patients 44 were hiv positive (16.9%), while none of the haemophilia b patients was hiv positive. the mean age of the 44 hiv-seropositive patients in 1984 was 20.6 years (2-37 years). seven who had known seroconversion dates and 29 whose first seropositive dates were known seroconverted before 1986. acquired immunodeficiency synd ...	1998	9873849
diagnostic accuracy of hiv-associated central nervous system toxoplasmosis.	our objective was to examine the accuracy of diagnosis of hiv-associated central nervous system (cns) toxoplasmosis. individuals diagnosed with hiv-associated cns toxoplasmosis and controls were ascertained from a population-based database. diagnosis was confirmed by response to therapy or by histology. symptoms, results of anti-toxoplasma serology and use of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis were recorded. central nervous system toxoplasmosis was confirmed in 54 (76%) of 75 patie ...	1998	9874125
[experimental and clinical pulmonary pneumocystosis].	rat lungs with hydrocortisone-induced pneumocystosis and a necropsy material from 5 patients with aids were studied light- and electron-microscopically. the identity of basic morphological features of lung pneumocystosis development in experiment and humans is demonstrated. three main periods--latent, pronounced, terminal (pneumocystic pneumonia) are distinguished taking into account the relation of productive and vegetative forms of pneumocystis carinii, state of the surfactants, type i alveolo ...	1998	9854613
[pneumocystis carinii infections in patients with neoplasms and aids--clinical-pathologic changes in the lungs].	pneumocystis carinii (pc) has been documented as a cause of pneumonia in a broad range of immunocompromised patients. the presentation of disease will very based on the underlying predisposing condition but a confirmation depends upon the identification of organisms in a bronchial aspiration or lung biopsy specimen. this retrospective study based on autopsies of 15 patients (pts) with aids and 12 non aids pts with neoplastic diseases. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was confirmed by histolo ...	1998	9857666
[latent aids in young children of mothers who were hiv-negative in the first trimester of pregnancy].	the authors describe two cases of infants admitted to our unit with respiratory failure caused by a pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). because their mothers were hiv negative in the first three months of pregnancy. hiv infection was not suspected and the diagnosis was only made after the pcp. based on these examples we discuss the importance of detecting hiv infection during pregnancy.	1998	9859518
[prevention of opportunistic infections in the protease inhibitor era].	from the middle of 1996 we are living a striking reduction of incidence of opportunistic infections (ols) associated to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the recovery of the immune system, at least partially, is showing up substantial changes of ols after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart): relieves, sometime complete resolutions, of ols that previously did not give any response to the treatment (cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, progressive multifocal leucoenc ...	1998	9859614