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new artificial diet for continuous rearing of the bean pod borer, maruca vitrata.the bean pod borer, maruca vitrata fabricius (lepidoptera: crambidae), is a serious pantropical pest of grain legumes. a suitable artificial diet is desirable for producing uniform insects for commercial purposes or research. three previously described artificial diets, 1 newly-developed artificial diet, and cowpea (vigna unguiculata (l.) walp. (fabales: fabaceae)), the natural hostplant of m. vitrata, were used for rearing m. vitrata, and the life parameters were examined. the results indicated ...201324785903
performance of elisa and pcr methods for the determination of allergens in food: an evaluation of six years of proficiency testing for soy (glycine max l.) and wheat gluten (triticum aestivum l.).for the routine detection of allergens in foods, pcr and/or elisa methods are employed. to assess the suitability of these methods, proficiency tests (pts) could be used as a valuable instrument. it is a common practice to evaluate the results with respect to the experimentally obtained robust mean without considering the actual allergen content. in the present study, an overview is given of the results of allergen pts for the determination of soy and gluten conducted by dienstleistung lebensmit ...201324144233
uv-screening of grasses by plant silica layer?uv-screening by terrestrial plants is a crucial trait since colonization of terrestrial environments has started. in general, it is enabled by phenolic substances. especially for grasses it remains unclear why plants grown under the absence of uv-b-radiation exhibit nonetheless a high uv-b-screening potential. but this may be explained by the uv-screening effect of the silicon double layer. it was shown for seedlings of soybeans (glycine max l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) that enhanced sil ...201323660676
field evaluation of a model for predicting nitrogen losses from drained lands.the n simulation model, drainmod-n ii, was field-tested using a 6-yr data set from an artificially drained agricultural site located in eastern north carolina. the test site is on a nearly flat sandy loam soil which is very poorly drained under natural conditions. four experimental plots, planted to a corn (zea mays)-wheat (triticum aestivum l.)-soybean (glycine max.) rotation and managed using conventional and controlled drainage, were used in model testing. water table depth, subsurface draina ...201317071872
earthworm additions affect leachate production and nitrogen losses in typical midwestern agroecosystems.earthworms affect soil structure and the movement of agrochemicals. yet, there have been few field-scale studies that quantify the effect of earthworms on dissolved nitrogen fluxes in agroecosystems. we investigated the influence of semi-annual earthworm additions on leachate production and quality in different row crop agroecosystems. chisel-till corn (zea mays l.)-soybean [glycine max (l.) merr.] rotation (ct) and ridge-till corn-soybean-wheat (triticum aestivum l.) rotation (rt) plots were ar ...201314674535
trends in agriculture in the leaseq watersheds, 1975-1995. lake erie agricultural systems for environmental quality.county-level agricultural statistics were aggregated at the watershed level to provide estimates of trends in land use and agricultural management in the maumee and sandusky river watersheds during the period 1975-1995. average farm size increased by 40% or more, but the number of farms decreased by nearly 40%; the total land area in agriculture also decreased, but only by about 7%. conservation tillage increased from virtually nothing to nearly 50% of cropland in corn (zea mays l.) and soybean ...201311837420
the hv-sgt1 gene from haynaldia villosa contributes to resistances towards both biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens in common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the sgt1 protein is essential for r protein-mediated and pamps-triggered resistance in many plant species. here we reported the isolation and characterization of the hv-sgt1 gene from haynaldiavillosa (2n = 14, vv). analysis of the subcellular location of hv-sgt1 by transient expression of a fusion to gfp indicated its presence in the cytoplasm and nucleus. levels of hv-sgt1 transcripts were increased by inoculation with either the biotrophic pathogen blumeriagraminis dc. f. sp. tritici (bgt) or ...201324019872
the pontin series of recombinant alien translocations in bread wheat: single translocations integrating combinations of bdv2, lr19 and sr25 disease-resistance genes from thinopyrum intermedium and th. ponticum.two bread wheat lines each with a translocation on chromosome 7dl from either thinopyrum intermedium (tc5 and tc14) or thinopyrum ponticum (t4m), were hybridized in a ph1b mutant background to enhance recombination between the two translocated chromosomal segments. the frequency of recombinants was high in lines derived from the larger and similar-sized translocations (tc5/t4m), but much lower when derived from different-sized translocations (tc14/t4m). recombinant translocations contained combi ...201323807636
wheat resistome in response to barley yellow dwarf virus infection.barley yellow dwarf virus (bydv) caused one of the most serious virus diseases of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. the wheat-thinopyrum intermedium translocation line yw642 carries bydv resistance gene bdv2. to explore resistant wheat resistome in response to bydv infection, we used affymetrix genechip® wheat genome arrays to analyze transcriptomes of yw642 and its susceptible parent zhong8601 at 12 and 72 h postinoculation with bydv compared to mock-inoculated controls. relative to mock-ino ...201323417744
increased genomic prediction accuracy in wheat breeding through spatial adjustment of field trial data.in crop breeding, the interest of predicting the performance of candidate cultivars in the field has increased due to recent advances in molecular breeding technologies. however, the complexity of the wheat genome presents some challenges for applying new technologies in molecular marker identification with next-generation sequencing. we applied genotyping-by-sequencing, a recently developed method to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms, in the genomes of 384 wheat (triticum aestivum) genot ...201324082033
increasing the starch content and grain weight of common wheat by overexpression of the cytosolic agpase large subunit gene.adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (agpase) catalyzes the first committed step of starch synthesis. agpase is a heterotetramer composed of two large subunits and two small subunits, has cytosolic and plastidial isoforms, and is detected mainly in the cytosol of endosperm in cereal crops. to investigate the effects of agpase cytosolic large subunit gene (lsu i) on starch biosynthesis in higher plant, in this study, a talsu i gene from wheat was overexpressed under the control of an endosperm-specific ...201324080395
analysis of expression profiles of selected genes associated with the regenerative property and the receptivity to gene transfer during somatic embryogenesis in triticum aestivum l.the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms regulating the initiation of a regenerative pathway remain partially unknown. efforts to identify the biological features that confer transformation ability, or the tendency of some cells to induce transgene silencing, would help to improve plant genetic engineering. the objective of our study was to monitor the evolution of plant cell competencies in relation to both in vitro tissue culture regeneration and the genetic transformation prope ...201324078158
proteomic analysis of leaves and roots of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under copper-stress conditions.proteomic studies were performed to identify the protein species involved in copper (cu) stress responses in common wheat. two-week-old wheat seedlings were exposed to 100 μm cuso4 treatment for 3 days. growth of shoots and roots was markedly inhibited and lipid peroxidation was greatly increased. cu was readily absorbed by wheat seedlings, with greater cu contents in roots than in leaves. using 2-de method, 98 protein spots showed significantly enhanced or reduced abundance, of which 93 were su ...201324074260
fructan metabolism in developing wheat (triticum aestivum l.) kernels.although fructans play a crucial role in wheat kernel development, their metabolism during kernel maturation is far from being understood. in this study, all major fructan-metabolizing enzymes together with fructan content, fructan degree of polymerization and the presence of fructan oligosaccharides were examined in developing wheat kernels (triticum aestivum l. var. homeros) from anthesis until maturity. fructan accumulation occurred mainly in the first 2 weeks after anthesis, and a maximal fr ...201324104051
evaluation of four endogenous reference genes and their real-time pcr assays for common wheat quantification in gmos detection.proper selection of endogenous reference genes and their real-time pcr assays is quite important in genetically modified organisms (gmos) detection. to find a suitable endogenous reference gene and its real-time pcr assay for common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) dna content or copy number quantification, four previously reported wheat endogenous reference genes and their real-time pcr assays were comprehensively evaluated for the target gene sequence variation and their real-time pcr performance ...201324098735
haplotype variation of glu-d1 locus and the origin of glu-d1d allele conferring superior end-use qualities in common wheat.in higher plants, seed storage proteins (ssps) are frequently expressed from complex gene families, and allelic variation of ssp genes often affects the quality traits of crops. in common wheat, the glu-d1 locus, encoding 1dx and 1dy ssps, has multiple alleles. the glu-d1d allele frequently confers superior end-use qualities to commercial wheat varieties. here, we studied the haplotype structure of glu-d1 genomic region and the origin of glu-d1d. using seven diagnostic dna markers, 12 glu-d1 hap ...201324098671
two wheat glutathione peroxidase genes whose products are located in chloroplasts improve salt and h2o2 tolerances in arabidopsis.oxidative stress caused by accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) is capable of damaging effects on numerous cellular components. glutathione peroxidases (gpxs, ec 1.11.1.9) are key enzymes of the antioxidant network in plants. in this study, w69 and w106, two putative gpx genes, were obtained by de novo transcriptome sequencing of salt-treated wheat (triticum aestivum) seedlings. the purified his-tag fusion proteins of w69 and w106 reduced h2o2 and t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-bhp) using glu ...201324098330
dynamic evolution of rht-1 homologous regions in grass genomes.hexaploid bread wheat contains a, b, and d three subgenomes with its well-characterized ancestral genomes existed at diploid and tetraploid levels, making the wheat act as a good model species for studying evolutionary genomic dynamics. here, we performed intra- and inter-species comparative analyses of wheat and related grass genomes to examine the dynamics of homologous regions surrounding rht-1, a well-known "green revolution" gene. our results showed that the divergence of the two a genomes ...201324086561
structural analysis of the wheat genes encoding nadh-dependent glutamine-2-oxoglutarate amidotransferases and correlation with grain protein content.nitrogen uptake and the efficient absorption and metabolism of nitrogen are essential elements in attempts to breed improved cereal cultivars for grain or silage production. one of the enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism is glutamine-2-oxoglutarate amidotransferase (gogat). together with glutamine synthetase (gs), gogat maintains the flow of nitrogen from nh4 (+) into glutamine and glutamate, which are then used for several aminotransferase reactions during amino acid synthesis.201324069228
durum wheat and allelopathy: toward wheat breeding for natural weed management.wheat-derived foodstuffs represent about one-fifth of the calories consumed by humans worldwide. bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is one of the most important crops throughout the world, and it has been extensively studied for its allelopathic potential. in contrast, for allelopathy in durum wheat (triticum turgidum ssp. durum), our knowledge is partial and fragmentary. through highlighting recent advances in using allelopathy as a crop-breeding tool, we provide an overview of allelopathy in t ...201324065979
hands: a tool for genome-wide discovery of subgenome-specific base-identity in polyploids.the analysis of polyploid genomes is problematic because homeologous subgenome sequences are closely related. this relatedness makes it difficult to assign individual sequences to the specific subgenome from which they are derived, and hinders the development of polyploid whole genome assemblies.201324063258
silencing of the sulfur rich α-gliadin storage protein family in wheat grains (triticum aestivum l.) causes no unintended side-effects on other metabolites.wheat is an important source of proteins and metabolites for human and animal nutrition. to assess the nutritional quality of wheat products, various protein and diverse metabolites have to be evaluated. the grain storage protein family of the α-gliadins are suggested to be the primary initiator of the inflammatory response to gluten in celiac disease patients. with the technique of rnai, the α-gliadin storage protein fraction in wheat grains was recently knocked down. from a patient's perspecti ...201324062763
development-associated micrornas in grains of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).micrornas (mirnas) are a class of regulatory small rnas (srnas) that down-regulate target genes by mrna degradation or translational repression. numerous plant mirnas have been identified. evidence is increasing for their crucial roles during plant development. in the globally important crop of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), the process by which grains are formed determines yield and end-use quality. however, little is known about mirna-mediated developmental regulation of grain production. here, ...201324060047
structural development of aleurone and its function in common wheat.the wheat aleurone is formed from surface endosperm cells, and its developmental status reflects its biogenesis, structural characteristics, and physiological functions. in this report, wheat caryopses at different development stages were embedded in spurr's low-viscosity embedding medium for observation of the development of aleurone cells (acs) by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. according to their structures and physiological character ...201324057188
a multi-environmental study of recent breeding progress on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).by comparing 195 varieties in eight trials, this study assesses nitrogen use efficiency improvement in high and low nitrogen conditions in european winter wheat over the last 25 years. in a context where european agriculture practices have to deal with environmental concerns and nitrogen (n) fertiliser cost, nitrogen use efficiency (nue) has to be improved. this study assessed genetic progress in winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) nue. two hundred and twenty-five european elite varieties were t ...201324057081
proteome analysis of cold response in spring and winter wheat (triticum aestivum) crowns reveals similarities in stress adaptation and differences in regulatory processes between the growth habits.a proteomic response to cold treatment (4 °c) has been studied in crowns of a frost-tolerant winter wheat cultivar samanta and a frost-sensitive spring wheat cultivar sandra after short-term (3 days) and long-term (21 days) cold treatments. densitometric analysis of 2-d differential in gel electrophoresis (2d-dige) gels has resulted in the detection of 386 differentially abundant protein spots, which reveal at least a two-fold change between experimental variants. of these, 58 representative pro ...201324047233
integration of promoters, inverted repeat sequences and proteomic data into a model for high silencing efficiency of coeliac disease related gliadins in bread wheat.wheat gluten has unique nutritional and technological characteristics, but is also a major trigger of allergies and intolerances. one of the most severe diseases caused by gluten is coeliac disease. the peptides produced in the digestive tract by the incomplete digestion of gluten proteins trigger the disease. the majority of the epitopes responsible reside in the gliadin fraction of gluten. the location of the multiple gliadin genes in blocks has to date complicated their elimination by classic ...201324044767
over-expression of a tobacco nitrate reductase gene in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) increases seed protein content and weight without augmenting nitrogen supplying.heavy nitrogen (n) application to gain higher yield of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) resulted in increased production cost and environment pollution. how to diminish the n supply without losing yield and/or quality remains a challenge. to meet the challenge, we integrated and expressed a tobacco nitrate reductase gene (nr) in transgenic wheat. the 35s-nr gene was transferred into two winter cultivars, "nongda146" and "jimai6358", by agrobacterium-mediation. over-expression of the transgene remark ...201324040315
vernalization requirement duration in winter wheat is controlled by tavrn-a1 at the protein level.winter wheat requires a period of low temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization). this requirement could make winter wheat more vulnerable to elevated global temperature via insufficient vernalization. all known vernalization genes are cloned according to qualitative variation in vernalization requirement between spring and winter wheat, but the genes controlling quantitative variation for more or less vernalization requirement among winter wheat cultivars remain unknown. we report her ...201324033823
cell wall degradation and the dynamic changes of ca2+ and related enzymes in the developing aerenchyma of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under waterlogging.this research was aimed to study the cell wall degradation and the dynamic changes of ca2+ and related enzymes in developing aerenchyma of wheat root under waterlogging. an examination of morphological development by light and electron microscope revealed that the structure of cell wall in middle cortical cells remained intact after 12 h of waterlogging and turned thinner after waterlogging for 24 h. at 48 h, the aerenchyma has been formed. the cellulase activity gradually increased in middle co ...201324013894
wheat gene tas3 contributes to powdery mildew susceptibility.identification of tas3 as a potential susceptibility gene encoding a protein homologous to ulp1 protease in wheat, which may regulate sumo function facilitating powdery mildew attack. some plant genes that are required for susceptibilities to certain pathogens are known as susceptibility genes or susceptibility factors, whose loss-of-function mutations can confer the plants resistances. to identify potential susceptibility genes to powdery mildew in wheat, differentially expressed genes in compa ...201324013794
analysing complex triticeae genomes - concepts and strategies.the genomic sequences of many important triticeae crop species are hard to assemble and analyse due to their large genome sizes, (in part) polyploid genomes and high repeat content. recently, the draft genomes of barley and bread wheat were reported thanks to cost-efficient and fast ngs technologies. the genome of barley is estimated to be 5 gb in size whereas the genome of bread wheat accounts for 17 gb and harbours an allo-hexaploid genome. direct assembly of the sequence reads and access to t ...201324011260
discovery, distribution and diversity of puroindoline-d1 genes in bread wheat from five countries (triticum aestivum l.).grain texture is one of the most important characteristics in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). puroindoline-d1 genes play the main role in controlling grain texture and are intimately associated with the milling and processing qualities in bread wheat.201324011219
uptake of (14)c-atropine and/or its transformation products from soil by wheat (triticum aestivum var kronjet) and their translocation to shoots.plant uptake of toxins and their translocation to edible plant parts are important processes in the transfer of contaminants into the food chain. atropine, a highly toxic muscarine receptor antagonist produced by solanacea species, is found in all plant tissues and can enter the soil and hence be available for uptake by crops. the absorption of atropine and/or its transformation products from soil by wheat (triticum aestivum var kronjet) and its distribution to shoots was investigated by growing ...201324007480
dissecting the genetic architecture of frost tolerance in central european winter wheat.abiotic stress tolerance in plants is pivotal to increase yield stability, but its genetic basis is still poorly understood. to gain insight into the genetic architecture of frost tolerance, this work evaluated a large mapping population of 1739 wheat (triticum aestivum l.) lines and hybrids adapted to central europe in field trials in germany and fingerprinted the lines with a 9000 single-nucleotide polymorphism array. additive effects prevailed over dominance effects. a two-dimensional genome ...201324006418
differential rrna genes expression in bread wheat and its inheritance.the expression of the ribosomal rna (rrna) genes from rye, located within the nucleolus organizer regions (nors), is repressed by cytosine methylation in wheat x rye hybrids and in triticale, as consequence of nucleolar dominance. our previous study revealed that bread wheat cultivars with a maximum number of four ag-nors presented high level of rdna cytosine methylation when compared to others with a maximum of six ag-nors. in order to evaluate the inheritance of the ag-nors number and nor meth ...201323982417
immunotoxicological evaluation of wheat genetically modified with tadreb4 gene on balb/c mice.to evaluate the immunotoxicological effects of genetically modified wheat with tadreb4 gene in female balb/c mice.201323981552
analysis of storage and structural carbohydrates in developing wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grains using quantitative analysis and microscopy.in this paper, the content of all major carbohydrates and the spatial distribution of starch, arabinoxylan and β-glucan in developing wheat kernels (triticum aestivum l. var. homeros) from anthesis until maturity were studied. by combining information from microscopy and quantitative analysis, a comprehensive overview on the changes in storage and structural carbohydrates in developing grains was obtained. in the phase of cell division and expansion, grains were characterized by a rapid accumula ...201323980757
a quick investigation of the detrimental effects of environmental pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene on the photosynthetic efficiency of wheat (triticum aestivum).the present study describes the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutant fluoranthene (flt) on photochemical efficiency of plants and hence their growth. chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were performed in order to get quick and reliable information about the effects of fluoranthene. the number of active reaction centres decreased by more than 20% in flt treated samples. the results show that flt affects the overall primary photochemistry by inhibiting the number of active reac ...201323979534
development and characterization of a psathyrostachys huashanica keng 7ns chromosome addition line with leaf rust resistance.the aim of this study was to characterize a triticum aestivum-psathyrostachys huashanica keng (2n = 2x = 14, nsns) disomic addition line 2-1-6-3. individual line 2-1-6-3 plants were analyzed using cytological, genomic in situ hybridization (gish), est-ssr, and est-sts techniques. the alien addition line 2-1-6-3 was shown to have two p. huashanica chromosomes, with a meiotic configuration of 2n = 44 = 22 ii. we tested 55 est-ssr and 336 est-sts primer pairs that mapped onto seven different wheat ...201323976963
efficacy of pyramiding elite alleles for dynamic development of plant height in common wheat.plant height is an important botanical feature closely related to yield. two populations consisting of 118 and 262 accessions respectively were used to identify elite alleles for plant height and to validate their allelic effects. plant height was measured from the early booting to the flowering stages. simple sequence repeat markers for candidate quantitative trait locus (qtl) regions with large effects identified in a doubled haploid (dh) population (hanxuan 10 × lumai 14) were selected for fu ...201323976874
chromosomal location of genomic ssr markers associated with yellow rust resistance in turkish bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).we have previously reported xgwm382 as a diagnostic marker for disease resistance against yellow rust in izgi2001 x es14 f2 population. among the same earlier tested 230 primers, one ssr marker (xgwm311) also amplified a fragment which is present in the resistant parent and in the resistant bulks, but absent in the susceptible parent and in the susceptible bulks. to understand the chromosome group location of these diagnostic markers, xgwm382 and xgwm311, in the same population, we selected 16 s ...201323970078
long-term growth under elevated co2 suppresses biotic stress genes in non-acclimated, but not cold-acclimated winter wheat.this study compared the photosynthetic performance and the global gene expression of the winter hardy wheat triticum aestivum cv norstar grown under non-acclimated (na) or cold-acclimated (ca) conditions at either ambient co2 or elevated co2. ca norstar maintained comparable light-saturated and co2-saturated rates of photosynthesis but lower quantum requirements for psii and non-photochemical quenching relative to na plants even at elevated co2. neither na nor ca plants were sensitive to feedbac ...201323969557
structural and expressional variation analyses of mitochondrial genomes reveal candidate transcripts for the s(v) cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). 201323969253
genetic basis for spontaneous hybrid genome doubling during allopolyploid speciation of common wheat shown by natural variation analyses of the paternal species.the complex process of allopolyploid speciation includes various mechanisms ranging from species crosses and hybrid genome doubling to genome alterations and the establishment of new allopolyploids as persisting natural entities. currently, little is known about the genetic mechanisms that underlie hybrid genome doubling, despite the fact that natural allopolyploid formation is highly dependent on this phenomenon. we examined the genetic basis for the spontaneous genome doubling of triploid f1 h ...201323950867
antibiosis and non-preference of sitobion avenae (f.) (hemiptera: aphididae) on leaves and ears of commercial cultivars of wheat (triticum aestivum).little is known on the resistance of wheat cultivars to sitobion avenae (f.) in brazil. the goal of this work was to assess the behavior and biology of s. avenae on four commercial wheat cultivars to verify the existence of resistance by antibiosis in leaves and ears and non-preference in the ears. the smallest net fecundity rates of s. avenae in wheat leaves have been found in the cultivars embrapa 22 and brs264, which did not differ between themselves. the intrinsic rate of increase of s. aven ...201323949814
alterations and abnormal mitosis of wheat chromosomes induced by wheat-rye monosomic addition lines.wheat-rye addition lines are an old topic. however, the alterations and abnormal mitotic behaviours of wheat chromosomes caused by wheat-rye monosomic addition lines are seldom reported.201323936213
a review of the occurrence of grain softness protein-1 genes in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).grain softness protein-1 (gsp-1) is a small, 495-bp intronless gene found throughout the triticeae tribe at the distal end of group 5 chromosomes. with the puroindolines, it constitutes a key component of the hardness locus. gsp-1 likely plays little role in grain hardness, but has direct interest due to its utility in phylogeny and its role in arabinogalactan peptides. further role(s) remain to be identified. in the polyploid wheats, triticum aestivum and t. turgidum, the gene is present in a h ...201323904183
molecular, physicochemical and rheological characteristics of introgressive triticale/triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum lines with wheat 1d/1a chromosome substitution.three sets of hexaploid introgressive triticale lines, with triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum (cultivated einkorn wheat) genes and a bread wheat chromosome 1d substituted for chromosome 1a, and one set of secondary triticale lines were evaluated for grain and flour physicochemical and dough rheological characteristics in two generations (f7 and f8). genomic in situ hybridization (gish) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) confirmed the 1d/1a chromosome substitution. the presence or ab ...201323896593
investigating the role of respiration in plant salinity tolerance by analyzing mitochondrial proteomes from wheat and a salinity-tolerant amphiploid (wheat × lophopyrum elongatum).the effect of salinity on mitochondrial properties was investigated by comparing the reference wheat variety chinese spring (cs) to a salt-tolerant amphiploid (amp). the octoploid amp genotype was previously generated by combining hexaploid bread wheat (cs) with the diploid wild wheatgrass adapted to salt marshes, lophopyrum elongatum. here we used a combination of physiological, biochemical, and proteomic analyses to explore the mitochondrial and respiratory response to salinity in these two ge ...201323895732
gametocidal chromosomes enhancing chromosome aberration in common wheat induced by 5-azacytidine.the gametocidal (gc) chromosome from aegilops spp induces chromosome mutation, which is introduced into common wheat as a tool of chromosome manipulation for genetic improvement. the gc chromosome functions similar to a restriction-modification system in bacteria, in which dna methylation is an important regulator. we treated root tips of wheat carrying gc chromosomes with the hypomethylation agent 5-azacytidine; chromosome breakage and micronuclei were observed in these root tips. the frequency ...201323884766
association study of wheat grain protein composition reveals that gliadin and glutenin composition are trans-regulated by different chromosome regions.wheat grain storage protein (gsp) content and composition are the main determinants of the end-use value of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain. the accumulation of glutenins and gliadins, the two main classes of gsp in wheat, is believed to be mainly controlled at the transcriptional level through a network of transcription factors. this regulation network could lead to stable cross-environment allometric scaling relationships between the quantity of gsp classes/subunits and the total quan ...201323881399
rna interference suppression of genes in glycosyl transferase families 43 and 47 in wheat starchy endosperm causes large decreases in arabinoxylan content.the cell walls of wheat (triticum aestivum) starchy endosperm are dominated by arabinoxylan (ax), accounting for 65% to 70% of the polysaccharide content. genes within two glycosyl transferase (gt) families, gt43 (irregular xylem9 [irx9] and irx14) and gt47 (irx10), have previously been shown to be involved in the synthesis of the xylan backbone in arabidopsis, and close homologs of these have been implicated in the synthesis of xylan in other species. here, homologs of irx10 tagt47_2 and irx9 t ...201323878080
quantification of the effects of vrn1 and ppd-d1 to predict spring wheat (triticum aestivum) heading time across diverse environments.heading time is a major determinant of the adaptation of wheat to different environments, and is critical in minimizing risks of frost, heat, and drought on reproductive development. given that major developmental genes are known in wheat, a process-based model, apsim, was modified to incorporate gene effects into estimation of heading time, while minimizing degradation in the predictive capability of the model. model parameters describing environment responses were replaced with functions of th ...201323873997
homoeologous relationship of rye chromosome arms as detected with wheat plug markers.based on the similarity in gene structure between rice and wheat, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based landmark unique gene (plug) system enabled us to design primer sets that amplify wheat genic sequences including introns. from the previously reported wheat plug markers, we chose 144 markers that are distributed on different chromosomes and in known chromosomal regions (bins) to obtain rye-specific pcr-based markers. we conducted pcr with the 144 primer sets and the template of the imperi ...201323873186
nitric oxide mediates alginate oligosaccharides-induced root development in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).alginate oligosaccharides (aos), which are marine oligosaccharides, are involved in regulating plant root growth, but the promotion mechanism for aos remains unclear. here, aos (10-80 mg l(-1)) were found to induce the generation of nitric oxide (no) in the root system of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), which promoted the formation and elongation of wheat roots in a dose-dependent manner. no inhibitors suggested that nitrate reductase (nr), rather than nitric oxide synthase (nos), was essential fo ...201323872742
projected climate impacts to south african maize and wheat production in 2055: a comparison of empirical and mechanistic modeling approaches.crop model-specific biases are a key uncertainty affecting our understanding of climate change impacts to agriculture. there is increasing research focus on intermodel variation, but comparisons between mechanistic (mms) and empirical models (ems) are rare despite both being used widely in this field. we combined mms and ems to project future (2055) changes in the potential distribution (suitability) and productivity of maize and spring wheat in south africa under 18 downscaled climate scenarios ...201323864352
introgression of stem rust resistance genes srta10187 and srta10171 from aegilops tauschii to wheat.aegilops tauschii, the diploid progenitor of the wheat d genome, is a readily accessible germplasm pool for wheat breeding as genes can be transferred to elite wheat cultivars through direct hybridization followed by backcrossing. gene transfer and genetic mapping can be integrated by developing mapping populations during backcrossing. using direct crossing, two genes for resistance to the african stem rust fungus race ttksk (ug99), were transferred from the ae. tauschii accessions ta10187 and t ...201323864229
effect of glu-b3 allelic variation on sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume in common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) sedimentation volume has long been used to characterize wheat flours and meals with the aim of predicting processing and end-product qualities. in order to survey the influence of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (lmw-gss) at glu-b3 locus on wheat sds sedimentation volume, a total of 283 wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties including landraces and improved and introduced cultivars were analyzed using 10 allele-specific pcr markers at the glu-b3 locus. the hig ...201323861659
photosynthetic electron transport and specific photoprotective responses in wheat leaves under drought stress.the photosynthetic responses of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) leaves to different levels of drought stress were analyzed in potted plants cultivated in growth chamber under moderate light. low-to-medium drought stress was induced by limiting irrigation, maintaining 20 % of soil water holding capacity for 14 days followed by 3 days without water supply to induce severe stress. measurements of co2 exchange and photosystem ii (psii) yield (by chlorophyll fluorescence) were followed by simultaneous m ...201323860828
genome-wide analysis of short interspersed nuclear elements sines revealed high sequence conservation, gene association and retrotranspositional activity in wheat.short interspersed nuclear elements (sines) are non-autonomous non-ltr retroelements that are present in most eukaryotic species. while sines have been intensively investigated in humans and other animal systems, they are poorly studied in plants, especially in wheat (triticum aestivum). we used quantitative pcr of various wheat species to determine the copy number of a wheat sine family, termed au sine, combined with computer-assisted analyses of the publicly available 454 pyrosequencing databa ...201323855320
structure, variation and expression analysis of glutenin gene promoters from triticum aestivum cultivar chinese spring shows the distal region of promoter 1bx7 is key regulatory sequence.in this study, ten glutenin gene promoters were isolated from model wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. chinese spring) using a genomic pcr strategy with gene-specific primers. six belonged to high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (hmw-gs) gene promoters, and four to low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (lmw-gs). sequence lengths varied from 1361 to 2,554 bp. we show that the glutenin gene promoter motifs are conserved in diverse sequences in this study, with hmw-gs and lmw-gs gene promoters chara ...201323850729
evaluation of germplasm effect on fe, zn and se content in wheat seedlings.micronutrients are essential for human health and crucial for plant survival. the capacity of food crops in acquiring mineral nutrients affects plant growth and potentially the yield and nutrient content in edible tissues/organs. in this study, we selected 20 wheat (triticum aestivum l.) accessions and evaluated genotypic variations of the young seedlings in response to iron (fe), zinc (zn), and selenium (se) treatments. wheat accessions exhibited different growth responses to these minerals and ...201323849127
competition between plant and bacterial cells at the microscale regulates the dynamics of nitrogen acquisition in wheat (triticum aestivum).the ability of plants to compete effectively for nitrogen (n) resources is critical to plant survival. however, controversy surrounds the importance of organic and inorganic sources of n in plant nutrition because of our poor ability to visualize and understand processes happening at the root-microbial-soil interface. using high-resolution nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry stable isotope imaging (nanosims-sii), we quantified the fate of ¹⁵n over both space and time within the rhizospher ...201323845035
overexpression of avenin-like b proteins in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) improves dough mixing properties by their incorporation into glutenin polymers.avenin-like b proteins are a small family of wheat storage proteins, each containing 18 or 19 cysteine residues. the role of these proteins, with high numbers of cysteine residues, in determining the functional properties of wheat flour is unclear. in the present study, two transgenic lines of the bread wheat overexpressing avenin-like b gene were generated to investigate the effects of avenin-like b proteins on dough mixing properties. sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (sdss) test and mixogr ...201323843964
a proteomic study of spike development inhibition in bread wheat.spike development in wheat is a complicated development process and determines the wheat propagation and survival. we report herein a proteomic study on the bread wheat mutant strain 5660m underlying spike development inhibition. a total of 121 differentially expressed proteins, which were involved in cold stress response, protein folding and assembly, cell-cycle regulation, scavenging of ros, and the autonomous pathway were identified using ms/ms and database searching. we found that cold respo ...201323843164
microspore embryogenesis in wheat: new marker genes for early, middle and late stages of embryo development.microspore embryogenesis involves reprogramming of the pollen immature cell towards embryogenesis. we have identified and characterized a collection of 14 genes induced along different morphological phases of microspore-derived embryo development in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) anther culture. serks and flas genes previously associated with somatic embryogenesis and reproductive tissues, respectively, were also included in this analysis. genes involved in signalling mechanisms such as tatpd1-lik ...201323839308
retrotransposon insertional polymorphism in iranian bread wheat cultivars and breeding lines revealed by irap and remap markers.inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphisms (iraps) and retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphisms (remaps) were used to detect retrotransposon integration events and genetic diversity in 101 iranian bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars and breeding lines. the 9 irap primers amplified 128 loci, and 20 remap primers amplified 263 loci. percentage of polymorphic loci, average expected heterozygosity, number of effective alleles, and shannon's information index for the remap m ...201323839088
molecular characterization of field resistance to fusarium head blight in two us soft red winter wheat cultivars.in the soft red winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) regions of the us, fusarium head blight (fhb, caused by fusarium spp.) resistance derived from locally adapted germplasm has been used predominantly. two soft red winter wheat cultivars, massey and ernie, have moderate resistance to fhb. mapping populations derived from becker/massey (b/m) and ernie/mo 94-317 (e/mo) were evaluated for fhb resistance and other traits in multiple environments. eight qtl in b/m and five qtl in e/mo were associated ...201323832049
effects of vanadate supply on plant growth, cu accumulation, and antioxidant capacities in triticum aestivum l.the effects of normal vanadate (v) supply (40 μm) on copper (cu) accumulation, plant growth and reduction in cu toxicity in wheat seedlings (triticum aestivum l.) were investigated. the results showed cu accumulation (mg g(-1 )dw) in the applied v treatment was about 10.2 % in shoots and 16.7 % in roots higher up on exposure to excess cu (300 μm) than that observed only in excess cu plants. compared with the treatment of the normal concentration used in hoagland's culture solution cu (0.6 μm), e ...201323824494
a rapid, controlled-environment seedling root screen for wheat correlates well with rooting depths at vegetative, but not reproductive, stages at two field sites.root length and depth determine capture of water and nutrients by plants, and are targets for crop improvement. here we assess a controlled-environment wheat seedling screen to determine speed, repeatability and relatedness to performance of young and adult plants in the field.201323821620
cloning and characterization of a critical regulator for preharvest sprouting in wheat.sprouting of grains in mature spikes before harvest is a major problem in wheat (triticum aestivum) production worldwide. we cloned and characterized a gene underlying a wheat quantitative trait locus (qtl) on the short arm of chromosome 3a for preharvest sprouting (phs) resistance in white wheat using comparative mapping and map-based cloning. this gene, designated taphs1, is a wheat homolog of a mother of flowering time (tamft)-like gene. rna interference-mediated knockdown of the gene confirm ...201323821595
dynamic changes of rhizosphere properties and antioxidant enzyme responses of wheat plants (triticum aestivum l.) grown in mercury-contaminated soils.a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamic changes in the rhizosphere properties and antioxidant enzyme responses of wheat plants (triticum aestivum l.) grown in three levels of hg-contaminated soils. the concentrations of soluble hg and dissolved organic carbon (doc) in the rhizosphere soil solutions of the wheat plants were characterised by the sequence before sowing>trefoil stage>stooling stage, whereas the soil solution ph was found to follow an opposite distribution pattern. ...201323800584
separating homeologs by phasing in the tetraploid wheat transcriptome.the high level of identity among duplicated homoeologous genomes in tetraploid pasta wheat presents substantial challenges for de novo transcriptome assembly. to solve this problem, we develop a specialized bioinformatics workflow that optimizes transcriptome assembly and separation of merged homoeologs. to evaluate our strategy, we sequence and assemble the transcriptome of one of the diploid ancestors of pasta wheat, and compare both assemblies with a benchmark set of 13,472 full-length, non-r ...201323800085
the barley mate gene, hvaact1, increases citrate efflux and al(3+) tolerance when expressed in wheat and barley.aluminium is toxic in acid soils because the soluble al(3+) inhibits root growth. a mechanism of al(3+) tolerance discovered in many plant species involves the release of organic anions from root apices. the al(3+)-activated release of citrate from the root apices of al(3+)-tolerant genotypes of barley is controlled by a mate gene named hvaact1 that encodes a citrate transport protein located on the plasma membrane. the aim of this study was to investigate whether expressing hvaact1 with a const ...201323798600
quantitative trait loci for leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in relation to biomass and yield in bread wheat and their chromosome deletion bin assignments.relatively little is known of the genetic control of chlorophyll fluorescence (cf) and pigment traits important in determining efficiency of photosynthesis in wheat and its association with biomass productivity. a doubled haploid population of 94 lines from the wheat cross chinese spring × sq1 was trialled under optimum glasshouse conditions for 4 years to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) for cf traits including, for the first time in wheat, jip-test parameters per excited cross section (c ...201323794940
pm50: a new powdery mildew resistance gene in common wheat derived from cultivated emmer.fungal diseases of wheat, including powdery mildew, cause significant crop, yield and quality losses throughout the world. knowledge of the genetic basis of powdery mildew resistance will greatly support future efforts to develop and cultivate resistant cultivars. studies were conducted on cultivated emmer-derived wheat line k2 to identify genes involved in powdery mildew resistance at the seedling and adult plant growth stages using a bc(1) doubled haploid population derived from a cross betwee ...201323794194
wheat genotypes differing in aluminum tolerance differ in their growth response to co2 enrichment in acid soils.aluminum (al) toxicity is a major factor limiting plant growth in acid soils. elevated atmospheric co2 [co2] enhances plant growth. however, there is no report on the effect of elevated [co2] on growth of plant genotypes differing in al tolerance grown in acid soils. we investigated the effect of short-term elevated [co2] on growth of al-tolerant (et8) and al-sensitive (es8) wheat plants and malate exudation from root apices by growing them in acid soils under ambient [co2] and elevated [co2] us ...201323789057
single-nucleotide polymorphisms and association analysis of drought-resistance gene tasnrk2.8 in common wheat.tasnrk2.8, an snrk2 (sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase 2) member of wheat, confers enhanced multi-stress tolerances in carbohydrate metabolism. in the study, two types of genomic sequences of tasnrk2.8 were detected in common wheat. sequencing analysis showed that there was a variation-enriched region, designated tasnrk2.8-a-c, covering the eighth intron, the ninth exon and the 3'-flanking region of tasnrk2.8-a, and no divergence occurred in tasnrk2.8-b. single nucleotide polymorphis ...201323774379
drought tolerance in modern and wild wheat.the genus triticum includes bread (triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (triticum durum) and constitutes a major source for human food consumption. drought is currently the leading threat on world's food supply, limiting crop yield, and is complicated since drought tolerance is a quantitative trait with a complex phenotype affected by the plant's developmental stage. drought tolerance is crucial to stabilize and increase food production since domestication has limited the genetic diversity of crop ...201323766697
major quality trait analysis and qtl detection in hexaploid wheat in humid rain-fed agriculture.humid rain-fed agriculture is a special environment for wheat (triticum aestivum) culture that tends to negatively affect wheat yield and quality. to identify quality characters of wheat in a humid environment, we conducted quality analysis and quantitative trait loci (qtl) detection in a recombinant inbred line whose parent had a high level of quality for several years. we found that high-quality wheat had less gluten content and lower protein content. apparently, wheat quality and associated q ...201323765980
antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of wheat bran in vivo.previous studies in rodents treated with the pro-carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine suggested that the consumption of wheat bran protected against dna damage in the colon and rectum. based on this information, we evaluated wheat bran as a functional food in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. we used the aberrant crypt focus assay to evaluate the anticarcinogenic potential of wheat bran (triticum aestivum variety cd-104), the comet assay to evaluate its antigenotoxicity potential, and th ...201323765971
pcr and sequence analysis of barley chromosome 2h subjected to the gametocidal action of chromosome 2c.gametocidal (gc) chromosomes induce various types of chromosomal mutations during gametogenesis in the chromosomes of common wheat and alien chromosomes added to common wheat. however, it is not yet known whether the gc chromosome causes aberrations at the nucleotide level because mutations caused by gc chromosomes have been studied only by cytological screening. in order to know whether the gc chromosome induces point mutations, we conducted pcr analysis and sequencing with the progeny of a com ...201323765160
a wheat wrky transcription factor tawrky10 confers tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in transgenic tobacco.wrky transcription factors are reported to be involved in defense regulation, stress response and plant growth and development. however, the precise role of wrky transcription factors in abiotic stress tolerance is not completely understood, especially in crops. in this study, we identified and cloned 10 wrky genes from genome of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). tawrky10, a gene induced by multiple stresses, was selected for further investigation. tawrky10 was upregulated by treatment with polyethy ...201323762295
alteration in ps ii heterogeneity under the influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (fluoranthene) in wheat leaves (triticum aestivum).polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, fluoranthene causes significant inhibitory effects on photosynthetic processes, particularly photosystem ii. ps ii exhibits heterogeneity with regards to antenna size, connectivity and ability to transfer electron beyond qa. this is the first report describing effects of flt on ps ii heterogeneity. flt affects antenna heterogeneity by converting active α center into inactive β and γ centers. at the same time in the presence of flt number of qb-non reducing center ...201323759103
[characterization of puroindolines in the control of endosperm texture in common wheat lines with substitutions of homeologous group-5 chromosomes].the genetic control of grain hardness and its association with the specific friabilin content on starch granules of common wheat cultivars and lines with intervarietal substitutions of homeologous group-5 chromosomes were studied. a significant correlation was revealed between the technological parameters of grain hardness (mean size of flour particles) and the specific content of puroindolines on the starch surface estimated in terms of starch doses. the results obtained allowed the method of s ...201323755533
the origin of the b-genome of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).understanding the origin of cultivated wheats would further their genetic improvement. the hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum l., aabbdd) is believed to have originated through one or more rare hybridization events between aegilops tauschii (dd) and the tetraploid t. turgidum (aabb). progenitor of the a-genome of the tetraploid and hexaploid wheats has generally been accepted to be t. urartu. in spite of the large number of attempts and published reports about the origin of the b-genome in ...201323755530
integrated analysis of seed proteome and mrna oxidation reveals distinct post-transcriptional features regulating dormancy in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).wheat seeds can be released from a dormant state by after-ripening; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still mostly unknown. we previously identified transcriptional programmes involved in the regulation of after-ripening-mediated seed dormancy decay in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). here, we show that seed dormancy maintenance and its release by dry after-ripening in wheat is associated with oxidative modification of distinct seed-stored mrnas that mainly correspond to oxidative ph ...201323745731
[clarification of rht8 and ppd-d1 gene linkage on the 2d chromosome of winter bread wheat].in the south part of ukraine the haplotype of rht8c and ppd-d1a genes is highly distributed among modern bread wheat varieties. during the time of breeding program it has been selected as one of the most important adaptive complex for plants of this region. genetic distance between rht8c and ppd-d1a was clarified.201323745359
characterization of cu-tolerant bacteria and definition of their role in promotion of growth, cu accumulation and reduction of cu toxicity in triticum aestivum l.the effects of cu-tolerant bacteria strain ustb-o on cu accumulation, plant growth and reduction of cu toxicity in wheat seedlings triticum aestivum l. were investigated. the strain was identified as belonging to bacillus species and showed a specific tolerance to cu through binding the cu ions to the cell walls to reduce their entry into the cells. the bacteria not only increased cu accumulation in wheat seedlings, but also secreted indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and therefore promoted plant growth ...201323725675
genetic association of opr genes with resistance to hessian fly in hexaploid wheat.hessian fly (mayetiola destructor) is one of the most destructive pests of wheat. the genes encoding 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase (opr) and lipoxygenase (lox) play critical roles in insect resistance pathways in higher plants, but little is known about genes controlling resistance to hessian fly in wheat.201323724909
rht-1 and ppd-d1 associations with height, ga sensitivity, and days to heading in a worldwide bread wheat collection.reduced height (rht)-1 and photoperiod (ppd) have major effects on the adaptability of bread wheat (triticum aestivum) to specific environments. ppd-d1a is a photoperiod insensitive allele that reduces time to flowering. the gibberellin (ga) insensitive alleles rht-b1b and rht-d1b shorten plant stature and were important components of the 'green revolution'. two additional rht-b1 alleles were recently identified that contain a 160 or 197 bp insertion upstream of the coding region and may affect ...201323722594
individual and interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on tropical wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars with special emphasis on ros generation and activation of antioxidant defence system.the effects of elevated co2 and o3, singly and in combination were investigated on various physiological, biochemical and yield parameters of two locally grown wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars (huw-37 and k-9107) in open top chambers (otcs). elevated co2 stimulated photosynthetic rate (ps) and fv/fm ratio and reduced the stomatal conductance (gs). reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidative enzymes, ascorbic acid and total phenolics were higher, whereas ps, gs, fv/fm, prote ...201323720888
characterization of differentially expressed stress-associated proteins in starch granule development under heat stress in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).abiotic stress causes abrupt increase in the expression of stress-associated proteins, which provide tolerance by modulating the defense mechanism of plants. small heat shock proteins (shsps) and anti-oxidant enzymes are important for environmental stress tolerance of the plants. in this study, two full-length cdnas encoding small heat shock protein (shsp) and superoxide dismutase (sod), designated as tashsp and sodi were identified and characterized from c-306 (thermotolerant) and pbw343 (therm ...201323720887
how significant to plant n nutrition is the direct consumption of soil microbes by roots?the high degree to which plant roots compete with soil microbes for organic forms of nitrogen (n) is becoming increasingly apparent. this has culminated in the finding that plants may consume soil microbes as a source of n, but the functional significance of this process remains unknown. we used (15) n- and (14) c-labelled cultures of soil bacteria to measure rates of acquisition of microbes by sterile wheat roots and plants growing in soil. we compared these rates with acquisition of (15) n del ...201323718181
isohydric and anisohydric strategies of wheat genotypes under osmotic stress: biosynthesis and function of aba in stress responses.changes in water potential (ψw), stomatal conductance, abscisic acid (aba) accumulation, expression of the major genes involved in aba biosynthesis, activities of abscisic aldehyde oxidase (ao, ec 1.2.3.1) and antioxidant enzymes were studied in two wheat cultivars with contrasting acclimation strategies subjected to medium strength osmotic stress (-0.976mpa) induced by polyethylene glycol (peg 6000). because the biosynthetic pathway of aba involves multiple gene products, the aim of this study ...201323702247
overexpression of three taexpa1 homoeologous genes with distinct expression divergence in hexaploid wheat exhibit functional retention in arabidopsis.common wheat is a hexaploid species with most of the genes present as triplicate homoeologs. expression divergences of homoeologs are frequently observed in wheat as well as in other polyploid plants. however, little is known about functional variances among homologous genes arising from polyploidy. expansins play diverse roles in plant developmental processes related to the action of cell wall loosening. expression of the three taexpa1 homoeologs varied dynamically at different stages and organ ...201323696842
identification of a novel gene, h34, in wheat using recombinant inbred lines and single nucleotide polymorphism markers.hessian fly (hf), mayetiola destructor, is an important pest of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) worldwide. because it has multiple biotypes that are virulent to different wheat hf resistance genes, pyramiding multiple resistance genes in a cultivar can improve resistance durability, and finding dna markers tightly linked to these genes is essential to this process. this study identified quantitative trait loci (qtls) for hessian fly resistance (hfr) in the wheat cultivar 'clark' and tightly linked ...201323689741
comparative analysis of the chloroplast proteomes of a wheat (triticum aestivum l.) single seed descent line and its parents.to understand the photosynthetic basis in a single seed descent line 10 (ssdl10) of wheat contained high atp in leaves, the chloroplast proteome was compared to ssdl10 and its parents using a combination of 2-de and maldi-tof ms and ms/ms. more than 300 protein spots could be reproducibly detected in the 2d gel. 18 spots were differentially expressed between ssdl10 and the parents, 16 of which were identified by ms with the localization in chloroplasts. these proteins are grouped into diverse fu ...201323683508
a wheat pi4k gene whose product possesses threonine autophophorylation activity confers tolerance to drought and salt in arabidopsis.phosphoinositides are involved in regulation of recruitment and activity of signalling proteins in cell membranes. phosphatidylinositol (pi) 4-kinases (pi4ks) generate pi4-phosphate the precursor of regulatory phosphoinositides. no type ii pi4k research on the abiotic stress response has previously been reported in plants. a stress-inducible type ii pi4k gene, named tapi4kiiγ, was obtained by de novo transcriptome sequencing of drought-treated wheat (triticum aestivum). tapi4kiiγ, localized on t ...201323682116
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